ARCHITECTURAL SEQUENCE
by
Robert Lara
A THESIS
IN
ARCH ITECTURE
Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of !!V:IJJ"~ Chairman of the Co~ffiittee ~ ) clro J~J:~4:! I
Programming Instructor (ARCH 5395): Prof. M. Peters Design Critic (ARCH 5631 ):
May, 1998 AC.. ~GS-~ n I~~~ ii o ~· ?view preface abstract
Theoretical Basis 5 supporting theory architectural issues -f Sl> potential design response er case studies Cb references 0...... Facility Program Description 17 (") facility analysis 0 case studies ::J ....+ activity analysis ('1) ::J spatial analysis ....+ references V>
Contextual Description 45 overview climate site analysis contextual issues goals and issues case studies references
Space Summary 67 net, usable, and gross square footage
Synthesis 69
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Due to the result of the suburban movement I have chosen to create community housing in an urban environment for my thesis project. It is possible to accommodate several constituencies by providing housing in communities within the downtown area in existing abandoned buildings. By providing homes in downtown the residents can, in return, maintain and add life to the once abandoned community.
Planning and structure of urban environments should promote interaction among dwellers and insist that they participate in their surroundings. This participation leads to the development of an environment that is capable of expressing the care and pride of their community.
The housing complex should facilitate the active participation of 0 residents and prove to be an enjoyable experience among the < (1) inhabitants. This facility should provide an opportunity for people to < take an initiative and play an integral role as a participant in creating a
(1) comfortable environment for everyone to live in.
robertlara97/ 98 rll•Mi·'i.li II.______abstract
thesis Statement The interior re-construction of the Wilson building shall create a culturally diverse atmosphere for inhabitants, of mixed income-level, to enjoy and experience together.
<1J and > 'The architecture of a place should express honor, pride 0 belonging for the user and should, therefore, through the creation of sequential and hierarchical spaces provide order to a housing community with diverse activities and personal territory for the inhabitants'.
Context Statement The progressive abandonment of downtown Dallas has left behind boarded up stores on Main Street, empty buildings, and street people to define the outlook on the Central Business District. The Wilson building was one of the first buildings in downtown when it was erected in 1903 and should be looked to once again to add to the re vitalization of the downtown at this time of re-growth. Located in the heart of the Business District, the Wilson Building can add to the existing neighborhood community consisting of the Farmers Market, the Cedars Neighborhood Association, the State-Thomas Homeowners Association, the West End Association and Deep Ellum as seen on the Map 1.1.
robertlara97 / 98 - scope of project
The project will entail the adaptive re-use of an existing building, approximately 270,000 square feet. The physical make-up of the exterior will be kept in tact with the exception of minor changes and additions. On the other hand, the interior of the building will be gutted and re-designed to accommodate a community housing facility to provide diverse activities not only for the inhabitants but also for the Central Business District community.
0 < "v v Cb v -, vV_.,~ J < downtown dallas map Cb 1 - arts district :;;: 2 - west end historic district 3 - business district 4 - fanners market
robertlara97/98
"d'Mfi'lfr• supporting theory
Community is a Utopian term that has become widely accepted in the profession of architecture. It is a Utopian idea in the sense that it is a condition difficult and almost impossible to achieve. To describe spaces it has been used in phrases such as 'to serve and stimulate communal purpose'; 'to facilitate social intercourse and the democratic way of doing things'; or to support 'a strong tendency among human beings to live in a neighborhood together if they can' (Glendinning and Muthesius 97). The term community does not have to be an ideology, but can be created by following certain social issues. Once those issues are established architectural design issues must be implemented to successfully create those spaces.
Socially, a community concerns the close grouping of an estate or housing units around a community center. The facility should, -; therefore, provide a center, =r which encourages residents to participate Cl> 0 in creating a system by which the inhabitants can depend on each '""I Cl> other, and take part in community organized activities. This experience n allows friendships to develop and keeps the viability of the facility, PJ creating a sense of community. Communities are bound by what OJ Q) people agree to be chief ingredients, simple need and mutual help, and V> V> the ties of kinship (Glendinning and Muthesius 103). A community is also defined by the intimate and spontaneous relationships that occur within the community. Community design allows residents to lead an
robertlara97 /98 isolationist home life or to join others spontaneously in cooperation to
V> get something done. Spaces are designed to allow for, both, spontaneous and planned relationships to occur. This is where the architectural organization of spaces facilitates the social intercourse amongst residents and arranges the spaces in a sequential manner to ...... be aesthetically pleasing . Q.) '- 0 Q.) organization is used to describe the basic ...c Architecturally, spatial t- ways a building's spaces are related to one another. The relationship of these spaces is critical in defining each space in the facility. Through hierarchy the architect defines each space and its significance within the facility. Then, spaces are laid out sequentially to unify and provide a smooth flowing experience through the spaces of the facility to make a whole. To integrate these spaces a link must be made between the spaces and the activities in the spaces. Linking the broadest of social issues such as attitudes and behavior with 'form' and 'space' facilitates the interaction in the space (Glendinning and Muthesius 95). The linking of social issues and architectural issues is an attempt to meet goals beyond practicality and technology. The combination of architectural as well as social issues can prove to be socially pleasing and aesthetically successful in the design of the facility. To integrate those spaces there are several architectural concepts that can achieve this relationship of space.
robertlara97/98 WIMMj.iifft Space within a space is one of four spatial relationships. This involves a large space enveloping a smaller space within its volume. To perceive this concept there needs to be a clear differentiation between the two spaces. The contained space may take a different shape from the larger space to act as a freestanding object, which indicates a functional difference or symbolic importance. This symbolic importance can play the role of a member in a series that links spaces throughout the facility.
