A Project Report on Performance of Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

Classification The scientific classification of cabbage is the followings: Kingdom: Planate; Division: Magnoliophyta; Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: Brassicales; Family: ; Genus: ; Species: olearacea Variety capitata. Thus, the scientific name of cabbage is var. capitata. It is an edible of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae). Its scientific name originates from brassica, ae, the Latin classical name for cabbage. (Quattrochi, 349) The English name cabbage derives from the French word ―caboche‖ (head). Other varieties of the same plant species are , , greens, , , Chinese , and broccoflower. Botanical Description Cabbage is herbaceous flowering plant with leaves forming a compact head chrematistics. Approximately 400 species of cabbage have been documented into five groups: The first group includes the familiar round, smooth-leafed with the colors of white, green or red, and wrinkled-leafed varieties, such as Savoy. The second group comprises the pointed cabbages like European spring and Chinese cabbages. The third group contains the cabbages with abnormally large, budding stems like Brussels sprouts. The fourth group comprises the cabbages with green curly types, such as kale and collard greens. Cabbage species in this group are often used as animal food or decoration of dishes for presentation. Finally, the last group includes flowing cabbages, like cauliflower and broccoli (Kiple & Ornelas, 290). In addition, Cabbages are out breeding . Therefore, cabbages only produce viable seeds through insect and hand pollination. Most cabbages are self-incompatible, meaning that the pollen is viable, but is unable to grow in a flower on the same plant. Because the insects must carry pollen from one plant to another instead of just carrying from one flower to another in the same plant, the more in a group of plants the better the pollination and seed production. History Although cabbage has an extensive history, it is difficult to trace its exact origins owing to the many varieties of leafy greens classified as "". The wild ancestor of cabbage, originally found in Britain and continental Europe, inhabits rocky cliffs in cool damp coastal habitats. According to the triangle of U theory of the evolution and 1 relationships between Brassica species, cabbage and other closely related kale (kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower) represent one of three ancestral lines from which all other brassicas originated. Cabbage was probably domesticated later in history than Near East crops such as peas and summer wheat. Because of the wide range Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

of crops developed from the wild B. oleracea, multiple domestications of cabbage may have occurred in the same time period throughout Europe. Nonheading cabbages and kale were probably the first to be domesticated, before 1000 BC, by the Celts of central and Western Europe. Greeks and Romans had some variety of cabbage, although whether it was more closely related to today's cabbage or to one of the other Brassica crops is unknown. The Greeks and Romans claimed medicinal usages for their cabbage variety that included relief from gout, headaches and the symptoms of poisonous mushroom ingestion. Rounded cabbages made a definite appearance during the Dark Ages, and illustrations show their prominence in the cuisine of the Middle Ages. French naturalist Jean Ruel made what is considered the first definitive mention of head cabbage in his 1536 botanical treatise De Natura Stirpium, referring to it as capucos coles ("head-stem"), although the existence of the words cabaches and caboches, used in 14th-century England, suggests that the was known even earlier. Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet was among the first to cultivate the vegetable in England; a cabbage lies at the foot of his monument in Wimborne St Giles. Cabbages spread from Europe into Mesopotamia and Egypt, and later followed trade routes throughout Asia and the Americas. The absence of Sanskrit or other ancient Eastern language names for cabbage suggests that it was introduced to Asia relatively recently. In India, cabbage was one of several vegetable crops introduced by colonizing traders from Portugal, who established trade routes from the 14th to 17th centuries. Carl Peter Thunberg reported that cabbage was not yet known in Japan in 1775. Many cabbage varieties including some still commonly grown were introduced in Germany, France, and other Low Countries. During the 16th century, German gardeners developed the . During the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was a food staple in such countries as Germany, England, Ireland and Russia, and pickled cabbage was frequently seen. Sauerkraut was used by Dutch sailors to prevent scurvy during long ship voyages. Jacques Cartier first brought cabbage to the Americas in 1541-42, and it was probably planted in what is now the United States by the early colonists, despite the lack of written evidence of its existence there until the mid-17th century. By the 18th century, it was commonly planted by both colonists and native American Indians. Cabbage seeds traveled to Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet, and were planted the same year on Norfolk Island. It became a favorite vegetable of Australians by the 1830s and was frequently seen at the Sydney Markets.There are several Guinness Book of World Records related to cabbage. These include the heaviest cabbage, at 57.61 kilograms (127.0 lb), heaviest , at 19.05 kilograms (42.0 lb), longest cabbage roll, at 15.37 meters (50.4 ft), and the largest cabbage dish, at 925.4 kilograms (2,040 lb). In 2012, Scott Robb of Palmer, Alaska, broke the world record for heaviest cabbage at 62.71 kilograms (138.25 lb). Cultivation 2 Cabbage is generally grown for its densely leaved heads, produced during the first year of its biennial cycle. Plants perform best when grown in well-drained soil in a location that receives full sun. Different varieties prefer different soil types, ranging from lighter sand Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

