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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89864-5 - The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541-1641 Brendan Kane Index More information

Index

Act of Absentees Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill (Life of Red eﬀects on Irish and English peers 34 Hugh O’Donnell) 18, 135–44 Aguila, Don John de audience for 143–4 view of Irish honour 102, 120 compared with Fulke Greville’s The Life of the Anabaptists 271 Renowned Sir Philip Sidney 143–4 anglicization 7, 26 compared with Ó Cianáin’s Flight of Anglo-Norman 1 the Earls 136 annals 16 generic uniqueness of 135–6 as historical source 52 language of 135, 136 Annala Ríoghachta Éireann (Annals of the Four Bingham, Richard 55, 57, 60, 63–4, 276 Masters) 119, 277 blood Annals of Loch Cé 17, 46, 50 as basis for precedence 216 as source for Gaelic views of honour 52–66 as basis of honour 55, 136, 157, 159–60 compared with Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Ui diﬀerence between aristocratic and royal 29 Dhomhnaill 140 Blount, Charles, Lord Mountjoy 115–16 Annesley, Sir Francis, Lord Mountnorris Boru, Brian 22, 149, 164, 171 221, 235 Boyle, Richard, 1st Earl of Cork 9, 159, 160, 231, aristocracy 233–4, 247 ‘British’ 21, 269, 275–6 as new nobility 169, 179, 235, 276 necessary role in legitimate government 41 Bramhall, Bishop 257 of Europe 6, 18, 269 Brehon law 22, 23, 47 Asch, Ronald 11, 247 Brehons 22 Atherton, John 255 Braddick, Michael 28 Aylmer, G. E. 230 Bradshaw, Brendan 3, 49, 50, 56 Brady, Ciaran 38, 42 Bacon, Sir Francis 208 Brian, son of Maelrunaidh 61 Bagenal family 276 Brigden, Susan 93 Henry 33, 110 British Mabel 33 as historical category 12–13, 16 bardic poetry state 15 as historical source 47–51, 66–7 (see also honour) bards 16, 22 Brooks, James 14 as arbiters of honour 7–8, 23, 47 Bryson, Anna 8–9 as arbiters of political legitimacy 23, 45, Burgh, Lord 101 80, 118 Burke family 180, 182, 238 as members of Irish court 7–8 and surrender and regrant 32, 38 chief’s poet 23–4, 80 Honora 188 ollamh (ollúna) described 47 Richard (Sassanach), 2nd Earl of Clanricard 38, satire of 7, 24 44, 182 status level of 47 Richard, 4th Earl of Clanricard and Earl of baronial revolt 268 St Albans 18, 19, 38, 94, 120, 121, 146–7, Barry, John 165 181–93, 269 294

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89864-5 - The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541-1641 Brendan Kane Index More information

