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LECTURE 5 the Origins of Feudalism
OUTLINE — LECTURE 5 The Origins of Feudalism A Brief Sketch of Political History from Clovis (d. 511) to Henry IV (d. 1106) 632 death of Mohammed The map above shows to the growth of the califate to roughly 750. The map above shows Europe and the East Roman Empire from 533 to roughly 600. – 2 – The map above shows the growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814. 486 – 511 Clovis, son of Merovich, king of the Franks 629 – 639 Dagobert, last effective Merovingian king of the Franks 680 – 714 Pepin of Heristal, mayor of the palace 714 – 741 Charles Martel, mayor (732(3), battle of Tours/Poitiers) 714 – 751 - 768 Pepin the Short, mayor then king 768 – 814 Charlemagne, king (emperor, 800 – 814) 814 – 840 Louis the Pious (emperor) – 3 – The map shows the Carolingian empire, the Byzantine empire, and the Califate in 814. – 4 – The map shows the breakup of the Carolingian empire from 843–888. West Middle East 840–77 Charles the Bald 840–55 Lothair, emp. 840–76 Louis the German 855–69 Lothair II – 5 – The map shows the routes of various Germanic invaders from 150 to 1066. Our focus here is on those in dark orange, whom Shepherd calls ‘Northmen: Danes and Normans’, popularly ‘Vikings’. – 6 – The map shows Europe and the Byzantine empire about the year 1000. France Germany 898–922 Charles the Simple 919–36 Henry the Fowler 936–62–73 Otto the Great, kg. emp. 973–83 Otto II 987–96 Hugh Capet 983–1002 Otto III 1002–1024 Henry II 996–1031 Robert II the Pious 1024–39 Conrad II 1031–1060 Henry I 1039–56 Henry III 1060–1108 Philip I 1056–1106 Henry IV – 7 – The map shows Europe and the Mediterranean lands in roughly the year 1097. -
Attention Bishops of Scotland! Time Flies, Eternity Awaits…
Satirical, Catholic Truth serious, straight- Keeping the Faith. Telling the Truth. talking www.catholictruthscotland.com https://catholictruthblog.com/ Attention Bishops of Scotland! Time Flies, Eternity Awaits… When Pope John Paul II looked out of the were re-opened, placing Christ the King in a Yet, in both Church circles and in the media, window of the home in which he grew up in position subordinate to questionable, selective you are regarded as mere diplomats who are Poland, he saw a sundial inscribed with the science and the diktats of a secular state. expected to subscribe to a wholly superficial words “Time Flies, Eternity Awaits” (Polish: relationship with the world; you must “go- Czas Ucieka Wieczność Czeka). along-to-get-along” with politicians, leaders of non-Catholic religions and others in public A sobering thought. A thought which is, in life. This has been the modus operandi of fact, at the very heart of the Gospel: “Stay bishops and priests for years now. You should awake, for you do not know the day nor the find the thought of being called to judgment hour…” (Matt 25:13) with such a curriculum vitae, terrifying. As recently as 13 January 2021, the Feast of Pope Benedict XV repeats what the Fathers St Mungo, Patron Saint of Glasgow, Philip When he penned his Christmas address to the of the Church have always taught as necessary Tartaglia, the Archbishop of Glasgow, was faithful, in which he lamented the “strangeness” for salvation: called to his judgment. Think about that: the of this Christmas, Archbishop Tartaglia could Archbishop, whose God-given mandate to “The nature of the Catholic faith is such that not have known that his “day and hour” was fast teach and preach Christ in that city, was called nothing can be added to it, nothing taken approaching - that eternity awaited. -
Glossar the Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