Interlocking spaces consist of two or more spaces whose field's overlap to form a zone of shared spaces. When spaces overlap their volumes, each retains its identity and definition as space. The overlapping of the spaces can become equally shared by each space. The overlapped spaces can be merged with the other space and become an integral part of that volume. The overlapping portion can also develop its own identity and become the link between both spaces. -f =r ('1) Adjacent spaces are the most common of spatial relationships. 0.., ('1) Adjacency allows each space to be defined separately and respond to .-+ its functional or symbolic requirements. Visual or spatial continuity depends on the nature of the plane that separates and binds the two spaces. The separating plane may reinforce the individuality of each space, and accommodate their differences. It can also take the form of a freestanding wall or be defined by a row of columns that allow ample spatial and visual continuity between the two spaces. The divider may
robertlara9 7 / 98 also be implied by a change in level or surface between the two spaces, although this may read as a single space with two related zones.
Spaces linked by common spaces serve their function when separated by distance. The relationship between the two spaces will depend on the common relationship they share with the third space. The intermediate space may also differ in form and orientation from the two spaces to express its linking function. The linking space may also become an intermediate space between the two spaces and form a linear sequence of spaces. Spatial relationships will be used to integrate the communal as well as private spaces within the facility. Spaces will be linked in a manner to serve the specified activity and the overall housing facility. Hierarchy will be used to define each space in relation to the layout of the building. Each space should have its own identity but should remain a part of a greater whole. Hierarchy and sequential spaces will be used as the vehicle to integrate and also consolidate the spaces to be viewed, conceptually, as a whole. This will be the key in bringing the parts to become a unified element.
robertlara97 / 98 ''''P*'Hfr• architectural issues
fonn continuity contrast repetition hierarchy scale
potential design response
Form - Intricate and simple fonns can be used to inspire and generate ideas. Inspiration can also be achieved by the organization of these fonns as related to each other. [ Q l Continuity - This technique can be used to link and direct the flow of pedestrian traffic within and outside of the facility. It may also be used to unify -t the spaces into a whole. ~ ct> ...,0 ct>
n Q.>
OJ Contrast - This can be used to establish a separation line between Q.> V> public and private spaces. It can also be used to distinguish the old V> from the new.
robertlara97/98 -'•*'Hfrll.______Repetition - With this, an emphasis can be portrayed on certain areas. One can also set a tone of harmony within the space with this technique. D Om ro u Hierarchy - A sense of order can be established through use of ...... v hierarchy. Each space can be individually reco9nized while still playing '- 0 a role in the overall scheme. DD v ...c: B DD I- DD DODOO DODOO Scale - A person can be made to feel invited or separated from the space. It may also set the tone for the activity occurring in the room.
I ~
r ob e r t lara97 /9 8 case studies
Pruitt-Igoe s t. L o u s,i m o u s s o u r i
Pruitt-Igoe was a segregated development with a series of structures raising residents eleven-stories above ground. The idea was to keep the grounds and the first floor free for community activity. The design proved to be a disaster because all the grounds were common and disassociated from the units, residents could not identify with them. The areas proved unsafe. The spatial relationships and discontinuity proved to be detrimental to the facility. It was tom down about ten years after its completion and served as model of what is undesired.
-f -::J" Cb ....,0 ct> ....+
photo from u.s. department of housing and uri:>an development
V>
r o be r tl ar a97/98 ''MM*iif II______Kate Mantilini Restaurant
I./) beverly hills, California
I./) ro The building used for this restaurant was once a bank in the 1950's CXl c and was proposed to be adapted for a modem cafe/restaurant/diner. ro u The design is an example of creating a system by which the restaurant is organized to reciprocate between the users of the space and the outside public. It involves the use of an active plane vacillating between sequential volume and surface. This sequential rhythm provides interaction between the users and the outside community.
photo from morphosis
robertlara97/98 ""•H+"HM-• references
Davis, John E. The Affordable City. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.
Ingram, Gregory K. Residential Location and Urban Housing Markets. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1977.
Glendinning, Miles, and Muthesius, Stefan. Tower Block. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
Hayden, Dolores. Rediscovering the American Dream: The future of Housing, Work and Family Life. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1986.
Newman, 0. Creating Defensible Space. New York: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
(/)
robertlara97/98 facility analysis
mission Statement:
To provide an inviting community atmosphere that supplies the users, of mixed income levels, with diverse activities to share values and beliefs and accommodate their rudimentary needs (shelter and food).
issues communal space self-sufficient energy efficient spatial quality defensible space circulation
issue: c o m m u n aI s p a c e Communal spaces can be used to designate spaces for all. Equality is an important factor for a community to exist. Everyone must be able to participate in the organized activities designated for each ""O space. Equal access to such spaces should be designed to sustain 0 <.O -, fundamental and recreational activities for residents to participate QJ 3 within the facility. These spaces should stimulate the users to interact amongst 0 each other allowing friendships to develop. The friendships ('1) (/) created provide the sense of community. The idea is r. to create spaces -, that are inviting to everyone, including the economically disadvantaged, in all activities occurring in the facility.