Index 295

accused as member of international Catholic his defence of honour 18–19, 194, 195, 222, 234, conspiracy 236–7 242, 243 accused as ‘over-mighty noble’ 223, 239 role in dispute between Loftus and Wentworth and anglicization 189 258, 261 as ‘British’ noble 235 Charles V 1, 25 as Crown loyalist 118 Chichester, Arthur, Lord Deputy of Ireland 196, at English court 182–3 200, 205–7, 232, 248 attitude to noble titles 190–1 honour of defended 205–7 conflict with Earls of Thomond 172 management of precedence disputes 200–2 conflict with Lord Deputy Wentworth 224, chivalry 144, 189, 267 235–45, 266, 267 and Henry VIII 29 desire to live in Ireland 186–7 Court of Chivalry 144, 229 English peerage 184–5, 235 themes of in Gaelic writing 24 financial problems of 186 Church of Ireland 151, 270 legal cases in England 183–4 cing 58 offence towards Lord Deputy civility (vs. savagery) 41, 95, 222, 235, 272 Wentworth 241 as Gaelic critique of Tudor state 41–2, 81 patronage of 188 as justifying discourse of state expansion 39, social management of lands 187–8 40, 273 Richard, Lord Tunbridge 242, 243 civilizing mission 224, 246, 247, 266, 267, 269 Richard Og 55 Clarke, Aidan Ulick, 1st Earl of Clanricard 182 Old English in Ireland 181 Ulick, 3rd Earl of Clanricard 38 clú 51 Ulick, 5th Earl of Clanricard 235, 243–4 in Flight of the Earls 129 conflict with Lord Deputy Wentworth in Maguire poembook 70–2 244, 245 in poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn 76–7 Butler ‘Cnoc Samhradh’ (poem) 185–6 Theobald, Viscount Tulleophelim 205–7 Coke Thomas, 10th Earl of Ormond 97, 113 Sir Edward 211, 237, 242, 243, 244, 257–8 Sir John 231 Caball, Marc 7, 9, 49–50, 51, 68, 83 Commons, English House of 211 on Pairlement Chloinne Tomáis 153–4 Confederate Catholics 238, 269 Campion, Edmund 8 confession Canny, Nicholas 9, 36, 41, 91, 197 as socio-political division between English and Carew, Sir George 99, 102–3, 106, 119, 159, 168 Irish 277 Carney, James 68 (see also faith and fatherland) Cary, Sir Henry, Viscount Falkland Connolly, S. J. 26, 277 seating in English Parliament of 211–12 Cooley, Sir William 249 Star Chamber case of 221–2 Cork, Earl of Castle Chamber, Court of 144, 196 (see Boyle, Richard) Cavendish Cottington, Francis 236 William, Earl of Newcastle 233, 261, 265 Croft, Sir James 40, 41 Cecil family 96 Cromwell, Oliver 270 Robert, Earl of Salisbury 99, 104, 106, 108, 116, regime of 277 117, 209 Crown William, Lord Burghley 167, 168 of Ireland 29 Chamberlain, John 182, 183, 185 cultural contact 17 Chancery, Irish Court of 257, 261 as challenge to honour politics 13–14 Charles I 3, 19, 144, 211, 213, 215, 221, 227, 232, compared with British North America 27 244, 267 culture alleged insensitivity to subjects’ honour 242 compatibility of English and Gaelic 21–43 anti-duelling campaign of 228 difference as explanation for English–Irish arbitrates precedence disputes 215–19 conflict 42, 266 defence of honour in Ireland vs. England differences between English and Gaelic 20–1, 222–3, 265, 266, 267 22–3, 277

