DOCSLIB.ORG

The Millipedes and Centipedes of Chiapas Amber

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Millipedes and Centipedes of Chiapas Amber 14 4 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES Check List 14 (4): 637–646 https://doi.org/10.15560/14.4.637 The millipedes and centipedes of Chiapas amber Francisco Riquelme1, Miguel Hernández-Patricio2 1 Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular. Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Jicarero C.P. 62909, Morelos, Mexico. 2 Subcoordinación de Inventarios Bióticos, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Tlalpan C.P. 14010, Mexico City, Mexico. Corresponding author: Francisco Riquelme, [email protected] Abstract An inventory of fossil millipedes (class Diplopoda) and centipedes (class Chilopoda) from Miocene Chiapas amber, Mexico, is presented, with the inclusion of new records. For Diplopoda, 34 members are enumerated, for which 31 are described as new fossil records of the orders Siphonophorida Newport, 1844, Spirobolida Bollman, 1893, Polydesmida Leach, 1895, Stemmiulida Pocock, 1894, and the superorder Juliformia Attems, 1926. For Chilopoda 8 fossils are listed, for which 3 are new records of the order Geophilomorpha Pocock, 1895 and 2 are of the order Scolopendromorpha Pocock, 1895. Key words Miocene, Mexico, Diplopoda, Chilopoda. Academic editor: Peter Dekker | Received 14 May 2018 | Accepted 26 July 2018 | Published 10 August 2018 Citation: Riquelme F, Hernández-Patricio F (2018) The millipedes and centipedes of Chiapas amber. Check List 14 (4): 637–646. https://doi. org/10.15560/14.4.637 Introduction Diplopoda fossil record worldwide (Edgecombe 2015). Two other centipedes have been reported in Ross et al. The extant species of millipedes and centipedes distributed (2016). Other records of millipedes have been mentioned across Mexico have been studied since the initial reports in the literature but are questionable because of a lack of Brand (1839) and Persbosc (1839). A current review of data and evidence (Hurd et al. 1962, Avendaño-Gil et of millipedes (Diplopoda) in Mexico was published by al. 2012, Ross et al. 2016) or because specimens are not Bueno-Villegas et al. (2004) and reviews of centipedes available (Hurd et al. 1962, Avendaño-Gil et al. 2012). (Chilopoda) were reported by Cupul-Magaña (2013) and Excluding the probable millipede specimen ?Xylobius Flores-Guerrero et al. (2015). The latter includes the fos- mexicanus Müllerried 1942 from a upper Jurassic/mid- sil species Scolopocryptops simojovelensis Edgecombe Cretaceous horizon in Puebla, Central Mexico, whose et al. 2012 (Scolopendromorpha) from Chiapas Amber. taxonomic identity is doubtful, the fossil material of both Recently, the fossil millipedes Parastemmiulus elektron millipedes and centipedes in Mexico generally comes Riquelme, 2013 (Stemmiulida), Anbarrhacus adamantis from the Miocene amber localities in the Chiapas High- Riquelme & Hernández-Patricio, 2014 (Polydesmida), lands in southwestern Mexico. These sites are part of the and Maatidesmus paachtun Riquelme & Hernández- Chiapas amber Lagerstätte with remarkable fossil pres- Patricio, 2014 (Polydesmida) from Chiapas amber ervation of terrestrial arthropods, including myriapods (Riquelme et al. 2014a) were included in a new revision of (Riquelme et al. 2013, 2014a, b). Copyright Riquelme and Hernández-Patricio. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 638 Check List 14 (4) Here we address the current knowledge of fossil mil- AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New lipedes and centipedes in Miocene Chiapas amber. An York, USA. inventory of fossil specimens is given, which mostly CPAL-UAEM: Colección de Paleontología, Universidad includes new fossil records (Table 1). Other records, as Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, Mexico. presented in published papers, are also mentioned. A IGL-UNAM: Colección Nacional de Paleontología, Insti- major part of this work is the result of a short period of tuto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de fieldwork and represents only an introductory account México, Mexico City, Mexico. due to the difficulties surrounding the collection of fos- MACH: Museo del Ámbar de Chiapas, San Cristóbal de sil specimens. We estimate that in 2016 about 60 amber las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. specimens of both millipedes and centipedes, but mostly MALM: Museo del Ámbar Lilia Mijangos, San Cristóbal millipedes, were found in the Chiapas amber