FROM YUGOSLAVIA TO EUROPE THE FOREIGN POLICIES OF THE POST -YUGOSLAV STATES

Edited by

Soeren Keil Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Psychology, Politics and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK and

Bernhard Stahl Professor, Chair of International Politics, University of Passau, Germany

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This book is dedicated to our families Claire and Malindi & Stefanie and Lotti

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Contents

List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Contributors

I. Point of Departure 1. Introduction: The Foreign Policies of the post-Yugoslav States Soeren Keil and Bernhard Stahl

2. Allies are Forever (until they are no more): Yugoslavia’s Multivectoral Foreign Policy during Titoism Katrin Boeckh

II. Early Departure – Early Arrival 3. From the Balkans to Central Europe and Back: The Foreign Policy of Slovenia Ana Bojinovi ć Fenko und Zlatko Šabi č

4. Croatia fast-forward Foreign Policy: From Yugoslavia to the EU Senada Šelo Šabi ć

III. Early Departure – Late Arrival? 5. Policy Consensus during Institutional Change: Macedonian Foreign Policy since Independence Cvete Koneska

6. Complex System, Complex Foreign Policy: The Foreign Policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina Adnan Huski ć

IV. Joint Departure – Different Arrivals 7. An Orpheus Syndrome? Serbian Foreign Policy after the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Mladen Mladenov

8. From Creeping to Sprinting: The Foreign Policy of Montenegro Jelena Džanki ć

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9. Foreign Policy as a Constitutive Element of Statehood and Statehood Prerogative: The Case of Kosovo Gëzim Krasniqi

10. Conclusion: Policy, Theory and Analysis – Evaluating the post-Yugoslav States Amelia Hadfield

Bibliography Index

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List of Illustrations

Map 1.1 Map of the post-Yugoslav and neighboring States

Tables 3.1 Bilateral relations of Slovenia and individual post-Yugoslav states by two- fold typology 3.2 Comparison of Slovenian and Yugoslav foreign policy substance and strategy

Figures 8.1 Support for EU Integration 8.2 Support for NATO 8.3 Friendly towards EU’s Member States 8.4 Support of the US and Russia 8.5 Montenegro and the post-Yugoslav space

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List of Abbreviations

AFP Analysis of Foreign Policy DSS Democratic Party of Serbia AKR New Kosovo Alliance EC European Commission BIA Security Information Agency EPC European Political (Serbia) Cooperation BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina ERI SEE Education Reform Initiative BRICS Brazil-Russia-India-China- of South Eastern Europe South Africa ESDP European Security and CEFTA Central European Free Trade Defense Policy Area EU European Union CEP Centre for European EULEX European Union Rule of Law Perspective Mission (Kosovo) CFSP EU’s Common Foreign and FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Security Policy Herzegovina CoE Council of Europe FDI Foreign Direct Investment Comecon Council for Mutual FENA Federal News Agency (BiH) Economic Assistance FP Foreign Policy Cominform Communist Information FPA Foreign Policy Analysis Bureau FRY Federal Republic of Comintern Communist International Yugoslavia CoMoCo Council of Ministers of FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic SEE Culture of South-East Europe of Macedonia CPSU Communist Party of the GDR German Democratic Soviet Union Republic CPY Communist Party of GFAP General Framework Yugoslavia Agreement for Peace CSCE Conference on Security and GTF Regional Cooperation Cooperation in Europe, now Council Gender Task Force OSCE HDZ Croat Democratic Union DoI Declaration of Independence ICJ International Court of Justice DOS Democratic Opposition of Serbia ICO International Civilian Office (Kosovo) DPPI SEE Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative in ICR International Civilian South-East Europe Representative DPS Democratic Party of ICTY International Criminal Socialists (Montenegro) Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia DS Democratic Party (Serbia) VII