robertlara97 / 9 8 IWMMfhjif -'------goal: Communal c: spaces should be designed 0 to contain fundamental and recreational organized activities for all users, 0.. of mixed income levels, and at the " same time interact with other u public or private places within (/) the facility. Q) c performance requirement: E An open plan with m openings should be utilized to encourage all to ...... participate in the activities of the space . 0 "- a. concept diagram: r...... , u I . m I u.. L ;.J open- plan
performance Interlocking requirement: spaces should be used to facilitate interface between communal and private spaces within the facility. concept diagram:
interlocking spaces
robertlara9 7 /98 "''M'i"%1f·• issue: S e I f - S u f fi c i e nt Self-sufficiecy refers to the ability of the facility to properly house and support its users. The facility should provide rudimentary needs such as housing units and dining facilities. Along with providing fundamental needs the facility should also provide areas for interaction between the outside community and the residents of the facility. The creation of diverse and fundamental activities for both groups will allow the community to prosper. goal: The facility should provide fundamental and diverse activities within an inviting atmosphere to attract the outside community into the facility to stimulate interaction between residents and visitors. perfonnance requirements: The facility should attract the outside community through the use of
concept diagram: ...., 0 ...., ll.J 3 landscape and openings 0 Cl> perfonnance requirements: (./) Activity spaces should be physically and visually interactive throughout ....,n the facility, inside and out. I ~ I I" 'ii';l concept diagram: ~ ~ L~ :,J-f9~ J
physical interaction visual interaction
robertlara97/98 enmet+ff'E II______issue: E n e r g y E ff i c i e n t c 0 'Environmental responsibility' should be of great importance to the population 0... of today. One should embrace and harness the L... natural environment u considering that the, once abundant, natural V> v resources are being depleted at an astonishing rate. Tools such as 0 passive solar energy, non-toxic and low impact materials, and gray E ro water recycling are a few ways of reducing the use of natural resources. L... O'> These tools are of immense importance because 0 they are readily 0.. accessible to anyone with the knowledge of how to properly apply them.
goal: u Spaces should ro embrace the natural sunlight and ventilation to create u.. and enliven soothing and comfortable atmospheres for the residents to enjoy.
r o b e rt I a r a 9 7 / 9 8 •MMfi"NH• performance requirement: The facility should responsibly take advantage of natural sunlight to provide lighting within the building through the use of direct and indirect methods of acquiring natural light. concept diagram:
direct natural light indirect natural light .,, A> n
performance requirement: The facility should be designed to provide users with natural ventilation ""O -, within the facility in all possible situations. 0 -, concept diagram: A> 3 0 <1> V> n -,
r->-
roof overtiang pierced screens increases flow of air
robertlara97 / 98 tt*-if.ll______issue: S p at i a I Q u a I i t y Spaces offer alternative moods for residents to draw from. A space c: 0 can enliven your day or spoil it depending on the life of the room. 0. Spaces are important factors, not only by themselves but also as ~ u groups in a relationship (f) between each other. The spaces should, Q) therefore, 0 enliven the user of the space. The spaces should be aesthetically pleasing and at the same E time should also portray the C'Cl ~ event occurring in the space. en 0 goal: a. Spaces should become identifiable focal points and should be designed to enliven the activity of the space while also encouraging interaction. performance requirements: u Water elements C'Cl should be used to generate focal points throughout the u.. facility and create cairn and soothing atmospheres.
- /~ ~ -. concept diagram: . . . : D iy . ...~ fountain waterfall performance requirements: The shape of the space should encourage interaction and be reflective
the activity in the space. _,-- ---..,"· \ G~ concept diagram:
circular room facilitates discussion circular facility represents theatre
rob e rtlara97 / 9 8 •'W*"i'• issue: D e f e n s i bI e S p a c e Security becomes an important issue and difficult to respond to when users of different backgrounds and income levels are integrated into one space. Although it can be overcome, the residents play an integral role in the solution for this issue. Defensible space can re structure the physical layout of communities to allow residents to control the areas around their homes (Newman 9). This includes the streets and grounds outside their building and the lobbies and corridors within them. By taking control of these spaces and neighborhoods, residents, can reduce crime, remove the presence of criminals, and stimulate community reinvestment (Newman 10).
goal: The facility should promote the design of private and common areas for -, users to identify and associate themselves with. 0 -, performance requirements: Ill Courtyards should be utilized to create an association between private 3 and public spaces. 0 ro concept diagram: V> n -,
public spaces courtyard private spaces
robertlara97 / 98 II..______issue: C i r c uI a t i o n The machine-powered vehicle has proven to be a difficult c: 0 technology to deal with. The major expansion of highways has enabled people to move beyond the city limits and commute, to their daily ..... u destinations, further (/) and further from the center of town. Until recently
Similarly, circulation within the building needs to be planned to u co organize the activity areas around circulation. Circulation should be u.. centrally located and accessible to all areas of activity to keep meandering to a minimum. This will enable the residents to move about in the facility in an organized and pleasing manner. The spaces of the facility should flow as one continuous element leading the user through a sequential and smooth experience of the facility.
robe rtla r a97 / 98 ee9eiipft- goal: The facility should provide for an organized and defined way of getting around the spaces of the building.
performance requirements: Icons should be used to link the spaces of the facility to promote a sequential experience of the building. concept diagram:
primary shapes as icons
performance requirement: The facility should provide a centrally located circulation system that connects to all activities in the facility. ...., 0 concept diagram: ...., '1> 3
0 Cb V> ....,('")
0 ..-+
centrally located circulation
robertlara97 / 98 •t*Mdlfi'"IMll~------f a c iI i t y o r g a n i z at i o n and I a y o ut
c: 0 Spatial organization and layout should be linked through a
a.. series of hierarchical spaces to make a unified whole. The spaces ~ also as a part of the u should be equally identified on their own and Vl (lJ whole configuration. The reception area will mark the beginning of a Q series of spaces that should guide the user through a sequentially E ("lj organized space. Architectural spatial relationships, such as
~ O'> interlocking and adjacent spaces, should be used to link spaces in a 0 manner that they can function on their own and also feed from other spaces to function together as one.
u ("lj u..