to heavier clay, but all prefer fertile ground with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. For optimal growth, there must be adequate levels of nitrogen in the soil, especially during the early head formation stage, and sufficient phosphorus and potassium during the early stages of expansion of the outer leaves. Temperatures between 40 and 75 °F (4 and 24 °C) prompt the best growth, and extended periods of higher or lower temperatures may result in premature bolting (flowering). Flowering induced by periods of low temperatures (a process called vernalization) only occurs if the plant is past the juvenile period. The transition from a juvenile to adult state happens when the stem diameter is about 6 mm (0.24 in). Vernalization allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before flowering. In certain climates, cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower, a practice that was common in the eastern US. Plants are generally started in protected locations early in the growing season before being transplanted outside, although some are seeded directly into the ground from which they will be harvested. Seedlings typically emerge in about 4–6 days from seeds planted 1.3 cm (0.5 in) deep at a soil temperature between 68 and 86 °F (20 and 30°C). Growers normally place plants 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) apart. Closer spacing reduces the resources available to each plant (especially the amount of light) and increases the time taken to reach maturity. Some varieties of cabbage have been developed for ornamental use; these are generally called "flowering cabbage". They do not produce heads and feature purple or green outer leaves surrounding an inner grouping of smaller leaves in white, red, or pink. Early varieties of cabbage take about 70 days from planting to reach maturity, while late varieties take about 120 days. Cabbages are mature when they are firm and solid to the touch. They are harvested by cutting the stalk just below the bottom leaves with a blade. The outer leaves are trimmed, and any diseased, damaged, or necrotic leaves are removed. Delays in harvest can result in the head splitting as a result of expansion of the inner leaves and continued stem growth. Factors that contribute to reduced head weight include: growth in the compacted soils that result from no-till farming practices, drought, waterlogging, insect and disease incidence, and shading and nutrient stress caused by weeds.When being grown for seed, cabbages must be isolated from other B. oleracea subspecies, including the wild varieties, by 0.8 to 1.6 km (0.5 to 1 mi) to prevent cross-pollination. Other Brassica species, such as B. rapa, B. juncea, B. nigra, B. napus and Raphanus sativus, do not readily cross-pollinate. There are several groups of cabbage, each including many cultivars:

 Savoy Characterized by crimped or curly leaves, mild flavor and tender texture.

 Spring Greens Loose-headed, commonly sliced and steamed.

 Green Light to dark green, slightly pointed heads. This is the most commonly 3 grown cultivar.

 Red Smooth red leaves, often used for pickling or stewing

Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

White, also called Dutch Smooth, pale green leaves Some sources only delineate three cultivars: savoy, red and white, with spring greens and green cabbage being subsumed into the latter. Nutritive Value Cabbage, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 25 kcal Thiamine 0.061mg Iron 0.47mg (5%) (4%)

Carbohydrates 5.8 g Riboflavin 0.040mg Magnesium 12mg (3%) (vit. B2) (3%) - Sugars 3.2 g Niacin (vit. 0.234mg Manganese 0.16mg B3) (2%) (8%) - Dietary fiber 2.5 g Pantothenic 0.212 mg Calcium 40mg (4%) acid Fat 0.1 g Vitamin B6 0.124mg Vitamin C 36.6mg (10%) (44%)

Protein 1.28 g Folate (vit. 43¼g Vitamin K 76¼g B9) Folate (11%) (72%) (vit. B9) Phosphorus 26mg (4%) Potassium 170mg Sodium 18mg (1%) (4%) Zinc 0.18mg Fluoride 1 µg (2%)

Source: USDA Nutrient Database Objectives  To understand the basic cultivation measures of cabbage.  To obtain maximum output at minimum cost of production.  To know about the situations that may arise in a large scale by practicing in a small scale.  To know about the commercial production of cabbage.  To know about the effect of fertilizer on the yield of Cabbage. 4  To get knowledge on its yield attributing.  To gain an understanding of the vegetable cultivation in the given region.  To know about the pre-harvesting management and marketing of Cabbage.

Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

Methodology Materials-used: Spade, Khurpi, Rake, FYM, Measuring tape, wooden pegs, Fertilizers ie. NPK, Digital Balance Field Layout: Commercial cultivation of cabbage was carried out on Horticulture Farm of IAAS Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi. Each individual student were given the piece of land of 5m×5m area as their project work.