IDA International Development Organization Association NKVD People’s Commissariat of IR International Relations Internal Affairs (USSR) ISAF International Security ODA Official development Assistance Force Assistance (Afghanistan) OHR Office of the High ITN Britain’s Independent Representative Television News OIC Organization of Islamic JNA Yugoslav People’s Army Conference JSO Special Operations Unit OSCE Organization for Security & KFOS Kosovo Foundation for Open Co-operation in Europe Society OZNA Department for National LDK Democratic League of Protection (Yugoslavia), later Kosovo UDBA LDP Liberal Democratic Party PDK Democratic Party of Kosovo (Serbia) PfP Partnership for Peace LSCG Liberal Alliance of Program Montenegro PIC Peace Implementation MAP Membership Action Plan Council (NATO) POW Prisoner of War MARRI Migration, Asylum and RACVIAC Centre for Security Refugee Regional Initiative Cooperation MEP Members of the European RAI Regional Anticorruption Parliament Initiative MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs RCC Regional Cooperation MFAEI Ministry of Foreign Affairs Council and European Integration RS Republika Srpska (BiH) (Croatia), now MFEA R2P Responsibility to Protect MFEA Ministry of Foreign and SAA Stabilization & Association European Affairs (Croatia) Agreement MPAs maritime protected areas SANU Serbian Academy of Science NACC North Atlantic Cooperation & Arts Council SDA Party of Democratic Actions NALAS Network of Associations of (BiH) Local Authorities of South- SDB State Security Administration East Europe (Serbia), now BIA NAM Non-Aligned Movement SDS Serb Democratic Party (BiH) NATO North Atlantic Treaty SDP Social Democratic Party Organization (Croatia) NGO Non-Governmental SFRY Federal Socialist Republic of VIII

Yugoslavia UNMIK United Nations Interim SIP Secretariat for Foreign Administration Mission in Affairs of the former Kosovo Yugoslavia UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive SKJu League of Communists of Deployment Force Yugoslavia UNTAES United Nations Transitional SNP Socialist People’s Party Authority for Eastern (Montenegro) Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium SNS Serbian Progressive Party UNSC United Nations Security SNSD Alliance of Independent Council Social Democrats (Croatia) US United States SPC Serbian Orthodox Church USA Unites States of America SPO Serb Renewal Movement (BiH) USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics SPS Socialist Party of Serbia VMRO- Internal Macedonian SRS Serbian Radical Party DPMNE Revolutionary Organization SRSG Special Representative of the – Democratic Party for Secretary General (Kosovo) Macedonian National Unity SVEZ Governmental Office for VONS Defense & National Security European Affairs (Slovenia) Council of the President of TRNC Turkish Republic of the Republic (Croatia) Northern Cyprus WPON Women Police Officers UDBA Administration for State Network Security (Yugoslavia) WTO World Trade Organization UN United Nations WWII Second World War UNESCO United Nations Educational, ZERP Ecological-Fishing Scientific and Cultural Protection Zone Organization UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

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Acknowledgements

Many people deserve recognition and thanks for their support throughout this book project, and there are too many to mention them all. However, some we would like to highlight.

First of all, we would like to thank Andrew Baird at Palgrave for his support for this project. We are also indebted to Spyros Economides, Kevin Featherstone, and Şevket Pamuk for their support and their enthusiasm for this project. They have been really kind to us and encouraged us to publish this book in their series on New Perspectives on South-East Europe. We would furthermore like to thank Canterbury Christ Church University, and here especially Dr. David Bates. This book is based on a research workshop that was held in Canterbury in May 2012, and Canterbury Christ Church University kindly provided the financial support for this workshop via the REF 2012/2013 fund. The University of Passau has also kindly funded a follow-up workshop in November 2012, and has provided financial assistance for the final edits of the manuscript. We are also really grateful to Trish Moore, who brought a fresh set of eyes to the project. Furthermore, this project would not have been possible without the hard work of Christine Wüst, who was in charge of the final editing, the index and the overall coordination of this book project. Without her, we would have been unable to finish it to this high standard, and she has really contributed massively to the finalization of this project. Finally, we wish to thank a number of family members, friends and colleagues for their support, in particular Zeynep Arkan, Florian Bieber, Sarah Lieberman, Valery Perry and Jens Woelk. Finally we would like to thank our families, Claire and Malindi and Stefanie and Lotti for their love and support. Without their patience and encouragement it would have not been possible to complete this volume and spend so many hours on researching the foreign policies of the post-Yugoslav states. This book is dedicated to them.

Canterbury and Passau, May 2014

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Contributors

Katrin Boeckh , PhD, is senior researcher in the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies Regensburg and extraordinary professor for East and Southeast European history at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich. Her areas of research are ethno-national conflicts and their consequences, state and church relations in socialist countries, institutions in late Stalinism and the discourse of values during transformation, with a regional focus on the Ukraine and the countries of Yugoslavia. Her main publications are: Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung auf dem Balkan (München 1996); Stalinismus in der Ukraine: Die Rekonstruktion des sowjetischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Wiesbaden 2007); [with Ekkehard Völkl] Ukraine. Von der Roten zur Orangenen Revolution (Regensburg 2007); Serbien. Montenegro. Geschichte und Gegenwart (Regensburg 2009); [et al.] The Empire Is Dead, Long Live the Empire! Long-Run Persistence of Trust and Corruption in the Bureaucracy (Regensburg 2010), Osteuropa Institut. Mitteilungen. No. 60.

