TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 Directing the Exercise The Joint Force Training Centre in Brilliant Joust 2018 tailoring and execution

8 NATO Advisory Liaison Team (NALT) Advisor training in Kosovo

11 Augmenting CWIX JFTC contributes to the success of the NATO’s biggest annual interoperability event

14 A Week in the Life of a JFTC Mentor in Georgia

16 Switch to the future A trial structure for JFTC

18 Internship at JFTC Review

20 NATO Capital of Poland Celebrates 2nd NATO Day

22 The Information Process Towards a holistic approach

28 Poland in NATO Security Policy

32 In Retrospect Life at JFTC

2 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 „Transformation Through Training“

The aim of this magazine is to provide a forum for Publishing Institution: exchange of information and expertise among training Joint Force Training Centre Bydgoszcz (JFTC) and educational institutions across NATO in the area of training, military professional education, and Managing director: related technological support. In the context of The Brigadier General Ladislav JUNG, NATO “Smart Defense” approach, there is growing JFTC Deputy Commander / Chief of Staff importance for cooperation with partner states and international organizations, such as the United Nations, Editor-in-Chief: the European Union, the Organization for Security LTC Jodie KUNKEL, JFTC Director of Management and Cooperation in Europe and others. With the above in mind, the JFTC invites authors from countries and Publishing Editor: institutions beyond the NATO environment, to publish Ms. Radosława KUBICZEK, JFTC Public Affairs Specialist in the Transformation Through Training magazine. The magazine will focus on the best practices in the Editorial Board: areas of command and staff training, professional Mrs. Kamila SIERZPUTOWSKA, PhD, Kazimierz Wielki military education, simulations and simulation University, Poland technologies, distributed training, military training development as well as other related areas. The JFTC Advisory Support: also welcomes recommendations for the application Mr. Tomasz OCIŃSKI, JFTC Language Specialist of the most recent experience and lessons learned from ongoing operations, training events and recent Editorial Contact Information: innovations in the field of simulations and information Public Affairs Office technologies. The magazine will also briefly cover Joint Force Training Centre the life of the international community at the JFTC ul. Szubińska 2 with the aim of promoting the centre within NATO Bydgoszcz, 85-915, Poland. and among the partner nations. The magazine will be E-mail: pao@jftc.nato.int published twice a year, during the spring and fall, by the NATO Joint Force Training Centre in Bydgoszcz. © JFTC 2018 ISSN: 2084-8358

The articles published in this magazine

represent opinions of their authors and do Scan the QR code with your not necessarily reflect the official policy of mobile device. This will take you NATO. to the archive of Transformation Through Training magazine.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 3 Directing the Exercise

The Joint Force Training Centre in Brilliant Joust 2018 Tailoring and Execution

■ LTC Piotr Kozłowski, JFTC Training Division, Officer of Primary Responsibility for Exercise Brilliant Joust 2018 Radosława Kubiczek, JFTC Public Affairs Office

It was the second time the Allied on a fictitious, non-Article 5 crisis response Force Air Command, Spanish Joint Special Joint Force Command Brunssum (JFCBS) operation scenario. Brilliant Joust 2018 Operations Command and Joint Logistic exercised in Bydgoszcz, Poland, as the was executed between 7 and 22 March Support Group – the exercise was extremely NATO Response Force (NRF) lead 2018 with JFTC as the Officer Directing demanding with regard to both the training headquarters. Building on firm foundations, Exercise (ODE). part and real life arrangements. To meet laid down during previous events devoted With more than 600 participants in all the exercise objectives and to fulfill the to NATO Command Structure and NATO place – including JFCBS personnel as well ODE responsibilities, the preparation phase Force Structure, the Joint Force Training as members of four NRF 2018 component had to be initiated far in advance. The JFTC Centre (JFTC) directed yet another commands: NATO Rapid Deployable Corps- team commenced their efforts already in complex computer assisted exercise based Italy, French Maritime Force, German Joint the first quarter of 2017.

4 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 “Brilliant Joust 2018 is one of the major events for JFC Brunssum this year because it enables our joint interaction with NRF components. As emphasized by SACEUR – our readiness is one of our first priorities, and this exercise will allow us to understand how we can better support each other in the best manner to be ready to execute NRF tasks when the need arises” General Marchiò, the JFCBS Commander

Preparations for the exercise specification conference, conducted in March 2017, launched 12 months of intensive work for JFTC. The centre formed a robust team dedicated to the exercise. Altogether 50% of JFTC staff, close to 70 soldiers and civilians, were involved in various phases of the event. Numerous coordination meetings, conferences and workshops held in many locations in Europe, 60 travel days and thousands of working hours – all these created a solid basis for successful execution of the exercise. As soon as basic presumptions and the level of ambition for the exercise were agreed upon between the main stakeholders – JFCBS (Officer Scheduling Exercise and Officer Conducting Exercise) and JFTC (ODE) in coordination with NRF 2018 component commands - exercise objectives as well as budget, timeline and manning could be discussed. The final exercise design included JFCBS as the primary training audience, represented by Joint Task Force Headquarters deployed to Bydgoszcz and “reach back” team in Brunssum,

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 5 “The capability we have to increase our interaction within the joint environment is of paramount importance, continuity is the key and our values allow us to be Stronger Together” General Marchiò, the JFCBS Commander

component commands deployed to JFTC since 2016 for NATO Command JFTC used a fictitious scenario which Bydgoszcz in a form of enhanced response Structure and NATO Force Structure. allowed for execution of a non-Article 5 cells and more than 20 other headquarters, Such events are extremely challenging, crisis response operation. units and organisations. They all provided in both preparation and execution phases, The scenario, however, is just a their personnel to support JFCBS and due to the unique character of various basis which needs to be complemented JFTC in bringing the exercise to a highest headquarters and, which is even more by lists of events and incidents that will possible level. important, diversity of training objectives. be a part of the exercise play (main event Exercise Brilliant Joust 2018 was This time, to meet the Allied Joint Force list and main incident list - MEL/MIL). the third “Joust” exercise conducted at Command Brunssum’s requirements, Only with properly implemented events

6 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 “Brilliant Joust 2018 was a very special, very unique exercise. It promoted free thinking” and incidents, does the scenario become a Major General Wilhelm Grün, the JFTC Commander complete tool that enables proper meeting of the training objectives. Creation of the MEL/MIL is always one of the most Exercise Brilliant Joust 18 was trainees with assistance and expertise important ODE’s responsibilities. Starting divided into two phases. It began on throughout the whole execution. Already in November 2017, the scripting team, led 7 March with five days of preparatory on the first day of the exercise General by JFTC, met several times. Their task period for trainers and experts (Exercise Grün encouraged the participants to take was completed in February 2018. They Control), and then continued with the full advantage of the exercise, as it was developed storylines and main injects, execution held between 12 and 22 March. a chance to gain knowledge and better ensuring an adequate coverage of the The JFTC team, led by Major General overview of the operational side. He training objectives and also a realistic Wilhelm Grün, the centre’s Commander also underlined that as a non-certification flow of events during the execution. and Exercise Director, provided the exercise, Brilliant Joust 18 gave more flexibility in practicing interaction between the NRF lead headquarters and component commands. This “special” Brilliant Joust 2018 in a Nutshell environment created at JFTC enabled free operational level thinking, testing new solutions in the Joint Task Force Headquarters structure and procedures, When and more interaction with political, diplomatic as well as other non-military • 7-22 March 2018 players, such as international organisations and non-governmental organisations. Yet, Where it has not lost anything from its truly joint character. • Joint Force Training Centre, Bydgoszcz, Poland Conducting such a complex (+ reach back in Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum) exercise would not be possible without a proper infrastructure. Thanks to the newly Who built training area, equipped with all • OSE and OCE: Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum, installations and security systems required • ODE: Joint Force Training Centre, for execution of this type of exercise, the training audience could train in a very • Training Audience: Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum realistic and comfortable environment. (primary); four NATO Response Force 2018 (NRF 18) With its state-of-the-art facility and component commands (NATO Rapid Deployable Corps-Italy, capabilities developed throughout the French Maritime Force, German Joint Force Air Command, years, the Joint Force Training Centre Spanish Joint Special Operations Command); Joint Logistic ensured high-level conditions for the Support Group training audience which contributed significantly to smooth and professional What execution of the exercise. During the closing ceremony, • Computer assisted exercise that utilized a fictitious scenario General Riccardo Marchiò, JFCBS settled in a non-article 5 crisis response operation framework Commander, thanked General Grün and Why his staff for their support to the exercise as “one of the drivers of success”. • To exercise Joint Force Command Brunssum interaction Exercise Brilliant Joust 2018 was a with all components of NRF 18 successful test of proficiency for JFCBS and also for JFTC, which yet again Numbers confirmed its position of a key venue and a perfect partner for NATO exercises and • 600 participants in Bydgoszcz training, as well as its important role in • Approximately 100 reach back personnel in Brunssum shaping NATO’s future. ■

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 7 NALT NATO Advisory Liaison Team Advisor Training in Kosovo

■ MAJ Randle Moon, Canadian Army, JFTC Training Division

“Win and keep the confidence of your leader. Strengthen his prestige at your expense before others when you can. Never refuse or quash schemes he may put forward; but ensure they are put forward in the first instance, privately, to you. Always approve them, and after praise modify them sensibly, causing the suggestions to come from him, until they are in accord with your own opinion. When you attain this point, hold him to it, keep a tight grip of his ideas, and push them forward as firmly as possible, but secretly, so no one but [him] (and he not too clearly) is aware of your pressure.” T.E. Lawrence, August 1917

An advisor is a person who gives advisor. It goes without saying that an Based on its experience in Security an opinion or suggestion to an equally advisor must be a subject matter expert Force Assistance (SFA) and preparing experienced person about what or how in the area in which he intends to offer advisors for deployment to the NATO something could be done but does not make advice. But more importantly, the advisor RESOLUTE SUPPORT (RS) mission in decisions about how the events or activities must take the time to establish rapport and Afghanistan, Joint Force Training Centre are executed. The quote by Lawrence build an effective relationship based on (JFTC) was requested to prepare and of Arabia made over 100 years ago still mutual respect and trust with his advisee deliver training for advisors working in rings true in today’s advising environment. (including those in his inner circle) before the NATO Kosovo mission. Before Advising is a very much a “soft skill” and any offered expertise will be accepted by providing an overview and discussion not everyone is suited to be an effective the counterpart. of how the Kosovo training was planned

8 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 and conducted, it is prudent to provide some background on the mission itself. NATO has been leading a peace organization and was formed by combining support operation in Kosovo (KFOR) since and streamlining the functions of the June 1999 in support of wider international NATO Advisory Team (NAT) which had On 19 January 2009, the KSF was efforts to build peace and stability in the provided advice at the Ministerial level established and reached Full Operational area. KFOR supports the development and the NATO Liaison and Advisory Team Capability on 9 July 2013. Concurrently, of professional, democratic and multi- (NLAT) which focused its advisory efforts the NAT and Military Civilian Advisory ethnic security structures in Kosovo. This at the KSF brigade level and above. The Division (MCAD) were formed to assist includes NATO’s support for the ongoing mission of the NALT is to enable NATO to with the KSF build-up. The MKSF/KSF is a development of the Kosovo Security Force support further development of the Security relatively small force, comprising 2,500 full- (KSF) and the Ministry of KSF (MKSF) Institutions in Kosovo providing advice time personnel and 800 reservists. Given the through the provision of advice, training and and support focused on capacity building, political situation in the region, the MKSF/ capacity-building at brigade level and above. education and training coordination. KSF was not formed as a military force The Kosovo NATO Advisory Liaison An interesting point to note at this but rather a lightly armed formation whose Team (NALT) was established in August juncture is that Commander (COM) KFOR main tasks are to provide assistance to civil 2016. Commanded by a German Brigadier does not command the NALT. The NALT authorities in areas such as responding to General, the NALT is composed of 41 receives direction and guidance from the natural disasters and emergencies, conducting personnel (21 Advisors and 20 Command NATO International Staff – Operations explosive ordinance disposal and other and Support Staff). Functionally, the (IS Ops), while COM KFOR reports to crisis response operations. It is no secret advisors are grouped into three sections: Joint Force Command – Naples. Despite that the KSF harbours future aspirations to Strategy and Plans, Operations, and Support. the two distinct lines of command, these transform itself into a Kosovo Army and this NALT advisors are expected to provide organizations do continuously liaise to ensure particular point is one in which the NALT advice at the strategic, operational and that advice provided by “NATO” is consistent Advisor must delicately negotiate during tactical levels. NALT is a relatively new in its message to the MKSF and KSF. interactions with his Kosovar counterpart.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 9 / Use of Interpreter, as well as a round table discussion with the numerous international before the first serial was to be executed. organizations and bi-lateral partnerships There were a number of key considerations/ working in the region. A field trip was also JFTC conducted two NALT advisor factors that focused our planning efforts. conducted to MKSF HQ where senior KSF training sessions in 2017: 28-31 March; and 3-6 First, it was decided that the training officers (who had worked with many advisors) October. JFTC Commander was assigned the had to occur at NALT HQ in Pristina, Kosovo, provided forthright perspectives and stated responsibility of Officer Directing the Exercise forcing the formation of a JFTC mobile training their expectations for how the advisor-advisee (ODE). According to the NATO training team. This decision added an administrative partnership should work. The final two days doctrine, the ODE is the organization which has and logistical burden for the JFTC trainers of training was composed of practical training the task of actually planning and executing the but it allowed us to deliver training “on the where each person conducted a roleplay with training. As oversight, the roles of the Officer ground” which proved to be an excellent a simulated Kosovar counterpart, working Scheduling the Exercise (OSE) and Officer choice. JFTC provided four personnel for the through an interpreter, to discuss complex Conducting the Exercise (OCE) were assigned first serial and three for the second iteration. and often contentious issues. Those trainees to IS-Ops and COM NALT, respectively. Second, the training would be aimed not in the roleplay “hot seat” were observers The aim of the training events was at advisors who had less than two months and offered constructive comments during the to prepare advisors deployed to support in theatre. For each of our serials we had debrief phase. The trainees were also exposed the NATO mission in Kosovo for their nine NALT trainees (over 1/3 of all NALT to basic language training classes (Albanian roles of advising and assisting KSF and the advisors), with time in theatre ranging from and Serbian) as well as advanced influence MKSF. Depending on their nation of origin, 2 days to two months. On average, three of and negotiation techniques. The culminating advisors assigned to NALT receive little to the nine advisor trainees were civilians and event for the training was the Advisor Forum no advisor-specific training from their home had the added challenge of assimilating to where more experienced NALT advisors, nations prior to their deployment. This a predominantly military culture within the acting as a panel of experts, provided their is in stark contrast to personnel deploying NALT. None of the advisors used English perspectives and insights on advising. to the RS mission who receive a 10-day as their first language and this fact added In summary, the training goal was focused training package at JFTC prior to to the training challenge of ensuring trainees to provide the new NALT advisor with a their arrival in theatre. Due to the personnel actually understood the material that was good understanding of the mission and to rotation scheme within NALT, advisors do being presented. Given this diverse training enhance those “soft skills” and qualities that are not arrive enmasse in formed contingents. audience, the task was to create a balanced important for effective advisors to possess when Rather, a new advisor arrives every 2-3 weeks, training program that did not overwhelm they interact with their advisee counterparts. has a short handover with his predecessor brand new people nor bore those advisors The After-Action-Review comments provided and then starts his job. While continuity that likely considered themselves experts after by the training audience indicated that the within the mission is not compromised due advising their counterparts for two months. training they received was valuable and to mass arrivals and departures, bringing a The challenge all new NALT advisors pertinent. In particular, those advisors with single advisor up-to-speed on the mission face is to quickly assimilate and understand two months’ experience under their belts specifics every few weeks poses a significant the multitude of MKSF/KSF policies wished they had access to the training sooner challenge to operations and the NALT and procedures as well as learning the art in their tour. An unintended side benefit to the leadership. The average tour length for a of advising in a foreign culture. The four- training event was a marked improvement in NALT advisor is six months, with some select day training package delivered by JFTC and team cohesion and morale within the NALT senior advisor positions on tour for one year. NALT subject matter experts consisted of two itself and also with its contracted interpreter Planning for the training was truly days of academic training focusing on the section who got to show that they were a joint venture between JFTC and NALT history and culture of Kosovo and its security valuable resources with a vast knowledge staffs and began approximately six months institutions, SFA principles, Role of the Advisor of the local culture and its peculiarities. ■