Tabelle1 Bavaria today Germany’s largest state, located in the Bayern Southeast besiege, v surround with armed forces belagern Bretons an ethnic group located in the Northwest of Bretonen France Carpathian Mountains a range of mountains forming an arc of roughly Karpaten 1,500 km across Central and Eastern Europe, Charles the Fat (Charles III) 839 – 888, King of Alemannia from 876, King Karl III. of Italy from 879, Roman Emperor (as Charles III) from 881 Danelaw an area in England in which the laws of the Danelag Danes were enforced instead of the laws of the Anglo-Saxons Franconia today mainly a part of Bavaria, the medieval Franken duchy Franconia included towns such as Mainz and Frankfurt Henry I 876 – 936, the duke of Saxony from 912 and Heinrich I. king of East Francia from 919 until his death Huns a confederation of nomadic tribes that invaded Hunnen Europe around 370 AD Lombardy a region in Northern Italy Lombardei Lorraine a historical area in present-day Northeast Lothringen France, a part of the kingdom Lotharingia Lothar I (Lothair I) 795 – 855, the eldest son of the Carolingian Lothar I. emperor Louis I and his first wife Ermengarde, king of Italy (818 – 855), Emperor of the Franks (840 – 855) Lotharingia a kingdom in Western Europe, it existed from Lothringen 843 – 870; not to be confused with Lorraine Louis I (Louis the Pious 778 – 840, also called the Fair, and the Ludwig I. Debonaire; only surviving son of Charlemagne; King of the Franks Louis the German (Louis II) ca. 806 – 876, third son of Louis I, King of Ludwig der Bavaria (817 – 876) and King of East Francia Deutsche (843 – 876) Louis the Younger (Louis III) 835 – 882, son of Louis the German, King of Ludwig III., der Saxony (876-882) and King of Bavaria (880- Jüngere 882), succeeded by his younger brother, Charles the Fat, Magyars an ethnic group primarily associated with Ungarn Hungary. -
Roma Subterranea
Roma Subterranea The Catacombs of Late Antique Rome | Marenka Timmermans 0 Illustration front page: After http://www.livescience.com/16318-photos-early-christian-rome-catacombs-artifacts.html 1 Roma Subterranea The Catacombs of Late Antique Rome Marenka Timmermans S0837865 Prof. dr. Sojc Classical Archaeology Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, June 15th, 2012 2 Marenka Timmermans Hogewoerd 141 2311 HK Leiden [email protected] +316-44420389 3 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Research goal, methodology and research questions 5 Chapter 2. The origins and further development of the catacombs 7 2.1 Chapter summary 10 Chapter 3. Research performed in the catacombs up to the late 20th century 11 3.1 The 'rediscovery' 11 3.2 Early Catacomb Archaeology 13 3.2.1 Antonio Bosio 13 3.2.2 Giovanni di Rossi 14 3.3 Archaeological research in the late 19th and up to the late 20th century 17 3.4 Chapter conclusion 18 Chapter 4. Modern catacomb research 21 4.1 Demography 21 4.2 Science-based Archaeology 23 4.2.1 Stable isotope analysis 23 4.2.2 Radiocarbon dating 25 4.3 Physical Anthropology 26 4.4 Other sciences in and around the catacombs 27 4.5 Chapter Conclusion 28 Chapter 5. Discussion 31 Chapter 6. Conclusion 37 Summary 39 Samenvatting 41 Bibliography 43 List of Figures 49 List of Tables 51 Appendix I 53 Appendix II 57 3 4 Chapter 1. Introduction The subject of this BA-thesis is the catacombs of Late Antique Rome. The catacombs are formed by large subterranean complexes, consisting of extensive galleries. -
Service Books of the Orthodox Church
SERVICE BOOKS OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH THE DIVINE LITURGY OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM THE DIVINE LITURGY OF ST. BASIL THE GREAT THE LITURGY OF THE PRESANCTIFIED GIFTS 2010 1 The Service Books of the Orthodox Church. COPYRIGHT © 1984, 2010 ST. TIKHON’S SEMINARY PRESS SOUTH CANAAN, PENNSYLVANIA Second edition. Originally published in 1984 as 2 volumes. ISBN: 978-1-878997-86-9 ISBN: 978-1-878997-88-3 (Large Format Edition) Certain texts in this publication are taken from The Divine Liturgy according to St. John Chrysostom with appendices, copyright 1967 by the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church of America, and used by permission. The approval given to this text by the Ecclesiastical Authority does not exclude further changes, or amendments, in later editions. Printed with the blessing of +Jonah Archbishop of Washington Metropolitan of All America and Canada. 2 CONTENTS The Entrance Prayers . 5 The Liturgy of Preparation. 15 The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom . 31 The Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great . 101 The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. 181 Appendices: I Prayers Before Communion . 237 II Prayers After Communion . 261 III Special Hymns and Verses Festal Cycle: Nativity of the Theotokos . 269 Elevation of the Cross . 270 Entrance of the Theotokos . 273 Nativity of Christ . 274 Theophany of Christ . 278 Meeting of Christ. 282 Annunciation . 284 Transfiguration . 285 Dormition of the Theotokos . 288 Paschal Cycle: Lazarus Saturday . 291 Palm Sunday . 292 Holy Pascha . 296 Midfeast of Pascha . 301 3 Ascension of our Lord . 302 Holy Pentecost . 306 IV Daily Antiphons . 309 V Dismissals Days of the Week . -