area. But de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. nearly 50 fossil specimens were lost in the same period NMS: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scot- due to commercial trading and smuggling. In the con- land. text of this loss of material, the present inventory of SUCCINUM.INAH.2661: Private collection certified fossil specimens contributes significantly to the aim of by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia estimating taxonomic diversity of both Diplopoda and (INAH), San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Chilopoda in Mexico. It highlights new records of the order Siphonophorida, Spirobolida and Polydesmida in the Diplopoda and new records of the order Geophilo- Results morpha and Scolopendromorpha in the Chilopoda. Millipedes Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844 Methods Subclass Chilognata Latreille, 1802/1803 A set of fossil specimens for this study was collected Infraclass Helminthomorpha Pocock, 1887 during 3 short field trips in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in the Subterclass Colobognatha Brandt, 1834 amber areas near the towns of Simojovel and Totolapa, Order Siphonophorida Newport, 1844 Chiapas, Mexico. A second set of specimens was exam- Family Siphonophoridae Newport, 1844 ined from the amber inclusion collection that belongs to Genus Siphonophora Brandt, 1837 the Museo del Ambar de Chiapas (MACH) and a third set of specimens was examined from the collection of Siphonophora sp. indet. the Museo del Ambar Lilia Mijangos (MALM), both Referred material. 2 specimens: CPAL.102: adult male, located in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas. The complete specimen (Fig. 1A–C); MALM.21: adult of amber inclusion collections of these 2 museums are indeterminate sex, complete specimen. formally certified by the Instituto Nacional de Antrop- Locality. Mexico, Chiapas: Simojovel: Guadalupe Victo- ología e Historia (INAH), a federal agency that protects ria site, 17°07ʹ58ʺ N, 092°48ʹ19ʺ W. the paleontological heritage in Mexico. Exporting fos- sils from Mexico without INAH registration certificate Identification.Body slender and elongated; head without is illegal under federal laws. Furthermore, 3 millipede eyes, extended into a beak, antennae straight, wide and specimens, currently lost by commercial trade, are also elongated, fully visible in CPAL.102 (Fig. 1A–C), trunk listed in this paper. These fossils were photographed and with about 44 rings in CPAL.102 and 72 in MALM.21, identified in the field using the informal code AM.CH., granulated dorsal sculpture in the metategite. Sex is which in Spanish means Ámbar de Chiapas, followed by indeterminable in MALM.21 by the position of the body. an identification number (Id). Both specimens represent the first fossil record of the Taxonomic treatment of each fossil specimen includes family Siphonophoridae in Chiapas amber. the extended version of the traditional Linnaean classifi- Remarks. Extant representatives of Siphonophorida cation ranks. There is also morphological annotations and in Mexico are currently found in the northern states of additional information of the current geographic distribu- Sonora, Baja California Sur, Nuevo León, and Tamau- tion of closely related extant taxa in Mexico. Data from lipas. They also found in the southern states of Veracruz the 4 previously described fossil species are compiled and Yucatan (Bueno-Villegas et al. 2004). from literature; however, the catalogue presented here is predominantly taxonomic, and not bibliographic. Termi- Subterclass Eugnatha Attems, 1898 nology follows Enghoff et al. (2015) and Koch (2015) for Superorder Juliformia Attems, 1926 the Diplopoda, and Bonato et al. (2011) for the Chilopoda. Order Spirobolida Bollman, 1893 The microphotographs of the specimens were obtained by using multiple images stacking for 3-dimensional Spirobolida sp. indet. focus expansion in a Carl Zeiss microscope (Riquelme Referred material. 2 specimens: MALM.313: adult et al. 2014a, b). of indeterminate sex, complete specimen (Fig. 1D–E); List of collections acronyms is as follows: MALM.18: juvenile, complete specimen (Fig. 2A–C). Riquelme and Hernández-Patricio | Millipedes and centipedes of Chiapas amber 639 Locality. Mexico, Chiapas: Simojovel: La Pimienta site, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico City, Michoacán, 17° 08′29″ N, 092°45′46″ W. Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Identification. Head with 18 or 11 ocelli, antenomeres Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán, the short and flattened, collum smooth; trunk smooth with State of Mexico, and Zacatecas (Bueno-Villegas et al. about 40 rings in MALM.313 or 28 as seen in MALM.18, 2004, Shelley 2010, Medrano 2014). telson with a preanal sclerite, two well-rounded valves Subterclass Eugnatha Attems, 1898 and a short subanal plate. This is the first fossil record of Superorder Juliformia Attems, 1926 Spirobolida in Chiapas amber. Remarks. Living members of Spirobolida are found Juliformia sp. indet. in 23 states of Mexico, including Baja California Sur, Referred material. 1 specimen:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Integrative Revision of the Giant Pill-Millipede Genus Sphaeromimus
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 414: 67–107 (2014) New Sphaeromimus species from Madagascar 67 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.414.7730 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Integrative revision of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaeromimus from Madagascar, with the description of seven new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae) Thomas Wesener1,2,†, Daniel Minh-Tu Le1,3,‡, Stephanie F. Loria1,4,§ 1 Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology - Insects, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, 60605 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 2 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research (Section Myriapoda), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany 3 School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 36 S. Wabash Avenue, 60603 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 4 American Museum of Natural History, Richard Glider Graduate School, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, U.S.A. † http://zoobank.org/86DEA7CD-988C-43EC-B9D6-C51000595B47 ‡ http://zoobank.org/AD76167C-3755-4803-AEB5-4CD9A7CB820A § http://zoobank.org/ED92B15A-10F9-47B8-A8FA-D7673007F8A5 Corresponding author: Thomas Wesener ([email protected]) Academic editor: D.V. Spiegel | Received 15 April 2014 | Accepted 8 May 2014 | Published 6 June 2014 http://zoobank.org/59FA2886-34C2-4AEF-9783-3347E5EBC702 Citation: Wesener T, Le DM-T, Loria SF (2014) Integrative revision of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaeromimus from Madagascar, with the description of seven new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). ZooKeys 414: 67–107. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.414.7730 Abstract The Malagasy giant pill-millipede genusSphaeromimus de Saussure & Zehntner, 1902 is revised. Seven new species, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Supra-Familial Taxon Names of the Diplopoda Table 4A
    Milli-PEET, Taxonomy Table 4 Page - 1 - Table 4: Supra-familial taxon names of the Diplopoda Table 4a: List of current supra-familial taxon names in alphabetical order, with their old invalid counterpart and included orders. [Brackets] indicate that the taxon group circumscribed by the old taxon group name is not recognized in Shelley's 2003 classification. Current Name Old Taxon Name Order Brannerioidea in part Trachyzona Verhoeff, 1913 Chordeumatida Callipodida Lysiopetalida Chamberlin, 1943 Callipodida [Cambaloidea+Spirobolida+ Chorizognatha Verhoeff, 1910 Cambaloidea+Spirobolida+ Spirostreptida] Spirostreptida Chelodesmidea Leptodesmidi Brölemann, 1916 Polydesmida Chelodesmidea Sphaeriodesmidea Jeekel, 1971 Polydesmida Chordeumatida Ascospermophora Verhoeff, 1900 Chordeumatida Chordeumatida Craspedosomatida Jeekel, 1971 Chordeumatida Chordeumatidea Craspedsomatoidea Cook, 1895 Chordeumatida Chordeumatoidea Megasacophora Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Craspedosomatoidea Cheiritophora Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Diplomaragnoidea Ancestreumatoidea Golovatch, 1977 Chordeumatida Glomerida Plesiocerata Verhoeff, 1910 Glomerida Hasseoidea Orobainosomidi Brolemann, 1935 Chordeumatida Hasseoidea Protopoda Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Helminthomorpha Proterandria Verhoeff, 1894 all helminthomorph orders Heterochordeumatoidea Oedomopoda Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Julida Symphyognatha Verhoeff, 1910 Julida Julida Zygocheta Cook, 1895 Julida [Julida+Spirostreptida] Diplocheta Cook, 1895 Julida+Spirostreptida [Julida in part[ Arthrophora Verhoeff,
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Millipedes Along the Northern Western Ghats
