Évolution Et Consolidation De L’Espace Francophone Du Grand Moncton Au Nouveau-Brunswick : 1960-2002

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Évolution Et Consolidation De L’Espace Francophone Du Grand Moncton Au Nouveau-Brunswick : 1960-2002 MARTIN DURAND ÉVOLUTION ET CONSOLIDATION DE L’ESPACE FRANCOPHONE DU GRAND MONCTON AU NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK : 1960-2002 Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en sciences géographiques pour l’obtention du grade de maître en sciences géographiques (M.Sc.Géogr.) Département de géographie FACULTÉ DE FORESTERIE ET DE GÉOMATIQUE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC MARS 2004 © Martin Durand, 2004 ii Résumé L’évolution de l’espace francophone du Grand Moncton au Nouveau-Brunswick, est, depuis 1960, le fruit de nombreuses luttes menées par les francophones aux niveaux culturel, politique, économique, social et linguistique. Ces luttes ont notamment permis l’ajout de postulats fondamentaux nécessaires au développement de la communauté de langue française et ont contribué à la diversification et l’enrichissement des espaces vécu et institutionnel ainsi que des liens supra régionaux de la communauté. Ces différents éléments ont directement influencé la zone d’influence francophone en milieu urbain qui, durant cette période, a pris de l’expansion. Malgré son développement constant depuis 1960, de nombreux défis attendent la communauté francophone du Grand Moncton toujours aux prises avec des taux d’assimilation élevés et l’absence de loi protégeant la langue d’affichage et de travail. La récente ouverture d’esprit de la communauté anglophone permettra néanmoins de relever ces défis dans un environnement plus favorable que celui des années 1960. iii Avant Propos Nous aimerions profiter de ces quelques lignes pour remercier, tout particulièrement, M. Dean Louder, professeur de géographie à l’Université Laval et directeur de ce mémoire. Ses précieux conseils et ses encouragements ont été grandement appréciés. Nous sommes aussi extrêmement reconnaissant envers M. Samuel Arseneault, professeur de géographie à l’Université de Moncton, pour sa patience, son soutien et la justesse de ses commentaires. Nous aimerions remercier toutes les personnes qui ont accepté de nous rencontrer, de partager leurs souvenirs et leurs réalisations personnelles dans le développement de la francophonie de Moncton et du Nouveau-Brunswick. Nous voulons aussi souligner notre étroite collaboration avec Kevin Robert et Hugo Godin, étudiants à l’Université de Moncton et les remercier tous deux pour leur aide lors de la réalisation de plusieurs figures présentes dans ce mémoire. Des remerciements s’adressent aussi à toute ma famille, plus particulièrement ma mère et mon père pour leurs encouragements. Finalement, j’aimerais remercier le Conseil de la vie française en Amérique qui a cru en mon projet dès le début en m’octroyant une bourse d’étude me permettant de supporter financièrement mon séjour dans la région de Moncton au Nouveau-Brunswick, à l’automne 2002. iv Table des matières Résumé................................................................................................................................... ii Avant Propos......................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières .................................................................................................................iv Liste des figures.....................................................................................................................vi Liste des tableaux...................................................................................................................ix Liste des photos ......................................................................................................................x Introduction.............................................................................................................................1 Chapitre I Repères géo-historiques de la communauté francophone du Nouveau-Brunswick et de celle du Grand Moncton avant 1960 .............................................................................................15 1.1 Colonisation française..........................................................................................16 1.2 Colonisation anglaise ...........................................................................................18 1.3 Le développement de Petcoudiac..........................................................................19 1.4. La renaissance des communautés francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick............23 1.5 Milieu politique.....................................................................................................25 1.6 Milieu associatif....................................................................................................26 1.7 Médias et presse écrite .........................................................................................30 1.8 Milieu institutionnel et développement économique.............................................32 1.9 Milieu de l’éducation............................................................................................37 1.10 Milieu culturel.......................................................................................................39 1.11 Présence francophone dans la grande région de Moncton ..................................41 1.12 Vivre en français à Moncton.................................................................................42 1.13 Schéma de l’espace francophone..........................................................................44 Chapitre II Le temps des réformes et des revendications sociales : 1960 à 1980...................................47 2.1 Milieu politique.....................................................................................................48 2.2 Milieu de l’éducation............................................................................................61 2.3 Bouleversements sociaux ......................................................................................65 2.4 Milieu associatif et institutionnel..........................................................................72 2.5 Milieu économique................................................................................................76 2.6 Milieu culturel.......................................................................................................77 2.7 Milieu religieux.....................................................................................................80 2.8 Répartition géographique des francophones du Grand Moncton ........................83 2.9 Schéma de l’espace francophone..........................................................................86 v Chapitre III Consolidation des acquis et développement de la francophonie : 1980 à 2002 ...................89 3.1 Milieu politique et juridique .................................................................................90 3.2 Milieu de l’éducation............................................................................................99 3.3 Milieu associatif et institutionnel........................................................................108 3.4 Milieu économique..............................................................................................116 3.5 Milieu culturel.....................................................................................................119 3.6 Développement des réseaux francophones.........................................................124 3.7 Ville de Moncton et développement de la francophonie.....................................126 3.8 Paysage linguistique...........................................................................................131 3.9 Répartition géographique des francophones du Grand Moncton ......................135 3.10 Origine ethnique .................................................................................................137 3.11 Langue maternelle et langue parlée à la maison................................................143 3.12 Indice de continuité linguistique.........................................................................156 3.13 Langue parlée au travail.....................................................................................160 3.14 Schéma de l’espace francophone........................................................................164 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................168 Bibliographie ......................................................................................................................177 Annexe A ............................................................................................................................187 Cadre de référence pour les entrevues semi-dirigées..........................................................188 Annexe B ............................................................................................................................195 Loi 88..............................................................................................................................196 vi Liste des figures Figure 1 Terrirore du Grand Moncton...............................................................................1 Figure 2 Concept d’espace francophone ...........................................................................8 Figure 3 Acadie néo-écossaise avant 1755 .....................................................................17 Figure 4 Familles francophones établies dans la région du Coude, 1750.......................20
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