W

Fig. Field layout

Field preparation: The field was dug well but the consideration was taken that it does not become too fine. As per the rate of 20-25 tons of well rotten FYM per hectare 10 tokaris of FYM (approx. 50 kg) was kept in our plot of 25m2. All the weeds and previous plant residues were removed from the field. Fertilizer was applied to the field at the rate of 120:80:40 kg of NPK per hector. Fertilizer used were Urea, DAP and MOP. Full dose of DAP and MOP was applied at the time of land preparation. Half dose of Urea was applied at the time of 5 field preparation. Remaining does of urea was applied in a split dose. This operation was carried out on 2070/08/25.

Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

Fertilizer Used Quantity

FYM 50kg

Urea 125gm

Murate of Potash 200gm

DAP 450gm

Fig. Field Preparation

Variety Used: Cabbage Variety

Transplanting Earlier nursery bed was prepared for the preparation of the seedlings of cabbage for transplanting in the main field. Thus grown seedlings in nursery were transplanted in the main field. Seedling was grown at the spacing of 60 cm of row to row distance and 45cm of plant to plant distance. Hence number of rows formed was 8 with 10 plants in each row. Total of 80 seeding were transplanted in the plot of 5mx5m area. Transplanting of the seedling of cabbage was done on 2070/08/28. 6

Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

Fig. Cabbage Plant Transplanted In the Field

Irrigation: Water was applied to the field immediately after the transplanting of the seedling. Then irrigation was done every day for about a week. Slowly the interval of irrigation was extended to once a week to fortnightly.

Intercultural operation: Intercultural operation was done 15 days after transplanting. During this operation earting up, hoeing and weeding was done. The field was dominated by Chenopodiun album. Manual weeding was done without the use of chemicals or heavy implements. During the first intercultural operation first split dose of urea ie. 125gm of urea was applied in the field. The entire operation was carried out on 2070/09/23. Similarly the intercultural operation was repeated fortnightly an along with earthing up and weeding. Final split dose of urea was applied in the field in second intercultural operation on 2070/10/15.

Harvesting: Harvesting of the cabbage was done after the size of the heads was optimum usually 1.5- 2 kg and the ball has become compact enough. Some varieties of cabbage mature uniformly, requiring one to two harvests. Others can require three or more pickings to complete harvesting. First harvesting was done on 2070/11/20. Since then number of harvesting was carried out as the cabbage got matured. When harvesting, cut stems close to the ground near the base of the head. Be sure that heads are well formed and firm. 7 Typically, outer wrapper leaves are removed. Once cut, remove cabbage from direct sunlight because cabbage wilts quickly when exposed to sunlight. Wilting results from a loss of water from the head. Cool cabbage to 40°F before shipping it. This will increase

Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

shelf life and reduce the development of rot diseases. In cold storage, cabbage can be stored at 32°F with 98 to 100 percent relative humidity for 5 to 6 months.

Yield: Experiment on Commercial cultivation of cabbage was carried out in Horticultural farm on a plot size of 5mx5m. The total of 80 plants was transplanted in the field with 8 rows with 10 plants in each row. Few plants died due to physiological disorder. Yields will vary with the season of production, variety, and production system used. With proper management, cabbage can produce 10 to 12 tons per acre. Hence total of 75 kg of cabbage was harvested and marketed from the plot.

Marketing of cabbage Prior to the commercial production of the cabbage, I seek and try to know about the market for cabbage around the college premises. I also got to know about the present market value of cabbage. Most of the sale of cabbage was done within collage premises by local people. Since cabbage is one of the most preferred vegetable by the people and people were able to consume it fresh and at efficient price marketing of cabbage was not so difficult. Mostly cabbage was sold during the early harvest at Rs.20/kg. But during the later harvest the rate of cabbage was reduced to about Rs.16/kg.