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2014; 2 (4): 254-257 ISSN 2320-7078 Diversity of millipedes along the Northern JEZS 2014; 2 (4): 254-257 © 2014 JEZS Western Ghats, Rajgurunagar (MS), India Received: 14-07-2014 Accepted: 28-07-2014 (Arthropod: Diplopod) C. R. Choudhari C. R. Choudhari, Y.K. Dumbare and S.V. Theurkar Department of Zoology, Hutatma Rajguru Mahavidyalaya, ABSTRACT Rajgurunagar, University of Pune, The different vegetation type was used to identify the oligarchy among millipede species and establish India P.O. Box 410505 that millipedes in different vegetation types are dominated by limited set of species. In the present Y.K. Dumbare research elucidates the diversity of millipede rich in part of Northern Western Ghats of Rajgurunagar Department of Zoology, Hutatma (MS), India. A total four millipedes, Harpaphe haydeniana, Narceus americanus, Oxidus gracilis, Rajguru Mahavidyalaya, Trigoniulus corallines taxa belonging to order Polydesmida and Spirobolida; 4 families belongs to Rajgurunagar, University of Pune, Xystodesmidae, Spirobolidae, Paradoxosomatidae and Trigoniulidae and also of 4 genera were India P.O. Box 410505 recorded from the tropical or agricultural landscape of Northern Western Ghats. There was Harpaphe haydeniana correlated to the each species of millipede which were found in Northern Western Ghats S.V. Theurkar region of Rajgurunagar. At the time of diversity study, Trigoniulus corallines were observed more than Senior Research Fellowship, other millipede species, which supports the environmental determinism condition. Narceus americanus Department of Zoology, Hutatma was single time occurred in the agricultural vegetation landscape due to the geographical location and Rajguru Mahavidyalaya, habitat differences. Rajgurunagar, University of Pune, India Keywords: Diplopod, Northern Western Ghats, millipede diversity, Narceus americanus, Trigoniulus corallines 1.
    [Show full text]
  • (Polydesmida: Leptodesmidea) in the West Indies: Proposal of Hoffmanorhacus N
    Zootaxa 3626 (4): 477–498 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3626.4.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:24763A0D-5B5F-4DDB-9698-5D608738FE4D The milliped family Platyrhacidae (Polydesmida: Leptodesmidea) in the West Indies: Proposal of Hoffmanorhacus n. gen.; description and illustrations of males of Proaspis aitia Loomis, 1941; redescription of Nannorrhacus luciae (Pocock, 1894); hypotheses on origins and affinities; and an updated New World familial distribution ROWLAND M. SHELLEY1 & DANIELA MARTINEZ-TORRES2 1Research Laboratory, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, MSC #1626, Raleigh, NC 27699-1626 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Ciencias Naturales,Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Edificio 425, Oficina 105, Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the New World, the milliped family Platyrhacidae (Polydesmida) is known or projected for Central America south of southeastern Nicaragua and the northern ¼ of South America, with disjunct, insular populations on Hispaniola (Haiti), Guadeloupe (Basse-Terre), and St. Lucia. Male near-topotypes enable redescription of Proaspis aitia Loomis, 1941, possibly endemic to the western end of the southern Haitian peninsula. The tibiotarsus of its biramous gonopodal telopodite bends strongly laterad, and the medially directed solenomere arises at midlength proximal to the bend. With a uniramous telopodite, P. sahlii Jeekel, 1980, on Guadeloupe, is not congeneric, and Hoffmanorhacus, n. gen., is erected to accommodate it. Nannorrhacus luciae (Pocock, 1894), on St. Lucia, is redescribed; also with a biramous telopodite, its tibiotarsus arises distad and diverges from the coaxial solenomere.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Divergence Between Cavernicolous and Marine
    The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda - Evidence from nine molecular loci and morphology GONZALO GIRIBET', STEFAN RICHTER2, GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE3 & WARD C. WHEELER4 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary- Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ' Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitdtJena, Instituifiir Spezielte Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Jena, Germany 3Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The monophyly of Crustacea, relationships of crustaceans to other arthropods, and internal phylogeny of Crustacea are appraised via parsimony analysis in a total