296 Index

Cumberland, Earl of 225 eineach 277 Cunningham, Bernadette 32 as generosity 53–4 Cust, Richard 6, 15, 169 compared with féile 69 compared with uasal 54–5 Dal Cais 44 defined 51, 90 (see also O’Brien family) in Annals of Loch Cé 52–4 Danby, Earl of 242, 243, 244 in Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill 136 Daniels, Jane and John (servants of 2nd Earl of in Flight of the Earls 129 Essex) 184 in Maguire poembook 68–9, 73 daonnacht in poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn 75–6, 86, 87 as used in Annals of Loch Cé 55–6 eiric 88 Davies, Sir John 195–6 elite formation 12 views of the honour of office 205 Elizabeth I 94, 96, 120, 153 degeneration and military honour 100–1 as Gaelic critique of state collaborators 42 as prinnsa 59 deirbhfhine 23, 35, 39, 274 as rí 58, 110 Desmond, Earls of concerns over social elevation 101–2, 116 and surrender and regrant 54 honour challenged by servants 99–102, 112–16 Crown efforts to manage earldom 104–7 honour concerns of 9, 17, 97 Gearóid Fitzgerald, 15th Earl 44 honour protected by servants 98–9 Gearóid Íarla, 3rd Earl 27 view of Irish honour culture 104–5 James, 6th Earl 53 Elliott, John 143 Desmond Rebellion 41, 64, 92 Empson, Richard 29 Devereux English–Irish Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex 17, 94, 120, 183, and surrender and regrant 32, 271 230, 248 as ‘Gaelicized’ 23 honour concerns of 99 relations with Gaelic Irish culture 26–7 negotiations with Hugh O’Neill 112–14 ethnography rebellion of 116 of Irish by English 167 Robert, 3rd Earl of Essex 183, 213, 231 Europe, Gaelic discussions of 65 Dewald, Jonathan 12 ‘Discourse between two councillors of ‘Faghaim ceart a chlann Eibhir’ (poem by Tadhg state …’ (anti-Wentworth McDáire) 185 pamphlet) 238 ‘Faisean Chlair Eibhir’ (poem) 134, 147, 151, 165 audience for 239 faith and fatherland domestic order 252 as political ideology 41, 42, 64–5, 91, 93, 117, and political legitimacy 246, 247 120, 139, 145, 270, 271, 272, 277 Donelan, John 186, 187 Farmer, William 200 Dorset, Earl of 213 féile 51 dowry, politics of 246 Fenton, Sir Geoffrey 114, 115, 118 Duanaire Mhéig Uidhir (Poembook of the file (poet) Maguires) 46, 50 defined 47 Dublin Fitzgeralds 1 political demonstrations by residents 263–4 James Fitzgerald 105–7 Dublin Castle 232, 264, 268 James Fitzmaurice 92–3, 121, 271 Dudley, Edmund 29 James FitzThomas (sugán earl) 105–7 Duffy, Eamon 6, 18 Joan Fitzgerald 106 duine maith Fitzpatrick, Barnaby 26 applied to Gael and Gall 56 flaith 128, 136, 138 duine uasal flaitheas 59 applied to Gael and Gall 56–7 ‘Flight of the Earls’ 18, 195 Dunne, T. J. 48, 50, 66 Flight of the Earls (Tadhg Ó Cianáin) 18, 122 audience for 143–4 Edward VI, King of England 38 generic uniqueness of 130–1 Edwards, David 32 history of text 125

Index 297

Flower, Robin 47 relationship with English nobility 29 ‘forced loan’ (of Charles I) 226 threats if dishonoured 33–4, 91 fosterage 32, 42 heraldry 267 Foulis, Sir David 228–9 amongst Gaelic Irish 24 French Crown 29 high-kings of Ireland 163 ‘Fúbún fúibh, a shluagh Gaoidheal’ (bardic Holland, Earl of 245, 262 poem) 41 honour Fuentes, Duke of 126 and cultural contact 9–10, 16 and Gaelic culture 7, 61–2 Gaelic Ireland and hospitality 63 as composite society 82–4 and imperial visions 29 court culture in 23–4 and landholding 150 ‘order’ described 22–3 and masculinity 19, 100 Gaelic Irish 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 277 and providence 142 and English law 86–7 and ‘reformation of manners’ 18, 19 as naturally peace loving 81–2 and religion 10, 133, 136, 139–40, 151, 207, 277 clothes and habits of 23 and service 99 continental influences on culture of 24–6 and Spanish colonialism 14 English interests in origins of 167–8 and subjecthood 30 English legal efforts to suppress 26 and violence 5–6, 7, 13, 14, 81–5, 275 Greek origins of 164, 168, 170 as language of resistance 17, 120 not to take ‘English’ titles or offices 88–9 as nationally bounded 8–9, 10 placed outside English honour circle 98 ‘British’ culture of 7, 11, 14, 19, 120, 146, 224, ‘Gaelicization’ 26 235, 269 Garrard, Rev. George 244–5, 261 and Nine Years’ War 92, 94, 97, 117 genealogy (see also pedigrees) collective of Ireland 54 as sign of status 158 defined in Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill English Catholics’ use of 169–71 136–7 of Gaelic families 80 defined in ‘Mór idir na haimsearaibh’ 149–52 Geraldine League 1, 25 defined in poems of Ó hUiginn 79–89 Gifford, John 248, 249, 255 definitions of 5, 14–15, 136, 216, 242, 243, 276 petition for Eleanor Loftus 257, 258, 259 difficulty in defining 11, 119, 196 Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales) 130, 131 English views of Irish military 102–3 glóir 51 family honour 19, 141, 248, 253, 255, 260, 266 in Flight of the Earls 129 women’s role in maintaining 266 in the poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn 77 gendered notions of 266 glory 11 horizontal 10, 15, 27, 274 military 5 in England 4–7, 12 ‘Graces’ 240–1 in Ireland 7–8, 11 Greene, David 68 in wartime 100–2 Greville, Fulke 143–4 monarch as fount of 13, 54, 65, 111, 242, 243–5 Grey, Lord Leonard 2 monarchical 3–4, 9, 18, 205, 265 monarchical vs. noble/aristocratic 93, 100–1, Hadsor, Richard 34, 190, 192 112–16 Haigh, Christopher 6 monarchs honour-bound to Irish 22 Hayes-McCoy, G. A. 106 need for lexical study of terms for 51 Henrietta Maria, Queen of England not restricted by national boundaries 11–13, 18, role in dispute between Wentworth and Adam 273, 275 Loftus 262 of Crown officials 204–5, 229 Henry II, King of England 28 of English Crown 18 Henry VIII, King of England 1, 15, 19, 268, 270 of Gaelic lords on continent 127–8 as honour-obsessed 29 of Irish chief governors 205–7, 221 as rí 58 of Spanish 143 concerns for honour relating to surrender and patriarchal 246 regrant 28–32 sartorial markers of 148, 151

