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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Ciencias Forestales UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES EVALUACIÓN DEL ESTADO ACTUAL DE LAS POBLACIONES DE Abies vejarii Martínez EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO POR RIGOBERTO GONZÁLEZ CUBAS COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ORIENTACIÓN EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS NATURALES OCTUBRE, 2019 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO EVALUACIÓN DEL ESTADO ACTUAL DE LAS POBLACIONES DE Abies vejarii Martínez EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO POR RIGOBERTO GONZÁLEZ CUBAS COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ORIENTACIÓN EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS NATURALES LINARES, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO OCTUBRE, 2019 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). A la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. A los ejidos de “La Encantada”, Nuevo León; “Valle Hermoso”, Tamaulipas; “Los Lirios”, Coahuila, Méx. A los integrantes de mi Comité de Tesis, Dr. Eduardo Javier Treviño Garza, Dr. Marco Aurelio González Tagle, Dr. Oscar Alberto Aguirre Calderón, Dr. Eduardo Alanís Rodríguez y Dr. Rahim Foroughbakchk Pournavab. A mis colegas que me apoyaron en campo Humberto, Israel, Mónica, Prudencia, Yessica, Gyorgy. Al laboratorio de Geomática. A mis compañeros de generación Perla, Dora, Ricardo, Ulises y Marco. DEDICATORIA A mi esposa: Angelina Bautista Cruz A mis hijos: Anthony Emir Santiago Elkin. A mis papas: Martina Cubas Nuñez Juan González Vásquez A mis hermanos: Manuela González Cubas Simón González Cubas Rosalía González Cubas Jaime González Cubas Juana González Cubas Esperanza González Cubas Contenido PRESENTACIÓN ........................................................................................................................ 1 CAPÍTULO I. RESEÑA DEL ESTUDIOS DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN Y DINÁMICA DE ÁRBOLES FORESTALES EN POBLACIONES RELICTO .............................. 3 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. PROBLEMÁTICA ACTUAL ................................................................................................ 5 1.2.1. Efectos climáticos en las poblaciones de árboles relicto. ...................................... 7 1.2.2. Dinámica de poblaciones de árboles relictos .......................................................... 8 1.2.3. Genética en poblaciones de árboles relicto ........................................................... 11 1.2.4. Migración de poblaciones de especies forestales relicto ..................................... 12 1.3. ESTADO ACTUAL DE LOS BOSQUES RELICTOS EN MÉXICO ........................... 12 1.4. REFERENCIAS ................................................................................................................. 16 CAPÍTULO II. DIVERSIDAD Y ESTRUCTURA ESPACIAL DE BOSQUES DE PINO- ABIES A LO LARGO DE LA SIERRA MADRE ORIENTAL, EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO. ..................................................................................... 27 2.1. RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 27 2.2. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.3. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 29 2.4. HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.5. OBJETIVO .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.6. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................. 31 2.7. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ........................................................................................... 32 2.7.1. Área de estudio .......................................................................................................... 32 2.7.2. Metodología ................................................................................................................ 33 2.7.3. Diversidad de especies arbóreas ............................................................................ 34 2.7.4. Composición de la estructura ................................................................................... 37 2.8. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................................ 40 2.8.1. Diversidad de especies arbóreas ............................................................................ 40 2.8.2. Riqueza de especies arbóreas................................................................................. 48 2.8.3. Estructura espacial de bosques de Abies .............................................................. 50 2.9. CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................................. 54 2.10. REFERENCIAS ............................................................................................................... 55 i CAPÍTULO III. DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL-POTENCIAL DE Abies vejarii, Y SU RELACIÓN CON FACTORES AMBIENTALES, TOPOGRÁFICOS Y ANTROPOGÉNICOS EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO. ................................. 64 3.1. RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 64 3.2. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 65 3.3. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 66 3.4. HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................................................................ 67 3.5. OBJETIVO .......................................................................................................................... 67 3.6. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................. 68 3.7. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ........................................................................................... 69 3.7.1. Área de estudio .......................................................................................................... 69 3.7.2. Recolección de datos de ocurrencia ....................................................................... 70 3.7.3. Depuración de datos .................................................................................................. 70 3.7.4. Variables ambientales y topográficas ..................................................................... 70 3.7.5. Distribución actual ...................................................................................................... 71 3.7.6. Modelado de distribución potencial de la especie ................................................ 71 3.7.7. Validación del modelo de distribución potencial ................................................... 72 3.7.8. Evaluación del impacto humano .............................................................................. 73 3.7.9. Análisis estadístico .................................................................................................... 74 3.8. RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................... 74 3.8.1. Distribución actual ...................................................................................................... 76 3.8.2. Distribución potencial ................................................................................................ 77 3.8.3. Impacto antropogénico .............................................................................................. 78 3.9. DISCUSIÓN........................................................................................................................ 79 3.10. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.............................................................. 81 3.11. REFERENCIAS ............................................................................................................... 82 CAPÍTULO IV. RESPUESTAS DE REGENERACIÓN DE LOS BOSQUES DE ABIES A LO LARGO DE GRADIENTES LATITUDINALES Y ALTITUDINALES EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO. ..................................................................................... 88 4.1. RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 88 4.2. ABSTRAC ........................................................................................................................... 89 4.3. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 90 4.4. HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................................................................ 91 ii 4.5. OBJETIVO .......................................................................................................................... 91 4.6 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS............................................................................................. 91 4.6.1 Especie bajo estudio ................................................................................................... 91 4.6.2. Sitios de estudio y datos
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