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Economic Statecraft and Ethnicity in China Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2018 Economic Statecraft and Ethnicity in China James Bell Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Bell, James, "Economic Statecraft and Ethnicity in China" (2018). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1970. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1970 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ECONOMIC STATECRAFT AND ETHNICITY IN CHINA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By JAMES BELL B.A., Calvin College, 2016 2018 Wright State University i WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL 04/26/2018 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY James Bell ENTITLED Economic Statecraft and Ethnicity in China BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs ___________________________________ Pramod Kantha, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs ___________________________________ Kathryn Meyer, Ph.D. History Department ______________________________ Barry Milligan, Ph.D. Interim Dean of the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Bell, James. M.A., International and Comparative Politics Graduate Program, Wright State University, 2018. Economic Statecraft and Ethnicity in China How do authoritarian states prioritize between economic growth and territorial integrity? China, as an authoritarian state, is growing in political and economic capacity. By examining challenges to China’s territorial integrity, this study examines Chinese responses to visits by the Dalai Lama with government officials in Germany and Austria, as well as official visits by Uyghur dissidents to Germany and Turkey. Analyzing quarterly trade data and specific trade sectors with author created rating schema, patterns emerge. Employing a hybrid framework introduced by Sverdrup-Thygeson (2015), this study analyzes Chinese actions against perceived offending states. This study finds that levels of threshold are present in Chinese responses to perceived dissident threats. The conclusions of this study help answer how China prioritize responses to individuals bringing international attention to domestic issues and challenging Chinese state authority, these findings help indicate thresholds for actions taken by other authoritarian states. iii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………..vii List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………...………………….viii Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………….……………………ix Chapter One- Literature Review and Methods……………………………………………………..………1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..………………….1 Literature Review………………………………………………………………..…………………3 Chinese Economic Statecraft & Dalai Lama Effect…………………....…………………4 Uyghur Dissidence & Identity in China………………………………...…………………6 Trends in The Literature ………………………………………………………………….8 Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………………….11 Chapter Two- Activists and Chinese Responses to the Dalai Lama………………………………………15 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….15 Perceived Separatist Challenges to the CCP………………………………………………...……15 Taiwan: Background & Challenges………………………………………………….…..15 Tibet: Background & Challenges…………………………………………………….…..19 Beijing’s Perception of Separatists………………………………………………………22 Replicating the “Dalai Lama Effect”……………………………………………………………..24 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………24 Sverdrup-Thygeson’s Methodology……………………………………………………..24 Rating Schema for Evaluating Rhetoric…………………………………………………26 Replicating Trade Analysis………………………………………………………………28 Sector Data……………………………………………………………………………….31 Dalai Lama Visits & Analysis Methodology…………………………………………….33 Dalai Lama Meetings with German Officials……………………………………………33 Dalai Lama Meetings with Austrian Officials……………………...……………………42 Analysis………………………………………………………………….……………….46 Chapter Three- Chinese Responses to Uyghur Activists and Trade Analysis…………………………….48 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….48 Perceived Separatist Challenges to the CCP……………………………………………………...48 Xinjiang: Background & Challenges…………………………………………………….48 Beijing’s Perception of Separatists……………………………………………………....50 Applying Sverdrup-Thygeon’s Methodology to Uyghur Case Study……………………………52 Sverdrup-Thygeon’s Methodology………………………………………………………52 Rating Schema……………………………………………………….......………………53 Case Selection & Trade…………………………………………………...……………..55 iv Uyghur Dissident Visits & Analysis………………………………………..……………60 Uyghur Visits with German Officials………………………………………..…………..60 Uyghur Visits with Turkish Officials………………………………………..…………..64 Analysis………………………………………………………………………….……….68 Chapter Four- Economic Statecraft and Analysis…………………………………………………..……..70 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….……70 Expected Findings………………………………………………………………….…….72 Authoritarian States versus Democratic States…………………………………….…….76 Other Findings………………………………………………………………………...…79 Further Areas for Research………………………………………………………………80 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….…81 Reference List……………………………………………………………………………………………..83 v Figures Figure 1.1: Profile of Germany’s and Turkey’s Trade with China 12 Figure 2.1: Exports to China from Germany, Republic of Korea, and Singapore 29 Figure 2.2: Exports to China from Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland 30 Figure 2.3: China’s Market Share of German HTS Groups (HTS 84 and 87) 32 Figure 2.4: China’s Market Share of Austrian HTS Groups (HTS 84 and 87) 32 Figure 2.5: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period one) 34 Figure 2.6: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period two) 36 Figure 2.7: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period three & four) 38 Figure 2.8: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period one) 43 Figure 2.9: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period two & three) 45 Figure 3.1: Exports to China from Germany, Australia, and the United States 56 Figure 3.2: Exports to China from Turkey, Czech Republic, and Myanmar 57 Figure 3.3: China’s Market Share of German HTS Groups (HTS 84 and 87) 59 Figure 3.4: China’s Market Share of Turkish HTS Groups (HTS 84 and 87) 59 Figure 3.5: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period one) 61 Figure 3.6: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period two) 63 Figure 3.7: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period one & two) 65 Figure 3.8: China’s Market Share of HTS Groups (period three) 67 vi Tables Table 2.1: Author Created Rating Schema for Evaluating Rhetoric 27 Table 2.2: Author Created Rating Schema for Evaluating Rhetoric: Dalai Lama Visits, 2007 39 Table 2.3: Author Created Rating Schema for Evaluating Rhetoric: Dalai Lama Visits, 2008 41 Table 3.1: Author Created Rating Schema for Evaluating Rhetoric, Uyghur Activists 54 vii List of Acronyms CCP: Chinese Communist Party DDP: Democratic Progressive Party HTS: Harmonized Tariff Schedule KMT: Kuomintang PRC: People’s Republic of China OBOR: One Belt One Road STIC: Standard Trade International Classification WUC: World Uyghur Congress viii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Luehrmann, my thesis chair and director of the International and Comparative Politics program, for her challenging perspective, thoughtful guidance, and advice. Also, thesis chair members, Dr. Kantha and Dr. Meyer, have been a source of great console in providing theoretical and historical consideration for this work, and for that I thank you both. In addition, I am very grateful for Jesse Damsteegt and her endless encouragement and inspiration to always pursue more. I would also like to thank Jim and Dena Bell for allowing me to build up from the foundation they have created and continued to invest in. Finally I would like to thank other family, friends, and coworkers who have asked thought provoking questions, gave insights, and offered a helping hand. ix Chapter 1: Literature Review and Methods I. Introduction: China’s rise as an economic and military power continues to reshape the framework of East Asia, as well as China’s interaction with the world. The prowess of the second largest economy continues to tilt some of the world’s economic gravity toward East Asia. Within the coming decades, China is expected to surpass the United States as the world’s leading economy (Audino, Clarry, and Hawksworth, 2017). A growing economy can signal greater capacity to influence other countries’ policies and behavior to China’s liking. The ramifications are of increasing importance, as countries, interests groups, and academics learn what is most vital to China, how its leaders will respond to its interests, and what can been observed in these responses. Specifically, how far China will risk harm to its economic interests to challenge foreign leaders’ positions on dissidents who speak
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