298 Index

honour (cont.) Lebor gabala 83 Scottish notions of 209 Lee, Thomas 97, 108 vertical 10, 15, 27, 224, 234, 265, 271, 274 Leerssen, Joep 7, 9, 49, 50, 51, 108 vs. virtue 205 lineage (see also blood ) vs. wealth 80 as basis of status 158 honours (titles), inﬂation of 194–5, 206, London 120, 261, 264, 269, 272 207, 212 Loftus hospitality 7–8 Adam, Viscount Ely 4, 231, 234, 235, 269 Hunter, R. J. 120 biographical details 247 Hutton, Richard 261 clash with Lord Deputy Wentworth 223, 245–65, 266–7 inauguration of kings 59 clash with son Robert 252–60 rituals of Gaelic lords 44–5 controversy surrounding marriage of son Indians, New World 167 Robert to Eleanor Rush 248–50 inheritance, politics of 246 historiography of 245 intermarriage imprisonment of 261 Gaelic and English 33 Anne (Lady Moore, daughter of Lord Gaelic and Old English 27 Chancellor) 246, 253, 254, 256, 259, 262 Ireland Dudley 247–8 as colony 15, 16, 22, 27, 222, 224, 236, 266, 267, scandal case concerning 204–5 273–4, 276 Edward (younger son of Lord Chancellor) 246, as lordship 2–3, 28 248, 253, 256, 258, 259, 260 comparison with Wales and north of Eleanor (née Rush, wife of Robert) 246, 248, England 28 249, 250, 251 kingdom, making of 2–3, 13, 15 Nan (daughter of Robert and Eleanor) 253 national consciousness in 7 Robert (eldest son of Lord Chancellor) 246, Israelites 85–6 248, 249, 250, 251 clash with father 252–60 James, Mervyn 4–6, 14, 190, 191 Sarah, wife of Adam 257 James I, King of England 154, 173, 197, 202, 208, Lords, English House of 215 224, 228 Lords, Irish House of 211 anti-duelling campaign 203, 228 ‘lords of the Pale’ arbitrates precedence disputes 203, 207, 210, petition of to James I 197 216, 219 lordship 1 Scottish courtiers of 233 as political unit in Gaelic Ireland 22 Jephsons 251 Gaelic notions of 84–7, 132, 172 John, Sir 251, 253, 255 in Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill 138, Mary (see also Rush family) 142–3 Jigginstown 232–3 Lorraine, Duke of 126 Lynch, Henry 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192–3 Kearney, Hugh 246 Kerney Walsh, Micheline 124 Mac an Bhaird Kildare, Earls of Eoghan Ruadh 117–18, 123–4, 133, 135 rebellion of 2, 34 ‘Sorrows of Éire’ (poem) 126 kingship (see also lordship) Ferghal 69 Gaelic distinctions between local and crowned ‘Three crowns in James’ charter’ (poem) 132, kings 25 172, 173 highkingship in Ireland 22 Laoiseach Kinsale, Battle of 95, 141–2 A fhir a ghlacas Galldacht 41 mac an iarla dispute (Clanricard Burkes) 182 Lake, Peter 6 Mac Bruaideadha, Domhnaill Laud, Archbishop William 245, 261, 263 and poem at installation of 3rd Earl of law Thomond 44–5 English disrespect for 63–4 McCavitt, John 159 Gaelic critiques of English law 152, 155 Mac Craith, Mícheál 143

