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The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia

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The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia Jejak Vol 10 (2) (2017): 317-329. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i2.11296 JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jejak The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia Devanto Shasta Pratomo1 Economics and Business Faculty, Brawijaya University Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i2.11296 Received: December 2016; Accepted: February 2017; Published: September 2017 Abstract Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world, making one of popular tourist destinations in Southeast Asia region for both international and domestic holidays. The main objective of the study is to examine a wide range characteristics, including demographic, employment, and spatial characteristics for domestic travel in Indonesia.The method used in the study is descriptive analysis using the 2015 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), which is used to explain some specific characteristics of domestic travelers in Indonesia. Some regression analysis using binary probit is also added to examine the determinants of domestic travel demand in Indonesia, measured by the probability to travel within the country. The result shows that, in general, domestic travelers in Indonesia are dominated by people who are living in urban areas, people who are aged 25-40 years old, highly educated, working as paid employees, and mostly originate from provinces in Java island.For specific purposes, people who are living in urban areas are more likely travel for holidays. Males are more likely travel for business compared to females. People who do have a job are more likely travel for business purposes, while people who are at school ages are the market for holiday travel. Key words : Travelers, SUSENAS, Indonesia, Spatial, Tourism. How to Cite: Pratomo, D. (2017). The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 10(2), 317-329. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i2.11296 © 2017 Semarang State University. All rights reserved Corresponding author : ISSN 1979-715X Address: Jl. MT. Haryono 165 Malang, Jawa Timur 65145 E-mail: [email protected] 318 Devanto Shasta Pratomo, The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia INTRODUCTION However, tourism development in Indonesia is not only depended on foreign Indonesia is the largest archipelago visitors or international travelers, but supported country in the world, comprising of more also by local travelers or often referred as the than 17,000 islands with abundant of culture domestic tourists or domestic travelers. With a and natural resources. Supported by the population of over 230 million, based on the popularity of Bali as one of the main tourist Population Census 2010, domestic tourism destination in the world, it also makes market has become an attractive market to be Indonesia in general as one of the popular developed in Indonesia. In 2015, based on the tourist destinations. Tourism is one sector of National Socio-Economic Survey, almost 40 the Indonesia economy that contributed million individuals are traveling within greatly to the economic development of Indonesia. In terms of revenue, the total country (Santi et al, 2014). Based on the data expenditure is also higher than revenue from from Indonesian Central Statistical Board foreign visitors, increasing significantly from (BPS), tourism in Indonesia has grown IDR 137 trillion (almost USD 10,000 million) in moderately since the early 2000s. The number 2009 to more than IDR 180 trillion (USD 13,000 of foreign visitors visiting Indonesia increased million) in 2015. from 5 million in 2000 to over 9 million in Bigano et al (2007) also noted that 2015. Tourism is also an important agent to Indonesia is the sixth top tourist destinations for increase economic earning, especially among domestic holidays in the world (in terms of developing countries (Nurbaeti et al, 2016). number of visitors), after US, China, India, The revenue from foreign visitors through its Brazil, and United Kingdom. This is actually tourist expenditure also increased from USD supported by the population of Indonesia which 5,748 million in 2000 to more than USD 11,000 is the fourth most populous country in the world million in 2015, supporting for approximately after China, India, and the US with a total 4% of the total Gross Domestic Product of population of more than 230 million in the 2010. Indonesia. The study by Holik (2016) also The dominant purpose for domestic travelers in showed that the number of foreign visitors Indonesia is for visiting friends and relatives, positively affects the economic growth in while the second dominant is for holiday (see Indonesia. figure 1). Source: SUSENAS (2015) Figure 1. Main Purpose for Domestic Travelers in Indonesia JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (2) (2017): 317-329 319 Compared to international travelers, used to examine the domestic travel demand domestic travelers are much less sensitive to based on their characteristics. The information crisis, including economic or political and of domestic travelers profile are omportant in other crisis, making it an excellent alternative policy-making process, development planning for shock-absorber (Pierret, 2011). In the case and programs in a comprehensive Indonesian of Indonesia, domestic tourism can also be tourism development. considered as a mechanism to increase the The outline of the paper is as follows. After sense of nationalism and social integration introduction, the paper discuss the source of among diverse cultural background of the data and methodology used in this study. It is population (Gunawan, 1996). then followed by results and discussion section, Based on the importance of the role of consisting of descriptive analysis on domestic tourism in supporting Indonesian demographic, economic, and spatial tourism, the study aims to analyze the characteristics. Next, the paper explains the characteristics of domestic travelers in simple regression results using probit analysis of Indonesia. The study on domestic traveler is domestic travel demand in Indonesia. Finally, relatively limited. A smaller number of studies the last section concludes the analysis. have analysed the domestic tourism in Indonesia (and also Southeast Asian RESEARCH METHODS countries), compared to the several analysis of The main source of data set used in the international tourism. Earlier study on study was the National Socio-economic Survey domestic tourism in Indonesia was initiated (SUSENAS-KOR) in March 2015. SUSENAS is an by Gunawan (1996), while some others annual survey conducted by BPS examining the conducting studies in domestic tourism in social and economic condition of households in neighbouring countries, including Shuib Indonesia, consisting of more than 280,000 (2000) in Malaysia and Buy and Jolliffe (2011) households (with more than 1 million household in Vietnam. member) as a sample. Based on the basic theory on travel One of the advantages of using SUSENAS demand, there are some important variables is the fact that there is a question about travel influencing the probability of individuals for within a person’s home country. The detailed travel including income, price, population, question available in the SUSENAS is as follow: and trend (Witt and Witt, 1992). Using the “within 6 months prior the survey, did you have data of domestic travelers, the study examines ever going for tourism or stay in commerical the probability of travel by looking a wide accomodation or travel for over or equal 100 range of characteristics of domestic travelers kilometres, but not for school or for routine in Indonesia including demographic work?”. In other words, based on SUSENAS, (measuring population characteristics), domestic travelers are defined as someone who employment (as a proxy of income or traveled in the territory of Indonesia, with the household welfare), and spatial long journey within 6 months prior the survey characteristics (whether the travelers and not a routine trip (not for school or work). originally come from). The quantitative SUSENAS divides several purposes of analysis using binary regression (probit) is domestic travel including vacation/leisure, 320 Devanto Shasta Pratomo, The Analysis of Domestic Travelers in Indonesia recreation, sport, business, visiting relatives, Secondly, the probit is estimated for attending meetings, conferences, visiting for examining the domestic travel for specific health reasons and religious reasons. This purposes including whether domestic traveler question is also used by the Central Statistical doing travel for (1) holiday, (2) business, (3) Board as a reference for defining domestic visiting relatives, and (4) other. In this estimate, travelers in Indonesia. The limitation of the explanatory variables used follow the first SUSENAS in terms of domestic travelers is the estimate. The individuals included in the fact that it does not include the data of foreign estimate are the domestic travelers only, nationals who lived in Indonesia, and/or consisting of 135292 individuals. foreign nationals who do travel in Indonesia, as mentioned by Gunawan (1996). In other RESULTS AND DISCUSSION words, SUSENAS only focuses on the Demographic Characteristic of Domestic Indonesian nationality travelers who travel Travelers, Figure 2 presents the comparison within the country. across gender and across time among domestic The method used in the study is mostly travelers in Indonesia. Based on SUSENAS 2015, descriptive analysis explaining the there is no significant
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