10 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 AUGMENTING JFTC Contributes to the Success of the NATO’s Biggest Annual CWIX Interoperability Event

■ CDR Hubert Winiczenko, JFTC Information & Knowledge Management Branch Head

Introduction representatives from 32 NATO and partner between 277 deployable capabilities. nations in Bydgoszcz, Poland, to test, During CWIX 2018, JFTC was not It has been the eighth consecutive identify and fix challenges in 16 different only the host – it also actively participated in year when the Joint Force Training Centre functional focus areas - all with a common testing. “We lead the Operational Command hosted the Coalition Warrior Interoperability goal to improve the interoperability of focus area and Joint Vignette Working Group Exercise (CWIX) - the NATO’s premier people, processes and technology between to provide the Operational flavour to the interoperability event designed to the Alliance and its partners. More than exercise and coordinate activities across the continuously improve the ability of NATO 1250 scientists, engineers, operators and Land, Air and Maritime domains. We also Allies and partners to work together in managers from 29 nations have conducted co-lead the Modelling and Simulation Focus future operations. This year’s event gathered over 4000 tests to improve interoperability area together with the NATO Modelling and

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 11 Allied Command Transformation. That is why CWIX and the NATO Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) CWIX Trial UNIFIED VISION are linked as both events strive to connect NATO and national capabilities to be far more collaborative, VIP Day dynamic and relevant in future operations. “The next step is to share information between NATO and On 26 June 2018, representatives national assets in a persistent manner from the NATO Alliance, its partner rather than providing information nations as well as Science & Technology intermittently.” Nielson highlighted. organizations and Industry participated LGEN Andrzej Fałkowski, in the Coalition Warrior Interoperability representing the General Staff of the Polish Exercise’s (CWIX) VIP Day. They Armed Forces, highlighted that Poland witnessed how CWIX helps interoperability was very proud of being the host nation between NATO Allies and partners. For for this NATO premier interoperability

the Alliance, information management and event. He added: “The presence of allied sharing in real-time among coalition partners forces in Poland has increased during is of utmost importance to be efficient the last couple of years – especially and effective in all military operations. after the NATO Warsaw Summit. This “Collecting information is not good is a good example why Allies need to enough. Information needs to be understood remain interoperable that also shows how and effectively shared with decision makers important smooth communication between to speed up decision making.” said Admiral our systems is. There is no effective Manfred Nielson, Deputy Supreme Allied cooperation without interoperability. Commander Transformation at NATO This is the key to our common security.”

12 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 inspired many CWIX participants to find creative solutions to interoperability issues. It will be up to the nations to increase effectiveness of their national capabilities so that commanders of operations will be able to effectively perform end-to-end processes, manage and share information in a coalition environment. Operational experience and Coalition Warrior Interoperability Exercise at Joint Force Training Center in Bydgoszcz has demonstrated that the Federated Mission Network (FMN) is the best means to create common, mission-wide data and information sharing environment and is a key enabler to connect forces to help NATO and Partners to create and evolve interoperable capabilities as well as improve operational readiness and effectiveness. Simulation Centre of Excellence.” – said Operational Picture (NCOP) system. Besides enhancing current Brigadier General Ladislav Jung, the JFTC Using Joint Common Operational operational effectiveness of NATO, CWIX Deputy Commander addressing the guests Picture is useful for commanders to make strives to improve future operational who explored the event during the VIP Day. critical decisions based on enhanced effectiveness through focused testing of Situational Awareness therefore during technical capabilities, interoperability CWIX18 JCOP was also enriched by standards and optimized processes to JFTC at CWIX 2018 leveraging available data from different reduce the time required to establish sources including data feeds coming seamless secure information exchange In 2018 JFTC took lead of Joint from the Joint Intelligence, Surveillance in support of future mission C2. Vignettes Coordination Working Group and Reconnaissance (JISR) trial Unified Federation comprised of the NATO (JVCWG) and the Operational Command Vision 18 via establishing Information Alliance, NATO Nations and several Non- Focus Area (OP CMD FA) both during Exchange Gateway (IEG) link. NATO Nations and Organizations with preparation and execution of Coalition Warrior Participation of many national ability to share the resources improves Interoperability Exercise (CWIX) 2018. systems within operational C2 architecture also the likelihood of achieving economies Within the controlled fictitious contributed to the improvement of of scale and optimal readiness for any joint scenario, based on the NATO interoperability of the tested systems future Joint, Multinational, Coalition Skolkan scenario geography, preparation during CWIX 18 and the great team spirit missions now and into the future. CWIX of the so called Joint Vignettes provided within Operational Command Focus Area “family” grows year by year and JFTC the operational background and drive and cooperation with other 15 CWIX FAs team will be part of it next year, too. ■ for the interoperability testing activities. The scenario established a flow of communication and operational data between the OP CMD FA, acting as the deployed Joint HQ and other Focus Areas playing as Components Commands. One of the main objectives were to deliver the Joint Common Operational Picture (JCOP) merging the single services Recognized Pictures (RPs) and then to share the JCOP between peer Joint/Operational level systems within consolidated multinational Command and Control (C2) structure. Ground Picture, Maritime Picture, Air Picture and conceptual Cyber Picture were provided by Land, Maritime, Air and Cyber FAs respectively to be then merged into JCOP that was shared with the NATO Common

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 13 A Week in the Life of a JFTC Mentor in Georgia

■ The JFTC Mentor Team

In 2016, the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) assumed a leading role in developing and executing the first NATO-Georgia exercise as well as NATO- Georgia mentoring programme. The centre is now preparing for the second exercise to be held in 2019 and continues the mentoring programme.

The alarm goes off at 1200hrs, We survive the ride and arrive at the search for coffee begins…a cup is brought thankful for getting a few hours of sleep Krtsanisi main gate and after a few quizzical to most of us by our hosts. Mine is after an overnight flight from Warsaw, looks and a phone call, we are waved accompanied with the comment “…nice we greet sunrise with a brief look of through by the Security Non-commissioned boots!”…I knew someone would notice… confusion…oh yeah, we’re in Tbilisi again… Officer who looks official with his walkie- Looking at our watches we look at We shower and put our uniforms talkie and pistol on his belt. We pass a each other, silently asking if we should on making sure to put a quick shine on church along the route, where Georgian take our seats but there is no need to rush our boots…we know people will be soldiers cross themselves as they walk past pleasantries…relationships are crucial to watching us today. We make sure our – a tribute to their deeply held Orthodox success on both sides. Twenty minutes uniforms look good and grab our head- Christian beliefs. The drivers slalom through late, a voice asks us to sit down around the dress, which we rarely wear at work the potholes in the road while we pass a horseshoe table arrangement so we can start. in Poland and head for the elevators… mix of old and new infrastructure – a new Updates on planning efforts for the next We grab a quick bite to eat with fence to control access to the range…a NATO-GEO Exercise in March, 2019 are the JFTC and Land Command teams, who new JTEC Headquarters building… brief and to the point, some illicit discussion, come in at different times, depending on good to see progress on construction… some discussions become emotional but how much and how fast they eat. We are all We arrive at the Simulation Center despite the challenges we all recognize, on time as we climb into the old minivans, and are received by our partners who progress is being made in most areas. We whose tailgates don’t open anymore and greet us as family members…one kiss all wish we had more personnel to do all whose drivers, while friendly, look like they on the cheek in Georgia…smiles and this work! No-one complains, but most have serious mileage on them too. We close handshakes all around! We break into armies face more tasks than they have our eyes and grit our teeth as if preparing for our functional groups in a most natural capacity for and the Georgian Army is impact as they bravely enter the fast-moving way…CIS1 guys talk to CIS guys, OPR2s no different…We wish we had a simple streams of Tbilisi morning rush hour traffic. talk to OPRs, smokers with smokers. We CIS solution…a discussion about priorities We try to relax for the harrowing ride out talk of our trip and the weather and how follows and the meeting progresses… of the city to the Krtsanisi Training Area busy everyone is. Those who have been The meeting is over. We have and the NATO-Georgia Joint Training and working together for almost two years some time now to discuss next steps with Evaluation Center…we call it the JTEC… talk of families and vacation plans. The our Georgian counterparts. Our SNGP3

14 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 comrades are there too, but there will be One needs to take preparation for a with a small but important piece at the time to talk to them separately, later. Plans “Supra” seriously. One needs loose fitting JTEC. Best to keep that in mind too… to share documents for review are made and pants and the ability to stomach “cha-cha” for The team is all in the hotel lobby dates for VTCs4 are selected in the shrinking the inevitable toasts. Cha cha…a great name at 0330hrs…time to get in the rickety old “white space” in our calendars…We are for what is essentially vodka made from minivans again for the trip to the airport…no all invited to a Supra before we leave… grapes. We are reminded constantly that the traffic this time so less chance of a crash… hosted by the Commander of the JTEC… best chacha is home-made and everyone’s Coffee and a two hour wait at the airport We continue in the same way for father makes the best chacha! Drinking chacha while exhibiting flu-like symptoms. Hoping the remaining days of our visit at the takes some careful management as nobody the plane leaves on time, the Mentors rub sore JTEC. Fewer formal meetings but more wants to miss the plane back to Poland… heads and check the news on ever-present gatherings among specialists…we link up The Supra is a great success…the smart phones. The flight seems to take with our SNGP Advisor counterparts and food is excellent…the toasts to friends, forever before we land in Warsaw and get commiserate about how to make progress family, our countries, fallen comrades and on the bus…almost home…Can’t wait for faster…Despite their challenges, rarely have many more are heartfelt but tasteful…Our our next visit…we think we’re making real any of us worked with counterparts in other Georgian comrades are young leaders in a progress but only time will tell. Is it Friday armies that are hosting as many visits, small army and yet they have many fallen already?!? Where did that week go?!? ■ planning and running as many exercises, comrades…best not to dwell on that tonight! or deploying to as many foreign courses Once again our hosts have been gracious… or theatres of operations around the world we have stopped asking if we can help 1 Computer Information Systems concurrently as the Georgian Armed Forces. pay…Guests don’t pay! More importantly, 2 Officer of Primary Responsibility They do all this knowing the risks. The the visit has been a success…we have 3 Substantial NATO-Georgia Package - set enemy looms nearby and many have faced helped our JTEC partners understand what of initiatives endorsed at the September the enemy before…some have the scars… must be done next…and we are willing 2014 Wales Summit, aimed at strengthening both physically and mentally. It colours and available to help them do it. Having Georgia’s defence capabilities and developing all they do but none of us dwell on it. We the SNGP Team on the ground is a god- closer security cooperation and interoperability shake hands again as I wonder what I would send…they really are helping lead defense with NATO Members. do if an attack from the north came today… reform in Georgia…we are only helping 4 Video Teleconference

Colonel Nikoloz Janjgava, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Georgian Armed Forces, visited the Joint Force Training Centre in September 2017 to discuss coordination of the NATO-Georgia Exercise planned for spring 2019 and cooperation between JFTC and NATO-Georgia Joint Training and Evaluation Centre

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 15 Switch to the future A Trial Structure for JFTC