Index 299

MacDiarmada nobility Aedh 56 and state formation 276–7 Ruadhri 54 ‘British’ 231 MacDonnell, Randal, Viscount Dunluce 172, 173 Catholic barred from office 206 Mac Gearailt, Muiris mac Dáibhí Dubh 147, 155, designation of 24 172, 271 European 21, 273, 275–6 (see also ‘Mór idir na haimsearaibh’) expectations of political role of 205–7 Mac Giolla Phádraig (MacGillapatrick) Gaelic 19 Brian, first baron of Upper Ossory 31, 42 living as 246, 259 Brian (poet) 148 of England 208–19 McManus, Damian 142 concerns of Scottish competition post-1603 Madrid 120 209–10 Maguires 22 of Europe 11 as case study of surrender and regrant 37 precedence norms 218 Cú Connacht Maguire 37 of Ireland 18, 208–19 honour of 72–4 and state formation 276–7 poems to chief of 17, 67–75 precedence of 210, 232 Seaán Maguire 37 right to seating in English maithibh 128–9, 133 Parliament 211 Malby, Sir Nicholas 42, 57 of Scotland 18, 208–19 Maley, Willy 43 precedence of 209 ‘mandates’ 196 service 5, 10, 167 marriage, politics of 246 warrior 5, 6 Mary I, Queen of England noble titles 260 as cing 58 personal wealth needed to support 30 Mayes, Charles 194 North, Sir John 184 Mears, Natalie 97 Northampton, Earl of 233 modernity 5, 7, 144, 145, 274 modern code of honour 190, 191, 273 O’Briens 30, 148, 157 Molyneux, Daniel, Ulster King of Arms 164–5, as case study of surrender and regrant 38 166, 168 Connor, 3rd Earl of Thomond 38, 44–5, 272 attacked over precedence dispute 202–3 Domhnall 45 Monasterevan (Loftus estate) 249, 251, 258, 259, 260 Donough, 2nd Earl of Thomond 38, 45 Montagu, Sir Edward 212, 213 Donough, 4th Earl of Thomond 18, 38, 94, 120, ‘Mór idir na haimsearaibh’ (poem) 147, 121, 146, 147, 158–80 149–52, 155 anglicized character of 118, 159 critique of professional classes 152 attitude toward House of Commons 160 Morgan, Hiram 9, 93, 97 Lord President of Munster 169, 171 Moryson, Fynes 130, 131 patronage of bards 172 Mountnorris (see Annesley, Sir Francis) pedigrees of 161–79 Henry, 5th Earl of Thomond 147 naisiún (nation) 133, 201 Murrough, 1st Earl of Thomond 38, 45 as ‘dynastic’ 145 Ó Buachalla, Breandán 48–9, 50 national consciousness 133, 268, 277 O’Byrne, Phelim McFeaghe 113 and ethnicity 173–9 Ó Cianáin, Tadhg 122, 272 (see also faith and fatherland) historians’ inattention to 124 New English 19, 134, 170, 265, 269, 273, 275 political theory of 132–3 conflict with Old English 196 Ó Cléirigh, Lughaidh 122, 135–45 kinship networks of 274 Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál 277 Nichols, John (historian) 209 O’Connor Don 55 Nine Years’ War (1594–1603) 17, 154, 182, 267, 271 O’Connor Sligo 54, 59, 61–2, 75 as religious conflict 120 tensions with Red Hugh O’Donnell 108–9, 138 (see also faith and fatherland) O’Donnell family 1, 117 historiography of 95 and surrender and regrant 42 Noah 85–6 Manus O’Donnell 25–6, 56

