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Les Composés Coordinatifs En Anglais Contemporain

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Les Composés Coordinatifs En Anglais Contemporain View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archive Ouverte a LUniversite Lyon 2 Les compos´escoordinatifs en anglais contemporain Vincent Renner To cite this version: Vincent Renner. Les compos´escoordinatifs en anglais contemporain. Linguistique. Universit´e Lumi`ere- Lyon II, 2006. Fran¸cais. <tel-00565046> HAL Id: tel-00565046 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00565046 Submitted on 10 Feb 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Université Lumière-Lyon 2 École doctorale Humanités et Sciences Humaines Centre de Recherches en Terminologie et Traduction Vincent Renner LES COMPOSÉS COORDINATIFS EN ANGLAIS CONTEMPORAIN Thèse préparée sous la direction de Monsieur Pierre Arnaud Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 13 octobre 2006 en vue de l’obtention du doctorat Lexicologie et Terminologie Multilingues et Traduction Jury : M. Pierre Arnaud, professeur à l’Université Lyon 2 (directeur) M. Nicolas Ballier, professeur à l’Université Paris 13 M. Laurie Bauer, professeur à l’Université Victoria de Wellington M. Henri Béjoint, professeur à l’Université Lyon 2 M. Claude Boisson, professeur à l’Université Lyon 2 M. Michel Paillard, professeur à l’Université de Poitiers (président) À Mamida, La linguistique a pour tâche d’apprivoiser le vocabulaire. Mais aussi de montrer combien le vocabulaire nous dépasse, est inapprivoisable, est un adversaire avec lequel on lutte mais qu’on ne vainc pas. Franz Joseph Hausmann REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens d’abord à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Monsieur Pierre Arnaud, qui a accepté de diriger ce travail. Je lui suis particulièrement reconnaissant de sa très grande disponibilité à toutes les étapes de ce voyage au long cours. Je souhaite aussi exprimer ma gratitude aux nombreuses personnes qui ont bien voulu répondre à mes sollicitations. Je pense tout particulièrement à Nicolas Ballier, Laurie Bauer, Antonietta Bisetto, Claude Boisson, Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Lotus Goldberg, Philippe Grangé, Stefan Gries, Ourania Hatzidaki, Diana Lewis, Irene Moyna, Isabelle Pernin, Elaine Roth, Jim Walker et MaryLue Wilson, sans oublier mes collègues et amis anglophones qui ont bien voulu se plier à un interrogatoire, par questionnaire interposé. J’exprime, pour finir, toute mon affectueuse reconnaissance à mes parents et, plus encore, à Laurie, car c’est grâce à eux que j’ai pu concilier enseignement, recherche et vie de famille durant les cinq années qui viennent de s’écouler. CONVENTIONS D’ÉCRITURE 1. ABRÉVIATIONS A = adjectif ou alvéolaire ADV = adverbe a. fr. = ancien français angl. = anglais B-S = base-source C = consonne Ch. = chapitre c. p. = communication privée DU = duel ex. = exemple F = Fahrenheit fr. = français gr. anc. = grec ancien it. = italien lat. = latin lat. mod. = latin moderne m. angl. = moyen anglais N = nom O = occlusive PL = pluriel V = verbe ou voyelle v. angl. = vieil anglais 6 2. SIGNES CONVENTIONNELS X.Y : symbolise tout composé coordinatif asyndétique (subsume les graphies XY, X-Y et X Y) X AND Y : symbolise tout composé coordinatif syndétique (subsume les formes X and Y, X or Y et X but Y ) X=Y : composé coordinatif (subsume les types formels X AND Y, X.Y et amalgame de X et Y ) N, A ou V en indice après un composé : indique la catégorie lexicale du composé (ex. : bittersweet N) * devant un mot : signale un mot mal formé (ex. : *wliers ) ° devant un mot : signale un mot bien formé, mais non attesté (ex. : ° romedy ) * devant une suite de mots : signale un énoncé mal formé ? devant une suite de mots : signale un énoncé douteux un chiffre en indice après un mot : indique un des sens d’un mot polysémique (ex. : lexicalization 1) un mot en petites majuscules : indique un concept (ex. : PIRANHA ) un mot en petites majuscules entre crochets : indique un trait conceptuel (ex. : [VORA- CIOUS ]) une phrase en petites majuscules encadrée par des guillemets : indique une métaphore conceptuelle (ex. : “ A WIFE IS AN IRON BALL ATTACHED TO THE ANKLE. ”) un ou plusieurs caractères entre deux chevrons : indique une transcription graphémique (ex. : <net>) un ou plusieurs symboles phonétiques entre deux barres obliques : indique une trans- cription phonologique (ex. : /nɪt/ ) plusieurs chiffres entre deux barres obliques : indique le schéma accentuel du mot (ex. : /102/) 1 : symbolise une syllabe recevant un accent primaire 2 : symbolise une syllabe recevant un accent secondaire 0 : symbolise une syllabe inaccentuée 7 un point au milieu d’une suite de C et V majuscules : indique une frontière syllabique (ex. : CVC.CV) un point à l’intérieur d’un mot : indique une frontière morphémique (ex. : gizon- emakume.ak ) < : signifie “provient de” (ex. : pomodoro < pomo