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Fort Beauséjour sergio.beausejour.book_2 29/09/06 08:36 Page 1 Lieu historique national du Canada du Fort-Beauséjour / Fort-Cumberland Fort Beauséjour / Fort Cumberland national historic site of Canada Fort Beauséjour - Fort Cumberland Une Histoire / A History sergio.beausejour.book_2 29/09/06 08:36 Page 2 Fort Beauséjour - Fort Cumberland Une Histoire / A History sergio.beausejour.book_2 29/09/06 08:36 Page 2 Auteur/Author: Régis Brun Fort Beauséjour - avec les contributions de/with contributions by: A. J. B. Johnston Fort Cumberland Ernest Clarke Comité de révision original/Original editorial committee: Une Histoire / A History Jean Daigle Michel Cyr Georges Arsenault Traductrice/Translator: Sally Ross Photo de la couverture/Cover photo: Tableau de Lewis Parker/Painting by Lewis Parker Photo de la couverture arrière/Back cover photo: R.S. Furlong - Parcs Canada/Parks Canada, 1985 Régis Brun Illustration de la vue aérienne du fort/Fort aerial view illustration: avec les contributions de/with contributions by: Ellison Robertson - Parcs Canada/Parks Canada, 1991 A. J. B. Johnston ISBN 2-7600-0211-x ??? Ernest Clarke Société du Monument Lefebvre 480, rue Centrale Street, Memramcook, NB E4K 3S6 (506) 758-9808 ou/or 1-877-765-1896 Fax (506) 758-9813 E-mail/courriel : [email protected] sergio.beausejour.book_2 29/09/06 08:36 Page 4 e fort Beauséjour n'a été hough only one fort, Fort qu'un seul ouvrage de Beauséjour has had two Ldéfense, mais il a eu deux names, served two empires, noms, a servi deux empires et a T and is a place with countless tales été le théâtre d'innombrables to tell. This booklet offers an événements qui ont façonné notre overview of the colourful past histoire. Ce livret présente un aperçu du passé mouvant de cette that occurred within and near the fortification, aussi bien à l'époque fortification, both when it was où elle était connue par les Français know as the French fort at sous le nom du fort à Beauséjour Beauséjour and when it defended qu'à celle où, devenue le fort British interests and was called Cumberland, elle défendait les Fort Cumberland. The basic intérêts des Britanniques. Voici les elements of the story we want éléments fondamentaux du récit to communicate are : que nous voulons vous raconter : Acadians first settled in the Les Acadiens colonisent la région region in the 1670s; dans les années 1670; the French erected a fort atop Les Français érigent un fort au sommet de la crête Beauséjour en Beauséjour ridge in 1750-51, 1750-1751 pour protéger leurs to protect strategic interests intérêts stratégiques dans l'isthme in the Chignecto isthmus; de Chignectou; British and New England troops Des troupes de la Grande-Bretagne captured the fort from the et des colonies de la Nouvelle- French after a siege in June 1755; Angleterre investissent le fort des the Nova Scotia Council used the Français et en prennent possession en juin 1755; limited Acadian participation in the defence of Fort Beauséjour as Le Conseil de la Nouvelle-Écosse one of the reasons to begin a se sert de la participation limitée Deportation of Acadians in the des Acadiens à la défense du fort Beauséjour comme motif pour Chignecto region in 1755; amorcer la déportation des and under the name of Fort Acadiens de la région de Cumberland, this same fort Chignectou en 1755; witnessed a British garrison rout En novembre 1776, le même fort, a rebel force from the United rebaptisé Cumberland, est le théâtre States under Jonathan Eddy in d'une offensive lancée par des November 1776. sympathisants de la Révolution américaine menés par Jonathan Eddy. La garnison britannique inflige une défaite à ses assaillants. 1 sergio.beausejour.book_2 29/09/06 08:36 Page 2 Bien avant l'existence du Long Before the Fort: fort : La colonie acadienne Acadian Settlement i h ic m Bien avant que les Français ne Long before the French erected a fort ira iv. M R Île construisent un fort à Beauséjour, les at Beauséjour, Acadians established Île Saint-Jean Royale Acadiens s'établissent dans la région themselves in the Chignecto region, R iv Beaubassin Ba de Chignectou, qu'ils baptisent ièr ie Verte which they called Beaubassin. The e St-Jean Louisbourg Beaubassin. Les premiers colons, earliest settlers arrived in 1672-1674, arrivés vers 1672-1674, font partie de relocating there from Port-Royal. la première vague d'Acadiens qui Cobeguit/Cobequid This was the first of several voluntary y) nd quittent volontairement la région de Fu Pigiquit (Fort Edward) out-migrations of Acadians from the ( se Port-Royal pour fonder une nouvelle ai Grand-Pré nç Port-Royal area. Similar movements ra colonie. À compter des années 1680, F Halifax ie began in the 1680s for the Minas a Annapolis d'autres familles