Table. Detail of the cultural operation in the experimental plot of Cabbage during the experimental period

S.N Operation Date

1. Field preparation 2070/08/27 2. Fertilizer application 2070/08/27 3. Transplanting 2070/08/28 4. Intercultural operation (Hoeing, 2070/09/23 Weeding, Earthing up e.t.c) 5. Second dose of fertilizer application 2070/09/23 6. Third dose of fertilizer application 2070/10/15 7. Harvesting 2070/11/20 Result and Discussion: The experiment on performance of cabbage crop on various dose of fertilizer was carried out on the horticultural farm of IAAS, Paklihawa Campus. Cabbage crop was treated with high dose of NPK, recommended dose of NPK, lower dose of NPK and controlled 8 on four plot of size 5mx5m by four students and its performance was checked. With the higher dose of NPK the head form was faster as compared to that of lower, recommended as well as lower dose of NPK. Similarly under higher dose of NPK leaves size were larger and greener. The head formed were larger as well as more compact as compared to Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

other treatment. Under controlled treatment of NPK head formed was very late and size of plant was very small. Head were of very small size. Thus yield obtained from controlled was very late and very less as compared to any other treatment. However yield within recommended, high and low dose of NPK not much of difference. Although higher yield was obtained from higher dose of NPK. Similarly with the use of higher dose of NPK various problems were faced during the entire production process. Major problem was heavy weed growth in the field. Major weeds in the field were:  Chenopodim album  Cynodon dactylon  Solanum nigrum  Cyperus rotundus For the control of weeds mechanical method or hand weeding was done. No any chemical weedicides were used for its control although heavy growth of weed was seen. Similarly with the use of heavy dose of NPK some plant died due to physiological disorder due to contact of these synthetic fertilizers to the plant root. No any other diseases were seen in the field. Insect pest were not much of the problem in the plot. Although so insect pest were seen in the field. Major insect pest seen in the field were:  Aphids (several kinds)  American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)  Cutworm (Agrotis spp.)  Cabbage butterfly Larvae of cabbage butterfly were mostly seen in the field inside the head. No any chemical treatment was done for the control of these insect pest as they do not lead to significant damage. Conclusion Cabbage is a heavy feeder and requires supplemental fertilization in the form of manure or compost, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Fertilizer program should be based on soil analyses and should be developed for each field. Cabbage requires 200 to 250 kg nitrogen per hectare. Nitrogen is supplied in split applications, where 50 % to 66 % is broadcast and ploughed in just before planting. The first application is made together with phosphorus and potassium. The remainder is side-dressed two to three weeks after transplanting and again three weeks later or applied once-off at about six weeks. If a fertilizer mixture is preferred, 1 500 kg of 2:3:2 (22) and 100 kg potassium per hectare may be broadcasted before planting. Since with the controlled NPK plant progress was very minimum and the yield thus obtained was also minimum. So it is most to apply fertilizer ie.NPK for the optimum yield of cabbage. Similarly with lower dose the yield thus obtained was significantly less then recommended and higher dose. And with the higher dose of NPK then recommended various problems of heavy weed growth, heavy vegetative growth as well as soil exhaustion were found. Resource and input used are also higher with the use of higher dose of NPK. So with the use of recommended dose of 9 fertilizer in cabbage crop optimum yield can be obtained.

Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151

A Project Report on Performance of Cabbage Under Various Fertilizer Treatment 2014

Citation:  Bosch, S.E., Henrico, P.J. & Wagner, J.J. 1987. The cultivation of cole crops. Cole Crops D.1/1987. Farming in South Africa.  Dickson, M.H. & Wallace, D.H. 1986. Cabbage Breeding. Pages 395 – 432. In: Breeding Vegetable Crops. Bassett, M.J. (Ed). AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Connecticut.  Ghosh, S.P. & Madhavi, D.L. 1998. Cabbage. Pages 299 – 321. In Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage and Processing. Salunkhe, D.K. & Kadam, S.S. (Eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.  Hartmann, H.T., Kofranek, A.M., Rubatzky, V.E. & Flocker, W.J. 1988. Plant Science: Growth, Development and Utilization of Cultivated Plants. 2nd Edition. Regents/ Prentice Hall. New Jersey.  Hemy, C. 1984. Growing Vegetables in South Africa. MacMillan South Africa. Johannesburg. http://www.nda.agric.za  Jackson, D.C. 1977. Fertilisation of cole crops. Cole Crops E.1/1977. Farming in South Africa. Horticultural Research Institute, Pretoria.  Kochlar, S.L. 1986. Tropical Crops: a Textbook of Economic . Macmillan Publishers.  KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs. 2001. Vegetable production guidelines for KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg.  Peirce L.C. 1987. Vegetables: Characteristics, Production, and Marketing. John Wiley and Sons.New York.  Trench, T.N., Wilkinson, D.J. & Esterhuysen, S.P. 1992. South African Plant Disease Control Handbook. Farmer Support Group, University of Natal. Pietermaritzburg.  Van Niekerk, A.C. 1983. The cultivation of cabbage. Cole Crops A/ 1983. Horticultural Research Institute, Roodeplaat.

Thank You

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Project Report Prepared by:Sanjok Poudel, 7th Semester| Exam Roll No.151