Ana Bojinovi ć-Fenko is Assistant Professor and Researcher at University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences in Slovenia. Her research focuses on international regionalism (in the Mediterranean region), on foreign policy of (small) states and on external action of the EU (particularly the enlargement and neighbourhood policies). Her recent article titled Compatibility of regionalizing actors' activities in the Mediterranean region: what kind of opportunity for the European Union? was published in the Journal of Southeast European & Black Sea studies in September 2012.

Jelena Džanki ć, PhD, is a Marie Curie Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. Her research focuses on the interplay between citizenship, state and nation building processes and Europeanization in the post-Yugoslav states. Her other research interest includes the politics of Montenegro, and her book Citizenship in Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro; Effects of Statehood and Identity Challenges is forthcoming with Ashgate in June 2015. XI

Amelia Hadfield , PhD, is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Canterbury Christ Church University, in the United Kingdom. Her research examines both the nexus of foreign policy analysis and international relations theory, and key facets of EU foreign policy, including neighbourhood, development and EU-Russia relations. Co-editor in chief of the online journal Politics and Governance (Cogitatio), her work on EU foreign affairs appears in the Annual Review of the Journal of Common Market Studies (July 2013), with research on foreign policy featuring in the textbook that she co-edited with Steve Smith and Tim Dunne: Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases (OUP 2012).

Adnan Huski ć is a PhD candidate at the University of Graz and Lecturer in International Relations and Politics at Sarajevo School of Science and Technology in Bosnia and Herzegovina. His research focuses on the role of external actors in post-conflict power-sharing arrangements. He works for the Friedrich Naumann Stiftung für die Freiheit in Bosnia and Herzegovina and provides frequent comments and analyses for media in the Western Balkans.

Soeren Keil , PhD, is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Canterbury Christ Church University in the United Kingdom. His research focuses on the political systems of the post- Yugoslav states, as well as territorial autonomy as a mode of conflict-resolution and the foreign policy of new states (particularly in the Balkans). His book Multinational Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina was published with Ashgate in December 2013.

Cvete Koneska holds a PhD in Politics from University of Oxford. Her research focuses on post- conflict politics in the Balkans, ethno-national conflicts, and foreign policy (EU and NATO integration). Her book After Ethnic Conflict: Policy-Making in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Macedonia will be published by Ashgate in November 2014.

Mladen Mladenov is a PhD candidate and lecturer in International Relations at the University of Passau in Germany. His research interests lie in the field of Serbian foreign policy as well as in an experimental approach to Europeanization research in Serbia.

Gëzim Krasniqi is a PhD candidate in Sociology and Research Assistant on the CITSEE project at the University of Edinburgh. His main research interests are politics, nationalism, nationalist XII movements and citizenship. He has published several articles on the politics of the Balkan region in general and Kosovo in particular.

Zlatko Šabi č is a Professor of International Relations at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences. His research focus is on international institutions. His recent project was on Regional and International Relations of Central Europe (Palgrave, 2012) where he has co- authored a chapter (with Annette Freyberg-Inan) on relations between Central European states and the Balkans.

Senada Šelo Šabi ć works as a scientific associate in the Institute for Development and International Relations in Zagreb. Her research interests include Croatian foreign policy, Western Balkans and Turkey, EU Enlargement, development cooperation and migration. She is editor-in- chief of the Croatian International Relations Review and is an external teacher at the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb. Senada is the author of a monograph State Building under Foreign Supervision: Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996-2003 , in addition to several book chapters and articles. Senada received several distinguished academic grants, the most recent the Fulbright Scholars’ Program Fellowship in 2011.

Bernhard Stahl is Professor of International Politics at the University of Passau (GER). His research areas cover European foreign policy (German, French and EU foreign policy in particular) preferably vis-à-vis SEE, identity theory, and comparative regionalism. From 2004 to 2008 he worked as Professor of European Integration on behalf of the German Ministry of Economic Co-operation in Serbia. His recent publications deal with domestic legitimation of military interventions (e.g. Germany and Libya) and identity-related problems in the accession process (e.g. the EU and Serbia).