300 Index

O’Donnell family (cont.) Pale, the English 26 Niall Garv O’Donnell 134 Palmer, William 9–10 Red Hugh O’Donnell 94, 95, 105–6, 110, 120, 142 Parliament of England 269 in Flight of the Earls 1621 210–12 views of honour 107–9, 111 1628–9 212–19 Rory O’Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell 117–18, and Scottish nobility 208–9 119, 134–5, 162, 206 Gaelic lords attending 30 Ó Fearghail, Feargus 131 Parliament of Ireland Ó Fiaich, Tomás 124, 135 1585–6 203 Ó Gnímh, Fear Flatha 123–4, 133, 135 1613–15 195–207, 210, 214, 219, 248 ‘After the Flight of the Earls’ (poem) 126, 172 honour issues debated 198–9 pedigree of Randal MacDonnell 172, 173 ‘packing’ of 196–7 Ó hUiginn, Tadhg Dall 17, 46, 50 penal legislation of 196–7 poems of 75–91 1634 240 O’Kelly, Ferdorogh 188 pedigrees Old English 214, 238, 240, 265, 269, 271, 272 as signs of status 156–7, 158 concerns for privilege 197–8 English passion for 166 conflicts with New English 196 fraudulent uses of 166 critiques of Lord Deputy Wentworth 239–43 peerage (see also English–Irish) English 12, 21, 267 O’Mores 40 Irish 12, 206, 247 Rory 268, 269 creation of and effects on England 34–5, O’Neill family 1, 24 208–20 Aedh Buidhe 53 precedence of 210, 212–20 as case study of surrender and regrant 36–7 Scottish Conn Bacach, 1st Earl of Tyrone 31, 36 precedence of 210, 212–20 Hugh, 2nd Earl of Tyrone 33, 37, 60, 94, 95, 117, right to seats in English Parliament 211–12 141–2, 196, 271, 272 Peltonen, Markku 8–9 connections to 1st Earl of Essex 33 Perrot, Sir John 92–3 in Flight of the Earls 131, 134–5 ‘personal rule’ (of Charles I) 222 sense of self as European nobleman 112–14 Philip III of Spain 95, 120, 138 views on honour 109–12 Pilgrimage of Grace 33 Matthew (Baron of Dungannon) 36–7 plantation pedigree of 164, 171–2 Gaelic proprietors in 40 Phelim 268, 269 Leix-Offaly 40–1 Shane 36, 37, 38 Munster 41 Toirdhealbhach Luineach 37 relationship to surrender and regrant 40–1 onóir 51 Pollock, Linda 6 changing definitions of 130 Pope, Paul V 127 in Annals of Loch Cé 54 Portadown (massacre of) 269 in Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill 136 Portumna Castle, Galway 183, 186–7 in Flight of the Earls 129–30, 134 (see also Wentworth) in Maguire poembook 69–70 Poynings’ Law 217 in poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn 76 precedence O’Reilly, Hugh 277 and law 217–18 O Riordain, Michelle 48, 50 granted Gaelic lords on continent 127 Ormond, Earls of 40, 54 royal prerogative to determine 216–17, 218–19 and earldom of Wiltshire 35 (see also Wentworth) (see also Butler) precedence disputes 18, 190, 192–3, 194–220 Osborough, W. N. 247 barons of Delvin and Killeen 200 O’Sullivan, Catherine 7 barons of Lixnaw and Delvin 201, 203 O’Sullivan Beare, Philip 95–6, 120 barons of Trimblestown and Dunsany 201 Clanricard vs. Thomond 190–1, 192–3 Pairlement Chloinne Tomáis (The Parliament of during 1613–15 Irish Parliament 199–203, 231, 232 Clan Thomas) 134, 148, 152–7, 165 involving Sir William Stewart 202–3