d’oro ) > : signifie “devient” (ex. : pomo d’oro > pomodoro ) INTRODUCTION Un composé coordinatif peut, en première approximation, être défini en creux comme tout composé qui n’est pas déterminatif, ou, pour adopter un terme adéquat pour les trois catégories lexicales majeures — substantifs, adjectifs et verbes —, tout composé qui n’est pas subordinatif (les termes composé subordinatif et composé coordinatif sont ici utilisés par abus de langage, et désignent un composé dont les composants entrent dans une relation sémantique de subordination ou de coordination). La subordination sémantique est une relation de dépendance entre un composant- modificateur et un composant-tête. En anglais, elle est quasi-exclusivement régressive : dans soccer mom, soccer modifie mom ; dans trigger-happy, trigger modifie happy ; dans cross-examine, cross modifie examine. La coordination sémantique est, elle, à l’opposé, une relation de type égalitaire entre les composants, laquelle est soit marquée formellement, soit glosée par un coordonnant (ex. : skull and crossbones ; player- manager = “player and manager” ; Senegambia = “Senegal and Gambia”). La distri- bution des composés subordinatifs et coordinatifs dans le lexique anglais est totalement disproportionnée1: après analyse d’un corpus de composés nominaux lexicaux extraits d’un échantillon aléatoire de 25 pages du Concise Oxford Dictionary, dixième édition (= COD10), Arnaud (2002:4) relève que 98 % des items sont subordinatifs, ce qui montre que la place occupée par les composés coordinatifs est tout à fait marginale. Cette marginalité quantitative se retrouve au niveau qualitatif : les composés coor- dinatifs anglais n’ont en général droit qu’à une brève mention dans la littérature spécialisée, et le phénomène est au mieux illustré par une dizaine d’exemples, lesquels 1 Ce constat n’est pas universel : les composés coordinatifs sont très nombreux dans beaucoup de langues du Centre-Est et du Sud-Est asiatiques, notamment le mandarin, le vietnamien et le hmong blanc (Wälchli 2005:215). 9 ne sont pas toujours lexicaux. Cette sous-évaluation n’est pas propre à l’anglais : Darmesteter (1877:124) affirme ainsi qu’ “il n’ y a point en français de mots formés de deux noms où les termes ne jouant pas le rôle de déterminant ou de déterminé l’un par rapport à l’autre, soient tous deux sur le même plan et aient la même valeur” 2, alors que les composés sourd-muet , trente-et-quarante , point-virgule et chaud-froid sont attestés respectivement dès 1564, 1648, 1785 et 1808 3. Ces lacunes descriptives, tant au plan quantitatif que qualitatif, méritent d’être comblées, et le but de cette recherche est de braquer les projecteurs sur ce sous-ensemble trop souvent délaissé de composés anglais, en rassemblant et en analysant un corpus aussi volumineux que possible de composés lexicaux. La problématique de ce travail a pour point de départ une citation de Tournier (1985:133), lequel met sur un pied d’égalité les trois types formels de composition coordinative : “[...] on sait que dans les composés juxtaposés le trait d’union peut avoir le même “sens” que and (ou or ), comme dans bed-settee (une forme *bed and settee n’aurait choqué personne, pas plus que ne l’aurait fait une forme *bed-breakfast au lieu de la forme établie bed and breakfast ) ; ainsi la forme amalgamée meld aurait pu tout aussi bien être remplacée par la forme juxtaposée *melt-weld ou par la forme coordonnée *melt and weld.” S’il est parfaitement fondé de considérer que la structure syndétique, la structure asyndétique et la structure amalgamée sont sémantiquement équivalentes, affirmer que ces trois formes sont indifféremment attendues au terme du processus de lexicogenèse est discutable. Prenant le contre-pied de Tournier, je fais l’hypothèse qu’existent des contraintes qui déterminent tendanciellement le choix d’une structure aux dépens des deux autres. Pour mener à bien la démonstration, une connaissance intime des trois types formels est d’abord nécessaire, et c’est cette quête qui structure la présente thèse. Le Chapitre 1 est une introduction aux deux concepts centraux de cette étude, la compo- sition et la composition coordinative. Les Chapitres 2, 3 et 4 présentent et analysent les sous-corpus correspondant aux trois types formels recensés, respectivement la compo- 2 Cité par Noailly (1984:160). 3 Ces datations proviennent de la Base Historique du Vocabulaire Français (= BHVF) et du Nouveau Petit Robert (= NPR). 10 sition syndétique, la composition asyndétique et la composition amalgamée. Le Chapitre 5 traite de l’ordre des composants, et le Chapitre 6 de l’accentuation des composés. Le Chapitre 7, enfin, montre que des affinités statistiquement remarquables existent entre type sémantique et type formel, ce qui permet de brosser les portraits prototypistes de trois sous-ensembles de composés coordinatifs. Chapitre 1 COMPOSITION ET COORDINATION 1.1. DÉFINITION DU MOT COMPOSÉ 1.1.1.
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