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New Perspectives on South-East Europe Series Editors: Spyros Economides, Associate Professor in International Relations and European Politics, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Kevin Featherstone, Eleftherios Venizelos Professor of Contemporary Greek Studies and Professor of European Politics, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Sevket Pamuk, Professor of Economics and Economic History, the Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and Department of Economic, Bogaziçi (Bosphorus) University, Turkey Series Advisory Board: Richard Crampton, Emeritus Professor of Eastern European History at St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford Vladimir Gligorov, Staff Economist specialising in Balkan countries, the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, Austria Jacques Rupnik, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre d’études et de recherches internationales of Sciences Po, France Susan Woodward, Professor, the Graduate Programme in Political Science at the City University of New York, USA South-East Europe presents a compelling agenda: a region that has challenged European identities, values and interests like no other at formative periods of modern history and is now undergoing a set of complex transitions. It is a region made up of new and old European Union member states, as well as aspiring ones; early ‘democratising’ states and new post-communist regimes; states undergoing liberalising economic reforms, partially inspired by external forces, whilst coping with their own embedded nationalisms; and states obliged to respond to new and recurring issues of security, identity, well-being, social integration, faith and secularisation. This series examines issues of inheritance and adaptation. The disciplinary reach incorporates politics and international relations, modern history, economics and political economy and sociology. It links the study of South East-Europe across a number of social sciences to European issues of democratisation and economic reform in the post-transition age. It addresses ideas as well as institutions; policies as well as processes. It will include studies of the domestic and foreign policies of single states, relations between states and peoples in the region, and between the region and beyond. The EU is an obvious reference point for current research on South-East Europe, but this series also highlights the importance of South-East Europe in its eastern context; the Caucuses; the Black Sea and the Middle East. Titles include: Ayhan Aktar, Niyazi Kizilyürek and Umut Özkirimli (editors) NATIONALISM IN THE TROUBLED TRIANGLE Cyprus, Greece and Turkey William Bartlett, Jadranka Bozikov and Bernd Rechel (editors) HEALTH REFORMS IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic, James Ker-Lindsay and Denisa Kostovicova (editors) CIVIL SOCIETY AND TRANSITIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Kevin Featherstone, Dimitris Papadimitriou, Argyris Mamarelis and Georgios Niarchos THE LAST OTTOMANS The Muslim Minority of Greece 1941–1949 Alexis Heraclides THE GREEK–TURKISH CONFLICT IN THE AEGEAN Imagined Enemies Soeren Keil and Bernhard Stahl (editors) THE FOREIGN POLICIES OF POST-YUGOSLAV STATES From Yugoslavia to Europe Markus Ketola EUROPEANIZATION AND CIVIL SOCIETY The Impact of the EU Accession Process on Turkish NGOs New Perspectives on South-East Europe Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–23052–1 (hardback) and ISBN 978–0–230–23053–8 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Foreign Policies of Post-Yugoslav States From Yugoslavia to Europe Edited by Soeren Keil Senior Lecturer in International Relations, School of Psychology, Politics and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK Bernhard Stahl Professor of International Politics, Department of History and Governance, University of Passau, Germany Selection and editorial matter © Soeren Keil and Bernhard Stahl 2014 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–1–137–38412–6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. To our families Claire and Malindi & Stefanie and Lotti This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments x Notes on Contributors xi List of Abbreviations xiv Part I Point of Departure 1 Introduction: The Foreign Policies of the Post-Yugoslav States 3 Soeren Keil and Bernhard Stahl 2 Allies Are Forever (Until They Are No More): Yugoslavia’s Multivectoral Foreign Policy During Titoism 18 Katrin Boeckh Part II Early Departure – Early Arrival 3 From the Balkans to Central Europe and Back: The Foreign Policy of Slovenia 47 Ana Bojinovi´cFenko and Zlatko Šabiˇc 4 Croatia’s Fast-Forward Foreign Policy: From Yugoslavia to the EU 69 Senada Šelo Šabi´c Part III Early Departure – Late Arrival? 5 Policy Consensus During Institutional Change: Macedonian Foreign Policy Since Independence 97 Cvete Koneska 6 Complex System, Complex Foreign Policy: The Foreign Policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina 122 Adnan Huski´c vii viii Contents Part IV Joint Departure – Different Arrivals 7 An Orpheus Syndrome? Serbian Foreign Policy After the Dissolution of Yugoslavia 147 Mladen Mladenov 8 From Creeping to Sprinting: The Foreign Policy of Montenegro 173 Jelena Džanki´c 9 Foreign Policy as a Constitutive Element of Statehood and Statehood Prerogative: The Case of Kosovo 198 Gëzim Krasniqi Part V On Empirical Arrivals and Theoretical Departures 10 Conclusion: Foreign Policy Analysis and the Post-Yugoslav States 223 Amelia Hadfield Index 247 Illustrations Map 1.1 Map of the post-Yugoslav and neighboring states 6 Tables 3.1 Bilateral relations of Slovenia and individual post-Yugoslav states by two-fold typology 59 3.2 Comparison of Slovenian and Yugoslav foreign policy substance and strategy 60 Figures 8.1 Support for EU integration 188 8.2 Support for NATO 188 8.3 Friendly towards EU member states 189 8.4 Support for the US and Russia 190 8.5 Montenegro and the post-Yugoslav space 190 ix Acknowledgments Many people deserve recognition and thanks for their support through- out this book project, and there are too many to mention them all. However, some we would like to highlight. First of all, we would like to thank Andrew Baird at Palgrave for his support for this project. We are also indebted to Spyros Economides, Kevin Featherstone and ¸SevketPamuk for their support and their enthu- siasm for this project. They have been really kind to us and encouraged us to publish this book in their series New Perspectives on South-East Europe. We would furthermore like to thank Canterbury Christ Church Uni- versity, and here especially Dr David Bates. This book is based on a research workshop that was held in Canterbury in May 2012, and Canterbury Christ Church University kindly provided the financial sup- port for this workshop via the REF 2012/2013 fund. The University of Passau also kindly funded a follow-up workshop in November 2012, and has provided financial assistance for the final edits of the manuscript. We are also really grateful to Trish Moore, who brought a fresh set of eyes to the project. Furthermore, this project would not have been possible without the hard work of Christine Wüst, who was in charge of the final editing, the index and the overall coordination of this book project. Without her, we would have been unable to finish it to this high standard, and she has really contributed massively to the finalization of this project. We also wish to thank a number of family members, friends and col- leagues for their support, in particular Zeynep Arkan, Florian Bieber, Sarah Lieberman, Valery Perry and