Index 301

of English commissioners in Ireland 201–2 Scythians 167, 168 Viscounts Gormanston and Buttevant 200–1 Shagan, Ethan 6 primogeniture 23, 35–6, 58, 274 Sherlock, Paul (defendant in scandal case) 204–5 politics of 246 Shirley family, genealogical research of 169–70 prinnsa 58, 128 Shirley, James 232, 233 public sphere 263 Shrewsbury, Earls of and earldom of Waterford 35 Questier, Michael 6 Sidney, Sir Henry, Lord Deputy of Ireland 37, 182 Sidney, Sir Philip 183 race (see also Beatha) as explanation for English–Irish conflict 39 Simms, Katherine 7, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 89, 91, 133 English views of Irish 167, 168 From kings to warlords 57 reform Smerwick, massacre of (1580) 104 Tudor efforts in Ireland 21 Smuts, Malcolm 10 Renaissance social hierarchy 272 influences in Ireland 24–6 English views of that amongst Irish 106 rí 25 fears of inversion of 17, 18, 147–80, 271–2 applied to non-Irish 58, 118, 128 in Flight of the Earls 128–9, 133 ard-rí 22, 59 Southampton, Earl of 100 dropped as referent to Gaelic Irish 128, 129 Spain 236 in Annals of Loch Cé 57–8 Spenser, Edmund 95, 167, 168, 173 in Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Ui Dhomhnaill 136 A view of the present state of Ireland 167 in poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn 77–8 Spinola, Marquis 127 vs. ‘crowned kings’ 59 Star Chamber, Court of 144, 229 vs. tiarna 49 case against Sir David Foulis 229, 231, 234 Richard II, King of England 28, 31, 232, 233 case of Henry Cary, Viscount Falkland 221 Rinuccini, Cardinal and Papal nuncio 270 state formation ríocht 59 British and continental examples compared 275–7 Rome 25–6, 69, 73, 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 135, Statutes of Kilkenny 26, 41 151, 272 Stone, Lawrence 166, 194 Henry VIII’s break with 6 The crisis of the aristocracy 181 Rush family 249, 250, 258 Summerhill Manor, Maidstone, Kent 183 Anne (sister of Eleanor) 250, 251, 252, 253–4 (see also ‘Cnoc Samhradh’) Eleanor (see Loftus) surrender and regrant 17, 21, 56, 117, 120, 190–1, Francis, Sir 248–9, 253, 255, 262 269, 272, 276 marriage difficulties of 250 and culture of honour 28, 30–1 Mary 249, 255, 257 and elite formation 27–8 negotiates daughter Anne’s match to George and redefinition of Irish violence 33 Wentworth 250–3 compatibility with Gaelic social order 32–3 negotiates daughter Eleanor’s troubles with destabilizing effects in Ireland 36–7 Adam Loftus 253 effects on Gaelic succession 35–6 Russell, Sir William, Lord Deputy of Ireland 98, 102 end as policy 39–40 reasons for success of 32–3 St Anthony’s College (Louvain) 125, 127, 131 state’s role in failures 38–9 St John, Sir Oliver 188, 190, 191, 204 successes of 31–2 St Leger, Sir Anthony 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 230, viability over course of the sixteenth century 269, 270 39–42 role in creation of the Kingdom of Ireland 2–4, 27 Surrey, Earl of 1 views of Gaelic Irish 27 Sussex, Earl of 38, 44 St Patrick 153, 154 Swiss 132–3, 272 Sanquire, Earl of 209 saor 137 ‘Thorough’ (description of governance of Sir Savage, Sir Arthur 221 Thomas Wentworth) 223, 245–7, 265 Savile, Sir Thomas 225 tiarna 133 Saxey, William, Chief Justice of Munster 113 applied to Gael and Gall 57

