CRT Display Development for Use in Digital Maps
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Exposed Neon Channel Letter
Channel Letters Eye catching by standing out! A channel letter is a 3-D component in signage. Typically these are used on the store front. A “can” is made in the shape of your logo or lettering with aluminum, acrylic and internal illumination. The back side of the can is cut using the design created by our art staff and then sent to a computerized router table. This gives a precise shape for the finished “Channel”. Sides or “Returns” are then formed from aluminum strips to give the letter its depth. The returns are then fastened to the back with rivets or weld. The face for our Channel Letter is also cut utilizing our CAD/CAM router and then finished with “Trim Cap” providing a framed appearance and a mounting surface to attach to the channel. The Channel can then be lighted using Neon tubing, LED’s or Fluorescent lamps depending on the letters size, power requirements or city regulations. ________________________________________________________________ Exposed neon channel letter Another style of channel letters is made without a face or with clear faces to showcase to Neon lighting. ________________________________________________________________________ Reverse lit channel letter Yet another letter type is the Reverse Channel Letter when the face of the letter is built from aluminum or other opaque material and the lighting is exposed from the back side. This light floods the wall that the letter is mounted to. These are also called "halo effect letters". Neon 100’s of effective colors! Neon signs are made using electrified, luminous tube lights that contain neon or other gases. -
Semiconductor Memories
Semiconductor Memories Prof. MacDonald Types of Memories! l" Volatile Memories –" require power supply to retain information –" dynamic memories l" use charge to store information and require refreshing –" static memories l" use feedback (latch) to store information – no refresh required l" Non-Volatile Memories –" ROM (Mask) –" EEPROM –" FLASH – NAND or NOR –" MRAM Memory Hierarchy! 100pS RF 100’s of bytes L1 1nS SRAM 10’s of Kbytes 10nS L2 100’s of Kbytes SRAM L3 100’s of 100nS DRAM Mbytes 1us Disks / Flash Gbytes Memory Hierarchy! l" Large memories are slow l" Fast memories are small l" Memory hierarchy gives us illusion of large memory space with speed of small memory. –" temporal locality –" spatial locality Register Files ! l" Fastest and most robust memory array l" Largest bit cell size l" Basically an array of large latches l" No sense amps – bits provide full rail data out l" Often multi-ported (i.e. 8 read ports, 2 write ports) l" Often used with ALUs in the CPU as source/destination l" Typically less than 10,000 bits –" 32 32-bit fixed point registers –" 32 60-bit floating point registers SRAM! l" Same process as logic so often combined on one die l" Smaller bit cell than register file – more dense but slower l" Uses sense amp to detect small bit cell output l" Fastest for reads and writes after register file l" Large per bit area costs –" six transistors (single port), eight transistors (dual port) l" L1 and L2 Cache on CPU is always SRAM l" On-chip Buffers – (Ethernet buffer, LCD buffer) l" Typical sizes 16k by 32 Static Memory -
Converting Fluorescent Or Neon Signs to Energy-Efficient LED Illumination
A brighter idea? Converting fluorescent or neon signs to energy-efficient LED illumination epending on the type of your interior or exterior lighted sign, it may very Dwell pay to update its illumination to energy-efficient light-emitting diodes or LED LEDs. Thousands have found the value in retrofitting, including one nationwide chain of thousands of convenience stores. But is it right for you? Here are some considerations. LED advantages over fluorescent lighting and able to withstand shock and vibration. In contrast, neon, which is encased in glass, breaks relatively easily Some estimate that illumination via light-emitting diodes during transportation and installation, and is subject to the over fluorescent bulbs can reduce sign maintenance and same hazards of wind and weather as fluorescent bulbs. energy costs by up to 80 percent. Disposal, too, may be a concern. Neon signs contain Begin by considering the expenses of repairs. As solid- mercury, which is hazardous to the environment. state devices with no moving parts, filaments or glass, LEDs are remarkably durable and maintenance-free. Not Then there’s energy use, which favors light-emitting so with fluorescent bulbs. They are significantly more diodes hands down. LEDs have a lifetime energy savings fragile than LEDs—making them prone to breakage during of up to 40 percent over neon! transportation and installation or when exposed to strong One other factor gives the nod to light-emitting diodes winds or heavy storms. over neon, and that’s cold-weather performance. LED While the cost of a replacement fluorescent light is minimal, modules stay brighter in cold weather, where neon sign the sign owner must often not only pay for a service call and brightness can drop dramatically when temperatures fall perhaps a bucket truck, but also for the environmentally safe below 35 degrees Fahrenheit, thereby negating much of disposal of the bulb, which contains toxic mercury. -
