DOCSLIB.ORG

After the Deluge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
After the Deluge After the Deluge After the Deluge Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia Daniel S. Treisman Ann Arbor To Susi Copyright © by the University of Michigan 1999 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America j` Printed on acid-free paper 2002 2001 2000 1999 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Treisman, Daniel. After the deluge : regional crises and political consolidation in Russia / Daniel S. Treisman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-472-10998-7 (alk. paper) 1. Federal government—Russia (Federation) 2. Central-local government relations—Russia (Federation) 3. Russia (Federation)—Politics and government—1991– I. Title. JN6693.5.S8T74 1999 351.47—dc21 99-37664 CIP Contents List of Figures . vii List of Tables . ix Acknowledgments . xi Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 Chapter 2. Center and Regions in Russia . 28 Chapter 3. Fiscal Transfers and Fiscal Appeasement . 47 Chapter 4. Public Spending and Regional Voting . 81 Chapter 5. Political Strategies of Regional Governors . 120 Chapter 6. Yugoslavia, the USSR, Czechoslovakia—and Russia . 137 Chapter 7. Conclusion: Democratization and Political Integration . 161 Appendix A . 181 Appendix B . 189 Appendix C . 209 Appendix D . 216 Notes . 221 References . 241 Index . 259 Figures 3.1. “Winners” and “losers” from fiscal redistribution, 1992 56 4.1. Regional vote for Yeltsin in 1991 presidential election 83 4.2. Vote of trust in Yeltsin, April 1993 referendum 84 4.3. Change in regional vote for Yeltsin, 1991 election to April 1993 referendum 85 4.4. Vote for the three most pro-reform blocs in December 1993 86 4.5. Vote for major pro-reform blocs and for Communists, December 1995 87 4.6. Second-round vote for Yeltsin in 1996 presidential election 88 A1. The threshold function for regional rebellion 183 A2. Threshold function and cumulative density of s 184 A3. Increasing tax 185 A4. Tax increase with selective appeasement 186 A5. Appeasement with imperfect information 187 Tables 2.1. Elections of Regional Leaders, January 1991 through June 1996 32 3.1. Estimated State Budget Revenues and Expenditures in Russia in the Early 1990s 50 3.2. Estimated Fiscal and Financial Transfers from Center to Regions, 1992–96 53 3.3. What Explains the Pattern of Net Center-to-Region Transfers in Russia, 1992–96? 61 3.4. What Explains the Pattern of Particular Transfers and of Regional Tax Retention, Russia 1992? 68 3.5. Change in Ranking of Regions in Terms of Net Central Transfers, 1988–92 76 4.1. Relationship between Central Transfers and Regional Budget Spending 93 4.2. Voting for Yeltsin and Incumbent Pro-Reform Blocs 95 4.3. The 1996 Presidential Election: Voting for Yeltsin in Rounds 1 and 2 101 4.4. Why Did Different Regions Support Different Political Blocs in the December 1993 Parliamentary Election? 104 4.5. Independent Variables Correlated with the (North-South) Latitude of Regions’ Capital Cities 109 4.6. Logistic Regression of Whether the Incumbent Governor Was Reelected if Regional Election Held 114 4.7. Logistic Regression of Whether the Most Senior Regional Executive Official Running in December 1993 Federation Council Election Was Elected 116 5.1. Which Regional Chief Executives Opposed Yeltsin at Moments of Constitutional Crisis? 126 5.2. Which Regional Chief Executives Supported Yeltsin During 1996 Presidential Election Campaign? 