■ LTC Roman Leipzig, JFTC Human Resources Management Branch Head

A new structure for JFTC State Peacetime Establishment (ESPE). The aim is to have a much clearer – The idea behind it The working group, supported by an trisection of major tasks in the future external consultant, conducted a holistic which will also increase our efficiency. The Joint Force Training Centre review of JFTC’s PE and prepared a draft of A new Division, the Plans (JFTC) was established in 2004. Besides an optimized structure based on the future & Development Division (PDD) is some additional positions in the Readiness assumptions for the training at JFTC. The responsible for Long Term and Strategic Action Plan (RAP) in 2017 the last final assessment of an optimized PE was Planning & Development, as well as for holistic Peacetime Establishment (PE) presented to the NATO Defence Manpower Capability Development and Analysis. To update for JFTC was issued in 2012. Committee in November 2017 and JFTC establish it, the former Training Support Since that time the scope of training has received the authorization to implement it Division (TSD) was restructured, to build grown and the requirements our Centre as a Trial Structure. The Centre was ready a second innovative and essential pillar has to comply with have changed. to start this test at the beginning of 2018. for transformation in our Centre besides Currently JFTC supports Supreme training and to have a better alignment Allied Commander Europe’s (SACEUR) with Allied Command Transformation training requirements and Supreme Allied What are the changes and (ACT) - JFTC superior command. Commander Transformation’s (ACT) opportunities of the new Most of the structural changes are transformation activities. To fulfil it, it structure? affecting the PDD/TSD and also the Training was necessary to optimize the current Division (TD). The latter in its new structure PE with regard to the accomplishment The primary focus of the is responsible for Short Term Planning, i.e. of the organizational mission and restructuring was to optimize JFTC about 18 month prior to a training event, assigned roles and functions. Moreover, for the current Program of Work. For for the final preparation and execution of in order to be prepared for an expected that we retained our basic structure the training. The Headquarters Support NATO Command Structure Adaptation with three divisions, but reconfigured Division (HSD) will still be responsible a Peacetime Establishment Working internal processes and responsibilities. for the Institutional and Event Support. Group (PEWG) was re-established in In the ”trial structure”, JFTC has The trial structure has more branches September 2016 to conduct a holistic three Divisions, but some of the current and sections than the current one. This review of the institution's current End functions are relocated and renamed. also offers nations more options to get a

16 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 Current and Trial Structure of JFTC

Commander

Staff Advisory DCOM/COS DOM Group

PAPMO

OF 5 OF 5 OF 5 Training Training Support HQ Support Division Division Division

à Zero growth - resource neutral à More flexibility & Expandable à Aligns functions; increases efficiency à Consolidation of training, planning & à Better alignment with ACT execution à Maintains existing leadership roles

Commander

Administration, Staff Advisory DCOM/COS DOM Coordination, Daily Group Business

OF 5 OF 5 OF 5 Training Plans & Development HQ Support Division Division Division

Short Term Training Planning (<18 months) Long Term and Strategic Planning & Institutional and and Training Execution – post EXSPEC Development (>18 months), Concept and Event Support Conference Capability Development & Analysis

leading position. During the trial, these the trial structure aligns the restructured structure as they evolve. We will implement positions will be filled by the already Training Division and Plans & Development our findings and adjust this trial structure participating nations, and the quantity as Division with their ACT counterparts. In wherever necessary, based on further well as the assignment by nations will not a classical NATO structure, TD would development of the NCS Adaptation. be changed. For the trial, only the already have the J3 part, while PDD would fulfill existing personnel will be reassessed. the J5 portion. Now there will also be The main key facts of the JFTC a clearer separation of responsibilities The way ahead trial may be summarized as follows: between these two divisions. The new structure will let JFTC will check whether the • the optimizati on is affecting JFTC support Warfare Development, structure fits further purpose and whether current and future tasks; contributing to concept development it is in line with the upcoming tasks • it is a zero growth and resource and maintenance of joint doctrine and related to the ongoing NATO Command neutral trial; standards while coordinating integration of Structure (NCS) Adaptation. This process • functional changes will be experimentation, capability development, will always be coordinated with ACT implemented under retention of and interoperability to improve NATO’s and the NATO Defence Manpower Audit the already existing three divisions; interoperability, capabilities, and operational Authority (NDMAA), as well as our Senior • existing and additional leadership effectiveness much better than in the past. National Representatives (SNRs) at JFTC roles will be maintained. and National Liaison Representatives (LNRs) at ACT. After consultations with JFTC Trial Structure and NCS NDMAA and ACT, JFTC is finalizing its How will the tested structure Adaptation findings and refining the new structure. improve JFTC capabilities? The Centre will consider using as The trial is JFTC’s starting point many findings as possible in its future This optimized structure was and our basis to go ahead. However, it is structure as part of the NATO Command deliberately designed to expand along not carved in stone. The trial is a chance Structure (NCS) Adaptation so that with both training and transformation to test our ideas and concepts and to JFTC becomes ACT’s premier location requirements. As already mentioned, continuously fit new findings into this for both innovation and training. ■

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 17 Internship

at JFTC Review

■ Sandra Kowalska, Intern at JFTC Protocol and Conference Support Office during Young Professionals Program (YPP) 2017

At the beginning of 2017, Joint well as with additional staff resources, For me it was really important that I Force Training Centre opened the to provide intern with an opportunity to got complex and responsible tasks to fulfill. application round for next edition of the learn from the NATO community and Since the beginning of my internship, I could Young Professionals Program. Within get a better understanding and a more check myself in new roles and situations. documentation prepared in advance and balanced view of the Organization, to with great expectations, I applied. I wanted contribute to creating a more diverse to join NATO and to check out what workforce and to expand understanding Benefits from YPP the work in such an institution was like, of NATO in Alliance countries1.” since I had already had some knowledge JFTC’s Young Professionals Program Not only does an internship in such and information about JFTC’s challenges. is a part of the NATO Internship Programme. a well-known international organization While working in Bydgoszcz, even though as NATO mean hard work, but also great far away from NATO Headquarters, I felt, satisfaction, especially when a given Why apply for YPP? that I was still a part of one, big NATO. responsibility is fulfilled successfully. Fulfilling the above mentioned tasks, To apply for the internship, the intern gave me also an opportunity to train the so must be a student or a person who recently Tasks of an intern called soft skills. When an event at JFTC obtained the degree. As a law student, I was ongoing, there was not much time thought that would be an opportunity to JFTC offers an internship in one of left to train an intern step by step. Thanks practice my English skills at a higher level its divisions. I worked for three months to this, from the very beginning I could as well as to improve my organization in the Protocol and Conference Support learn how to be an independent employee. skills. It was also a chance to get in touch Office. I had a wide range of tasks to Independence is strictly connected with international environment, in which I fulfill, and my work mostly focused with responsibility. I had to take the would like to work during my legal carrier. on planning, preparation and execution responsibility for my actions which taught of events organized at JFTC. I escorted me to be professional and to obtain the visitors and dignitaries on their arrival highest level of work performance, because Program objectives and accompanied them through various in my position, no matter if I do an internship phases of their visits. My duty was to or a full-time work, I represent NATO. “The Program focuses on assist in creating schedules of events – While being a part of JFTC, I also providing the Organization with access including such aspects as accommodation, learned to work under the pressure of time to the latest theoretical and technical transportation or catering. I had a chance and to be creative, as well as resistant to knowledge, that the intern can apply to prepare and to attend coordination stress, when it comes to solve immediately through practical work assignments, as meetings as well as to maintain a database. upcoming and unexpected challenges.

18 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 Executing the “We Are NATO” I had a unique chance to learn English soft skills and a net of international contacts. motto used within a military organization. Looking at negative sides of The specific language of NATO is full YPP, I can only point out it has been The “We are NATO” slogan is also of abbreviations, like DiFac, SACEUR, too short -each intern can work for three used within JFTC. On each day of my STRATCOM, MEL/MIL, etc. For an months maximum. When the time came internship I could count on advice from the intern with no previous professional and my internship was over and I got whole staff. Whenever I had a question or experience within an international military to know the whole JFTC environment, wanted to acquaint myself with a specific environment, it was a big challenge. I only wanted to extend my stay and case, I could always ask someone for help. my time with the people I met at JFTC. The atmosphere at work could be compared with a family environment, like home. Recommendation I could truly feel that we were all NATO. Conclusion During the months of my internship, I can honestly recommend I realized also that I worked with people, the Young Professionals Program I wish that the Joint Force Training who fulfilled their tasks with passion. They to every student interested in working Center and its Young Professionals Program were fully engaged in the tasks they received. for an international organization, developed and grew. I hope it will attract especially in military environment. new, young and ambitious people, who JFTC YPP offers a unique, professional will have a chance to experience JFTC and Improving English skills opportunity within a mixed international its international flavour as I did with the military and civilian environment. Protocol and Conference Support Office. ■ Another requirement to fulfill while Each participant of the programme has applying for internship in NATO is to a big chance to make a considerable be proficient in the English language. development in a three-month period. However, there is a big difference between Taking part in YPP gave me a lot of 1 Programme Objectives, https://www. everyday English and “NATO English”. benefits. I gained much more than the above- nato.int/cps/en/natolive/71157.htm (access: Working within international environment mentioned knowledge - experience, practice, 07.04.2018).

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 19 NATO Capital of Poland Celebrates 2nd NATO Day

■ Radosława Kubiczek, JFTC Public Affairs Office

For the second year in a row, the City giving us home and your support, you of Bydgoszcz together with the Joint Force are a part of this important effort, too.” Training Centre (JFTC), all other NATO Also Mr. Rafał Bruski, the Mayor units based in Bydgoszcz and Polish Armed of Bydgoszcz, highlighted the importance Forces invited local residents to explore of NATO’s significant presence in the NATO during an open air event – this time city: “Bydgoszcz is the NATO capital of in Myślęcinek Park. The 2018 NATO Day Poland. Five NATO units are located in in Bydgoszcz gathered thousands of people. our town. (…) Soldiers from all the allied They took the opportunity to learn more armed forces arrive here to work and to about the Alliance and to spend an enjoyable train. When they leave the city, they take day among the Bydgoszcz NATO family. a piece of Bydgoszcz in their hearts.” The event took place on 15 September. The 2018 NATO Day in Bydgoszcz “On behalf of the whole NATO was filled with various military attractions. community, together with the heads of Presentations of NATO units located in all NATO units based in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, numerous competitions, we would like to start with a big NATO Race orienteering event, as well ‘thank you’ for your great support and as static and dynamic displays of military fantastic atmosphere all NATO soldiers equipment, including vehicles presented by experience in Bydgoszcz” – Brigadier American troops from Mission Command General Ladislav Jung, the JFTC Deputy Element for Operation Atlantic Resolve Commander and Chief of Staff, addressed led by their deputy commander, Brigadier citizens of Bydgoszcz during the opening General Todd Wasmund, drew attention of ceremony. “All NATO units based in the citizens of Bydgoszcz and helped them Bydgoszcz are at the heart of enhancing to better understand the mission of the NATO’s ability to defend the Alliance Alliance. Music performances and concerts, and to assure freedom and security playground zones for children, service dogs’ to its citizens. Please, remember, that show and famous Polish traditional army-

20 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 style pea soup completed the day, so even the youngest participants were satisfied. The NATO Day was also a good opportunity to recognize winners of the 10th NATO Knowledge Competition for primary schools of Bydgoszcz. JFTC has been a patron of the competition since its very beginning, therefore General Jung, together with the Mayor and Mrs. Hanna Rauchfleisch, the Principal of the Primary School No 38, awarded the best participants in front of all NATO Day’s participants. Following a good tradition established last year, JFTC invited the citizens of Bydgoszcz to verify their knowledge about NATO. Games and puzzles available at the JFTC tent attracted hundreds of people who took up the challenge to check what they really knew about the Alliance. Small souvenirs they all received as tokens of appreciation for their efforts and photos taken with JFTC photo wall will certainly keep nice memories of the day alive. ■

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 21 THE INFORMATION PROCESS Towards a Holistic Approach

■ LTC Tomasz Kacała, JFTC Training Division, former Information and Knowledge Management Branch Head

Introduction to achieve the information superiority is out by entities involved in development the application of procedures defined and of information strategy for the purpose of The main idea behind all conflicts described in the frames of the Information the operations planned and conducted by consists of a struggle related to the will Process. The process has been the subject NATO. According to the views expressed projected by adversaries. It is often of a number of publications including ones in the allied documents5, there are two types described as ‘negative co-operation’ presenting outcomes of research efforts of planning: Operations Planning Process characterized by striving for achievement undertaken, among others, by the academia (conducted by NATO Strategic Commands: of contrary objectives. Success of such of the Polish National Defence University3. Allied Command Transformation - ACT efforts depends on achieving superiority and Allied Command Operations - ACO) over the other party of the conflict. There and Operational-Level Planning Process are numerous ways to gain superiority Information Process described (conducted by Joint Force Commands - which itself may be defined differently. in allied doctrinal documents JFCs). Although the processes are described It happens to be called ‘the gist of the differently, they are tightly connected. art of war principles’1. Allied publications on Characteristics of the Information Process Strategic planning commences with Information and Knowledge Management can also be found in the allied doctrinal thorough studies and analyses of a potential determine information superiority as the documents on Psychological Operations crisis and its causes. Considering potential ultimate element conditioning success of (PSYOPS)4. It refers basically to the participants and systems constituted or the conducted operations. The publications PSYOPS planning process following only used by them in a given area, their define information superiority as ‘the state of the principles of NATO operational motivations, weaknesses, strengths, relations relative advantage in the information domain planning. The NATO decision-making and interactions enable determination of the achieved by getting the right information to process is a very good example of close best options available at the strategic level. the right people at the right time in the relations established between military and The outcome of this process includes a right form whilst denying an adversary the political factors. Therefore, PSYOPS are number of solutions being an alternative ability to do the same”2. One of the means reflected in all the undertakings carried for the crisis situation and forming the