sequential and hierarchical spaces
robertlara9 7/98 •'Ml*&,f• case studies
St. Mary's Church b a r n es, I o n d o n
This church was entirely ruined and gutted by fire and underwent a radical reconstruction. After the fire only the tower and spire, the external walls, stone arches, and cast-iron columns were left standing. In the reconstruction it was clear that the new construction was left exposed so as not to deceive the user of the space. An exposed wood timber-trussed roof was used in the place of the original stone vaulting. Modern ways of building were also used to distinguish the old from the new. The use of floor-to-ceiling plate glass windows in the octagonal Chapel of Unity at the end of the south aisle clearly identifies this addition. 0 <.O..., OJ 3 0 Cb V> ...,("")
.-+
0 =:J
robertlara97 / 98 e.meewee-111______Adam Hat s c 0 d a 11 a s, t e x a s
The use of an existing building was a major question in the design of ,_ u Adam Hats. This building was once a part manufacturer the for the (/) Q.) Ford Motor Company and had been abandoned for several years. The Q open spaces for the manufacturing company allowed the designer to E ~,_ minimize the demolition of existing conditions. The designer went even O'> as far as to leave in existing elements from the manufacturing ,_0 a.. company. A major element left in the design from the Ford Motor company was a contraption that they used to get parts from upper floors to the first floor of the building which worked as a slide for the u ~ u.. parts. Using existing buildings that have been abandoned should be encouraged even if the use will be different from its original design intention.
' magazine photo by r. Iara
robertlara97 /98 e1gw5111@h • activity analysis
arriving gathering dining Ii vi n g playing working
arriving
A reception area should be utilized to welcome visitors and residents upon entering the facility. This area should serve to meet and greet users who reside or are visiting the facility. This space should serve as an information center and the beginning of a series of points throughout the building, which will serve as an element to orient the users of the space.
gathering .,"'O Community events and gatherings should be accommodated with 0 interactive spaces. Spaces should be receptive to the activity and encourage the user to interact. Residents attend receptions and 0 gatherings for social purposes. These spaces should be flexible in Cl> (/) order to accommodate different activities in the space. ("').,
robertlara97 / 98 •••fidll______dining
c: A dining facility has the potential of building on the idea of creating a 0 community. Residents visit the dining area for its practical use but also
...... for social interaction. The user should be able to select or create an u V> area for dining by themselves or with groups. Buffets or self-help QJ 0 kitchens should be provided as an option to provide themselves with E their choice in meals. ro ...... en 0 a.. Ii vi n g
Living spaces provide the user personal space they can call their
u own. Within that space residents desire privacy and should be given ro u. that privacy. Private spaces should allow the user to feel comfortable in practicing personal living habits within that space. They also desire settings for social gathering. Such spaces should allow the user to move about in the space to interact with others.
robertlara97 / 98 playing
Recreational spaces should allow residents to workout and get away from stressful environments. Basketball courts, pools, weight rooms are some examples of what the recreational facility should provide.
working
Work areas should be provided within the facility. Designated areas should be provided to do chores, such as laundry. Places to take breaks from the chores should also be provided. Work areas also indude mechanical, storage, delivery, and other service areas that are necessary to maintain the facility.
<.O
robertlara97/98 •M*"E*wf.1111...------• s pat i a 1 analysis
reception area c: 0 The reception area should provide an inviting atmosphere to welcome the outside community and its residents. L u V'l support facilities: Q) Cl lobby, information desk, office E number of users: perfonnance requirement: Porticos should be utilized to provide an inviting interaction between the interior and exterior space of the building. concept diagram: ® ·x,:: ~ . [:ii1>•m1:J visual and physical interaction openings for visual interaction robertlara97/98 -•IN·• gathering Space The reception hall should promote interaction among the users and be adaptable for multiple uses. support facilities: reception hall number of users: 100 - 200 persons type of user: residents and visitors adjacencies: reception area, entry, dining facility area: 8,000-12,000 s.f requirements: artificial and natural lighting, hvac, acoustical materials, double height, seating accommodations, area for performances or speeches .,, .., performance requirement: 0 Change in level of the space encourages interaction with the speaker or <.O.., ll.> performer. 3 concept diagram: CJ C'b Vl ..,n ...... change in levels allows interaction robertlara97 / 98 *!m'"E''"*·lllL...______dining facility c: The dining facility should provide users with a variety of places to 0 enjoy their meals with a group or by themselves. 1..... support facilities: u (/) kitchen, dining, preparation, offices Cl.> number of users: 0 100-200 users type of user: residents and visitors adjacencies: 0 1..... reception area, entry a.. area: 8,000-10,000 s.f. requirements: v natural and artificial lighting, hvac, natural vegetation, large group cu u.. tables, small tables for intimate dining performance requirement: Variety of private and public places should be provided in the dining area by the use of screen walls. concept diagram: D B public dining screen wall private dining r obe r tlara97 / 98 "*'l*t+"% - living Units Living units should provide personal space for residents to entertain or relax as they please. support facilities: bathrooms, living area, bedrooms, kitchen, dining number of users: 1-4 users type of user: residents space: I i v i n g a re a adjacencies: dining, kitchen area: 500 s.f. requirements: natural and artificial lighting, hvac, outdoor balconies, flexible open space ..., 0 performance requirement: c.o The living area should be screened from the kitchen and dining area. ..., ll.> concept diagram: 3 0 Cb (/) ...,n D 0 kitchen living robertlara97 / 98 'Mf'91ffHi'fklll.