130 5.3. Aid, Voting, and Governors’ Strategies in Three Russian Regions 133 6.1. Federal Own Revenue in Three Reforming Communist Federations and Russia 140 x Tables 6.2. Federal Expenditures in Three Reforming Communist Federations and Russia 141 6.3. Consolidated Budget Revenues in Three Reforming Communist Federations and Russia 143 6.4. Federal Budget Balance in Three Reforming Communist Federations and Russia 145 6.5. Grants from Federation to Czech and Slovak Governments, in Percent of Czechoslovakia GDP 146 6.6. Yugoslavia, Financing the Federation 147 6.7. Republic Budget Expenditure per Capita in Czechoslovakia 1989 and 1992 149 6.8. Expenditures of State (Federal 1 Republic) Budgets on Social Security Benefits, Czechoslovakia 149 6.9. Growth of M1 in Czech and Slovak Republics, 1991–92 150 6.10. Domestic Credit Growth in Czech and Slovak Republics, 1991–92 150 6.11. Estimated Interrepublican Redistribution in Yugoslavia, 1986 153 6.12. Operations of the Yugoslav Federal Development Fund in the Late 1980s 154 6.13. Access to Concessionary Loans and Money Creation of Three Yugoslav Republics, 1987 154 6.14. Net Budget Transfers from the Union 156 6.15. Estimated Net Indirect Transfers to Republics as Result of Underpriced Exports/Imports of Oil and Gas, and Overpriced Exports/Imports of Non–Oil-and-Gas Goods, 1990 158 B1. Center-to-Region Transfers and Regional Tax Share, Russia 1994 190 B2. Regions’ Ranks in Net Transfers Received 194 B3. Index of Social Infrastructure Underdevelopment 200 B4. Index of Pace of Economic Reform 202 B5. Sovereignty Declarations, August 1990–May 1991 203 B6. Characteristics of the Independent Variables Used in Final Regressions 204 B7. Correlation Coefficients for Independent Variables Used in Same Long Regression in Table 3.3 207 B8. Breakdown of the Dependent Variable, 1992 207 B9. Breakdown of the Dependent Variable, 1994 208 C1. Characteristics of Russia’s Regions 214 D1. Which Regional Delegations to the 1993 Congress of People’s Deputies Voted with Yeltsin’s Side? 217 Acknowledgments I have accumulated debts—intellectual and otherwise—to many people in the course of researching and writing this book. Peter Hall, Andrew Walder, and especially Tim Colton provided insightful suggestions and generous encour- agement during the period of its germination as a Ph.D. dissertation in the Government Department at Harvard. Andrei Shleifer has been a source of in- tellectual stimulation throughout, as well as penetrating comment on the cur- rent state of Russian politics. Jim Alt, Robert Bates, Robert Conrad, Tim Frye, and Joel Hellman read earlier versions of parts of the book and offered useful insights. Phil Roeder read the manuscript in its entirety and provided invalu- able criticism. His careful reading forced me to clarify my thinking on various points and has greatly improved the final product. Deborah Treisman, Michel Treisman, and Hans Landesmann also read parts of the final manuscript and made valuable suggestions. Other colleagues swapped insights into the current state of Russian politics; I would like to thank in particular Michael McFaul, Steve Solnick, Yitzhak Brudny, and Robert Moser. I am more than grateful to my colleagues in the political science depart- ment at UCLA for the atmosphere of intellectual curiosity and good humor in which the final manuscript took shape. Lev Freinkman, of the World Bank, has been more than generous with his expertise on numerous occasions. I am grate- ful also to participants in seminars and workshops where I presented earlier ver- sions of parts of the argument, at Harvard, Yale, UCLA, the University of Penn- sylvania, and the U.S. Institute of Peace, as well as at the American Political Science Association 1995 and 1996 annual meetings and the American Eco- nomic Association 1998 annual meeting. In Russia, I have trespassed on the patience of more people than can be listed here. Leonid Smirnyagin and Aleksei Lavrov generously shared their data and insights over the course of several years. Others have found the time to pro- vide their own perspectives on Russia’s emerging politics. I am grateful in par- ticular to Ramazan Abdulatipov, Aleksandr Belousov, Yuri Blokhin, Viktor Filonov, Boris Fyodorov, Sergei Ignatev, Gabibulla Khasaev, Mikhail Leontev, Aleksandr Morozov, Oleg Morozov, Mikhail Motorin, Vitali Naishul, Valery Pavlov, Sergei Shatalov, Sergei Sinelnikov, Viktor