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The Study on Improvement of Rural Environment in Degraded Land in the Kingdom of Swaziland

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The Study on Improvement of Rural Environment in Degraded Land in the Kingdom of Swaziland JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND CO-OPERATIVES, THE KINGDOM OF SWAZILAND THE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEGRADED LAND IN THE KINGDOM OF SWAZILAND Final Report Annex JANUARY 2003 KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. CONTENTS Page: A Agriculture .......................................................................A-1 A.1 Major Crops in the SNL Farms ................................................................. A-1 A.2 Major crops in the TDL, Planted area and Produced weight..................... A-1 A.3 Maize consumption, production, import.................................................... A-2 A.4 Price of Maize in the Past Two Years ....................................................... A-2 A.5 Buying Prices of Vegetables & Fruits at Encabeni Fresh Produce Market, 2000/2001 .................................................................................................. A-3 A.6 Interviews with Farmers in Target Area 1 (Kukhayeni Ikhundla) ............ A-4 A.7 Interviews with Farmers in the Target Area 2 (Shiselweni Inkhundla)..... A-5 A.8 Interviews with Farmers in the Target Area 3 (Ngwempisi Inkhundla).... A-6 A.9 Farmers Interview in the Pilot Project Chiefdoms .................................... A-7 A.10 List of Associations in the Target Areas ................................................... A-9 A.11 Constitution of Zikhoteni Community Garden Association.................... A-12 A.12 Constitution of Mhlatane Community Garden ........................................ A-18 A.13 Location of Zikhoteni Community Garden ............................................. A-25 A.14 Location of Mbeka Community Garden.................................................. A-26 A.15 Location of Mhlatane Community Garden.............................................. A-27 B Agro-Forestry and Community Forestry..........................B-1 B.1 Energy Consumption and supply in Target Areas......................................B-1 B.1.1 Firewood consumption in sampled chiefdoms ...............................B-1 B.1.2 Firewood consumption in Target area ............................................B-2 B.2 Sustainable firewood supply.......................................................................B-4 B.3 Energy balances in the Target Areas ..........................................................B-5 B.4 Model of Financial Analysis of Tree Nursery Production .........................B-7 B.5 Integrated Nursery Guidelines....................................................................B-9 B.5.1 Background.....................................................................................B-9 B.5.2 Technical Aspect.............................................................................B-9 B.5.3 Ownership and Management ..........................................................B-9 B.5.4 Detailed Planning............................................................................B-9 B.6 Afforestation Guidelines...........................................................................B-15 B.6.1 Background...................................................................................B-15 B.6.2 Technical Aspects.........................................................................B-15 B.6.3 Ownership and Management ........................................................B-15 B.6.4 Detailed Planning..........................................................................B-16 B.7 Improved Fallow Guidelines ....................................................................B-19 B.7.1 Background...................................................................................B-19 i B.7.2 Technical Aspects.........................................................................B-19 B.7.3 Ownership and Management ........................................................B-20 B.7.4 Detailed Planning..........................................................................B-20 B.8 Benefit of Improved Fallow and Establishment Procedure......................B-22 B.8.1 Background of the technology......................................................B-22 B.8.2 On-farm results .............................................................................B-22 B.8.3 Summary benefits of Improved fallow:........................................B-23 B.8.4 Other species for improved fallow................................................B-24 B.8.5 Establishment procedure...............................................................B-24 B.9 Tree species diversity in the Target Areas................................................B-25 B.10 Nursery Training Programme...................................................................B-27 B.11 Capacity building for Master Plan and support component .....................B-31 B.12 Supporting Required.................................................................................B-34 C Grazing and Range Management ...................................C-1 C.1 Cattle Herd Distribution And Livestock Holding Patterns In Different ZonesC-1 C.2 Problems With Respect To Grazing/Range Management In Swaziland....C-2 C.3 Livestock Numbers In The Target Area Chiefdoms ..................................C-6 C.4 Stocking Rates In Target Areas ..................................................................C-7 C.5 Mean Livestock Holdings per Household ..................................................C-8 C.6 Land Use In Each Chiefdom ......................................................................C-9 C.7 Carrying Capacity.....................................................................................C-10 C.8 Project Design Matrix...............................................................................C-14 C.9 SUMMARY ACCOMPLISHMENT GRID OF GRAZING SCHEME, FODDER PLOT AND FEEDLOT IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIESC-18 C.10 SUMMARY EVALUATION OF GRAZING SCHEME, FODDER PLOT AND FEEDLOT IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES ...........................C-20 C.11 PROJECT CYCLE MANAGEMENT MATRIX FOR SPRING WATER SOURCE PROTECTION.........................................................................C-24 C.12 SUMMARY ACCOMPLISHMENT GRID OF SPRING WATER SOURCE PROTECTION IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES.............C-26 C.13 SUMMARY EVALUATION OF SPRING WATER SOURCE PROTECTION IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES..............................C-27 C.14 TRAINING NEEDS .................................................................................C-30 C.15 Schematic Diagram Of A Typical Fattening Unit Construction ..............C-33 C.16 Grazing In Erosion Units..........................................................................C-34 C.17 Overall Range Condition In Target Area Erosion Units ..........................C-37 C.18 Areas Proposed For Treatment By Fenced Rotation Grazing ManagementC-42 D Soil Conservation ............................................................D-1 ii D.1 Description of Present Status of Soil Conservation at the Government LevelD-1 D.1.1 Brief review of overall recent policies and plans for soil conservation by GOS and foreign assistance ...................................................... D-1 D.2 Gullies........................................................................................................ D-2 D.2.1 Causative Factor-Classification of Gullies, and Soils that can form them ............................................................................................... D-2 D.2.2 Morphological Classification of Gullies........................................ D-3 D.2.3 Area Distribution of Existing Gullies and Risky Areas................. D-4 D.2.4 Corresponding Measures to Stabilize Gullies and to Make Use thereof ............................................................................................ D-9 D.2.5 Sheet Erosion and Rill Erosion.................................................... D-10 D.2.6 Countermeasures to train rills and to minimize sheet erosion..... D-16 D.3 Measurement ........................................................................................... D-25 E Natural Resources and Environment ..............................E-1 E.1 Monthly Rainfall Totals..............................................................................E-1 E.2 Daily Rainfall .............................................................................................E-4 E.3 Temperature..............................................................................................E-19 E.4 Water Quality Check Point (TA1)............................................................E-21 E.5 Water Quarity Check Results ...................................................................E-24 E.6 Results of interview for Environmental Resource Management..............E-27 E.7 Possible Environmental Impact Matrix ....................................................E-29 E.8 Vegetation Examination Results in 3 TA.................................................E-31 E.9 Soil Loss Estimation by SLEMSA ...........................................................E-33 F Rural Society / Gender Issue .......................................... F-1 F.1 Agenda for the Workshop at Chiefdoms .................................................... F-1 F.2 Interview/Workshop at Target.................................................................... F-2 F.2.1 Interview/Workshop at Target Area 1 <Kukhanyeni Inkhundla>F-2 F.2.2 Interview/Workshop at Target Area 2 <Shiselweni Inkhundla>. F-4 F.2.3 Interview/Workshop at Target Area 3 <Ngwempisi
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