evidence frame­ work. Data include sequences from three nuclear ribosomal genes, four nuclear coding genes, and two mitochondrial genes, together with 352 characters from external morphol­ ogy, internal anatomy, development, and mitochondrial gene order. Subjecting the com­ bined data set to 20 different parameter sets for variable gap and transversion costs, crusta­ ceans group with hexapods in Tetraconata across nearly all explored parameter space, and are members of a monophyletic Mandibulata across much of the parameter space. Crustacea is non-monophyletic at low indel costs, but monophyly is favored at higher indel costs, at which morphology exerts a greater influence. The most stable higher-level crusta­ cean groupings are Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Branchiura + Pentastomida, and an ostracod-cirripede group. For combined data, the Thoracopoda and Maxillopoda concepts are unsupported, and Entomostraca is only retrieved under parameter sets of low congruence. Most of the current disagreement over deep divisions in Arthropoda (e.g., Mandibulata versus Paradoxopoda or Cormogonida versus Chelicerata) can be viewed as uncertainty regarding the position of the root in the arthropod cladogram rather than as fundamental topological disagreement as supported in earlier studies (e.g., Schizoramia versus Mandibulata or Atelocerata versus Tetraconata).
    [Show full text]
  • MYRIAPODS 767 Volume 2 (M-Z), Pp
    In: R. Singer, (ed.), 1999. Encyclopedia of Paleontology, MYRIAPODS 767 volume 2 (M-Z), pp. 767-775. Fitzroy Dearborn, London. MYRIAPODS JVlyriapods are many-legged, terrestrial arthropods whose bodies groups, the Trilobita, Chelicerata, Crustacea, and the Uniramia, the are divided into two major parts, a head and a trunk. The head last consisting of the Myriapoda, Hexapoda, and Onychophora (vel- bears a single pair of antennae, highly differentiated mandibles (or vet worms). However, subsequent structural and molecular evidence jaws), and at least one pair of maxillary mouthparts; the trunk indicates that there are several characters uniting major arthropod region consists of similar "metameres," each of which is a func- taxa. Moreover, paleobiologic, embryologie, and other evidence tional segment that bears one or two pairs of appendages. Gas demonstrates that myriapods and hexapods are fiindamentally exchange is accomplished by tracheae•a branching network of polyramous, having two major articulating appendages per embry- specialized tubules•although small forms respire through the ological body segment, like other arthropods. body wall. Malpighian organs are used for excretion, and eyes con- A fourth proposal (Figure ID) suggests that myriapods are sist of clusters of simple, unintegrated, light-sensitive elements an ancient, basal arthropod lineage, and that the Hexapoda that are termed ommatidia. These major features collectively char- emerged as an independent, relatively recent clade from a rather acterize the five major myriapod clades: Diplopoda (millipeds), terminal crustacean lineage, perhaps the Malacostraca, which con- Chilopoda (centipeds), Pauropoda (pauropods), Symphyla (sym- tains lobsters and crabs (Ballard et al. 1992). Because few crusta- phylans), and Arthropleurida (arthropleurids). Other features cean taxa were examined in this analysis, and due to the Cambrian indicate differences among these clades.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Issue, Vol. 57 No. 3
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 57 Number 3 Article 15 7-31-1997 Full Issue, Vol. 57 No. 3 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation (1997) "Full Issue, Vol. 57 No. 3," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 57 : No. 3 , Article 15. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol57/iss3/15 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. T H E GREAT BASBASINI1 naturalistnaturalist ale A VOLUME 57 ngN 3 JULY 1997 BRIGHAM YOUNG university GREAT BASIN naturalist editor assistant editor RICHARD W BAUMANN NATHAN M SMITH 290 MLBM 190 MLBM PO box 20200 PO box 26879 brigham youhgyoung university brigham young university provo UT 84602020084602 0200 provo UT 84602687984602 6879 8013785053801 378 5053 8017378801378668880173786688801 378 6688 FAX 8013783733801 378 3733 emailE mail nmshbllibyuedunmshbll1byuedu associate editors J R CALLAHAN PAUL C MARSH museum of southwestern biology university of tentercentergenter for environmental studies arizona new mexico albuquerque NM state university tempe AZ 85287 mailing address box 3140 hemet CA 92546 STANLEY D SMITH BRUCE D ESHELMAN department of biology department of Biologicbiologicalajlainaln sciences university of university of nevada las vegas wisconsin whitewawhitewaterwhitewayterten