Stepanov, Andrei Yakovlev, and Mark Yanovsky. Mark Bond, Konstantin Borovoi, Ruslan Shamurin, xii Acknowledgments Mikhail Zhivilo, and Yuri Zhivilo provided broader insight into the world of Russian business and politics, and Sergei Lazaruk into the Moscow cultural tusovka. Charles Myers at the University of Michigan Press shepherded the manu- script through the editorial process with patience and dedication. I am grateful also to anonymous readers of the mansucript—some for valuable comments and suggestions, others for securing the additional time necessary to see my ar- guments confirmed by subsequent developments. I would like to acknowledge financial support from the Harvard University Russian Research Center, which provided a summer grant and a postdoctoral fellowship at crucial periods, as well as the UCLA Academic Senate and Center for European and Russian Studies. My understanding of center-region relations was enhanced toward the end by participation in a technical support project offering advice on fiscal fed- eralism to the Russian Ministry of Finance, funded by USAID under the direc- tion of Robert Conrad. No part of the argument in this book should, of course, be attributed to USAID or any other funding organization. Chapter 3 draws upon my earlier work in “The Politics of Intergovern- mental Transfers in Post-Soviet Russia,” British Journal of Political Science 26 (1996): 299–335, and “Fiscal Redistribution in a Fragile Federation: Moscow and the Regions in 1994,” British Journal of Political Science 28 (1998): 185– 200. I am grateful to the British Journal of Political Science and Cambridge University Press for permission to excerpt. On a personal note, I am grateful to my parents, Anne Kahneman and Michel Treisman, and my stepfather, Danny Kahneman, for the constant sup- port, interest, and understanding they have shown through the years as this pro- ject took form.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • November 2005
    Politics in Central Europe The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association Volume 1 Number 1 November 2005 The New International Role of Small(er) States NEXT ISSUES: Elections and party system stability in Central European countries Security in Central Europe CONTENTS EDITORIAL . 5–7 ESSAYS Ana Bojinović Geographical Proximity and Historical Experience as a Basis for Active Foreign Policy Strategy of Small European States – the Case of Austria and Slovenia regarding the Western Balkans . 8–29 Ladislav Cabada Czech Foreign Policy – Small State or Middle Power Approach? . 30–45 Tamara Ehs Switzerland – From Splendid Isolation to Selected Cooperation . 46–54 Karin Liebhart Cultural Patterns of Enlargement: Do Small Central European States Share Common Values? . 55–68 Šárka Waisová Per Asper Ad Astra. Human Security in International Relations Practice: a Comparative Study of Foreign and Development Policies of EU/HSN Member States . 69–92 Jerzy J. Wiatr A Small Power’s Strategy: Poland and the Ukrainian Crisis of 2004 . 93–103 BOOK REVIEWS . 104–122 GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS . 123–127 5 EDITORIAL Dear reader, Sixteen years ago the countries in the eastern part of Europe won their freedom in the Year of Miracles, and their societies started on the path towards democracy and prosperity. Democratic transition, (re)construction of constitutional and political institutions, establishment of free market economies and inclusion in global market relations – all these were processes where the East Central European nations showed their willingness to follow example of Western Europe and North America and become part of developed Euro-Atlantic post-modern society. Over these 16 years East Central European societies have experienced many positive results of the democratic transition and consolidation, but – at least in some sections of the population – some negative consequences of colossal social changes too.