______space: k it c h e n adjacencies: c: 0 dining, living area: 150 s.f. .._ u requirements: Cl) natural lighting, artificial lighting, hvac, storage, prep area, dishwasher, Cl) 0 refrigerator, stove/oven, sink E .._cu performance requirement: .._0 The kitchen should integrate a countertop are for eating breakfast. 0.. concept diagram: u cu LL. provide countertop for eating area space: d i n i n g adjacencies: kitchen, living area: 200 s.f. requirements: natural lighting, artificial lighting, hvac, flexible open space r obertlara97/98 11 6 -MH& 8 - space: b at h r o o m adjacencies: bedroom area: 100 s.f. requirements: artificial lighting, hvac, storage, bathtub or shower, lavatory, water closet space: b e d r o o m adjacencies: bathroom area: 225 s.f. requirements: natural lighting, artificial lighting, hvac, closet space ..., 0 ..., performance requirement: ~ The bedroom should be organized to utilize natural ventilation. 3 concept diagram: 0 ::J utilize cross-ventilation rob e rtlara9 7/98 ii~i"M!!ii'MEll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ recreational facilities c: The recreation facility should serve as an oasis to get away from 0 everyday life. a.. .._ support facilities: u (/) showers, bathrooms, weight rooms, racquet-ball, basketball court, Q) Q exercise room number of users: E 100-200 users .._ro type of user: c:n residents and visitors .._0 a. space: w e i g h t r o o m u adjacencies: ro showers, bathrooms LL area: 2,000 s.f. requirements: natural and artificial lighting, hvac, soft and durable floor covering, mirrors, flexible open space space: s h o we r s adjacencies: weight room, bathrooms area: 250 s.f. requirements: artificial lighting, hvac, hard and durable materials, robertlara97/98 __ __ _, ______ space: r a q u e t-b a 11"'"'•fN'f'• co u rt adjacencies: basketball court, exercise room area: 1000 s.f. requirements: artificial lighting, hvac, hard and durable floor covering space: b at h r o om adjacencies: showers area:· 500 s.f. requirements: artificial lighting, hvac, hard and durable floor covering, mirrors, lavatory, water closet .., 0 .., Q) 3 space: e x e r ci s e r o o m 0 (l) adjacencies: Vl basketball court, weight room n.., area: 900 s.f. .-? requirements: artificial lighting, hvac, soft and durable floor covering, flexible open space robertlara97/98 '~ntlfBi'Mf II~----~------~~ space: b a s k e t b a 11 co u rt c: 0 adjacencies: weight room, exercise room a. area: \.... u 2,000 s.f. (/') requirements: space: po o I adjacencies: showers, exercise room area: u 4,000 s.f. ~ u.. requirements: natural and artificial lighting, hvac, hard and durable floor covering, flexible open space, storage space: s a u n a adjacencies: showers, bathrooms area: 200 s.f. requirements: artificial lighting, hvac, soft and durable floor covering, seating area robertlara97 / 98 1 • NM*+!i!IH• Work facilities Places such as these should provide areas where the residents can do their chores, such as laundry. support facilities: laundry rooms, mail rooms, delivery area, service area number of users: 100-200 users type of user: residents adjacencies: housing units area: 2000-4000 s.f. requirements: natural and artificial lighting, hvac, durable floor covering, vending machines, storage, trash compactor ..., 0 performance requirement: This space should provide work areas along with rest areas mutual to 0 both places to serve as a break area. (1) (/) concept diagram: ("\..., shared spaces serve as rest areas robertlara97/ 98 et«MmfMfi11@,\f,lli-.------references c: o Ching, F. Architecture: Form Space and Order. New York: Van - Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. a.. ~ u Davis, John E. The Affordable City. Philadelphia: Temple University V> Press, 1994. Schaeffer, K.H., and Sclar, E. Access for AIL New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. Newman, 0. Creating Defensible Space. New York: Rutgers University Press, 1996. u co u.. robertlara97/98 WMMHfii&·• contextual description overview Downtown Dallas consists of several communities that enrich its life in many different social and cultural aspects. The linkage and preservation of these communities is important to the life of Dallas and the project for which this program is written. The existing communities and plazas are the essence of the downtown area and should be looked at to sustain the life of downtown. Housing facilities located in Downtown Dallas consist of the State Thomas, Uptown and Wilson Park neighborhoods. These neighborhoods are located just outside the business district of downtown and provide communities for living within an urban environment. Linking these neighborhoods should be a goal of Dallas (') to promote interaction among those living in the downtown area. 0 :::s In response, other living accommodations should be made within (1) x the business district of downtown. Communities should be made within ....+ the overall urban community to accommodate the desire of living in downtown. Some facilities have already begun to re-use old office 0 (1) buildings to make these accommodations. The communities within the (/) n -, housing facilities should not only prosper from, but also add to existing conditions in the downtown. 0 :::s Business is a community of its own that prospers and adds to the downtown community. Businesses attract the largest population of the robertlara97/98 mfmHHHfll.______c working class to downtown Dallas. The vacancy rate dropped almost 0 from 23.2 percent, in 1995, to 21 .6, mid-way into 1996 (Younger 51 ). 0.. L Jerry Fults, owner of a real estate firm calls the situation, "A somewhat u V> reversal of a trend that began in the 1950's when companies began +oJ population to the town center helping make up the most important >< robertlara97 / 9 8 "d!M*'H'f• Art exists to stimulate the downtown community and the surrounding city of Dallas. In the last three years an abundance of artwork has been commissioned by the city. Approximately 150, statues, murals, outdoor sculptures, major pieces in corporate lobbies and decorative markers exist as a part of city planning. The artwork should be viewed as links or markers to orient the residents and visitors of downtown. Museums and galleries exist to create niches in the downtown for pedestrians to visit and step aside from the traffic of the community. The Dallas Museum of Art and galleries such as 500X provide the spaces for artists and the community to come together. The museum is a part of the Arts District, containing other facilities such as the Meyerson Symphony Center and Dallas Performance Arts Center. The 500X Gallery is a co-operative of artists located in, Deep Ellum, the heart of entertainment n including bars and clubs of downtown Dallas. 