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Strengthening the National Protected Areas System of Swaziland

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Strengthening the National Protected Areas System of Swaziland BASELINE COMPILATION REPORT Kingdom of Swaziland United Nations Development Programme Global Environment Facility Strengthening the National Protected Areas System of Swaziland 1 Table of Contents Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 10 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 12 Background .................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20 1 Protected Area Assessment and Situational Analysis ................................................ 21 1.1 Biophysical Context ........................................................................................................................ 21 1.2 Existing Protected Areas .............................................................................................................. 24 1.2.1 National Protected Areas ........................................................................................ 24 1.2.2 Gazetted Areas ........................................................................................................ 26 1.2.3 Informal Protected Areas ........................................................................................ 27 1.2.4 Community Eco-tourism Areas ................................................................................ 29 1.2.5 Trans-Frontier Conservation Areas ......................................................................... 30 1.2.6 Protection-Worthy Areas ........................................................................................ 31 1.3 Gap Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 33 1.3.1 Biodiversity Representation Gaps ........................................................................... 33 Ecosystem Representation Gaps .................................................................................. 33 Species Representation Gaps ....................................................................................... 39 1.4 Selection of New Protected Areas ............................................................................................ 45 1.4.1 Potential New PAs ................................................................................................... 46 Prioritisation of Potential New PAs .............................................................................. 47 Proposed Priority New PAs ........................................................................................... 50 Other Proposed PAs ...................................................................................................... 55 1.4.2 Corridors and Landscapes........................................................................................ 57 1.4.3 Prioritisation of Areas for Gazetting ........................................................................ 58 1.4.4 Strengthening of Conservation Management ......................................................... 59 1.5 Land-use Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 61 1.5.1 Priority Target Areas ................................................................................................ 61 Land-use within the Lubombo Conservancy Cluster .................................................... 62 Land-use within the Malolotja Cluster.......................................................................... 65 Land-use within the Mkhaya Cluster ............................................................................ 68 2 Land-use within the Ngwempisi Cluster ....................................................................... 70 1.6 Climate Change Analysis .............................................................................................................. 73 1.6.1 Mean Annual Temperature ..................................................................................... 73 1.6.2 Mean Annual Rainfall .............................................................................................. 75 1.6.3 Minimum Temperature of the Coldest Month ....................................................... 77 1.6.4 Implications for Biodiversity and livelihoods .......................................................... 79 2 Review of protected area systems governance in Swaziland ......................................... 80 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 80 2.2 Policy and Legislative Context ................................................................................................... 82 2.2.1 International Conventions and Agreements On Biodiversity .................................. 83 United Nations Conventions and Initiatives ................................................................. 83 Other International and Regional Agreements ............................................................ 84 2.3 National Policy Framework Related To Biodiversity........................................................ 85 2.3.1 National Planning and Development....................................................................... 85 2.3.2 Environment and Natural Resource Management ................................................. 86 2.4 National Legislative Framework Related To Biodiversity .............................................. 88 2.4.1 Current Status of Biodiversity Legislative Framework ....................................... 88 2.4.2 Institutional and Management Acts .................................................................. 89 2.4.3 Flora and Fauna Conservation Acts ................................................................... 95 2.5 State of Biodiversity Legislation ............................................................................................... 96 2.6 Institutional and Governance Context ................................................................................. 100 2.6.1 Government Protected Areas .......................................................................... 100 2.6.2 SNL Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) .................................................... 104 Shewula Community Conservation Area .................................................................... 104 2.6.3 Private Sector Protected Areas ........................................................................ 106 Background ................................................................................................................. 106 Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities ...................................................................... 108 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................................ 109 Community benefits from Private PAs ....................................................................... 109 Incentivising Private Land owners in PA management .................................................. 110 2.6.4 Shared Governance .......................................................................................... 111 3 2.7 Expected outcomes, indicators, threats and mitigation measures ........................... 112 2.8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 115 3 Review of CBNRM in SADC to enhance CBNRM in Swaziland ...................................... 116 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 116 3.1.1 CBNRM General Guiding and Operational Principles ............................................ 119 3.1.2 Community-Based Natural Resource Management in SADC ................................ 120 3.2 Development of Conservancies .............................................................................................. 122 3.3 Development of trans-frontier conservation areas ........................................................ 122 3.4 CBNRM in Zimbabwe: The CAMPFIRE story ..................................................................... 123 3.4.1 Institutional Development ..................................................................................... 124 3.4.2 Key stakeholders in CAMPFIRE .............................................................................. 125 3.4.3 CAMPFIRE revenue generation ............................................................................. 126 3.4.4 Key lessons learnt from the CAMPFIRE experience .............................................. 126 3.5 CBNRM in Botswana ................................................................................................................... 127 3.5.1 Key lessons learnt from CBNRM in Botswana ....................................................... 128 3.6 CBNRM in Namibia ...................................................................................................................... 129 3.6.1 Key lessons learnt from CBNRM in Namibia ......................................................... 130 3.7 Key lessons learnt from CBNRM
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