    [Show full text]
  • Stony Brook University
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski
    Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski (1634–1702) was a Polish Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski nobleman, magnate, outstanding military commander. He was the son of the Lord Sword-Bearer Jan Jabłonowski and Anna Ostroróg (Ostrorogow). He married Marianna Kazanowska in 1658. He became the Grand Guardian of the Crown in 1660, the Grand Camp Leader of the Crown in 1661, the voivode of Ruthenian Voivodship in 1664, Field Crown Hetman in 1676, Great Crown Hetman in 1682 and castellan of Kraków in 1692. He was also the Starost of Kamieniec Podolski, Żydaczów, Sierpc, Winnica, Świecie, Korsuń, Czehryń, Biała Cerkiew, Bohusław, Busko-Zdrój, Międzyrzec Podlaski, Mościsk, Błonie, Janów Lubelski and Nisko. He participated in the War with Sweden during The Noble Jabłonowski Deluge, then with the Family Cossacks and Muscovy. He took part in the Chocim campaign of 1673 and participated in the Vienna Monument of Hetman Stanislaw expedition of 1683. He led Coat of Jan Jabłonowski erected by the right wing of Polish Arms grateful inhabitants of Lwów. cavalry forces at the Battle of Vienna. He also stopped Prus the Tatars at Lwów in 1695. III In 1692 Stanisław built the stronghold and the neighbouring Jan Jabłonowski Parents town of Okopy Świętej Trójcy. Anna Ostroróg He was a candidate for the Polish throne in 1696. During the Consorts Marianna Kazanowska election, he supported August II, later in opposition to the King. with Marianna Kazanowska The Princely House of Jablonowski by Jan Stanisław (http://www.geocities.com/rafalhm/Jab.html)
    [Show full text]
  • Russia: CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER 1993 to FEBRUARY 1995
    Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/CHRONO... Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Issue Paper RUSSIA CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER 1993 TO FEBRUARY 1995 July 1995 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents GLOSSARY Political Organizations and Government Structures Political Leaders 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CHRONOLOGY 1993 1994 1995 3. APPENDICES TABLE 1: SEAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE STATE DUMA TABLE 2: REPUBLICS AND REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MAP 1: RUSSIA 1 of 58 9/17/2013 9:13 AM Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/CHRONO... MAP 2: THE NORTH CAUCASUS NOTES ON SELECTED SOURCES REFERENCES GLOSSARY Political Organizations and Government Structures [This glossary is included for easy reference to organizations which either appear more than once in the text of the chronology or which are known to have been formed in the period covered by the chronology. The list is not exhaustive.] All-Russia Democratic Alternative Party. Established in February 1995 by Grigorii Yavlinsky.( OMRI 15 Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: a Comparison
    WELFARE REFORMS IN POST-SOVIET STATES: A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL BENEFITS REFORM IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN by ELENA MALTSEVA A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Elena Maltseva (2012) Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: A Comparison of Social Benefits Reform in Russia and Kazakhstan Elena Maltseva Doctor of Philosophy Political Science University of Toronto (2012) Abstract: Concerned with the question of why governments display varying degrees of success in implementing social reforms, (judged by their ability to arrive at coherent policy outcomes), my dissertation aims to identify the most important factors responsible for the stagnation of social benefits reform in Russia, as opposed to its successful implementation in Kazakhstan. Given their comparable Soviet political and economic characteristics in the immediate aftermath of Communism’s disintegration, why did the implementation of social benefits reform succeed in Kazakhstan, but largely fail in Russia? I argue that although several political and institutional factors did, to a certain degree, influence the course of social benefits reform in these two countries, their success or failure was ultimately determined by the capacity of key state actors to frame the problem and form an effective policy coalition that could further the reform agenda despite various political and institutional obstacles and socioeconomic challenges. In the case of Kazakhstan, the successful implementation of the social benefits reform was a result of a bold and skillful endeavour by Kazakhstani authorities, who used the existing conditions to justify the reform initiative and achieve the reform’s original objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Meltdown of the Russian Federation in the Early 1990S Nationalist Myth-Building and the Urals Republic Project Alexander Kuznetsov