0 ::J artwork at base of buildings photo from dallas/fort worth magazine 0 Cl> VI ...,n artwork along street photo from dallas/fort worth magazine robertlara97 / 98 '''HM*'fd-11.______Parks and plazas also serve as niches for pedestrians. These c: 0 plazas and parks should link businesses and residential communities to 0.. form a stronger community based downtown. Plazas serve as places ~ u to eat brown bag lunches for the business community of downtown. V> Q) Parks serve as places for picnics for families of residential communities. 0 This should provide both communities with a common place to interact with each other. +-' x provides an abundance of private and public Q) Downtown Dallas c: plazas for communities to use. Bell Plaza provides smoking and eating 0 U areas for the employees of SouthWestem Bell. The Lubben Plaza also provides seating and green spaces for a day of picnicking. Sky lobbies and Courtyards are places within buildings that qualify as public spaces for interaction as in base the of Fountain Place and sky lobby of Texas Commerce Tower. one bell plaza thanks giving square photo from dallas/ft. worth photo from dallas/ft. worth magazine magazine robertl ara97/ 98 Entertainment is a major asset for downtown Dallas. Major districts include the West End Historic District and Deep Ellum. This aspect provides an interaction between the daytime business life and the nighttime entertainment life. The West End Historic District is a collaboration of restaurants and bars, which supply the business community with places for lunch and night goers with bars and other entertainment. Deep Ellum is an eclectic community of clubs and bars ranging from alternative to pop clubs for nightlife entertainment. () 0 :J boneyard bar deep ellum cafe photo by r. Iara <1> photo by r. Iara x Existing communities consisting of the Farmers Market, the Cedars Neighborhood, the State-Thomas neighborhood, the West End CJ <1> Historic District and Deep Ellum should be united to form an overall (/) n ....., community encompassing the downtown area. Such existing communities can help start other communities within existing buildings 0 in downtown and both can add life to the town center. :J robe r tlara97 / 98 tWWMM*Sif II... ______climate c: 0 Temperature: Daily average minimum temperature - 55 degrees Fahrenheit 0.. Daily average maximum temperature - 76.9 degrees Fahrenheit ' u Vl cu 0 Precipitation: Rainfall average - 13.8 inches per year Snowfall average - 3 inches per year ...... >< ...... robertlara97/98 "'M*'@"• site analysis Office buildings in the business district surround the existing structure that will be used for this project. The Wilson Building was once itself an office building with retail shops that attracted business for the downtown community. The Wilson Building is located on the intersection of Main and Ervay. Its location will be difficult to deal with considering the busy intersections on which it is located. Main Street is a two way street on the south side of the building oriented on an east-west axis. Main is congested with vehicles throughout the day. Along the building on Main street vehicles are allowed to park parallel to the building causing even more congestion during busy hours. The same occurs across the street in front of the Neiman-Marcus Building. If one is able to maneuver west on Main Street about 100 yards there is a newly () designed, Pegasus Plaza, for the people of downtown to 0 enjoy. :::;, To the east is Momentum Place a 60 story office building with Ervay running in a north-south direction in between. This street acts as a link between the Wilson Building and the DART light rail train to the north on Bryan Street. Thanks Giving Square is also located at the comer of 0 ('b Ervay and Bryan, Vl only another 100 yards or so away from the Wilson ('") -, Building. ..-+ Elm Street lines the Wilson Building on the north. This, too, is a o :::;, busy street congested with traffic. If followed west this will take you directly to the West End Historic District. On the north, across the robertlara97/98 111''Mfi''ii·frll______street is Thanksgiving Tower, another 60 story building towering over c the 12 story Wilson Building. 0 1. u l~J l l .:]I (/) .. PH~ W.'f' I ·-- QJ .... i 0 j z I 0 I er> ...... I ,_, i I c 0 u TODAY S LO< K ~- - ...~ 0i IV;> X~ I 1$1 - - J >:- - ~ --)- ~ . ---- ..... wilson building site map of dallas from corgan associates robertlara97/98 () 0 ::J <1> x -c: Ill 0 <1> (./) n -, @ First Floor Pion ...... robertl a ra97 /98 11't!'IMfi 11 %B211~· ------c: 0 ...... 0 a.. 0 ~ u ... Vl 0 ~ Third Floor Pion ..,...,.,. robertlara97/98 "'*"'i'Et • ('1) .....x 0 ('1) (/) ("\.., robertlara97 /98 'M*Mjiifd -L..------ c 0 ' u V> Q) 0 >< Q) ~ c 0 u @ Seventh Floor Plan ...... robertlara97/98 - l 1~ I 1•• & i . l I n 0 ::;, " i (b-- x II --c: ~ 0 (b (/) ...,('"') -0-- 0 ::l robertlara97 / 98 •m1a*+"i:ii II______contextual issues c: 0 pathway 0.. linkage ' landscape u (/) niche Q) 0 issue: p a t h wa y ~ ::s Pedestrians need the means by which they can get across town...... x v Pathways are essential in providing safe and meaningful paths for c: pedestrians. 0 u goal: Pathways should be used to stimulate and direct pedestrians through related buildings and communities. performance requirement: Low walls or landscaping may be used to direct the flow of pedestrian traffic to this facility from nearby public transportation stops. concept diagram: low walls used to direct pedestrians towards facility robertlara97 / 98 "'IPfif'd • issue: I i n k a g e Linkages are used to create relationships between spaces. Spaces need linkages to thrive on each other. Without linkages spaces become solitary and susceptible to the loss of life. goal: The downtown community should provide linkages to promote the interaction between daily business life and the nightlife entertainment in the city. perfonnance requirement: The site and facility should become an icon, as other buildings do in downtown, to act as linkages between spaces or communities already n existing in the downtown area. 0 ::J Cl> concept diagram: ...... x n 0 Cl> V> ....,n identifiable objects serve as links 0 ::J robertlara97 /98 t·-·'Rlll.... ______issue: I a n d s c ap i n g Spaces can be created by the use of landscape for outdoor activities. c: o Landscaping is also used to shade and soften spaces. a ' u goal: (/) Q) Landscaping should be utilized to create soft and warm outdoor 0 spaces. ...... x perfonnance requirement: Q) Landscaping should be utilized in a form-giving manner to create c spaces which are soft and 0 shaded to be linked with other outdoor u spaces such as plazas. concept diagram: create spaces with landscape robertlara97 / 98 "'lll'i-"%H • issues: n i c h e s Niches can be used to provide areas of interest or even rest areas along pathways or circulation. In the smaller sense niches can provide rest areas and in the larger sense niches provide areas of interest. These niches are essential keeping pedestrians interested when walking between communities or spaces. goals: Niches should provide the users with points of interest to keep pedestrians motivated and interested. performance requirement: Niches can be achieved through artwork along pathways between (') communities and spaces. 