22 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 The paper presents the constantly build their situational awareness PSYOPS capabilities is possible only when Information Process, its preparation, in a definite area of interest. It complements these activities are planned appropriately. conduct and measure of effectiveness strategic assessment of the situation and Therefore PSYOPS planners should have based on the example of NATO all the received tasks thus enabling the a thorough knowledge and command Psychological Operations (PSYOPS). defining of what should be achieved, in what of the allied planning tools and related, It depicts the NATO Operations conditions and constraints. Taking the above applied by NATO, policy and doctrine. Planning Process and Operational- into account, operational level commands They should also know the specific nature Level Planning Process. focus on determination of ways to adjust of joint and combined operation planning, Theoretical analysis of the their actions to the overall operational tactics, techniques and procedures, PSYOPS Information Process is complemented project and then they initiate development force structure and capabilities availability. by the author’s proposition of the of a concept and a detailed operation Planning any activities, including procedural integration including plan. The process goes along with tactical PSYOPS, is not feasible without access to preparation, conduct and measure of and strategic level planning activities. It information resources. In case of PSYOPS, effectiveness in regard to PSYOPS. informs about activities and enables data the resources include information about Towards a Holistic Approach It is illustrated with an example of collection extracted out of their outcomes. customs, rules of social interaction, values the Information Process elements The Operational-Level Planning and goals of selected and approved Target identified during the operations Process includes 8 stages: Audience (TA). Both operational and tactical of the Polish Military Contingent NATO PSYOPS plans and programmes need (PMC) deployed in Iraq from 2003 1. Initiating the Operational-Level to be in line with the directions and guidance through 2008. Planning Process, received from the strategic level and lead 2. Problem and Mission Analysis, to precisely defined psychological effects. 3. Courses of Action (COAs) The effects, Target Audiences, Development, themes to avoid and other restraints/ 4. COAs Analysis, constraints are defined by operational basis for development of directions and 5. COAs Validation and Comparison, level commanders (JFCs) and submitted guidance considering the planning at 6. Commander’s COA Decision, to Strategic Commanders for approval. the strategic level. The next step is the 7. Operational CONOPS and Plan Strategic level PSYOPS SMEs participate development of a strategic concept and Development, in the development of information strategy an operation plan within the collective 8. Campaign Assessment and Plan defining the adequate narrative and verify, planning process. NATO Crisis Response Review/Revision7. approve and include the effects, TAs, Process (NCRP) consists of six phases: themes to avoid and other constraints/ The main goal of the PSYOPS Subject restraints in strategic plans. The plans are 1. Situation Awareness, Matter Experts’ (SMEs) participation in then presented to the North Atlantic Council 2. Strategic Assessment, the Operational-Level Planning Process for approval and become a part of the 3. Develop Military Response Options, is to advise and support the planning Strategic Commander’s operation plan. 4a. Strategic Concept of Operations team. Their tasks include: initiation and The remaining elements of PSYOPS (CONOPS) Development, conduct of PSYOPS assessment, support planning process, including Target Audience 4b. Strategic Operation Plan (OPLAN) for development and update of military Analysis (TAA), message themes and Development and Force Generation, response option proposition, determination contents are developed at the operational 5. Execution/OPLAN Review, of specialized resources and funds required level. Themes and contents should be 6. Transition6. for PSYOPS, participation in mission culturally and socially relevant. Therefore, analysis and development of Commander’s the following aspects should be taken into PSYOPS planning cells participate in Critical Information Requirements (CCIRs). consideration: gender and social roles, scope all phases of the above mentioned process, Moreover, PSYOPS SMEs are responsible of social media application for the purpose but as they are characterized by unique for preparation of planning directions and of social communication conducted by TAs. analytical capabilities (e.g. Target Audience guidance. PSYOPS planners contribute Building PSYOPS capabilities for Analysis), the cells may be remarkably to development of COAs and operation a given operation is usually initiated by useful during phase 1 and 2. The initial concept/plan. Their support is necessary Strategic Commander’s operation concept phases of the planning process are during analysis of other functional areas and release. The concept determines the mission, connected with the undertakings performed determination of requirements considering general force requirement and requirements by Strategic Operations Planning Group assets and capabilities. Operational level considering specialized PSYOPS-related (SOPG) and include considering options PSYOPS personnel develop Fragmentary functions and capabilities. The requirements of pre-approved or preventive crisis Orders (FRAGOs) for PSYOPS units and are the basis for determination of detailed response measures encompassing, inter verify PSYOPS plans including Support PSYOPS cell structures, their role and alia, PSYOPS. Operational level commands Plan (SUPLAN). Proper exploitation of place in the plan of deployment in the

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 23 theatre. PSYOPS personnel are responsible considered the results of research phase should provide updated data and for considering the PSYOPS-related conducted from 2011 through 2013 enable identification of information requirements and including them in all in the National Defence University gaps. The desired end state incudes a the relevant plans. PSYOPS SMEs also (Warsaw) and Polish Central PSYOPS valid/actual PSYOPS assessment. provide commanders and their staffs with Group (Bydgoszcz), the author prepared 2. Problem and Mission Analysis – all PSYOPS and Information Operations a proposition of an Integrated PSYOPS the PSYOPS estimates – Initial and Refined (INFO OPS) expertise. This sort of expertise Process (IPP). The proposition is PSYOPS Estimate, approved and possible is a key factor conditioning success of the an attempt to enhance efficiency of Target Audience Analysis, PSYOPS operation as PSYOPS, including specific conduct and effectiveness of activities Mission Analysis in support of maneuver psychological actions, are not limited to such as PSYOPS. The proposition is units mission (including adversary Centre development of psychological products or actually a combination of two processes of Gravity, Critical Capabilities, Critical their dissemination, and may encompass that used to be perceived separately – Requirements and Critical Vulnerabilities). every activity carried out by multinational Information Process and Executive 3. Selection of preferred COA – and joint forces. The above mentioned Process. The former contains planning, this phase includes: development and expertise falls under responsibility of management/conducting and monitoring/ detail description of PSYOPS support PSYOPS or INFO OPS cell. It should assessment. The latter consists of for the purpose of maneuver COAs, be flexible and responsive. Precise preparation, development and distribution/ and presentation of the result to the determination of psychological effects is dissemination of psychological products. respective commander. The basis for really challenging so PSYOPS planners The IPP should consist of the selection of preferred COA is, in this should monitor and analyze all changes following phases: case, decision made by a maneuver affecting the information environment. It commander representing relevant level allows for a better understanding of approved 1. Initiation/orientation – identification of Command and Control (C2) structure. and selected-to-be-considered TAs. of current situation, location of 4. Development of Concept and PSYOPS elements (units, commands), Supporting Plan(s) – the main goal of this tasks conducted by them – every piece phase is to develop executive documents Proposition of an Integrated of information should be visualized. – PSYOPS Annex to Operational Order PSYOPS Process This phase also includes Area of (OPORD), PSYOPS SUPLAN and Operation (AOO) assessment, exploitation PSYOPS Synchronization Matrix. Having analyzed the Information of previously prepared estimates and/ 5. Preparation, approval and Process presented above and having or their update. The outcome of the development of psychological product(s)

Proposition of Integrated PSYOPS Process (IPP)

PROBLEM AND MISSION SELECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT INITIATION / ORIENTATION ANALYSIS PREFERRED COA AND SUPPORTING PLAN(S)

PREPARATION, APPROVAL DISTRIBUTION AND AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISSEMINATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRODUCT(S) PRODUCTS

MEASURE OF PERFORMANCE / MEASURE OF EFFECTIVENESS INFORMATION PROCESS

EXECUTIVE PROCESS

24 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 – this phase consists of implementation the needs of national defence system that Another relevant element of of planning concepts developed on the stands in line with the allied narrative. information collection system was the basis of respective analyses. Its gist is to Information Collection Office (ICO) – a prepare a definite, approved psychological call centre receiving signals coming from product or even a series of products. A Elements of Information different sources. The ICO personnel psychological product may be developed Process identified in consisted of local interpreters working with the use of organic PSYOPS operation – case study for PSYOPS9. Additionally the assigned infrastructure assets deployed in the personnel, for example US Army Combat theatre or outside (the so called reachback). The best way to illustrate the gist Camera (USACC), was an important source Another way of product delivery is using and conduct of the above mentioned of information as well. USACC played outsourcing methods (contractors). process is to analyze its examples that a number of functions during the 6. Distribution and dissemination have been observed in PSYOPS practice deployment. It recorded current events of products – the former stage of this so far. Keeping in mind that one should taking place within MND CS Area of phase is related to exploitation of logistic focus on logically connected, cause- Responsibility (MND CS AOR) to include chains of supply in order to deliver the effect sequence of events and actions, it conducted operations. The purpose of product(s) to a disseminating agent. is advisable to analyze the examples of this activity was to create a video-photo Distribution may be highly complex and the process within the same or closely data base that could be used later as a advanced, technology-related (satellite related situation, under similar conditions. Lessons Learnt instrument. Moreover, communications used for transmission of The conditions remained relatively alike the Combat Camera was used as an electronic, audio and/or video form of during the deployment of the Polish evidence collector (legal aspect of military psychological product) or be based on Military Contingent in the Republic presence) and an archivist (recording files more traditional shipping/transportation of Iraq from 2003 through 2008. The for historical and scientific purposes). means. The latter stage is the PSYOPS contingent was a part of Multinational Media were also a source of activity that may be conducted by PSYOPS Division Center-South which covered information but one needs to be very careful units/personnel, local media or properly five Iraqi provinces: Babil, Karbala, whilst using their coverages as levels of trained military and/or civilian personnel, Wasit, An-Najaf and Al-Qadisiyah. For journalist professionalism and credibility not necessarily PSYOPS-oriented. the purpose of this paper, certain areas may vary depending on character of a 7. Measure of Performance/Measure have been selected in order to present given medium (national vs international, of Effectiveness – the last phase of the the elements of Information Process. local vs nationwide). Division PSYOPS IPP consists of assessment of PSYOPS The areas include: sources, collection, Support Element structure included Target effectiveness. The main goal of the phase analysis, planning, development of Audience Analysis section that focused on is to monitor all the PSYOPS-related products and their dissemination. media monitoring and analysis. The section, activities and modify them if required. Considering the sources of manned by local interpreters and PSYOPS information exploited by PSYOPS, one may analysts, prepared and distributed PSYOPS This is a proposition that has say that they were components of a very wide Media Summary (Report). The report was been reflected in the Polish Strategic and complex spectrum. Tactical PSYOPS the main source of information for MND Communication (Stratcom) Concept Teams (TPTs) were the ultimate, organic, CS Information Operations Working Group developed by Doctrine and Training Centre source of information for tactical level (MND CS IOWG) that was responsible and signed by the Chief of General Staff in PSYOPS analysts and planners assigned for coordination of all the information 20138. The main idea of its innovation to HQ Brigade Combat Team (HQ BCT) activities carried out in MND CS AOR. consists in a holistic approach to the as members of Brigade PSYOPS Support The interpreters assigned to PSYOPS preparation and conduct of Psychological Element (BPSE) and to HQ Multinational element, being a part of local community, Operations. Another important factor that Division Center-South (HQ MND CS) in provided high value information, mainly should be taken into consideration here is the frames of Division PSYOPS Support about the so called atmospherics – that previously US Joint PSYOP Process Element (DPSE). Direct contact with perception of local people considering has often been applied. Unfortunately, local population and representatives of most current issues, their political and it did not meet all the requirements of Iraqi Security Forces (Iraqi Army – IA, social preferences in terms of media Polish PSYOPS due to the fact that the Iraqi Police – IP, Iraqi Border Police – selection, tendencies in hostile propaganda two – US and Polish – PSYOPS systems IBP), local authorities, media and Non- disseminated amongst population, etc. differ remarkably. This is not only about Governmental Organizations (NGOs) There were, of course, other, the scope and available capabilities but made TPTs a very trustful and useful external, sources of information exploited also about certain philosophy of influence. source of information. A very important by PSYOPS to include the following: Therefore it seems to be a natural desire to advantage of this source of information Intelligence Summary (INTSUM) prepared create a product – own concept and model over the other, external sources was the by intelligence community, incident/event of PSYOPS process – that will satisfy PSYOPS personnel that manned TPTs. reports submitted by various units, cells