    The Meltdown of the Russian Federation in the Early 1990s Nationalist Myth-Building and the Urals Republic Project Alexander Kuznetsov Abstract: In the early 1990s after the collapse of the USSR, the new Russian state faced strong nationalist claims for sovereignty and increased autonomy from the side of regional elites. These nationalist challenges at the sub-national level were seriously considered by many experts to be a potential cause for the further breakup of Russia into a number of new independent states. The nationalist movements in ethnic republics like Chechnya, Tatarstan and Sakha-Yakutia, and their contribution to possible scenario of the disintegration of the Russian Federation, have been researched frequently in post- Soviet-studies literature. However, the examination of the impact of nationalistic ideas in ethnically Russian regions (oblasts) at the beginning of the 1990s has not received the same level of attention from political scientists. The Sverdlovsk oblast is a case study for this research. In the early 1990s, the creation of the Urals republic began in this region. This paper argues that the Sverdlovsk oblast’s claims for increased autonomy included elements of myth-construction within a sub-state nationalist ideology. The first section of this paper briefly contextualizes the events that occurred during the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s that led to the growth of strong sub-nationalist movements in post-Communist Russia. The second section gives details of the Urals republic project, launched in the Sverdlovsk oblast in 1993, and defines the presence of nationalist myth- making elements in this regional movement.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law
    The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law Europe Report N°226 | 6 September 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Russia between Decentralisation and the “Vertical of Power” ....................................... 3 A. Federative Relations Today ....................................................................................... 4 B. Local Government ...................................................................................................... 6 C. Funding and budgets ................................................................................................. 6 III. Elections ........................................................................................................................... 9 A. State Duma Elections 2011 ........................................................................................ 9 B. Presidential Elections 2012 ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lavic-Eurasian Esearch Enter News
    Annual Newsletter of the Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University LAVIC-EURASIAN ESEARCH NO. 27 ENTER NEWS March 2021 2020 Summer International Symposium “Northeast Asia: Pitfalls and Prospects, Past and Present” On July 2–3, 2020, the Slav- ic-Eurasian Research Center held its international summer sympo- sium on “Northeast Asia: Pitfalls and Prospects, Past and Present.” As a response to COVID-19, the event was held online over Zoom, rather than in person. The first half of the symposium, sessions 1 and 2, were devoted to providing a platform for researchers associ- ated with the NIHU Area Studies Project for Northeast Asia (NoA- SRC) to discuss their findings Zoom symposium outgoing with researchers from overseas, while the latter half, sessions 3 and 4, was turned over to debate among the members of David Wolff’s JSPS project on “Multi-Archival Analysis of Critical Junctures in Post-war Northeast Asia.” With the strategic concerns of the United States and China shifting south, to the In- do-Pacific, the focus of Sessions 1 and 2 was on bringing novel perspectives and shining new light on Northeast Asia as a regional ideal, one which has not been institutionalized in the aftermath of the Cold War. Session 1, on “Bottlenecks to Regional Cooperation,” was divided into two parts. The first of these debated the hard bottleneck of contested sovereignty, and the soft bottleneck represented by the ‘politics of distrust’ in Japan and Korea, which not only poisons international relations between the two countries but also is at the root of many social problems.
    [Show full text]
  • NATO's Balancing Behavior Through Montenegro's Accession
    Thinking Geopolitically: NATO’s Balancing Behavior Through Montenegro’s Accession Master’s Thesis By Melike Kaptan May 23, 2018 Master of Science in International Relations and Diplomacy Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University 2016-2018 Thinking Geopolitically: NATO’s Balancing Behavior Through Montenegro’s Accession Student Name: Melike Kaptan Student Number: s1891405 First Supervisor: Dr. Marinko Bobic Second Supervisor: Dr. Peter van Ham Cover photo: Geographic location of Montenegro in Europe. Source: OperationWorld.net, 2018. Word Count: 20.451 i Acknowledgments This Master’s thesis is a product of an intense and comprehensive two-year MSc program of International Relations and Diplomacy, provided by dedicated instructors from Leiden University and the Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”. Under the tutelage of my professors, I have obtained a whole new set of tools to study and understand the phenomena of the current world order from a different viewpoint. For that, I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to all my professors, and the MIRD staff who have shown continuous unwavering support in all my academic endeavors. I would also like to especially thank my First Supervisor Dr. Marinko Bobic for his guidance and his confidence in me. Without his dedicated support throughout my thesis period, this end product could not have reached its full potential. Another special thank you goes for my Second Supervisor Dr. Peter van Ham for his most constructive feedback that allowed me to build my research design on such concrete basis. Lastly, I must express my profound gratitude to Ragnhild Drange for her assistance, my colleagues and friends from MIRD program for their support and my parents for their love, guidance and constant encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • Covering Conflict – Reporting on Conflicts in the North Caucasus in the Russian Media – ARTICLE 19, London, 2008 – Index Number: EUROPE/2008/05