Lilian Tone | William Kentridge | Stereoscope
Lilian Tone | William Kentridge | Stereoscope William Kentridge: Stereoscope Lilian Tone The filmed drawings, or drawn films, of William Kentridge inhabit a curious state of suspension between static to time-based, from stillness to movement. These "drawings in motion" undergo constant change and constant redefinition, while the projection of their luscious charcoal surfaces somehow retains an almost tangible tactility. Smoky grounds and rough-hewn marks morph into an incessant, though not seamless, flow of free association that evokes the fleeting hypnagogic images that precede sleep. Bodies melt into landscape; a cat turns into a typewriter, into a reel-to-reel recorder, into a bomb; full becomes void with the sweep of a sleeve. The allure of Kentridge's animations lies in their unequivocal reliance on the continuing present, in the uncanny sense of artistic creation and audience reception happening at once. Kentridge's films owe their distinctive appearance to the artist's home-made animation technique, which he describes as "stone-age filmmaking." Each of his film-related drawings represents the last in a series of states produced by successive marks and erasures that, operating on the limits of discernibility, are permanently on the verge of metamorphosis. The animations are painstakingly built by photographing each transitory state, as traces accumulate on the paper surface, each final drawing a palimpsest containing the memory of a sequence. The result is a projected charcoal drawing where the line unfolds mysteriously on the screen, with a will of its own, the artist's hand unseen. In the 1950s, filmmakers Stan van der Beek and Robert Breer's time paintings sought to document the creation of paintings on camera. -
Charles Lindsey the Mechanical Differential Analyser Built by Metropolitan Vickers in 1935, to the Order of Prof
Issue Number 51 Summer 2010 Computer Conservation Society Aims and objectives The Computer Conservation Society (CCS) is a co-operative venture between the British Computer Society (BCS), the Science Museum of London and the Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI) in Manchester. The CCS was constituted in September 1989 as a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society. It is thus covered by the Royal Charter and charitable status of the BCS. The aims of the CCS are: To promote the conservation of historic computers and to identify existing computers which may need to be archived in the future, To develop awareness of the importance of historic computers, To develop expertise in the conservation and restoration of historic computers, To represent the interests of Computer Conservation Society members with other bodies, To promote the study of historic computers, their use and the history of the computer industry, To publish information of relevance to these objectives for the information of Computer Conservation Society members and the wider public. Membership is open to anyone interested in computer conservation and the history of computing. The CCS is funded and supported by voluntary subscriptions from members, a grant from the BCS, fees from corporate membership, donations, and by the free use of the facilities of both museums. Some charges may be made for publications and attendance at seminars and conferences. There are a number of active Projects on specific computer restorations and early computer technologies and software. -
An Electronic Digital Computor Using Cold Cathode Counting Tubes for Storage
An Electronic Digital Computor Using Cold Cathode Counting Tubes for Storage By R. C. M. Barnes, B.Sc., E. H. Cooke-Yarborough, M.A., A.M.I.E.E., and D. G. A. Thomas, M.A. Electronic Engineering - August 1951. A small sequence-controlled computor is described; it has storage capacity for up to 90 numbers each of eight decimal digits. Cold cathode counting tubes (Dekatrons) are used as storage elements. Parallel operation is employed, and the speed of operation is comparable with that of a desk calculating machine. Apart from speed, however, the computor provides most of the facilities found in larger, faster digital computors. Information is fed into the machine from perforated paper tapes and a teleprinter or tape perforator records the results. SEVERAL large-scale computors have been described in recent years, including the ENIAC with hard valve circuits, the EDSAC with mercury delay storage, the University of Manchester computor with cathode-ray storage and the Birkbeck College computor with magnetic storage. These computors are intended primarily to carry out enormous computations, too lengthy to perform by other means. In addition smaller scale relay computors have been built for general work. The machine described here is not intended to deal with the long calculations for which the large computors have been designed. It is intended rather to do the work of a few operators with desk calculating machines where the work to be done is of a routine or repetitive nature, As a result, simplicity and reliability have been regarded as of more importance than speed of operation and the machine performs the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division little faster than a desk calculator. -