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 25 and organizations functioning in MND CS The data coming from a number of of the village situation were recorded as well. AOR (e.g. Military Police, Civil-Military sources were then analysed. One of the As one can notice, it was a very detailed Cooperation, private agencies, NGOs). The most important kinds of analysis, as far description of a relatively small community major disadvantage of such reports was as PSYOPS point of view is concerned, is prepared for the purpose of PSYOPS. their relatively low value as far as PSYOPS Target Audience Analysis (TAA). Properly The allied planning process has been are concerned. They usually complemented conducted TAA is a prerequisite for successful extensively covered so far. It is related to PSYOPS-related information collected by PSYOPS, which means a definite impact on the positioning of its elements within the agents (entities) specifically designated in message recipient. In order to make things holistically perceived process of PSYOPS accordance with the PSYOPS objectives. possible, one needs to characterize a Target preparation, conduct and effectiveness Analyzing the way information Audience (TA) or a group of TAs in detail. evaluation. It seems advisable to consider was collected, one cannot omit very First, general characteristics of TA an example of such a process applied to interesting attempts to conduct opinion should be prepared to include its name the tactical level (e.g. at HQ MND CS). polls/surveys. They did not include large (given name, name of whole population, For the purpose of PSYOPS activities groups of respondents but were, more social group or community), social structure, carried out in five Iraqi provinces, MND likely, a way to identify perception trends area of presence/living, meeting spots, total CS DPSE PLANS had developed a observable within certain populations. number, age diversity, ethnicity, material proposition of planning process that was One of the very first surveys was status, level of technological advancement, approved and implemented by COM DPSE carried out in October 2003 in MND CS historical genesis of its origin. The next step in due course. The proposition included four AOR. The main objective of the survey was is a thorough analysis of a given TA. The phases: Initiation, Analysis, Development to determine trends in perception of MND analysis encompasses the following: sorts and Execution. What may be easily noticed CS, its actions and achieved psychological and meanings of the symbols common in a here is the lack of a phase considering effects. The basic assumption of the survey given community/society, system of values, effectiveness evaluation. It resulted from the was to later inform the whole MND CS beliefs, customs, norms, taboos, needs and fact that the responsibility for assessment of IO community about its results. COM degree of their satisfaction, desires, position PSYOPS effectiveness was taken over by the DPSE was responsible for preparation in a wider social structure and the role a coordinating cell, which, in this case, meant IO. of the survey (development and print of given TA plays in it. Moreover, it is crucial to The first of the four phases – Initiation survey questionnaires) whereas COM BPSE learn more about the level of its socialization, – consisted of two stages: Tasking and planned the conducting of the survey in educational system, authorities, religion, Coordination. Tasks for PSYOPS were his (BCT) AOR. The actual information change susceptibility, means of social usually initiated during Planning Board held collection (distribution and collection communication (both verbal and non-verbal), by MND CS G3 - Operations Division. of survey questionnaires) was carried out trend setters/opinion makers and media. A project officer (currently described as by TPTs. There was a minor issue related Then TA’s accessibility and all the limitations Office of Primary Responsibility – OPR), to the lack of PSYOPS element in the (e.g. political, physical, economic) blocking or DPSE PLANS themselves, were task structure of 2 BCT (Ukrainian brigade) so the achievement of the desired change in originators. DPSE PLANS coordinated task a few staff officers were assigned the task perception or behaviour are determined. schedule (timeline), scope of documents of conducting PSYOPS there, including the A very special example of TAA to be developed, etc. The second phase mentioned survey. Two questionnaire forms conducted in Iraq was the so-called village of the process encompassed such activities were used during the survey. One of them profile. The document described the following as analysis of the orders issued by higher focused on perception of MND CS and features of TA: name and coordinates of the HQs and/or an MND CS project officer, the other dealt with availability/access to village, population and its ethnicity (number consulting technical aspects of task media and their viewership and listenership. of inhabitants before the conflict, number execution with other DPSE sections (TAA Another survey was carried out in of internally displaced persons currently section, Products Development Centre/PDC December 2003. Its scope was extended living there), number of buildings (total, section) and designation of PSYOPS assets with defining population’s values, views destroyed and inhabited), name of local necessary for the execution of the task. on political parties (election preferences), community leader, reports of abuse and The third phase – development of planning apprehensions and expectations connected violence cases committed by authorities, documents – was divided into four stages: with the currency exchange (introduction any detainees, living conditions (electricity, Drafting, Staffing, Approval and Registering. of the new dinar). The results of the potable water, sewage, medical supplies, First, DPSE planners drafted a document survey complemented the information food, schools), self-defence capability, public then it was staffed across HQ MND CS, extracted from other sources. The major transportation, humanitarian aid, access approved by G3 Division Head/Deputy advantage of such an activity was the fact routes and Improvised Explosive Device Chief of Staff for Operations (DCOS OPS) that the respondents remained anonymous, (IED) threat level. In order to maintain and registered. The last phase – Execution which let PSYOPS personnel collect continuity of situation monitoring, the date – required a limited involvement of DPSE the data truly reflecting trends present of the last visit, media accessibility, cases of PLANS. It mainly consisted of handover in and expressed by local population. hostile propaganda and a general assessment of the planning documents to TAA and

26 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 PDC for further processing, monitoring Fragmentary Orders (FRAGOs), eleven Primary Directive on Information Management the development of executive documents, PSYOPS Annexes and two PSYOPS-related (2008), North Atlantic Council, p. 1-8. coordinating efforts of the whole DPSE and Direction and Guidance (D&G) documents 3 See Wrzosek, M. (2017), Procesy informacyjne providing expertise in regard to distribution for the remaining cells of HQ MND CS. w obronności i bezpieczeństwie, Akademia Sztuki and dissemination of psychological products. The planning effort made during this period Wojennej, Warszawa. was a really challenging one due to the fact 4 See AJP-3.10.1 Allied Joint Doctrine for that DPSE PLANS consisted of two officers Psychological Operations. Edition B. Version 1 Preparation and only. They represented Spain and Poland (2014), NATO Standardization Office. and, at least initially, were not experienced 5 MC 133/4 NATO’s Operations Planning (2011) conduct of PSYOPS in conducting this sort of activities. and AJP-5 Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational- (MND CS DPSE, Level Planning (2013). 6 AJP-3.10.1 (2014), p. 2–5. 2003/2004) Summary 7 Ibid, p. 3–5. 8 Koncepcja komunikacji strategicznej w Silach The Information Process, depending Zbrojnych RP (2013) CDiS SZ, Bydgoszcz was on numerous factors, including individual elaborated in: Kacała, T. (2015), Podstawowe point of view, referred documents, założenia „Koncepcji komunikacji strategicznej w INITIATION knowledge or experience, may be considered Siłach Zbrojnych RP”, Kwartalnik „Bellona” nr 2 and perceived differently. It is an integral part (681), Warszawa. of Psychological Operations, both in national 9 More in: Starzyński, S. (2008), Biuro Zbierania and multinational dimensions, and requires Informacji w operacjach psychologicznych, thorough analysis in order to be properly „Przegląd Wojsk Lądowych” nr 12 (018). understood. The process is a prerequisite to achieve the information superiority and Bibliography to build a relevant level of knowledge conditioning success of the military operations, 1. AAP-6 Słownik terminów i definicji NATO ANALYSIS especially in their information domain. (2014), Agencja Standaryzacyjna NATO. If one considers the allied planning 2. AJP-3.10.1 Allied Joint Doctrine for process, depending on the level of NATO Psychological Operations. Edition B. Version 1 structure involved – strategic or operational, (2014), NATO Standardization Office. it should be taken into account that there 3. AJP-5 Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational- may be six or eight steps of the process. Both Level Planning (2013), NATO. options are characterized by high level of 4. Kacała, T. (2015), Podstawowe założenia complexity and intense information exchange. „Koncepcji komunikacji strategicznej w Siłach The processes are limited to analytical Zbrojnych RP”, Kwartalnik „Bellona” nr 2 (681), DEVELOPMENT and planning activities (elements Warszawa. of Information Process) and thus 5. Kacała, T., Przygotowanie i prowadzenie do not reflect multidimensional działań psychologicznych w Silach Zbrojnych RP nature of PSYOPS preparation, (2013), AON, Warszawa. conduct and effectiveness evaluation. 6. Koncepcja komunikacji strategicznej w Silach An optimized solution seems to be Zbrojnych RP (2013), CDiS SZ, Bydgoszcz. the proposition of Integrated Psychological 7. Koziej, S. (1993), Teoria sztuki wojennej, Operations Process. The key innovation of Bellona, Warszawa. EXECUTION the proposed solution is combining planning 8. MC 133/4 NATO’s Operations Planning and executive elements (preparation, (2011), NATO. development, distribution and dissemination 9. The NATO Information Management Policy of psychological product) into one (2007), North Atlantic Council. coherent process. The process that leads to 10. The Primary Directive on Information achievement of information superiority. ■ Management (2008), North Atlantic Council. During the first tour of PMC in Iraq 11. Starzyński, S. (2008), Biuro Zbierania (from August 2003 through January 2004) Informacji w operacjach psychologicznych, DPSE PLANS developed two own PSYOPS 1 Koziej, S. (1993), Teoria sztuki wojennej, „Przegląd Wojsk Lądowych” nr 12(018). programmes named Garden (operations Bellona, Warszawa, p. 68. 12. Wrzosek, M. (2017), Procesy informacyjne w Orchid, Daisy, Agave) and FLOCK 2 The NATO Information Management Policy obronności i bezpieczeństwie, Akademia Sztuki (operations Lark, Swallow, Stork), twelve (2007), North Atlantic Council, p. 1-5 and The Wojennej, Warszawa.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 27 Poland in NATO Security Policy

■ Kamila Sierzputowska, PhD, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland

Facing challenges and threats of the (in Bydgoszcz), Rapid Reaction Forces of treating security of the old and new NATO contemporary world, effective execution (in Bydgoszcz), Multinational Corps member states, resulting, among other things, of foreign policy and security policy in Northeast (MNC NE in Szczecin), NATO in uneven distribution of the Alliance’s particular, by respective state entities, Counter-Intelligence Centre of Excellence infrastructure, was driven by events in makes countries develop international (NATO CI COE in Kraków) and many Crimea. Surprisingly, destabilization in the cooperation. Members in the North Atlantic other international institutions is a sign of eastern flank significantly strengthened Treaty Organization serve the purpose of strong ties between Poland and NATO, the role and importance of Poland in the strengthening the sense of stability and also and especially with the United States. structural dimension, the effect of which is enabling its members to participate in a Assuming the role of an active ally, location of NATO infrastructure elements dynamic process of shaping the international Poland gradually increased its engagement in Poland. The belief that a highly intensive security architecture. No doubt, for the into NATO works. Intensive deepening conflict may occur in Europe returned and Republic of Poland, who joined NATO in of transatlantic ties included, next to it resulted in moving the stress from a March 1999, the membership turned out active involvement in allied missions and crisis response operation to a basic mission, to be a breakthrough. Structural reforms, operations, participation and organization executed within the collective defense of army modernization, changes to the training of military exercises of different level, member states, especially within the context system, doctrines and regulations – these engagement in the process of increasing the of threats coming from Russia2. are only a few of post-accession effects. Alliance’s capacity to the collective defense Polish authorities attach great The increase of the feeling of security is (reform of the NATO Response Force – importance to the membership in NATO and a result of intensive political and military VJTF), establishing NATO institutions in the thus allied cooperation within the Alliance cooperation of Poland within NATO. territory of the Republic of Poland. Within and permanent deepening of ties with the Surveys carried out by the Centre for Public NATO the re-shaping was implemented as a United States, that dominate the Alliance, Opinion Research (CBOS) show that Polish result of gradual evolution of perception of are the pillars of Poland’s security. This society considers the Alliance to be the key, international environment. Transformation international alliance is developing within next to the state authorities, guarantor of of the Alliance’s structures and forces caused institutional engagement of NATO in the the feeling of security in Poland1. Active by new circumstances, led to changes that territory of Poland. Geopolitical location participation in execution of the Alliance resulted in strengthening of the position of our country is of strategic significance policy, participation in military operations of Poland within the regularly modified for NATO. Being an important state of the (the Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan), placing structure of transatlantic security. What region of Central-Eastern Europe, and at NATO command structures in Poland matters is that the change to the current way the same time a NATO border state, directly

28 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 neighboring with Russia, we became an part of the Alliance, and at the same time training area, i.e. in the eastern part of active Alliance member who is still building it became one of the key defense elements Poland. its position within this organization. What in the eastern flank. A memorandum of The command over the combat groups also matters for consolidation of Poland’s agreement was signed in Brussels on 5 is coordinated by the Multinational hold is activity of institutions within NATO February 2015 and pursuant to it the MNC Division North-East in Elbląg using structure or related to them. Next to other NE became the NATO only unit responsible structures of the 16th Elbląg Pomeranian factors, they may strengthen the negotiation for permanent monitoring of the situation at Mechanized Division. The division mandate and increase Poland’s military the NATO north-east perimeters during peace coordinates all the four battalion combat and political capabilities within the allied time. As a result, in 2015 and 2016 activities groups sent by NATO states, mainly by commitments. So, the purpose of my lecture related to functioning of the Corps were the US, Canada, Great Britain, Romania is to present a summary and characteristics significantly intensified and the process of and Germany. of NATO institutions located in Poland. strengthening the structures of the unit with 2) 10th Combat Air Brigade – The Multinational Corps Northeast new member states started5. Still in 2015 the American brigade task group deployed (MNC NE) in Szczecin was the first NATO Corps accomplished its most important task in May 2017 in Powidz, Poland. institution in the territory of Poland. It that had been set after the Wales Summit, i.e. was established in1999 by three countries, it reached full readiness to command various Finally, implementation of tasks the i.e. Denmark, Germany and Poland. Its formations of the Alliance, including among MNC NE was assigned during the last establishment was an expression of deep others: the, so called, NATO Spearhead or two NATO Summits, in Newport (2014) engagement of each party into strengthening the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force and in Warsaw (2016), with significant security in the Baltic Sea region through (VJTF), NATO Response Force (NRF), and participation of the USA, resulted in creating development of transnational structures3. also NATO Force Integration Unit (NFIU) a considerable military infrastructure The Multinational Corps is an from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia6. in Central Europe. For Poland initiatives important element of NATO collective For the Corps, that assumed the role like permanent presence of US troops, defense and its importance is still growing. of a command headquarters for operational transfer of heavy equipment, organization Key decisions regarding the Szczecin unit activities in this area of the Alliance, the of military exercise and maneuvers or were taken during the NATO Summit in strategic strengthening of the eastern additional money allocated by the Pentagon Wales (4-5 September 2014). Then, due flank meant that its role within the allied to hasten construction of the anti-missile to Russia’s politics towards Ukraine, headquarters structure became even more installation in Redzikowo9. Not only was NATO re-oriented its position which was significant. Another summit in July 2016 in that an expression of a deep engagement a reaction to the annexation of Crimea. Poland announced continuation of the reform of the US Administration into security of Russia’s support to military activities in of the allied security system, among other this part of Europe, but at the same time it the territories of eastern Ukraine made the things, through intensification of activities enhanced the level of interoperability, i.e. Alliance take intensive, short- and mid-term aiming at strengthening the eastern flank. the ability of forces to cooperate with other actions to strengthen the NATO eastern To achieve it, NATO multinational battalion allied forces. But first of all, it strengthened flank (reassurance)4. Besides, the changes combat groups arrived in Poland, Lithuania, the level of security of the Republic of that occurred in the security environment Latvia and Estonia. Following the decisions Poland and belief of significance of Poland initiated works aiming at creating a new of the Warsaw Summit, there are around 3.5 within the NATO Command Structure. strategy. Russian Federation’s aggressive thousand NATO troops deployed in Poland In November 2002, during policy required a thorough adaptation of the and the Baltic States within the Enhanced a NATO Summit, it was decided that a Alliance to the new reality, especially during Forward Presence (EFP)7. They form combat reform of the military NATO structure execution of tasks related to the collective groups of the size of a battalion (approx. 1000 was necessary10. It was decided, within defense. Decisions of the Newport Summit troops) and they rotate every 6-9 months.8 the adopted Prague Agenda, that a new started one of the biggest transformations Pursuant to the decisions command concept should be created. of the Multinational Corps. Key provisions taken, the following NATO forces Two strategic commands were of the Wales Summit in particular included: are located in the territory of Poland: established that closely cooperate: establishing command headquarters in the eastern flank, permanent presence of armed 1) Armored Brigade Combat Team 1) Operational – Allied Command forces (in the states that joined NATO after (ABCT) – the American contribution Operation (ACO) 1999), strengthening NATO Response Force, to strengthen the region, the so called 2) Functional – Allied Command the “Spearhead”, deployment of equipment European Reassurance Initiative (ERI) Transformation (ACT)11. warehouses to support forces and especially – approx. 4,000 troops plus hardware. raising the status of the Szczecin unit to US troops have been deployed mainly Transformation has been one of the the level of a High Combat Readiness unit. in the western part of Poland – in Alliance’s priorities since the Prague Summit. Decisions taken in Newport gave Żagań, Świętoszów, Skwierzyna and ACT focuses on mobilizing armed forces of Poland responsibility for security in this Bolesławiec, but also in the Orzysz the respective Alliance and partner nations