acadiennes partent B Royal s'établir dans la région du bassin des Basin area - Grand-Pré, Pisiquid and Acadie Mines - à Grand-Pré, Pigiquit et dans environs - and in 1686 for Cobequid. Nouvelle-Écosse / Nova Scotia les environs. Puis, en 1686, c'est At Beaubassin, as in other areas, the Cobeguit qui accueille d'anciens Acadians dyked and farmed large 1750 colons de Port-Royal. À Beaubassin tracts of marshland. comme dans d'autres régions, les In 1676, Michel Le Neuf de la Vallière Acadiens endiguent de vastes marais received a seigneurial grant in the pour y pratiquer l'agriculture. R Beaubassin region and established iv R . i En 1676, Michel Le Neuf de la Vallière P v himself on a height of land not far e . t M c Fort Gaspareaux o B reçoit une concession seigneuriale u e aie V from Beauséjour, known as Île de d m erte i a r dans la région de Beaubassin et c a m la Vallière (later Tonge's Island). c s'établit sur un promontoire non loin o o k Fort de As of 1686, there were more than èche de Beauséjour, à l'endroit appelé agou Beauséjour/ és 22 Acadian farms on the two ridges Fort Cumberland . M Île de la Vallière (qui fut plus tard iv R rebaptisé Île Tonge). En 1686, plus where 65 years later Forts Beauséjour Village-des-Blanchard Pont-à-Buot de 22 fermes acadiennes dominent and Lawrence would be erected. n Fort Lawrence si s les deux crêtes où, 65 ans plus tard, a (Anciennement Beaubassin/ ipoud B h ie Formerly Beaubassin) C u les forts Beauséjour et Lawrence v. a Ri e First Warfare B seront érigés. In 1696, Benjamin Church of Isthme ) y Massachusetts led an expedition d n u de Chignectou Le premier conflit F against Acadia in retaliation for raids ( e is along the New England frontier by a Isthmus of Chignecto En 1696, Benjamin Church, du ç n ra Massachusetts, dirige une expédition French and Amerindian forces from F e 1755 i a contre l'Acadie en représailles à des Canada. The Acadian settlement at B attaques menées par les Français et Beaubassin was the primary target 2 3 sergio.beausejour.book_2 29/09/06 08:36 Page 4 les Amérindiens du Canada sur la for the Church expedition. In 1704, Acadiens de la région se livrent au Maliseet. Acadians traded the sur- frontière de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Church once again attacked the commerce des fourrures avec les plus in cattle, grain and furs with Les troupes de Church se dirigent Beaubassin region, and then moved Mi'kmaq et les Malécite. Ils troquent merchants from both sides involved tout droit vers la colonie acadienne on to devastate Grand-Pré. The leurs surplus de bêtes, de grain et de in the imperial competition. Those de Beaubassin, leur principale cible. attacks in 1696 and 1704, a half- fourrures avec les marchands des from Louisbourg usually arrived by En 1704, Church attaque à nouveau century before Forts Beauséjour, camps français et britannique. Les ship at Baie Verte, while New commerçants de Louisbourg arrivent la région de Beaubassin avant de Lawrence and Gaspareaux were Englanders generally came by way prendre d'assaut et de dévaster constructed, demonstrate that the habituellement par navire à la baie Verte, tandis que ceux de la Nouvelle- of the Bay of Fundy. Grand-Pré. Ces offensives de 1696 Chignecto region was a target for Angleterre passent généralement By 1744, the Beaubassin region had et de 1704, un demi-siècle avant la New Englanders long before par la baie Française (Fundy). become an important Acadian construction des forts Beauséjour, the 1750s. Lawrence et Gaspareaux, montrent Lorsque éclate la guerre de la population center, which included bien que la région de Chignectou Succession d'Autriche en 1744, la a number of settlements along the était convoitée par la Nouvelle- Zone of Contention, région de Beaubassin est un impor- Petitcodiac, Memramcook and Angleterre bien avant les Place of Growth tant foyer de peuplement acadien Shepody Rivers. The most common années 1750. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), qui comprend les établissements des family names associated with this France ceded Acadia to Great rivières Petcoudiac, Memramcook region were Arsenault, Bourgeois, Britain. Yet the lack of a precise et Chipoudie. Sa population est Chiasson, Cormier, Cyr, Doucet, Territoire convoité, composée des familles Arsenault, lieu de croissance definition of the limits of the terri- Gaudet, Poirier, and Haché known Bourgeois, Chiasson, Cormier, Cyr, as Gallant. An estimated 3,000 En 1713, la France cède l'Acadie à la tory meant that both the British and Doucet, Gaudet, Haché dit Gallant, Acadians were living in the region Grande-Bretagne en vertu du Traité the French claimed the zone on the Poirier et bien d'autres. Au début des d'Utrecht.
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