St. George Orthodox Church of Prescott Sunday, December 18, 2016 Sunday, December 18, 2016—Sunday Before Nativity 8:30AM Orthros Served by Fr
This Week at St. George St. George Orthodox Church of Prescott Sunday, December 18, 2016 Sunday, December 18, 2016—Sunday before Nativity 8:30AM Orthros Served by Fr. Jeffrey Frate 9:30AM Divine Liturgy Tuesday, December 20, 2016 607 W GURLEY STREET, PRESCOTT, AZ 86305 928-777-8750 WWW.PRESCOTTORTHODOX.COM 6:00PM-7:00PM Confessions Wednesday, December 21, 2016 And David was the father of Solomon by the wife of The Epistle Reading is from St. Paul's Letter 6:30PM Forefeast Vespers with Compline Canon Uriah, and Solomon the father of Rehoboam, and to the Hebrews 11:9-10; 32-40 Friday, December 23, 2016 Rehoboam the father of Abijah, and Abijah the father 9:00AM Royal Hours for the Feast of Nativity BRETHREN, by faith Abraham sojourned in the land of Asa, and Asa the father of Jehoshaphat, and 6:00PM-7:00PM Confessions of promise, as in a foreign land, living in tents with Jehoshaphat the father of Joram, and Joram the Isaac and Jacob, heirs with him of the same promise. father of Uzziah, and Uzziah the father of Jotham, Saturday, December 24, 2016 For he looked forward to the city which has and Jotham the father of Ahaz, and Ahaz the father 9:00AM Matins foundation, whose builder and maker is God. of Hezekiah, and Hezekiah the father of Manasseh, 10:00AM Divine Liturgy for Eve of Nativity and Manasseh the father of Amos, and Amos the And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to 5:00PM Great Vespers for Nativity father of Josiah, and Josiah the father of Jechoniah tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and his brothers, at the time of the deportation to Sunday, December 25, 2016 and Samuel and the prophets - who through faith Babylon. -
Saint Sebastian
Educating the Youth to Live the Mass Experts from the Manual of the Eucharistic Crusade of the Apostleship of Prayer Published in 1962 by the Central Office of the Eucharistic Crusade, Rome (Edited by Fr. Boulet) NOTE ON THE SPIRITUAL LIFE OF CHILDREN Among children who have kept their innocence of heart and who live in the love of Christ, experience testifies that there are always to be found some who outstrip the ordinary ways of the spiritual life and who enjoy a special familiarity with Christ. Such children, who doubtless act under the influence of the Holy Spirit and who are called to a higher spiritual life, need particular help. Children of this age who are specially gifted with grace can be recognized as such without much difficulty, since ordinarily they are not yet capable of so feigning an authentic interior life. The signs of a deeper spiritual life in children are as follows: a knowledge of God and of the mysteries of faith in which simplicity and profundity are joined in a wonderful way; promptitude to make sacrifices, especially when not seen by others; sincerity and truthfulness; a reverent way of speaking about God and Christ; a certain facility in meditating or praying in their own words. These signs ought to be joined to a serious desire of doing good and exercising virtues (obedience, diligence, charity, etc.). Where these signs are found, Directors must see if perhaps a disposition and a vocation to greater progress in the spiritual life is present. These children should in the first place be exhorted to fulfill the program of the Crusade, to do everything out of love for Jesus and as perfectly as they can. -
August-Ias-Express-Final.Pdf