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 29 to transform and to increase their level of Training Centre is one of only two training and testing through experimenting and interoperability. Creating the ACT opened centres of Allied Forces in the world - the cooperation in doctrine development as well a new chapter – the NATO transformation. other one is in Stavanger, Norway. What is as supporting processes of lessons learned Three new institutions that operate within more, Bydgoszcz is the only city in Poland analyses from NATO operations. The Centre ACT training network were established: the where four NATO institutions are located: also prepares reports on military police Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre activities, in accordance with the Alliance (JALLC) in Lisbon, Portugal (2002), the 1) Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC), strategic guidance16. The Bydgoszcz Joint Warfare Centre in Stavanger (JWC), 2) 3th NATO Signal Battalion, centre has been training officers aspiring Norway (2003) and the Joint Force Training 3) NATO Military Police Centre of to service in NATO military police units Centre (JFTC) in Bydgoszcz, Poland (2004). Excellence (MP COE) for four years. In 2017 the entity received JFTC was officially opened in June 4) NATO Force Integration Unit (NFIU). the Quality Assurance Unconditional 2004. The Bydgoszcz training centre is Accreditation valid from 24 January 2016 Alliance’s first institution located in Central- 3rd NATO Signal Battalion located till 24 January 2023 and as a result the Eastern Europe. It is a pioneering NATO in Bydgoszcz is another element of NATO Bydgoszcz centre joined (as the first and multinational centre that operates in a structures in Poland. Location of this entity in the only one located in Poland) the narrow country that joined the Organization in 1999. Poland aims at increasing NATO capabilities circle of certified international institutions Pursuant to the agreement, the within the area of mobile communication. that offer educational and training Centre, having received the status of 3th NSB main tasks include supporting the capacities that meet NATO standards17. an allied headquarters has been subject communication system for joint defense During the Wales NATO Summit in to NATO common funding. JFTC activities. This unit is a support element for September 2014 Alliance leaders decided focuses on training division, brigade and both NATO missions as well as exercises and to strengthen the collective defense. To battalion staffs and presents doctrines, training organized by the Headquarters12. achieve that, they approved the Readiness technologies or operational concepts The Signal Battalion located in Poland is Action Plan (RAP). A two-year program that take into account Alliance’s latest one of the three battalions that form NATO is a complex resources package created experience to officers from various nations. Command Structure. The Battalion consists to react to changed security conditions In the following years JFTC supported of the command, the support company in the eastern and south borders of the numerous training for NATO Response Forces and 6 Mobile Communications Modules. Alliance. It also assumed that the current (NRF) and organized many conferences and The command, the support element and NRF would be replaced with the so called seminars. Operational Mentor and Liaison a mobile communications module are “spearhead”, or the VJTF and the Initial Teams (OMLT) training was the first one located in Bydgoszcz. The remaining 5 Follow-On Forces Group (IFFG). The VJTF organized for the Afghan National Army and modules are located in the Czech Republic, are expected to be ready to operate just Afghan National Police, especially for their Slovakia, Lithuania, Hungary and in Turkey. a few days after they receive orders to leadership. Only in 2012 6880 participants The Forward Support Point East - FSPE13 deploy. This is why NFIUs are created attended training events organized by JFTC. provides logistic support for 3th NSB. that will deal with rapid redeployment of The institution systematically Location of 3th NSB in the territory of Poland NATO forces into endangered areas. These adjusted to the new requirements – the gives Polish soldiers, who serve there, access forces should count up to 5,000 troops end of the ISAF combat mission in 2014, to the latest CIS technologies and creates able to react rapidly – even in 48 hours launching the Resolute Support in 2015 conditions for educating communications, – in case of a potential threat. The Noble or intensification of the NATO – Georgia IT, logistics and planning specialists14. Jump executed in June 2015 in the Polish military exercises (since autumn 2016). During the Prague NATO Summit in training fields of Żagań and Świętoszów Decisions taken during the latest NATO 2002 it was decided to create NATO Centres was the first test or the spearhead. The summits indicate that the role of training of Excellence (COE) in order to develop new decision regarding location of NFIU was is growing and thus the interest in JFTC as capabilities of the Alliance. COEs support taken by the North Atlantic Council after a venue for meetings within the Alliance the Alliance transformation processes. a military evaluation was carried out and command structure is growing as well. They enjoy the status of an independent host nations were invited. The NFIU was Location of JFTC in the territory International Military Organization that located in Bydgoszcz, Poland, in September of Poland may prove that the country’s fulfills tasks assigned by HQ SACT. That 2015 and became fully operational before attainment in NATO was recognized. For means that organizationally, every centre15 the Warsaw NATO Summit in 2016. Poland it is of prestigious significance – it is independent from a Framework Nation NFIUs are located in Sofia, Bulgaria, created an occasion to create new forms of and NATO due to the fact that it is not a part Tallin, Estonia, Riga, Latvia, Vilnius, cooperation with other countries and access of the command chain of the Framework Lithuania, Bydgoszcz, Poland, Bucharest, to the latest training methods. And Bydgoszcz Nation or the organization. Its mission is to Romania, Szekesfehervar, Hungary and has become an international centre for support the Alliance in the development of Bratislava, Slovakia. The Spearhead Force armed forces training and development of interoperability standards and capabilities of is their core and its leading elements will warfare tactics. The Bydgoszcz Joint Force NATO Military Police, concept evaluation be fully operational within 48 hours18.

30 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 The Counter-Intelligence Centre of Europe. This is when first operational plans in S. Zarychta, Struktury militarne NATO Excellence (CI COE) is the latest institution case of Russia’s aggression against Poland and 1949-2013, Warszawa 2013, p. 322-326. that was established in the territory of the Baltic States were created. LT Ł. Jureńczyk, 12 Porozumienie w sprawie wsparcia Republic of Poland. It was established in Polska w Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckim. 3 Batalionu Łączności NATO, Kraków, pursuant to the Memorandum Wojsko Polskie w operacjach reagowania „Polska Zbrojna” 02.11.2015 from Norfolk in 2015. It was created on kryzysowego, Bydgoszcz 2016, p.398. 13 Grounds to the draft of the law on the initiative of Poland and Slovakia. The 3 There ratification of the Agreement between the main task of this entity is to increase the 4 During his speech at the GLOBSEC Government of the Republic of Poland and Alliance counterintelligence capabilities conference in 2014 NATO SecGen Anders Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe to prevent activities of enemy intelligence Fogh Rassmusen assured about application (SHAPE) regarding the basing, legal status services. The detailed CI COE tasks, of allied means – strengthening air defense, and provision of support to the 3rd NATO however, are secret. The CI COE also intensification of land exercises, launching Signal Battalion, a subordinate element of executes tasks set by ACT and nations that AWACS over Poland and Romania, the NATO Communication and Information co-create the Centre. It is one of the 24 strengthening the Air Policing over the Systems Group (NCISG), located in the NATO centres of excellence specializing Baltic Sea. “Standing up for Freedom Republic of Poland, signed in SHAPE on in different areas. Poland is engaged in and Security” - full version available at: 17 September 2014, Sejm of the Republic works of 13 NATO centres of excellence. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/ of Poland, no 3169 dated 6 February 2015 No doubt the announced investments opinions_109859.htm?selectedLocale=en 14 There. in Poland may be an important consequence 5 By the end of 2016 MNC NE in Szczecin 15 The unit became a part of the of strengthening the NATO eastern flank. consisted of 21 nations, including: Poland, network of 21 NATO centres of The 2018 budget of the NATO Investment Denmark and Germany as Founding Nations excellence in Europe and the USA Program for Poland is three times as and respectively: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia 16 NATO MP COE will enhance NATO big as last year’s (231.5 mln dollars vs (2004), Czech Republic and Slovakia (2005), MP capabilities, will support interoperability 69.4 mln dollars). As it was announced, USA (2006), Romania (2008), Slovenia (2009), and provide expertise in the area of Military construction and IT companies and also Croatia (2012), Hungary (2013), Sweden Police in accordance with the strategic suppliers of communication systems (or (2014), Albania, france, Spain, Holland, concept of the Alliance: Memorandum of their elements) will benefit the most from Turkey, Great Britain (2015) and Greece (2016) Understanding between the Minister of NATO investments in Poland. NATO 6 A. Sokołowski, Wielonarodowy Korpus Defense of the Republic of Poland, Ministry entities in Bydgoszcz: 3th NSB, JFTC and Północno-Wschodni w Szczecinie w of Defense of the Republic of Bulgaria, NFIU will obtain new infrastructure19. systemie bezpieczeństwa europejskiego Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Location of NATO forces and infrastructure oraz stosunkach polsko-niemieckich Croatia, Ministry of Defense of the Czech elements is definitely a sign of the position (2007-2016), „Krakowskie Studia Republic, Federal Ministry of Defense of the and role that Poland occupies in the Międzynarodowe” 2016, nr 2, p. 73 – 91. Federal Republic of Germany, the Minister of integrated NATO command structure. 7 Point 40.of the Warsaw NATO Summit Defense of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Those elements demonstrate a strong Communique at:: https://www.nato.int/ the Ministry of National Defense of Romania alliance, deter enemies and guarantee real cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169. concerning the Establishment, Administration support as specified in Article 5. Now htm (access on 15.01.2018). and Operation of the NATO Military Polish authorities seek increasing presence 8 Grupy bojowe w Polsce i krajach bałtyckich Police Centre of Excellence, MONITOR of Euro Atlantic military structures in w pełni gotowe. „Zjednoczeni w obliczu POLSKI DZIENNIK URZĘDOWY Poland, using, among others, Alliance wszelkiej możliwości”, DATA http:// RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ, command system development plans that wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/wydarzenia/ Warszawa, dnia 1 października 2014 r. Poz. assume one of them will be created in artykuly/553105,stoltenberg-grupy-bojowe- 850, Rozdział 3: Misja i obowiązki, pkt 3.1. Europe in order to improve its logistic polska-kraje-baltyckie-nato-agresja.html 17 Certyfikat NATO dla bydgoskiego centrum, capabilities. As General Petr Pavel, NATO 9 J. Keller, Lockheed Martin to start installing „Polska Zbrojna” 22.02.2017; A. Morzycka, Military Committee Chairman, announced Aegis Ashore missile-defense equipment in Aktywność bydgoskiego centrum, „Przegląd the decision regarding the location of Poland, w: http://www.militaryaerospace. Sił Zbrojnych” 4/2017, p. 128 – 131. new centres will be a political one20. ■ com/articles/2016/08/missile-defense-aegis- 18 https://jfcbs.nato.int/page5725819/nato- ashore-poland.html [access: 16.01.2018] force-integration-units/nato-force-integration- 10 B. Górka-Winter, Praski szczyt units-fact-sheet [access on 26.01.2018]. 1 Evaluation of the State Security. Report on NATO (21-22 November 2002), 19 Z. Lentowicz, M. Kozubal, the Survey Ordered by the National Security „Biuletyn PISM” nr 102/2002, p. 701. NATO potraja inwestycje w Polsce, Bureau, CBOS, November 2014, p. 12-13. 11 NATO During Transformation, at: „Rzeczpospolita” 21.01.2017, s. 2 Russian attack on Georgia in 2008 was https://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/ 20 http://www.gazetaprawna.pl/ definitely an alert regarding probability of an pdf/pdf_publications/20120116_nato- artykuly/1098455,nato-lokalizacja-nowych- outbreak of an international armed conflict in trans-pol.pdf (access on 19.01.2018); centrow-dowodzenia.html [dostęp 29.01.2018]

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 31 EVENTS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

EXERCISE TRIDENT JOUST 2017 ■ MAJ Jan Bos, JFTC Training Division

Hybrid threat in Tulcea County

Aran, Bastan and Valahia, three states around the Ponuxin Sea, have big ambitions and under the Bratistan Federation intend on controlling all lands around it, including Romania and Bulgaria. Controlling Tulcea County, a disputed part of Romania, will help to achieve those ambitions; whoever controls Tulcea County controls the Ponuxin Sea oil and gas deposits. With a refugee crisis in the north, Bratistan Federation military exercises at land and sea, and increasing hybrid activities in Tulcea County, Romania feels threatened enough to request NATO support. NATO immediately deploys parts of the NATO Response Force (NRF) to assist Romania and deter Bratistan aggression. Soldiers that have served in NATO for a while are often very familiar with the SKOLKAN and SOROTAN/CERASIA settings. Exercise TRIDENT JOUST 2017 (TRJT17) offered something a little different. Not just a different setting (HISTRIA), but also the deployment into a NATO nation, a focus on the deterrence phase, and the very high level of hybrid activities, made TRJT17 even for the most experienced HQ challenging.

