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Especies Emblemáticas Para La Conservación De Ecosistemas En El Departamento De Nariño, Colombia S

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Especies Emblemáticas Para La Conservación De Ecosistemas En El Departamento De Nariño, Colombia S Ecosistemas 28(3): 174-184 [Septiembre-Diciembre 2019] Doi.: 10.7818/ECOS.1750 Artículo publicado en Open Access bajo los términos AEET de Creative Commons attribution Non Comercial License 3.0. eREVIScTA CoIENTÍFsICA DiEs ECOLtOGeÍA Y MmEDIO AaMBIENs TE ASOCIACIÓN ESPAÑOLA ISSN 1697-2473 / Open access DE ECOLOGÍA TERRESTRE INVESTIGACIÓN disponible en www.revistaecosistemas.net Especies emblemáticas para la conservación de ecosistemas en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia S. A. Montenegro-Muñoz 1, *, F. Delgado 1, Y. P. Pantoja 1, J. J. Calderon-Leyton 2, E. A. Noguera-Urbano 3 (1) Asociación GAICA - Grupo de Amigos para la Investigación y Conservación de las Aves. Calle 11A No. 32-21 Barrio San Ignacio. Pasto, Colombia. (2) Universidad de Nariño. Clle 18 Cr 50 Ciudadela Universitaria Torobajo, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. (3) Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. Cl. 28a #15-09, Bogotá, Colombia. * Autor de correspondencia: S.A Montenegro-Muñoz [[email protected]] > Recibido el 24 de abril de 2019 - Aceptado el 14 de agosto de 2019 Montenegro-Muñóz, S.A., Delgado, F., Pantoja, Y.P., Calderon-Leyton, J.J., Noguera-Urbano, E.A. Especies emblemáticas para la conser - vación de ecosistemas en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Ecosistemas 28(3):174-187. Doi.: 10.7818/ECOS.1750 Especies emblemáticas para la conservación de ecosistemas en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Las especies emblemáticas representan la estructura y complejidad del hábitat, se utilizan como una estrategia para conservar y proteger los ecosistemas. En este trabajo describimos una serie de pasos utilizados para seleccionar especies emblemáticas en el departamento de Nariño. La estrategia principal consistió en reuniones con expertos para proponer los criterios de selección. Luego, realizamos una estrategia democrática basada en el voto popular para seleccionar las es - pecies emblemáticas. Al inicio, los expertos seleccionaron un grupo compuesto por 14 animales y 13 plantas. Esas especies se mostraron a las per - sonas en tarjetones electorales mediante votación virtual y real en 34 municipios del departamento. Al término, el pueblo seleccionó dos especies emblemáticas del departamento de Nariño, el terlaque de Nariño (Ave, Andigena laminirostris ) y el frailejón (Planta, Espeletia pycnophylla ). Este proceso expone la posibilidad de involucrar a la comunidad en procesos de ciencia participativa para la identificación de valores de conservación. Se recomienda hacer planes de manejo para estas especies con el fin de establecer el estado de sus poblaciones. Palabras clave: comunidad; frailejón (espeletia); terlaque; gobernanza; participación social Montenegro-Muñóz, S.A., Delgado, F., Pantoja, Y.P., Calderon-Leyton, J.J., Noguera-Urbano, E.A. Selection of emblematic species as a conservation experience in the department of Nariño Colombia. Ecosistemas 28(3):174-187. Doi.: 10.7818/ECOS.1750 Emblematic species represent the structure and complexity of its habitats and are used as a strategy to conserve and protect ecosystems. In this work, we describe a series of steps for selecting emblematic species in the state of Nariño. Firstly, as the main strategy, we had meetings with experts for obtaining the selection criteria. Secondly, we conducted a democratic exercise based on popular voting for selecting the emblematic species. In - itially, the experts selected a group of 14 animals and 13 plants. Afterwards, we conducted a voting exercise with local people in 34 municipalities of the state of Nariño using online and in person voting. At the end of the voting, people selected two emblematic species: the terlaque of Nariño (Bird, Andigena laminirostris ) and the big monks (Plant, Espeletia pycnophylla ). This process shows the possibility of involving the community in processes of participatory science for the identification of conservation values. We recommend making management plans for these species in order to establish the status of their populations. Key words: public participation; community; big monks; governance; Plate-Billed Mountain Toucan Introducción En el suroccidente de Colombia se encuentra el departamento de Nariño. En la región confluyen características ecológicas tanto Colombia es uno de los países con mayor riqueza natural, al - de la franja del Choco Biogeográfico como del piedemonte costero berga más del 10% de la biodiversidad mundial ( IAvH 2013 ). Se del Pacifico, los Andes y las estribaciones superiores de la Ama - caracteriza por presentar gran cantidad de endemismos; a nivel zonia ( Bolaños 2016 ). La alta biodiversidad asociada al Departa - global ocupa el