August 2017 IAS EXPRESS RajasirIAS.com A monthly Current Affairs Booklet CONTENT Pg.No. Doklam Dare – Decoded – Monthly Focus Study Less ! Write Well ! Score More! Approach to Sociology Sociology – Model Question Paper with Answers 1. ECONOMY 1.1 Bitcoin trade may come under SEBI 1 1.2 India to join new global foreign exchange committee 2 1.3 Aaykar Setu 3 1.4 Programme 17 for 17 3 1.5 RBI considering setting up a Public Credit Registry 3 1.6 SEBI to move against non-compliant firms 4 1.7 Scheme for IPR Awareness – Creative India; Innovative India 5 1.8 Integration of oil & gas majors is best avoided 6 1.9 BharatNet deadline pushed to March 2019 7 1.10 First meeting of Integrated Monitoring and Advisory Council (IMAC) 8 1.11 Government mulls insurance cover for digital transaction frauds 8 1.12 5th Global Conference on Cyber Space (GCCS) 9 1.13 MPC members to get Rs. 1.5 lakh per meet, must disclose assets 10 1.14 Govt considering new agency to keep check on chartered accountants 12 1.15 India performs miserably in war on inequality 13 1.16 Finance Minister releases National Trade Facilitation Action Plan 13 1.17 223 anti-dumping probes initiated by India since January 2012 15 1.18 FSSAI bans stapler pins in tea bags from January 2018 16 1.19 The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill 2017 introduced in Lok Sabha 17 1.20 Transfer unclaimed accruals to fund: IRDA 18 1.21 India‟s Alternate Governor on the Board of Governors of ADB 18 1.22 NMCE and ICEX to merge, creating India‟s third largest commodity exchange 20 2. -
Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, C.850-C.1050 1. Introduction Like Any Family, the Carolingian Dynasty Which
1 Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c.850-c.1050 1. Introduction Like any family, the Carolingian dynasty which ruled continental Western Europe from the mid-eighth century until the end of the ninth had its black sheep. Lothar II (855-69) was perhaps the most tragic example. A great-grandson of the famous emperor Charlemagne, he belonged to a populous generation of the family which ruled the Frankish empire after it was divided into three kingdoms – east, west and middle – by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. In 855 Lothar inherited the northern third of the Middle Kingdom, roughly comprising territories between the Meuse and the Rhine, and seemed well placed to establish himself as a father to the next generation of Carolingians. But his line was not to prosper. Early in his reign he had married a noblewoman called Theutberga in order to make an alliance with her family, but a few childless years later attempted to divorce her in order to marry a former lover called Waldrada by whom he already had a son. This was to be Lothar’s downfall, as his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German, kings respectively of west and east Francia, enlisted the help of Pope Nicholas I in order to keep him married and childless, and thus render his kingdom vulnerable to their ambitions. In this they were ultimately successful – by the time he died in 869, aged only 34, Lothar’s divorce had become a full-blown imperial drama played out through an exhausting cycle of litigation and posturing which dominated Frankish politics throughout the 860s.1 In the absence of a legitimate heir to take it over, his kingdom was divided between those of his uncles – and with the exception of a short period in the 890s, it never truly existed again as an independent kingdom. -
Saint Sebastian
Saint Sebastian This article is about the Christian saint and martyr. For the United States Navy ship, see USS St. Sebastian (SP-470). “Saint Sebastien” redirects here. For other uses, see Saint-Sébastien (disambiguation). Saint Sebastian (died c. 288) was an early Christian saint and martyr. He was killed during the Roman em- peror Diocletian's persecution of Christians. He is com- monly depicted in art and literature tied to a post or tree and shot with arrows. Despite this being the most com- mon artistic depiction of Sebastian, he was, according to legend, rescued and healed by Irene of Rome. Shortly af- terwards he criticized Diocletian in person and as a result was clubbed to death.[1] He is venerated in the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The details of Saint Sebastian’s martyrdom were first spoken of by 4th-century bishop Ambrose of Milan (Saint Ambrose), in his sermon (number 22) on Psalm 118. Ambrose stated that Sebastian came from Milan and that he was already venerated there at that time. Saint Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially among soldiers.