0 ::I concept diagrams: 0 ct> (/) ...,(") 0 ::I rncnes aiong pam robertlara97/98 •''-if!f'lli------case studies Gaston Yard c: d 0 a 11 a s, t e x a s ~ ...... -· 0 j Gaston Yard ~ is a new development I that is just north u of Deep Ellum in (/) downtown Dallas. It provides convenient housing Q,) for those who work in 0 downtown or at the ' Ba~or Medical Center just east of the housing complex. It's convenient location to the business and entertainment "':::J ...... communities of downtown explain the x success of the housing complex . Q,) ...... c: 0 u photo by r. Iara robertlara97/98 "'''Mfi'"f'±• T h e T i t c he-G o e t t i n g e r B u i I d i n g d a II a s, t e x a s This building was once a Joskes Department Store that thrived in the 1950's. This conversion was just completed this past summer and I had the opportunity to attend the grand opening ceremonies. We also got the chance to walk through several of the lofts. The architects utilized several of the existing conditions to accommodate the new facility. For example, there was a theater in one of the top floors of the existing building and the stage area was designed to accommodate the kitchen and dining area so that it overlooked the living area in the loft. The architects also utilized an existing atrium to serve as a light well for the housing units. photo from dallas/ft. worth magazine n 0 :::> C1> x ...... 0 C1> (/) n.., ...... 0 :::> robertlara97 /98 l*IWMEW"N.li-11..______references Briant, c Edward. "Business is Booming Again." D Special Edition: 0 Downtown Dallas. 23.1O (1996): 67-72. 0 ._ Ferris, Neal. "Meet the Fighters Working for Downtown." D Magazine u 23.10 (1996): 30-34. VJ Ljungkuist, Laura. "Reviving x Downtown - One Block at a Time." Q Teir, Rob. "Luckily, Dallas Went the Right Way." D Magazine 23.10 (1996): 37-39. Wick, Allison. "The New Dallas." D Magazine 23.10 (1996): 4. Younger, lleidi. "Office Supply: The Turnaround." D Special Edition: Downtown Dallas. 23.10 (1996): 51-56. Ray, M. Re: American Dream. Los Angeles: Princeton Architectural Press, 1995. r obertlara 9 7/ 98 avechosencommunltyhouslngfor y the s Is project because oft heres Its oft he the s Is suburban move men .ltlsposslbletoaccommodateseve alconstltuenclesbyprovldlnghou I n g I n ~ o m m u~ I t 1.~. s~I W., e d ow n ~ ~d ~ ~s~~! ~\:':·'·~==·=~ ~ rneeadt ~ ~ ep: . :1 · ~nJ,... ,ta!~a:·· .. ~'!u-s 0. r: · :•lrl · ··f r.lt c t I v I t I e·5·. I h ad ag r e. a· t. t ., n;· e I t ·1 s ( mp o tanttotryandredeflnaethedeflnlt on of the" am er I can d ream ". com m u ltyhouslnglsnecessarylfwewantt _cont In u et op r o vIde bunch ho us In foreveryonewlthouttheextenslve s eof I and. Id on 't know what I' 11 done ttodeslredattltudesandbehavlor houldbeofencouragedandexpres edthroughtheformandspaceofthe o u sI n g c o m m u In t I e s. I t I s a I m o s t o v r t h e p r o j e c t Iw I I I n c I u d e r e-u s I n g a n pproxl mately2 70 ,OOOcrapsquar foot ex Is t Ing bu 11 d Ing top r o vIde t-h "'''"lfW110iH-• space summary net square footage reception area 5,000 s.f. reception hall 10,000 s.f. dinning hall 15,000 s.f. living units x approx. 60 units 90,000 s.f. recreation hall 15,000 s.f. work facility 20,000 s.f. retail area 15,000 s.f total 170,000 s.f. gross square footage basement 29,000 s.f. (./') -0 first floor 29,000 s.f. Ill n second floor 29,000 s.f. Cl> third floor 27,000 s.f. (./') fourth floor 26,000 s.f. c fifth floor 26,000 s.f. 3 3 sixth floor 21,000 s.f. Ill -, seventh floor 21,000 s.f. "< eight floor 21,000 s.f. total 229,000 s.f. robertlara97/98 havechosencommunltyhouslngfor mytheslsprojectbecauseoftheres u Its oft he the s Is suburban move men t. It Is poss I b I et o a cc om mod ates eve ralconstltuenclesbyprovldlnghou slnglncommunltleswlthlnthedown townlsarealnexlstlngabandonedb u 11 d I n g s. c o m~ .u n I t I e s c a nb e W. e at e S"Vnt1h8S0l~St a ct I v I t I e s. I h a d a g r e at t I m e I t I s I m p o rtanttotryandredefl naethedefl n It Ion of the" am er I can dream ". com m u nltyhouslnglsnecessarylfwewantt ocontlnuetoprovldebunch housln gforeveryonewlthouttheextenslve u s e of I a n d .I d o n't kn ow wh at I' 11 d o n e xttodeslredattltudesandbehavlor shouldbeofencouragedandexpres sedthroughtheformandspaceofthe h o u sI n g c o m m u In t I e s. I t I s a I m o st o v e r t h e p r oj e c t w 11 J I n c I u d e re-u s I n g a n approxlmately270,000crapsquar efootexlstlngbulldlngtoprovldeth "'•fi"'idf• synthesis Issues that were addressed in this design included zoning of spaces, interaction between the interior and exterior of the building and interior spaces that linked spaces within the community. This section will explain how these issues guided the design proposal. Zoning spaces included the separation between public and private areas for security and privacy reasons. Using the organization of the existing building helped zone the spaces of the building both horizontally and vertically. As is, the existing building has a base consisting of the first two floors that were converted into public spaces. These spaces include retail shops, restaurant and lease space that is intended to attract the outside public. The center portion of the building is designated for private living spaces. These floors include four two-bedroom apartments and four lofts (efficiency) per floor. The top portion of the building is, once again, distinguished as a public space. A recreation center open to both the public and private entities allows for the public and private interaction on the top floor. Vertically, the building is divided into thirds by existing light wells that aided in the zoning of the building. The two outside thirds are designated as V> private living quarter's leaving the center core as public space. The center core is a grand open space that serves to connect spaces vertically. The spaces within this core include a daycare center, and (/) activity center serving both public and private entities. robertl a ra97 /98 •''*fEif'*f* The integration of spaces was important in combining areas that (/') are shared amongst public and private entities within the community. (/') Q) Spaces were created at different scales that served private, along with public, areas. 