Exercise specifications

TRJT17 was an Allied Command Transformation (ACT) sponsored Battle Staff Training/ Command Post Exercise (BST/CPX) with Headquarters Joint Force Command Naples (JFCNP) as training audience, and was executed between 6 and 20 September 2017. The aim was to train and increase JFCNP’s capability and capacity for deploying a Joint Task Force HQ and operating forward (in the exercise play in Romania, but in reality, in Bydgoszcz, Poland). In addition, TRJT17 provided newcomer staff training after the summer rotation. JFCNP deployed almost 350 soldiers forward to JFTC, and participated with hundreds of staff as reachback from the HQ in Naples. Commander Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC), Major General Wilhelm Grün, acted as Officer Directing the Exercise (ODE). The Exercise Control Organisation (EXCON) was entirely based in Bydgoszcz, and included Response Cells provided by HQ Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC, Land Component Command), and the United Kingdom Joint Force Air Component (UK JFAC, Air Component Command). Poland filled the positions of the Maritime Component Command (MCC), and Romania the Special Operations Component Command (SOCC). Support was also provided by Multinational Division South East (MNDSE) and the NATO Force Integration Units (NFIU’s). Including all exercise support, EXCON was more than 265 military and civilian personnel in total.

Planning

Initially, JFCNP intended to deploy forward to Taranto, Italy, and use the NATO capability package CP156. (CP156 contains all tents, furniture and equipment that an HQ such as JFCNP would require when it would deploy). During the exercise planning process it became clear that using JFTC as the exercise location would be considerably more cost effective. Based on real world focuses, JFCNP requested a change to the scenario for the exercise. Instead of using SOROTAN, the same scenario as used for exercise NOBLE JUMP 2017: HISTRIA. There would not be time however to do full Crisis Response Planning; instead JFCNP would adjust an existing operation plan (OPLAN) to fit the new scenario.

32 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 The HISTRIA

The setting, now known as HISTRIA, was at that time very basic and only developed sufficiently to support a deployment exercise with no main events and main incidents lists (MEL/MIL). It needed substantial work in order to be used to support an operational level exercise so that if the surface was scratched by an HQ staff there was enough depth to support detailed analysis and planning. Under a considerably reduced timeline of 5 months, the JFTC Scenario Team, led by Howard Chaganis1, set to work creating all the additional documentation to bring the scenario to life, most notably the unconventional/hybrid threat within the region needed to be established. Numerous elements had to be created in parallel to the JFCNP OPLAN development, and many products were produced “on demand” whenever a requirement arose. Country books had to be written for all fictitious states, and fact files made for all organisations active in the Ponuxin Sea area. All strategic documentation had to be created, as well as all information on “red” (enemy) and “green” (host nation) forces organisation and locations, for land, air and maritime forces. A new road to crisis and a road to STARTEX (start of the exercise) had to be written that would give the training audience a full understanding of the crisis in the Ponuxin Sea region, and the activities executed by the deployed NATO forces prior to beginning of the exercise.

Preparation

Scenario development is of course just only one of many tasks of the ODE. A few (of many more) are highlighted below:

MEL/MIL (Main Events List/ Main Incident List)

The MEL/MIL contains all scripted “exercise play”; it triggers decisions and activities in the Training Audience, thereby achieving the Exercise and Training Objectives. The MEL/MIL was developed under the experienced lead of MAJ Sergio Villacorta; during the MEL/MIL Strategy Workshop, Incident Development Workshop and Scripting Workshop, all conducted in JFTC, dozens of storylines were developed and more than six hundred injects scripted.

White Cell

The White Cell is a response cell that is composed of subject matter experts or role players representing agencies, organisations, institutions and individuals outside of the NATO force structure and outside of the opposing forces structure. For TRJT17 most White Cell members had to be contracted. A civilian company provided the team that created all exercise media play, replicating print media, TV and social media. In addition, multiple experts were contracted to portray key positions within the Host Nation (in this scenario Romania), International Organisations & Non-Governmental organisations. This aspect of the exercise was critical to allow the training audience to focus on the comprehensive approach and conduct engagements with the host nation that would be crucial during a real-world operation.

CIS (Communication and Information Systems)

For real life NATO Response Force missions, JFCNP uses the Mission Information Room (MIR), the system that the staff members log-in to access the servers in Naples and allows them to use all software applications, Functional Area Services (FAS) and store their data. In the case of TRJT17, with most participants deployed to Bydgoszcz but working on the Naples MIR, this required a connection with considerable bandwidth between the two locations. As challenging as the situation might have seemed, the NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA) was able to provide all necessary support to make the event succesful.

RLS (Real Life Support) & Protocol

With hundreds of exercise participants traveling to Bydgoszcz, all requiring accommodation, meals and transportation, there was a significant RLS demand. From the moment of the exercise participants arrival in Poland until departure the JFTC RLS team, under the lead of Mrs. Magdalena Rydygier, supported them all and did an excellent job throughout the preparation and execution phase of the exercise. The JFTC Protocol Office, led by Ms. Maria Kowalska, took care of all Flag Officers/ General Officers (FOGO), and with 18 FOGOs taking part in or visiting the exercise, they had their hands full. Nevertheless, all left being more than satisfied with the outstanding support provided.

Execution

TRJT17 started after five days of EXCON training, on 11 September 2017 with a Change of Command and Change of Control process between the HQ in Naples and the deployed HQ in Bydgoszcz including flying in the relevant tranches of personnel at the corresponding time. One issue that had already been identified during the preceding Key Leader Training & Academics was the way complexities of the unconventional activities within the scenario had been captured within the OPLAN.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 33 EVENTS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

The original OPLAN, which was adjusted for TRJT17, was written for a Crisis Response Operation outside NATO-territory but within this scenario the forces would deploy to Romania, in order to support a fully functioning NATO member state in deterring foreign aggression. This kind of operation, in combination with the hybrid threat that was played to the maximum extent possible, gave the Training Audience some significant challenges. The considerable involvement of the Senior Mentor, LGEN (ret’d) Van Loon, and the full participation of the JFCNP leadership within the Training Audience, made it possible, however, to achieve the best training benefits for all JFCNP staff involved in the exercise. After 12 days, with constantly increasing hybrid activities, but without the expected enemy invasion actually materialising, the exercise finished. An exercise that, as most participants agreed, offered something different and more present-day focused than the previous exercises.

Conclusion

TRJT17 has again demonstrated JFTC’s unique capability to plan, create, prepare and conduct exercises that are entirely shaped around the specific training requirements of the Training Audience. In addition, with the development of HISTRIA, JFTC now has a setting available that offers something different to the well-known SKOLKAN and SOROTAN scenarios.

1 Mr. Howard Chaganis of Cadence Consultancy has worked for JFTC as Lead Scenario Developer since 2015.

Resolute Support Training Events

Between October 2017 and July 2018 the Joint Force Training Centre conducted four iterations of its flagship training – Resolute Support. Altogether, close to 1500 soldiers and civilian experts arrived in Bydgoszcz to participate in those events – half of them to prepare for their mission in Afghanistan, the other half to support training with their experience and to provide the trainees with the highest quality preparation before the deployment. Training events 17-4 (17-26 October 2017) and 18-2 (17-26 April 2018) focused on future members of Resolute Support Headquarters (RS HQ) in Kabul and Train Advise Assist Command (TAAC) West in Herat, as well as advisors assigned to all TAACs (East, North, South, West). During training events 18-1 (23 January-1 February 2018) and 18-3 (17-26 July 2018), future advisors as well as members of RS HQ and the TAAC-North in Mazar-e-Sharif received high-quality training for their mission in Afghanistan. The Resolute Support pre-deployment training is a good combination of theory and practice. During the first part of events of this series, participants have a chance to learn more about key aspects of the mission and their roles, as well as about the operational environment, political, cultural and the social situation in Afghanistan. The last phase of the exercise examines their ability to put the knowledge into practice. Participants of Resolute Support training events are always supported, guided and assisted by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) - among them, people who have recently returned from Afghanistan and who come to training directly from the theatre. They played a key role also during the last four Resolute Support training events. Additionally, other highly qualified specialists and experts, including representatives of operational commands and leaders of the Resolute Support mission support every iteration of the pre-deployment training. Among flag officers who assisted participants of the last four events, there were General Riccardo Marchió, Commander of the Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum

34 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 (JFCBS); General Salvatore Farina, former JFCBS Commander; Lieutenant General Juan Campíns, JFCBS Deputy Commander, Lieutenant General Olivier Rittimann, former JFCBS Chief of Staff; Lieutenant General Alfons Mais, Chief of Staff of the Resolute Support (RS) mission; Lieutenant General Johann Langenegger, former RS mission Chief of Staff; Lieutenant General Janan Barkazai, First Deputy Minister of Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs; Major General Matthew Holmes, Deputy Advisor to the Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs; Major General Thorsten Poschwatta, Deputy Commander of Bundeswehr Joint Forces Operations Command; Major General Ignazio Gamba, Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Major General Walter Ohm, JFCBS Deputy Chief of Staff for Support, Major General S. Abdul Karim Shah Afzali from the Afghan National Army Ministry of Defence, Major General Karl Ford, JFCBS Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and many others.

Crisis and Disaster Management Software Experiment at JFTC

The Modeling and Simulation Group for Crisis and Disaster Management Processes and Climate Implications met at the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) between 16 and 20 October 2017. Experts arrived in Bydgoszcz to examine predictive and simulation tools that are developed to enhance the decision-making processes within the Alliance. Apart from JFTC capability development team, the limited experiment gathered members of the Crisis Management and Disaster Response Centre of Excellence, Modeling and Simulation Centre of Excellence, Joint Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Defense Centre of Excellence, Bundeswehr Office for Defense Planning, University of Genova as well as representatives of the industry. Being the state-of-the-art platform for experimentation, JFTC turned out to be a perfect venue for execution of these tests and proved to be a key player in NATO innovation process. The outcome of the experiment is promising and further developments on crisis and disaster management tools are planned in the near future.

Initial Cyber Workshop at JFTC ■ Mr. Rick Newell, JFTC Plans and Development Division

Any organization that executes an operation or business function reliant on timely and accurate information, data, networks or communications systems operates in cyberspace. However, many of them never test their reactions to cyber-attacks to verify if they could operate properly during hostile circumstances. While organizations can exercise many different scenarios, there is a growing need to focus on assessing the effects of potential cyber-attacks on critical systems and data. Training how to mitigate their possible impact on the operation or mission is the next step. With that in mind, the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) hosted its initial cyber workshop between 6 and 17 November 2017. The event focused on the tools available to exercise cyber training objectives. It tested three currently used governmental and commercial cyber effects simulation products against a replicated JFTC training environment. The experiment showed the complexity of employing these solutions in a multi-warfare domain training environment such as the one at JFTC, and at the same time indicated opportunities it may bring.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 35 EVENTS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

Several future workshops will further these tools’ effectiveness as well as develop the exercise constructs to employ these capabilities. To be truly efficient in training response to cyber threats, this part of NATO exercises will progress in a “crawl, walk, run” fashion. This will allow training audiences to step their way from smaller “table top” type tests to complex multi-tier exercises in which operating in cyberspace will be commonplace. To fully integrate cyber into training, exercise planners must understand the types of threats the training audience would face in a day-to-day situation and then develop injects that will utilize those methods during the exercise. As complex as it may turn out while working with multiple nations, this will ultimately provide realistic aspects to an otherwise artificial exercise environment.

Open Days for Schools at JFTC

Every year the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) organizes two Open Days for Schools – events during which students of local schools can explore JFTC and meet with its members, officers, non-commissioned officers and civilians, to learn more about the Alliance and its training centre based in Bydgoszcz. The second 2017 Open Day for Schools took place on 24 November. JFTC hosted more than 50 visitors from Primary School No. 60 and Sokrates International School. The JFTC’s young guests received a huge portion of information about historical background of the Alliance, its values, member states as well as JFTC mission, activities and structure. After the theoretical presentation, seven members of different JFTC divisions and offices representing 5 nations joined the students in an open and very vivid discussion. They answered questions concerning their experience from allied missions, various aspects of work at JFTC, number of women serving in NATO structures and also eating habits. The questions and answers session was followed by a short walk through the centre’s compound. The first 2018 event of this type was held on 14 May. This time, the centre prepared two sessions – one for students from Casimir the Great University and Sokrates High School; the other for members of Primary School No 60. Again, the guests had a chance to deep-dive into Alliance’s history, its principle values and current operations. They also learned more about JFTC’s mission and activities. Additionally, the older group received a briefing combined with a demonstration of simulation tools that are used in support of NATO training in Bydgoszcz. At the end of every session, a question and answer round was arranged. The students met with JFTC members - officers and civilians representing six different nations – who engaged with the guests in very vivid and interesting discussions. They talked about various aspects of work for NATO, soldiers’ experience from allied missions and possible ways of joining NATO institutions.

36 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 Rapid Reaction Corps-France Back in Bydgoszcz to Maintain Readiness

Approximately 500 soldiers, mainly from the Rapid Reaction Corps-France (RRC-FR), gathered at the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) in December to take part in Citadel Bonus 2017 exercise. The participants trained to maintain RRC-FR‘s high level of readiness to fulfil its role as the NATO Joint Task Force Headquarters. It was the third exercise of the French Rapid Reaction Corps conducted in Bydgoszcz. During the opening ceremony held on 4 December 2017, Major General Wilhelm Grün, the Commander of the Joint Force Training Centre, recognized the past years of good cooperation. He also encouraged the participants to fully benefit from JFTC capabilities such as broad personnel expertise and the state-of-the-art facility with its newly established training area. The Citadel Bonus 2017 was conducted under the watchful eye of Lieutenant General Thierry Corbet, the Commander of the RRC-FR, and his Deputy, Major General Gert-Johannes Hagemann who arrived in Bydgoszcz to actively participate in the exercise. The event was augmented by soldiers representing the Joint Logistics Support Group, American 40th Infantry Division, French 4th Aero Combat Brigade, liaison element of the 1st French Division and many other units. Furthermore, a part of the exercise was held in Mailly, France. “Although we are many people who come from different countries and represent different cultures, although we have different experiences and expectations, we must come together as one team to accomplish our common mission. Citadel Bonus is an opportunity to advance that worthy goal” – said General Corbet during the opening ceremony. The main objective of the exercise was to maintain Rapid Reaction Corps-France’s readiness. The event also served as a platform to produce background information for scenario of Citadel Guibert 18 exercise executed in March 2018.