    CO VERIN G CO N FLICT Reporting on Conflicts in the N orth Caucasus in the Russian M edia N M AY 2008 ARTICLE 19, 6-8 Am w ell Street, London EC1R 1U Q , U nited Kingdom Tel +44 20 7278 9292 · Fax +44 20 7278 7660 · info@ article19.org · http://w w w .article19.org ARTICLE 19 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN FOR FREE EXPRESSION Covering Conflict – Reporting on Conflicts in the North Caucasus in the Russian Media – ARTICLE 19, London, 2008 – Index Number: EUROPE/2008/05 i ARTICLE 19 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN FOR FREE EXPRESSION Covering Conflict Reporting on Conflicts in the North Caucasus in the Russian Media May 2008 © ARTICLE 19 ISBN 978-1-906586-01-0 Covering Conflict – Reporting on Conflicts in the North Caucasus in the Russian Media – ARTICLE 19, London, 2008 – Index Number: EUROPE/2008/05 i i ARTICLE 19 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN FOR FREE EXPRESSION Covering Conflict – Reporting on Conflicts in the North Caucasus in the Russian Media – ARTICLE 19, London, 2008 – Index Number: EUROPE/2008/05 ii i ARTICLE 19 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN FOR FREE EXPRESSION A CKN O W LED G EM EN TS This report was researched and written by the Europe Programme of ARTICLE 19. Chapter 6, on ‘International Standards of Freedom of Expression and Conflict Reporting’ was written by Toby Mendel, Director of ARTICLE 19’s Law Programme. Chapter 5, ‘Reporting Conflict: Media Monitoring Results’ was compiled by Natalia Mirimanova, independent conflict resolution and media consultant. The analysis of media monitoring data was carried out by Natalia Mirimanova and Luitgard Hammerer, (formerly) ARTICLE 19 Regional Representative - Europe, CIS.
    [Show full text]
  • Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place
    Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas By Hal K. Rothman Daniel Holder, Research Associate National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office Series Number Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the full cooperation of the men and women working for the National Park Service, starting with the superintendents of the two parks, Frank Deckert at Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Larry Henderson at Guadalupe Mountains National Park. One of the true joys of writing about the park system is meeting the professionals who interpret, protect and preserve the nation’s treasures. Just as important are the librarians, archivists and researchers who assisted us at libraries in several states. There are too many to mention individuals, so all we can say is thank you to all those people who guided us through the catalogs, pulled books and documents for us, and filed them back away after we left. One individual who deserves special mention is Jed Howard of Carlsbad, who provided local insight into the area’s national parks. Through his position with the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society, he supplied many of the photographs in this book. We sincerely appreciate all of his help. And finally, this book is the product of many sacrifices on the part of our families. This book is dedicated to LauraLee and Lucille, who gave us the time to write it, and Talia, Brent, and Megan, who provide the reasons for writing. Hal Rothman Dan Holder September 1998 i Executive Summary Located on the great Permian Uplift, the Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns national parks area is rich in prehistory and history.
    [Show full text]
  • Populism and the Backsliding of Democracy in Three West Balkan Coun- Tries
    LIEPP Working Paper June 2017, nº67 How the quality of democracy deterio- rates: Populism and the backsliding of democracy in three West Balkan coun- tries Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos Political Science and Public Administration Department National and Kapodistrian University of Athens [email protected] www.sciencespo.fr/liepp © 2017 by the author. All rights reserved. How to cite this publication: Sotiropoulos Dimitri A., How the quality of democracy deterio-rates: Populism and the backsliding of democracy in three West Balkan countries, Sciences Po LIEPP Working Paper n°67, 2017-06- 14. LIEPP Working Paper n° 67 How the quality of democracy deteriorates: Populism and the backsliding of democracy in three West Balkan countries Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos Abstract Assessments of the quality of democracy focus on deviations from the rule of law and decreasing levels of political participation, but do not adequate- ly explore the mechanisms through which the quality of democracy de- creases. Populism is such a mechanism, used by populist leaders, after they ascent to power. Populism is combined with clientelism and corruption to form means of political domination in democratic regimes which are back- pedalling or backsliding. Examples are three recently consolidated demo- cratic regimes of Western Balkans. The governments of Aleksandar Vucic in Serbia, Nikola Gruevski in FYR Macedonia and Milo Djukanovic in Montenegro purposefully use populism, clientelism and corruption. Alt- hough not present in all backsliding democracies, populism, clientelism
    [Show full text]