[2][3] 1 Life Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken,[4] Josse Lieferinxe, 1497–1499, The Walters Art Museum According to Sebastian’s 18th century entry in Acta Sanc- torum,[5] still attributed to Ambrose by the 17th century hagiographer Jean Bolland, and the briefer account in the then brought the rest of the prisoners; these 16 persons 14th century Legenda Aurea, he was a man of Gallia Nar- were also converted by Sebastian.[6] bonensis who was taught in Milan and appointed a captain Chromatius and Tiburtius converted; Chromatius set all of the Praetorian Guard under Diocletian and Maximian, of his prisoners free from jail, resigned his position, and who were unaware that he was a Christian. -
European Middle Ages, 500-1200
European Middle Ages, 500-1200 Previewing Main Ideas EMPIRE BUILDING In western Europe, the Roman Empire had broken into many small kingdoms. During the Middle Ages, Charlemagne and Otto the Great tried to revive the idea of empire. Both allied with the Church. Geography Study the maps. What were the six major kingdoms in western Europe about A.D. 500? POWER AND AUTHORITY Weak rulers and the decline of central authority led to a feudal system in which local lords with large estates assumed power. This led to struggles over power with the Church. Geography Study the time line and the map. The ruler of what kingdom was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III? RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS During the Middle Ages, the Church was a unifying force. It shaped people’s beliefs and guided their daily lives. Most Europeans at this time shared a common bond of faith. Geography Find Rome, the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, on the map. In what kingdom was it located after the fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476? INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to classzone.com for: • Interactive Visuals • Research Links • Maps • Interactive Primary Sources • Internet Activities • Test Practice • Primary Sources • Current Events • Chapter Quiz 350 351 What freedoms would you give up for protection? You are living in the countryside of western Europe during the 1100s. Like about 90 percent of the population, you are a peasant working the land. Your family’s hut is located in a small village on your lord’s estate. The lord provides all your basic needs, including housing, food, and protection. -
April / May 2018 Issue No 275 £2.50
Comment and debate on faith issues in Scotland April / May 2018 Issue No 275 www.openhousescotland.co.uk £2.50 Easter edition Editorial Easter people The Easter message of peace is proclaimed in the face of a hurrying back to Jerusalem to share the story of their deeply divided and violent world. We see its impact in the encounter and they embark on a new phase of their life. Gospel accounts of Jesus’ followers in the days after his The story of the road to Emmaus is a story of the death, as the horror of the cross gave way to the dawning ongoing process of conversion. It recalls the image of the possibility of resurrection. We are told that two of his pilgrim church, always in need of renewal, struggling to friends left Jerusalem after the crucifixion and met a respond to new challenges, never quite reaching stranger on the road. The stranger listens to their account fulfilment but spurred on by faith and the promise of new of the terrible events which had taken place in the city life. It is on this road we meet the peacemakers, patiently and dashed all their hopes. ‘We were hoping he was the creating the possibilities of new endings in places of one to set Israel free’ (Luke 24.21). The friends also conflict. Their stories are threaded through this Easter report the strange tale of the women and the empty tomb, edition of Open House, from those who seek to ensure and their claim that Jesus was alive. the integrity of the Good Friday Agreement and a just The stranger takes their story and reframes it in a way future for Europe, to those who practice non-violent that opens up the possibility that what the women say is action in Israel-Palestine.