Plasma Display Documentation
Plasma Displays & Inert Gas Discharge Tubes (IGDT) By: William J. Boucher mailto:[email protected], http://www.mnsi.net/~boucher/index.htm Created: July 24, 1999, Revised: Aug. 23, 2000 Foreword: I learned about plasma displays many years ago when I was intensely fascinated with the genius of Nikola Tesla. My personal fascination with plasma filaments began when I saw such things in sci-fi movies. I had always assumed it was some sort of special effect, but when I saw the movie My Science Project, which featured a large portable and obviously real display, my interest peaked. I started reading about them at every opportunity but detailed theory was really hard to come by, until I found out about Nikola Tesla. He invented the inert gas discharge tube (IGDT), high voltage power supplies, electromechanical machines of every type and practically everything else that has rushed the human race into the space age in just a single century. About 10 years ago, I built my first plasma display based on what I'd learned from Tesla’s work. I used to take it to mall shows and schools and such to show it off. There was always a line-up to see it. I loved it. A couple years after that, you could buy several models in stores. The most popular being Rabbitt Industry’s Eye of the Storm, which sold first in the Consumers chain stores. Unfortunately, neither that store nor the product still exists. Radio Shack still sells a small one, but it's pretty lame compared to mine because it is quite small and relatively weak. -
Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano Arduino Nano Front Arduino Nano Rear Overview The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one. The Nano was designed and is being produced by Gravitech. Schematic and Design Arduino Nano 3.0 (ATmega328): schematic, Eagle files. Arduino Nano 2.3 (ATmega168): manual (pdf), Eagle files. Note: since the free version of Eagle does not handle more than 2 layers, and this version of the Nano is 4 layers, it is published here unrouted, so users can open and use it in the free version of Eagle. Specifications: Microcontroller Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328 Operating Voltage (logic 5 V level) Input Voltage 7-12 V (recommended) Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 8 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA 16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB used by Flash Memory bootloader SRAM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328) EEPROM 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328) Clock Speed 16 MHz Dimensions 0.73" x 1.70" Power: The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). -
Flexible Linear V2
Jesco Corporate Showroom | New York City, NY Reception is lit with Colorflex LCF-RGB See page 46 Steps, platform and entry seating are lit with LEDLinc Miniflex See page 36 Jesco Showroom | Las Vegas, NV Bars are lit with DL-FLEX-RGB Flexible Linear Strip using a LC-PC-200 controller with remote control See page 14 Jesco Showroom | Dallas, TX Counter is lit with DL-SQ-RGB Color Changing Square Modules See page 18 Flexible Linear Lighting JESCO LIGHTING GROUP is proud to present our second edition of LED Flexible Linear Lighting Solutions catalog, with a large offering of innovative products for indoor and outdoor applications. Each of the products in this catalog is created to meet the needs of architects, interior designers, engineers, contractors and owners. Designers will find a wide variety of product options for specific projects such as architectural, cabinetry, furnishings, exhibition display and signage installations. Applications include residential, corporate, office, retail settings, and hospitality venues such as hotels and restaurants. The LED Lighting solutions presented in this catalog have a direct effect of reducing energy and maintenance costs; lowering installation costs; reducing the need for HVAC; and eliminating harmful UV radiation and environmentally damaging mercury. Jesco LED Lighting Solutions allow designers to effectively create a beautiful look in, and around, a space – a look that visitors can remember. Creative, subtle backgrounds that keep a shopper in a store, a couple in a restaurant; exciting surroundings of lighting that help a corporation strengthen its marketing image; or a simple visual statement remembered by the passer-by. -
Semiconductor Memories
SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES Digital Integrated Circuits Memory © Prentice Hall 1995 Chapter Overview • Memory Classification • Memory Architectures • The Memory Core • Periphery • Reliability Digital Integrated Circuits Memory © Prentice Hall 1995 Semiconductor Memory Classification RWM NVRWM ROM Random Non-Random EPROM Mask-Programmed Access Access 2 E PROM Programmable (PROM) SRAM FIFO FLASH DRAM LIFO Shift Register CAM Digital Integrated Circuits Memory © Prentice Hall 1995 Memory Architecture: Decoders M bits M bits S S0 0 Word 0 Word 0 S1 Word 1 A0 Word 1 S2 Storage Storage s Word 2 Word 2 d Cell A1 Cell r r o e d W o c N AK-1 e S D N-2 Word N-2 Word N-2 SN_1 Word N-1 Word N-1 Input-Output Input-Output (M bits) (M bits) N words => N select signals Decoder reduces # of select signals Too many select signals K = log2N Digital Integrated Circuits Memory © Prentice Hall 1995 Array-Structured Memory Architecture Problem: ASPECT RATIO or HEIGHT >> WIDTH 2L-K Bit Line Storage Cell AK r e d Word Line AK+1 o c e D AL-1 w o R M.2K Sense Amplifiers / Drivers Amplify swing to rail-to-rail amplitude A 0 Column Decoder Selects appropriate AK-1 word Input-Output (M bits) Digital Integrated Circuits Memory © Prentice Hall 1995 Hierarchical Memory Architecture Row Address Column Address Block Address Global Data Bus Control Block Selector Global Circuitry Amplifier/Driver I/O Advantages: 1. Shorter wires within blocks 2. Block address activates only 1 block => power savings Digital Integrated Circuits Memory © Prentice Hall 1995 Memory Timing: Definitions -
Introduction to Advanced Semiconductor Memories
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES 1.1. SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES OVERVIEW The goal of Advanced Semiconductor Memories is to complement the material already covered in Semiconductor Memories. The earlier book covered the fol- lowing topics: random access memory technologies (SRAMs and DRAMs) and their application to specific architectures; nonvolatile technologies such as the read-only memories (ROMs), programmable read-only memories (PROMs), and erasable PROMs in both ultraviolet erasable (UVPROM) and electrically erasable (EEPROM) versions; memory fault modeling and testing; memory design for testability and fault tolerance; semiconductor memory reliability; semiconductor memories radiation effects; advanced memory technologies; and high-density memory packaging technologies [1]. This section provides a general overview of the semiconductor memories topics that are covered in Semiconductor Memories. In the last three decades of semiconductor memories' phenomenal growth, the DRAMs have been the largest volume volatile memory produced for use as main computer memories because of their high density and low cost per bit advantage. SRAM densities have generally lagged a generation behind the DRAM. However, the SRAMs offer low-power consumption and high-per- formance features, which makes them practical alternatives to the DRAMs. Nowadays, a vast majority of SRAMs are being fabricated in the NMOS and CMOS technologies (and a combination of two technologies, also referred to as the mixed-MOS) for commodity SRAMs. 1 2 INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES MOS Memory Market ($M) Non-Memory IC Market ($M) Memory % of Total IC Market 300,000 40% 250,000 30% 200,00U "o Q 15 150,000 20% 2 </> a. o 100,000 2 10% 50,000 0 0% 96 97 98 99 00 01* 02* 03* 04* 05* MOS Memory Market ($M) 36,019 29,335 22,994 32,288 49,112 51,646 56,541 70,958 94,541 132,007 Non-Memory IC Market ($M) 78,923 90,198 86,078 97,930 126,551 135,969 148,512 172,396 207,430 262,172 Memory % of Total IC Market 31% . -
A New Embedded Measurement Structure for Edram Capacitor
A New Embedded M easurement Structure for eDRAM Capacitor 1:22.2ope. 1J.M. Portal 2D.1ée 1 L2M,-,olytech-.MR CNRS 0131 2 ST-Microelectronics 2MT - Technop3le de Ch4teau 5ombert 62 de Rousset 7, 2 F-13851 Marseille, France F-13100 Rousset, France portal; polytech.univ-mrs.fr didier.nee; st.com Tel:(33)-891-058-181 Tel:(33)-882-088-815 Abstract structure is switch off in the standard operation mode and the plate polari.ation is fixed to /DD02 using the STD The embedded DRAM (eDRAM) is more and more used in transistor. During the test mode, the STD transistor is System On Chip (SOC). The integration of the DRAM switched off. The Select transistors allow the memory capacito r process into a logic process is challenging to array to connect each bit line to the bit line input named get sati sfactory yields. The specific process of DRAM I1B2i. These transistors are named SB2i. capacitor and the lo capacitance value ("30fF) of this eDRAM Macro cellarray Measurement structure device induce problems of process monitoring and failure / I1B21 I1 DD analysis. We propose a ne test structure to measure the B21 B22 I P7 capacita nce value of each DRAM cell capacitor in a RE-P SB21 SB22 DRAM array. This concept has been validated by O7T 2EC simulati on on a 0.18)m eDRAM technology. I1 W 21 REF C PR5 1. Introduction m -P The major challenge of eDRAM technologies remains STD Plate polari.ation W 2 / 2 DD the significant increase in the fabrication process 2 complex ity with its associated control problems.