    [Show full text]
  • Annexure I Fauna & Flora Assessment.Pdf
    Fauna and Flora Baseline Study for the De Wittekrans Project Mpumalanga, South Africa Prepared for GCS (Pty) Ltd. By Resource Management Services (REMS) P.O. Box 2228, Highlands North, 2037, South Africa [email protected] www.remans.co.za December 2008 I REMS December 2008 Fauna and Flora Assessment De Wittekrans Executive Summary Mashala Resources (Pty) Ltd is planning to develop a coal mine south of the town of Hendrina in the Mpumalanga province on a series of farms collectively known as the De Wittekrans project. In compliance with current legislation, they have embarked on the process to acquire environmental authorisation from the relevant authorities for their proposed mining activities. GCS (Pty) Ltd. commissioned Resource Management Services (REMS) to conduct a Faunal and Floral Assessment of the area to identify the potential direct and indirect impacts of future mining, to recommend management measures to minimise or prevent these impacts on these ecosystems and to highlight potential areas of conservation importance. This is the wet season survey which was done in the November 2008. The study area is located within the highveld grasslands of the Msukaligwa Local Municipality in the Gert Sibande District Municipality in Mpumalanga Province on the farms Tweefontein 203 IS (RE of Portion 1); De Wittekrans 218 IS (RE of Portion 1 and Portion 2, Portions 7, 11, 10 and 5); Groblershoek 191 IS; Groblershoop 192 IS; and Israel 207 IS. Within this region, precipitation occurs mainly in the summer months of October to March with the peak of the rainy season occurring from November to January.
    [Show full text]
  • Seminole State Forest Soils Map
    EXHIBIT I Management Procedures for Archaeological and Historical Sites and Properties on State-Owned or Controlled Lands Management Procedures for Archaeological and Historical Sites and Properties on State-Owned or Controlled Properties (revised February 2007) These procedures apply to state agencies, local governments, and non-profits that manage state- owned properties. A. General Discussion Historic resources are both archaeological sites and historic structures. Per Chapter 267, Florida Statutes, ‘Historic property’ or ‘historic resource’ means any prehistoric district, site, building, object, or other real or personal property of historical, architectural, or archaeological value, and folklife resources. These properties or resources may include, but are not limited to, monuments, memorials, Indian habitations, ceremonial sites, abandoned settlements, sunken or abandoned ships, engineering works, treasure trove, artifacts, or other objects with intrinsic historical or archaeological value, or any part thereof, relating to the history, government, and culture of the state.” B. Agency Responsibilities Per State Policy relative to historic properties, state agencies of the executive branch must allow the Division of Historical Resources (Division) the opportunity to comment on any undertakings, whether these undertakings directly involve the state agency, i.e., land management responsibilities, or the state agency has indirect jurisdiction, i.e. permitting authority, grants, etc. No state funds should be expended on the undertaking until the Division has the opportunity to review and comment on the project, permit, grant, etc. State agencies shall preserve the historic resources which are owned or controlled by the agency. Regarding proposed demolition or substantial alterations of historic properties, consultation with the Division must occur, and alternatives to demolition must be considered.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 626: 1–43A new (2016) species of Illacme Cook and Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park... 