10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment 6-10 August 2018, New York, NY Annual Characteristics of Urban Micro Climate in Jakarta based on a Flux- observation Network

I Dewa Gede Agung Junnaedhi1, Atsushi Inagaki2, Muhammad Rezza Ferdiansyah2, Nisrina Setyo Darmanto2, Manabu Kanda2, Tri Wahyu Hadi1, Nurjanna Joko Trilaksono1

1 Department of Meteorology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 2 Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Introduction

Jakarta:  Capital city of Indonesia  Located on northern coast of western Java Island  Greater Jakarta  Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, City of Jakarta Jabodetabek Tangerang, Bekasi) 30  Area: 20  Jakarta  662.3 km2  Jabodetabek  6392 km2 10  Population density 15,366 per 0 Population (Millions) Population square km  megacity 1980 1990 2000 2010 Introduction  Jakarta was located near sea  sea breeze circulation (Hadi et al., 2002)  Usually observed around July-October (southeasterly wind, dry season) with typical onset around 10 AM  SBF propagation speed around 2.8 m/s and could reach 60-80 km inland  Rapid development and urbanization in Jakarta  land use change  increase in temperature  changing local climate  Tokairin et al., 2010 (model simulation):  Converging flows developed around old city (central Jakarta)  heat advection from new urban area (south Jakarta) to old city  Mean air temperature increased 1° C (compared to 1970) in old city area  Sea breeze developed earlier  Siswanto et al., 2016 (observation data from 1866 to 2010):  Increasing night-time and early morning air temperature (up to 2 C)  Annual mean air temperature has increased 1.6 C in the last century  Number of day with rainfall decreased, but number of heavy rainfall and extreme rainfall increase significantly  Urban micro climate of Jakarta has not been studied very much  March 2017  Tokyo Institute of Technology and ITB start urban climate observation  until 2020  July 2017  moving observation around central Jakarta Ground Observation  Flux-observation network KKP Height: • KKP: 18 m • City Hall: 120 m • BPLHD: 29 m (7 m tower)

BPLHD

City Hall Ground Observation  Flux-observation network  Moving Observation Globe Radio-anemometer (Nakayoshi et al., 2011):  Offline logging system: - Black GT  Graphtec logger - White GT  10 Hz sampling frequency - Heated Black GT  Maintenance and data acquisition every 3 or 4 month  Data availability: 2017 2018 Site Instrument Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Ultrasonic Anemometer (RM Young 8100) KKP Thermocouple (Omega type E) City Hall Humidity & Temperature Probe (Vaisala HMP155A ) Ultrasonic Anemometer (Gill Windmaster II) x x x x City Thermocouple Hall (Omega type E) Pyranometer (EKO MS602) Ultrasonic Anemometer (Gill Windmaster II) Thermocouple (Omega type E) x BPLHD Pyranometer (EKO MS602) x H2O/CO2 Analyzer (Licor LI7500) x x x x x Sensor malfunction Cabling problem Misconfiguration BPLHD Observation Results BPLHD  Wind direction and obstacle - Sothern wind majorly occur in night time (land breeze) Land breeze Behind - More northern wind in daytime (Katabatic flow) tall building (sea breeze) - Wind from SW,W and NW were disturbed by tall buildings near the measurement point

- Similar pattern for temperature

C)

°

Wind speed (m/s) speed Wind Temperature ( Temperature N E S W N N E S W N

N Green S area Observation W E E point W

Highway Tall building Observation Results  Spectrum comparison in BPLHD site  Tower observation  inertial sub-layer

Southerly1 wind

0.1

0.01

N E S W N 0.001 0.0001 0.01 1 100

1 Northerly wind w (BPLHD)

uw (BPLHD) 0.1

w (Kaimal et al. 1972) 0.01 uw (Kaimal et al. 1972)

w (COSMO, Inagaki and Kanda 2008) 0.001 uw (COSMO, Inagaki and Kanda 2008) 0.0001 0.01 1 100 Observation Results  Sea Breeze Identification Ferdiansyah et al., 2017 Following Hadi et al., 2002:

12 sample of sea breeze day Propagation speed between 2.5 – 5 m/s

BPLHD KKP

Composite of 5 Aug, 7 Aug, 12 Aug, and 12 Jul 2017 Propagation speed between 1.2 – 2.2 m/s Observation Results  Annual-diurnal variation of solar radiation and sensible heat flux  Solar radiation peak around August-September  Sensible heat flux peak around August-September at BPLHD and KKP, but around October at City Hall  height difference?  Sensible heat flux in KKP never reach negative value

2 Solar radiation (W/m ) Sensible heat flux (W/m2)

City Hall No instrument No City Hall Mar 2017 Feb 2018 Mar 2017 Feb 2018 Sensible heat flux (W/m2) Sensible heat flux (W/m2)

BPLHD KKP Observation Results BPLHD

 Annual-diurnal variation of CO2 and CO2 flux  CO2 concentration was higher in night time than in daytime  probably due to ABL height

N E S W N

 Higher CO2 flux observed between 15 – 20 LT  Wind from South and West (city district)

derive higher CO2 concentration than from East (cemetery area/vegetation) Observation Results  Moving Observation Open space Wind Speed (m/s) surrounded  Quite good by green area results  Need more Office towers High density data for better residential representation  more repetition  Urban thermal Low density comfort study residential & fractional green area

Longwave Shortwave Air Radiation Radiation Temperature Summary

 Tokyo Tech and ITB has installed flux observation network in Jakarta and was planned to run until 2020  long time urban micro climate data for Jakarta  monitoring urban micro climate change in rapid developing city of Jakarta  The observation data show sensitivity to wind direction, but spectral comparison show a good fit to the spectral characteristic of surface- layer turbulence  The flux observation network also useful in identifying sea-breeze propagation over Jakarta  Moving observation show promising result in the urban thermal comfort research  more observation Acknowledgement

 This research was funded by Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-14) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan  Instruments for observation was provided by Kanda Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology and supported by Laboratorium Analisis Meteorologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung  Participation in 10th ICUC/14th SUE was funded by Kanda Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) References

 Ferdiansyah M. R., Inagaki A., and Kanda M., 2017: Thermal Image Velocimetry Application to Satellite Images During Sea-Breeze Event. 土木学会論文集B1（水工 学）, J. JSCE, Ser. B1, 73, I_463-I_468, doi:10.2208/jscejhe.73.I_463.  Hadi, T. W., T. Horinouchi, T. Tsuda, H. Hashiguchi, and S. Fukao, 2002: Sea- Breeze Circulation over Jakarta, Indonesia: A Climatology Based on Boundary Layer Radar Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2153–2166, doi:10.1175/1520- 0493(2002)130<2153:SBCOJI>2.0.CO;2.  Inagaki, A., and M. Kanda, 2008: Turbulent flow similarity over an array of cubes in near-neutrally stratified atmospheric flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 615, 101–120, doi:10.1017/S0022112008003765.  Kaimal, J. C., J. C. Wyngaard, Y. Izumi, and O. R. Coté, 1972: Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 98, 563–589, doi:10.1002/qj.49709841707.  Nakayoshi M., Shi R., and Kanda M., 2011: Develeopment of Radio-anemometer Using Three-Compact Globe Thermometer. JSCEJHE, 67, I_349-I_354, doi:10.2208/jscejhe.67.I_349.  Siswanto, S., G. J. van Oldenborgh, G. van der Schrier, R. Jilderda, and B. van den Hurk, 2016: Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years. International Journal of Climatology, 36, 3207–3225, doi:10.1002/joc.4548.  Tokairin, T., A. Sofyan, and T. Kitada, 2010: Effect of land use changes on local meteorological conditions in Jakarta, Indonesia: toward the evaluation of the thermal environment of megacities in Asia. Int. J. Climatol., 30, 1931–1941, doi:10.1002/joc.2138. ~ Thank You ~