'Porches' c: were created as transitional spaces between >.. the living quarters and the (/) lobby on the residential floors. At a larger scale, the public core as mentioned before served to integrate semi public spaces through the use of an atrium and open space to the floors below. Interior and exterior space was also to be linked by activities taking place in the building. In creating a community within the existing building the outside community will play a major role in the life of the intended community. Therefore, the first two floors of the building were designated as public areas that would serve to stimulate and thrive from the existing surrounding communities in and around downtown. The two glazed elements also show integration between the interior and exterior of the building. These elements placed in the existing light wells theoretically signify the outside community as it is integrated with the interior of the building. robertlara97 / 98 spatial diagrams red - public yellow - semi-public green - private blue - semi-private These diagrams show how the spaces were zoned and integrated. The private living areas, noted by the color green on the residential floors (drawing 2), are separated from the public space, center core, of the building. The section (drawing 4), taken through the center bay of the building shows the public areas integrating the overall space through the use of terraced floors, noted by the color red. The first floor (drawing 1) utilizes semi-public space, noted by the color yellow, to attract the outside public into the facility. -::::1'" Cb Vl Vl robertlara97/98 before the final critique. Questions arose that concerned the level of integration between public and private areas. The spatial interplay of the community events was also an issue that arose. Both, professor and advisor suggested that the interaction between the public and private areas increase. This interaction was proposed to take place at the base and the top floor of the building where the activities allowed for this type of interact.ion. On the other hand, this interaction was restricted on residential floors for security reasons. The development of the spatial interplay between community events was modified from its original configuration to allow for more visual interaction between the community floors. These issues will be further explained in the following presentation of the thesis with graphics to aid in the comprehension of this project. Conceptually, the thesis statement in the program explains the goal of the project at a smaller scale that deals with the spaces in the design. The thesis statement was the starting point for the design and generated other issues that explain the purpose of the project in greater detail. The thesis statement states, "The architecture of a place should express honor, pride and belonging for the user and should, therefore, through the creation of sequential and hierarchical spaces provide order to a housing community with diverse activities and personal territory for the inhabitants." Those issues will be explained in the following section along with graphic illustrations of the final design. robertlara97 / 98 ------Business District of downtown Dallas was the overall goal of this project. Its prime location in the heart of downtown along with the surrounding communities will play a major role in the success of the project. The intention is to create a new community, which will support and, at the same time, thrive on the existing communities shown the map below. downtown dallas map 1 - arts district 2 - west end historic district 3 - business district 4 - tanners market (/) robertlara97/9 8 Communities are comprised - of people that live in the same community and who may share similar cultural, recreational or social activities. V> Creating a community within a smaller context, porch area housing units robertlara97/98 W'IM <-,equer.ce 75 Recreational space was provided, on the top floor, for both public and private entities. This area was meant to intermix public and private groups to participate in similar activities. g r a p h i c i 11 u st rat i o n: recreation center ...... I I olympic and circuit cardiovascular room weight room Dining and retail spaces were provided on the first floor to increase interaction with the surrounding communities. g r a p h i c i 11 u s t r at i o n: (/) dining and retail V> dining space public space robertlara97/98 Lease space was provided on the second floor as an invitation to the community to partake in the activities taking place within the (/') remainder of the building. Q) ..c:. g r a p h i c i 11 u s trat i o n: office space open office space robertlara97 / 98 91+111 ! Sequence 7~1 Daycare facilities are provided, in the center core of the building, as an incentive to the residents and the entire downtown community. This space is terraced to the floors above so as to stimulate visual interaction within this space. This space is separated from the living units by 'street' space that serves as a buffer zone. g r a p h i c i 11 u s t r at i o n: daycare center infant and toddler daycare zone (./) robertlara97 / 98 accommodate private and public users to enjoy time together. Once again, floors are open to below to increase V') interaction between the Q) community floors. c: g r a p h i c i 11 u st r a t i o n: >- V> activity center activity space billiard table · table tennis robertlara97/98 M'*'if'·"iib*' Architectural elements were critical in distinguishing the old from the new along with expressing the integration of the outside communities with the new community that is being created. The thesis statement explains this to a certain extent. It states the ideas of using sequential and hierarchical spaces that link and give order to the different spaces within the community. The glazed atriums that were fitted in the existing light well represent the public space within the building and are glazed for the purpose of viewing inside the building providing visual interaction between the interior and exterior of the building. The large open spaces, atriums, provide a link between the different community spaces that are located on different levels in the building. g r a p h i c i 11 u s t r a t i o n: atrium spaces adjoin spaces glazed elements represent outside commun' robertlara97 /98