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.626.9681 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park, California, with a world catalog of the Siphonorhinidae (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida) Paul E. Marek1, Jean K. Krejca2, William A. Shear3 1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Price Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 2 Zara Environmental LLC, 1707 W FM 1626, Manchaca, Texas, USA 3 Hampden-Sydney College, Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, USA Corresponding author: Paul E. Marek ([email protected]) Academic editor: R. Mesibov | Received 25 July 2016 | Accepted 19 September 2016 | Published 20 October 2016 http://zoobank.org/36E16503-BC2B-4D92-982E-FC2088094C93 Citation: Marek PE, Krejca JK, Shear WA (2016) A new species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park, California, with a world catalog of the Siphonorhinidae (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida). ZooKeys 626: 1–43. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.626.9681 Abstract Members of the family Siphonorhinidae Cook, 1895 are thread-like eyeless millipedes that possess an astounding number of legs, including one individual with 750. Due to their cryptic lifestyle, rarity in natural history collections, and sporadic study over the last century, the family has an unclear phylogenetic placement, and intrafamilial relationships remain unknown. Here we report the discovery of a second spe- cies of Illacme, a millipede genus notable for possessing the greatest number of legs of any known animal on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct and Indirect Effects of Millipedes on the Decay of Litter of Varying Lignin Content
    3 Direct and Indirect Effects of Millipedes on the Decay of Litter of Varying Lignin Content Grizelle González1, Christina M. Murphy1 and Juliana Belén2 1USDA FS International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), Río Piedras, 2University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 1. Introduction Millipedes are considered to be important organisms involved in decomposition, both for their direct feeding on detritus and their indirect effects on microbial activity. Hanlon (1981a, 1981b) suggested that fragmentation of leaf litter by soil fauna increases microbial biomass by increasing leaf surface area and diminishing pore sizes. The passage of litter through the gut of macroarthropods, such as millipedes, can help in the establishment of soil bacteria (Anderson & Bignell, 1980; Hanlon, 1981a, 1981b; Tajovsky et al., 1991; Maraun & Scheu, 1996). The presence of millipedes has been shown to increase the decomposition of litter as well as increase growth of seedlings (Cárcamo et al., 2001). In a beech forest, Bonkowski et al. (1998) also found that the presence of millipedes significantly increased the decomposition of litter, much more so than endogeic earthworms. The presence of millipedes has also been found to greatly increase the release of litter nutrients into the soil, especially calcium and nitrates (Pramanik et al., 2001). Millipedes are selective about what leaves they eat (Lyford, 1943; Kheirallah, 1979; Cárcamo et al., 2000). The chemical composition of leaf litter, especially the lignin and nitrogen content, can greatly affect soil fauna populations, although this effect is not clear for millipedes (Tian et al., 1993). Van der Drift (1975) estimated that in temperate areas millipedes are responsible for ingesting 5–10 percent of the annual leaf litter fall and Cárcamo et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Arthropoda: Diplopoda, Field Museum
    ZOOTAXA 1005 The millipede type specimens in the Collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (Arthropoda: Diplopoda) PETRA SIERWALD, JASON E. BOND & GRZEGORZ T. GURDA Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand PETRA SIERWALD, JASON E. BOND & GRZEGORZ T. GURDA The millipede type specimens in the Collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (Arthro- poda: Diplopoda) (Zootaxa 1005) 64 pp.; 30 cm. 10 June 2005 ISBN 1-877407-04-6 (paperback) ISBN 1-877407-05-4 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2005 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41383 Auckland 1030 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2005 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) Zootaxa 1005: 1–64 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 1005 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) The millipede type specimens in the Collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (Arthropoda: Diplopoda) PETRA SIERWALD1, JASON E. BOND2 & GRZEGORZ T. GURDA3 1Zoology, Insects, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 2East Carolina University, Department of Biology, Howell Science complex-N211, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA 3 University of Michigan, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology 1150 W.
    [Show full text]