primer lugar en aves con más de 1900 especies mento se evidencia con la gran riqueza cultural y biológica de sus (Avendaño et al. 2017 ) y en orquídeas ( IAvH 2017 ), el segundo en ecosistemas (páramos, bosques andinos, selvas tropicales, hu - plantas (41 000) y anfibios (803) el tercero en reptiles (586) y el medales, llanuras, manglares y bosques xerofíticos) ( Federación cuarto en mamíferos (469) ( MADS 2012 ). La biodiversidad tiene un nacional de cafeteros de Colombia 2010 ). Esta diversidad bioló - alto valor para los seres humanos por los servicios ecosistémicos gica es resultado en gran medida de la compleja topografía del que presta en el mantenimiento de los procesos ecológicos natu - territorio y de la posición estratégica del Departamento, con costa rales ( Christie et al. 2012 ; Alho 2008 ). en Tumaco por el océano Pacifico, y la presencia de la Cordillera © 2019 Los Autores. Editado por la AEET. [Ecosistemas no se hace responsable del uso indebido de material sujeto a derecho de autor] 174 Ecosistemas 28(3):174-184 Montenegro-Muñóz et al 2019 de los Andes, formando el Nudo de los Pastos ( Delgado et al. dos cualitativos ( Monje 2011 ) (características de las especies, va - 2007 ; Gobernación de Nariño 2016 ). lores sociales, culturales y estéticos) y cuantitativos (listas de es - Las especies emblemáticas (especies carismáticas o bandera) pecies, proceso de selección democrática, conteo de votos). Contó se han utilizado como símbolos para la conservación de los eco - con la participación de la Academia Nariñense de Historia, la Uni - sistemas y para atraer el apoyo gubernamental ( Isasi 2011 ). El uso versidad de Nariño, la Universidad Mariana, la Alcaldía municipal de los conceptos de especies bandera sirve para generar progra - de Pasto, las Alcaldías y Umatas de 34 municipios, ONG’s ambien - mas de conservación para preservar el hábitat de ésta y otras es - tales, Corponariño, Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia y pecies ( Kattan et al. 2007 ). Por otro lado, especies carismáticas o representantes de comunidades campesinas, afrodescendientes e emblemáticas tienen valores religiosos y estéticos con una función indígenas además de expertos en biodiversidad a nivel nacional e cultural o simbólica que hace parte de la identidad de los pueblos. internacional ( Flórez et al. 2014 ) ( Apéndice 1 ). El proceso se rea - Darle un valor cultural a la flora y la fauna permite dar un énfasis lizó en dos fases ( Fig. 1 ): significativo de estas especies en nuestro territorio ( Wolverton et Fase I. Se llevó a cabo una serie de reuniones con diferentes al. 2014 ; Albuquerque et al. 2013 ; Payan et al. 2007 ). comunidades ( Plazas 2012 ) (Académicos, indígenas, afrodescen - La etnobiología se encarga de recopilar lo relacionado con la dientes, funcionario de la gobernación de Nariño, ONGs), para re - gestión, manipulación, conocimiento y creencias de la flora, la copilar información sobre los criterios de selección de las especies fauna, los hábitats y los ecosistemas ( Juárez 2014 ) es un inventario emblemáticas. Se validaron los criterios que estaban relacionados de los conocimientos tradicionales de los pueblos y reconoce otros con parámetros biológicos, socioculturales y estéticos, este proceso modos de apropiación de la naturaleza ( Medeiros 2011 ). Estos co - se realizó en consenso con la opinión y participación de los invita - nocimientos pueden ser usados para iniciativas de conservación dos a las reuniones, mediante una red social de expertos ( Aguirre ambiental y justicia social ( Armstrong y Veteto 2015 ), de esta ma - 2011 ; Zhang et al. 2007 ; Prada 2005 ). nera se asume el control y se toma conciencia, con el fin de admi - Los participantes establecieron un listado de parámetros que nistrar el patrimonio natural de forma sustentable ( Nóbrega y se consideraron relevantes para cada criterio y se asignó un pun - Medeiros 2015 ; Medeiros 2011 ). taje a cada uno de los parámetros. ( Tabla. 1 ). Las actividades de Los casos en los que una especie es empleada como eslogan la fase I se realizaron en el primer semestre de 2011. para la conservación de áreas importantes o como representante de Fase II. Se realizó una difusión del trabajo mediante una cam - muchas otras son numerosos, por ejemplo, el Fondo Mundial para paña publicitaria (propaganda radial, televisión, entrevistas, carti - la Naturaleza (WWF) adoptó la silueta del panda gigante en 1959 llas, poster). Se realizaron talleres de difusión y se recopilaron para conservar zonas húmedas importantes de Europa ( Valladares propuestas de especies de flora y fauna de la comunidad nari - 2002 ). En zonas cercanas a Nariño como Quito (Ecuador), se eligie - ñense, también se recibieron propuestas a través de correo elec - ron siete especies de plantas y 14 especies de animales como em - trónico ( Parques Nacionales de Colombia 2001 ). Se realizaron blemáticas de la provincia, teniendo en cuenta, su valor estético,
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