JFTC New Year’s Reception

On 11 January 2018, Major General Wilhelm Grün, the JFTC Commander, met with Centre’s partners and friends to thank them for the months of fruitful cooperation. The annual JFTC New Year’s Reception was also a good opportunity to introduce 2018 training plans and priorities. “Without your commitment and support our mission would have been much more difficult and certainly we could not have achieved the quality of training and the quality of life for our staff members.” – said General Grün addressing representatives of regional and local authorities, commanders of NATO units based in Bydgoszcz, members of Polish military structures and other guests participating in the event. The JFTC Commander also highlighted that 2018 is a very special year for the JFTC’s host nation, Poland, as it marks the 100th anniversary of Poland’s independence. “We will use this opportunity to enhance and strengthen the bonds between JFTC and our host nation wherever we can” – said General Grün. During the New Year’s Reception, JFTC was honoured with presence of the Deputy Voivode of Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region, Mr. Józef Ramlau, the Deputy Marshal of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region, Mr. Zbigniew Ostrowski, the Deputy Mayor of Bydgoszcz, Mr. Mirosław Kozłowicz, Commanders of NATO units located in Bydgoszcz, representatives of Polish military institutions and many Centre’s important partners and friends.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 37 Modelling and Simulation as a Service Discussed at JFTC

“Modelling and Simulation as a Service” was the main topic of discussions held at the Joint Force Training Centre between 5 and 9 February 2018. The Modelling and Simulation Group 164 (MSG 164) kick-off meeting gathered in Bydgoszcz to build upon developments of previous working groups (MSG 131 and 136) and thus to foster the work on enhancing future simulation environments for NATO and its partners. Modelling and simulations is a discipline that uses models of real systems or processes in a virtual environment. The use of modelling and simulation by JFTC allows it to acquire analytical data during testing and to cost effectively train military forces. Modelling and Simulation as a Service is expected to provide highest quality simulations to their users no matter where they are. Previous developments discovered in MSG-136 proved that M&S as a Service can highly benefit from commercial developments, and deliver future simulation environments to NATO and its partners even more efficiently. The recently conducted MSG-164 meeting defined the working group’s structure and program of work.

Change of Command at the Bydgoszcz CIS Support Unit

NATO Information and Communication Agency CIS Support Unit in Bydgoszcz (NCIA CSU Bydgoszcz) has a new Commander. On 23 February 2018, Commander Dariusz Kisiel (POL Navy) passed the leadership over the unit to Commander Sławomir Hejka (POL Navy). The duties were officially transferred by Brigadier General Luigi Tomaiuolo, the NCIA Director, Service Operations. General Tomaiuolo handed over the NCIA CSU Bydgoszcz’s colours to the incoming Commander during the Change of Command ceremony held at the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC), and in the presence of Major General Wilhelm Grün, the JFTC Commander, and Brigadier General Ladislav Jung, the JFTC Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff, who participated in the ceremony together with representatives of other NATO units based in Bydgoszcz. Commander Sławomir Hejka arrived in Bydgoszcz from Gdynia where he served as an Information Technology (IT) Specialist at the Information and Communication Technology Centre. Earlier, he gained international experience serving at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe’s (SHAPE) Service Management Branch.

EXONAUT Testing Event in Support of NATO Training

The Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) conducted tests of software products that may enhance exercise tools and may be used in NATO training. The EXONAUT testing event took place between 26 February and 1 March 2018 in Bydgoszcz. Earlier this year, the Allied Command Transformation asked its two training subordinate commands – JFTC and the Joint Warfare Centre in Stavanger, Norway - to execute tests of commercial software products that may meet NATO requirements for the planning, execution and analysis of allied training activities. Two phases were planned, and the first was held at JFTC. Using the state-of-the-art platform for experimentation and innovation developed at JFTC, a group of experts, led by specialists from the JFTC Plans and Development Division, focused on making exercise tools more efficient and flexible. All the work was performed in support of future NATO training, and thus in support of future allied operations.

38 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 VISITS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

Polish 12th Mechanized Division Explores JFTC

The delegation of the Polish 12th Mechanized Division, led by its Commander, Major General Rajmund Andrzejczak, visited the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) on 30 August 2017. They were welcomed and hosted by Brigadier General Ladislav Jung, the JFTC Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff. General Andrzejczak, accompanied by his Deputy, Brigadier General Tomasz Piotrowski, and the Division’s key staff, arrived in Bydgoszcz to explore JFTC training capabilities. Detailed briefings on Centre’s role in NATO training process and presentations of its particular divisions provided the delegation with in-depth information on JFTC’s tasks, activities, structure and most of all, capacities related to training. In vivid discussions with JFTC key officers, continued also during a demonstration of JFTC modelling and simulation tools, the guests received a broad overview of the Centre’s capabilities. During a walk through the JFTC’s compound, representatives of the 12th Mechanized Division also had a chance to see the Centre’s training facility with its modern equipment, tools and systems used in support of training and sophisticated exercises and experiments. This gave them a complete picture of JFTC capacities and paved the way for discussions on possible future cooperation.

Georgian Deputy Chief of Defence Visit at JFTC

Colonel Nikoloz Janjgava, the Deputy Chief of Staff (DCHOD) of the Georgian Armed Forces visited the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) between 17 and 19 September 2017. He met with Major General Wilhelm Grün, the JFTC Commander, and observed Exercise Trident Joust 17. The visit was another step on the way to the next NATO-Georgia Exercise planned for spring 2019. It also focused on further capability building of the NATO-Georgia Joint Training and Evaluation Centre (NATO-GEO JTEC). In 2016, JFTC assumed the leading role in planning and conducting the NATO-Georgia Exercise. Following the success of the exercise executed in autumn 2016, the centre has also developed a mentoring program for representatives of the newly established JTEC in Krtsanisi. Exercise Trident Joust 17 conducted in Bydgoszcz was a perfect opportunity to deepen discussions related to both coordination of the next NATO-Georgia Exercise and cooperation between JFTC and NATO-Georgia JTEC.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 39 VISITS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

Casimir Pulaski Foundation Explored JFTC

A group of experts from the Casimir Pulaski Foundation, Polish think-tank specializing in foreign policy and international security, visited the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) on 15 February 2018. The guests, including Mr. Zbigniew Pisarski, the President of the Foundation, met with Brigadier General Ladislav Jung, the JFTC Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff, to learn more about the Centre and to talk about possible future cooperation.

NATO’s Assistant Secretary General for Operations at Joint Force Training Centre

“Thank you for all the work which JFTC does to support NATO – its preparedness and its operations. We are depending on you all!” – Mr. Patrick Turner, the NATO Assistant Secretary General for Operations, wrote in the Joint Force Training Centre’s (JFTC) guestbook during his visit to Bydgoszcz (Poland). He visited the Centre and met with its leaders on 9 April 2018. Brigadier General Ladislav Jung, the JFTC Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff, together with his key personnel, introduced the guest to the Centre’s mission, its main activities and current development. The discussions touched upon JFTC training efforts devoted to current missions, including Resolute Support, exercises for NATO Command Structure and NATO Force Structure, and the Centre’s active role in fostering the development of NATO capabilities. Future engagements of the Alliance were also discussed in terms of possible new challenges for JFTC. In addition to fruitful discussions, Mr. Turner had an opportunity to see the Centre’s infrastructure, with its state-of-the-art training building, and the newly established external training area that can receive up to 1,000 exercise participants. The Assistant Secretary General for Operations used his stay in Bydgoszcz also to meet with students of Political Science and Defence Studies at the Casimir the Great University. On 10 April, he delivered a lecture on NATO’s current priorities and talked with the students about challenges the Alliance is facing. “The key items on our agenda are defence and deterrence, projecting stability in our neighbourhood – which is essential in the fight against terrorism and for our security – building stronger cooperation with the European Union, and – underpinning all this – increased defence spending and fairer transatlantic burden-sharing,” Mr. Turner said.

40 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 VISITS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

Spanish Ambassador at JFTC

His Excellency Mr. Francisco Javier Sanabria Valderrama, the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Spain to the Republic of Poland, visited the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) on 7 May 2018. He was accompanied by Colonel Juan Carlos Martin Torrijos, the Spanish Military Attaché. The distinguished guests were welcomed by Major General Wilhelm Grün, the JFTC Commander, and the Centre’s key staff. After a discussion with General Grün, His Excellency Sanabria Valderrama and Colonel Torrijos met with members of Spanish contingent serving in Bydgoszcz. His Excellency Mr. Francisco Javier Sanabria Valderrama, became the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Spain to the Republic of Poland in January 2018. This was his first visit to the Joint Force Training Centre.

Joint Force Trainer Observes JFTC

The Joint Force Training Centre’s (JFTC) current efforts, new tasks and development were main topics of discussions during the recent visit of Major General Stefano Vito Salamida, Deputy Chief of Staff Joint Force Trainer at the Supreme Allied Command Transformations, to JFTC. General Salamida met with Major General Wilhelm Grün, the Centre’s Commander, and his key staff on 13 and 14 June 2018. A briefing on JFTC main engagements, capacities and plans for the future, presented by the Centre’s leadership, provided the guest with huge portion of information about JFTC’s activities and also opened the floor for discussions. The Joint Force Trainer was especially interested in JFTC program of work for the upcoming months and years, currently tested trial structure as well as JFTC’s role and activities in the domain of capability development and innovation. The guest received in-depth information on how JFTC uses its potential in testing and experimentation, built throughout the years – also thanks to events such as Coalition Warrior Interoperability Exercise (CWIX). He learnt more, for example, about the Centre’s battle laboratory. As General Salamida visited JFTC during the CWIX, NATO’s premier annual interoperability event, he also used this opportunity to explore the exercise, and to meet with CWIX management and participants. General Salamida expressed his admiration for JFTC’s work, and wished the Centre “to continue such a great support to Allied Command Transformation”.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 41 VISITS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

Deputy Minister – Undersecretary of State in the Polish Ministry of Defence Explores JFTC

Mr. Tomasz Szatkowski, Deputy Minister – Undersecretary of State in the Polish Ministry of Defence, visited the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC). He met with Major General Wilhelm Grün, the Centre’s Commander, and his key staff to learn more about Centre’s activities and development. The visit took place on 12 June 2018. The JFTC guest received in-depth information about Centre’s mission and activities. The initial briefing, focusing on the current situation and future JFTC challenges, triggered many interesting questions and a vivid discussion. They touched upon JFTC training and exercises as well as changes the Centre has been facing recently - including significant increase in number of positions in the JFTC’s structure within the past two years and currently tested trial structure. The Deputy Minister was especially interested in JFTC’s role and activities in the domain of capability development. As the Centre has been increasing its footprint in the area of innovations – mostly devoted to training, but also supporting the NATO concept development - the guest had a chance to find out about JFTC testing and experimentation capacities, including the newly established battle laboratory. Major General Wilhelm Grün extended his appreciation for all the support JFTC received from the Host Nation and the City of Bydgoszcz, he also recognized members of Polish contingent serving at the NATO training centre in Bydgoszcz.

42 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 VISITS In Retrospect Life at JFTC

Supreme Allied Commander Transformation’s farewell visit to JFTC

General Denis Mercier, former Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), met with the Joint Force Training Centre’s (JFTC) leadership and staff on 23 July 2018. This was General Mercier’s farewell visit to JFTC. His tour of duty ended in September this year.

“It is a great pleasure to be here with you today – not only to say farewell as my command period comes to an end – but foremost to tell you how proud I am of what we as ‘ACT team’ have achieved, and will continue to achieve” – said General Mercier addressing Major General Wilhelm Grün, the JFTC Commander, and his staff during the all hands call.

SACT used his farewell visit to JFTC to sum up the past three years of tremendous work focused on transformation of the Alliance – which, according to Allied Command Transformation’s (ACT) motto, consists of ‘improving its military capacity today, shaping tomorrow, and bridging the two’. He emphasized 6 areas, where the Allied Command Transformation and its subcommands’ efforts were ‘ground breaking” – Command and Control, Logistics and Sustainability, Partnerships, Training and Exercises, Capabilities and Human Capital. General Mercier stressed that ACT would continue the work commenced in those areas. He also mentioned the ongoing efforts related to implementation of the NATO Command Structure (NCS) Adaptation. They aim at developing a Command and Control structure that remains "fit for purpose", and will be the first priority for ACT in the nearest future. “It is a very detailed work that will require a full staff engagement, while at the same time we need to continue to deliver our work, with the required quality on time” – SACT said.

General Mercier also highlighted the JFTC’s role in the ongoing modernization of the Alliance, which focused on training and experimentation, both for current operations and increasingly on contingency operations. “You have materialized your motto ‘Transformation through Training’ in an exemplary manner. (...) You have given true sense to the meaning of ‘transformation’, and it is important to link training and exercises with transformation to ensure that we prepare for future tasks”. SACT strongly emphasized the role of tests, and stressed that JFTC will be an important player in this area. “We should permanently question what we do. We will have to conduct many experiments” - SACT said and added that only thanks to permanent innovation, also in close cooperation with centres of excellence, will the Alliance be ready to face any kind of challenge.

General Mercier also recognized the Centre’s involvement in the NCS Adaptation process: “You started with trial structures even before the beginning of the implementation of the adaptation, you augmented and diversified your capacity and you played a key role in a large number of training events”. SACT also emphasized the need for continuation of these efforts, as ‘experimentation is key to responsiveness’. “It is not an overstatement to say that you occupy a critical spot in the NATO Command Structure. (...) You must continue this work.”

The JFTC staff’s exceptional performance was highlighted by General Mercier also during a small ceremony held at the all hands meeting. SACT awarded one of JFTC members, Master Sergeant Torsten Steinberger, with the Allied Command Transformation 2017 Outstanding Military Member of the Year title.

At the end of the meeting, also JFTC leadership expressed their gratitude towards SACT. Major General Grün thanked General Mercier for good cooperation during the past three years and presented him with a small token of appreciation. A painting presenting one of Bydgoszcz landmarks will remind SACT about his cordial relations with the City and the Joint Force Training Centre.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 11 • November 2018 • 43