302 Index

tiarnas 59 arbitrates dispute between Adam and Robert Tichborne, Sir Henry 253 Loftus 252–60 titles, heraldic as member of ‘service nobility’ 237, 238, 239 in Annals of the Four Masters 128 ‘change of sides’ of 227 in Flight of the Earls 128, 133 conduct at Portumna Castle 238, 239, in Gaelic writings 59–60 241–2, 243 titles, of office conflict with Adam Loftus, Lord Chancellor as requisite for status 160 of Ireland 245–65, 266–7 in Gaelic writings 60 conflict with Earl of Clanricard 190, 192, (see also Wentworth) 224, 235–45, 266, 267 treachery conflict with Henry Bellasis 227–8, 266 as theme in Gaelic writings 62–4, 65, 82 conflict with Sir David Foulis 228–30, 231, Treadwell, Victor 194, 198 241, 266 Trinity College Dublin 253 conflict with William Ellis 227, 266 defender of Church 230 uasal 51, 277 defender of King’s honour 234, 258 as used in Annals of Loch Cé 54–5 dislike of lawyers 228 as used in Flight of the Earls 133, 134 educates Irish peers in points of honour 234, Ulster, earldom of 31 264, 266 Ulster King of Arms 166 ennoblement of 226 (see also Molyneux, Daniel) family honour of 225–6, 235, 252 Ulster plantation 253, 257, 268 gentry origins of 234 Ulster Rising of 1641 238, 268, 269, 270, 273 governing style and honour 234–5, 267 historiographical views of conflicts with Irish Vaughan, Sir John 211 elites 223–4 Vessy, William 227 honour of office 225, 226–9, 235 Villiers, Sir George, 1st Duke of Buckingham 184, impeachment and attainder of 246, 269 185, 212, 219, 221, 227 Lord Deputyship of Ireland and honour role in creating Irish peers 194 230–1, 266 violence Lord President of the Council of the North English towards Irish 20 223, 226, 241, 266 legitimate vs. illegitimate 83–4 martial honour of 230 virtue 5, 10 negotiates marriage for brother, George 250–4 Walsh, Rev. Paul 125, 131, 135 notions of honour 223–4 Walsingham, Frances 183 on ‘female friendship’ 234 Walsingham, Sir Francis 183 patriarchal notions of honour of 256, War of the Three Kingdoms 4, 238 258–9, 262 Ware, Sir James 167–8 personal honour of 252, 257 Warren, William 112 plantation of Connacht 235, 241, 244, 267 Wars of the Roses 6 public comportment of 231–4 Wedgwood, C. V. 246 ‘reformation of manners’ as policy 223, Wentworth 234–5, 265 George relationship with Charles I of England 224 marriage negotiations of 250–4 sartorial concerns of 233 Thomas 3, 18–19, 222 social ambitions of 223, 224–7 accused of role in death of Earl of Clanricard views on female agency 259 242, 243–5 William, father of Sir Thomas 225, 228 and crown finances 230 William, son of Sir Thomas 242, 243 and personal combat 228 Williams, N. J. A. 152, 153 and precedence 232 Wintour, Sir John 262 and public architecture 232–3 Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas 29