DOCSLIB.ORG

Community-Based and Customary Taxation in South-Central Somalia: Possibilities for Hybrid Governance and DIALOGUE Programming !

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Community-Based and Customary Taxation in South-Central Somalia: Possibilities for Hybrid Governance and DIALOGUE Programming ! ! ! ! Community-based and customary taxation in south-central Somalia: Possibilities for hybrid governance and DIALOGUE programming ! Report!commissioned!by!the!Danish!Refugee!Council,!Somalia! ! Written!by!Kailee!Jordan!! TABLE OF CONTENTS ! ! Executive!Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…..3! ! I.!Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7! ! II.!Research!context! ! Taxation,!state!building!and!good!governance………………………………………………………………………..……8! Taxation!and!state!building!in!southFcentral!Somalia………………………………………………………...…………9! CDRD!and!DIALOGUE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10! Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………11! Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………12! Case!study!selection:!Hiran!and!Jubaland……………………………………………………………………………….….13! ! III.!Key!Findings! 1.! Actors,!services,!and!networks:!mapping!existing!mechanisms……………………………………….15! 1.1!Key!actors!……………………………………………………..................................................…………………….15! 1.2!Service!provision!and!local!collective!action………………………………………..……………………19! 1.3!Collaborations!across!actors!and!service!provisions………………………………………….………21! ! 2.! Payments!and!revenue!collection…………………………………………………………………………..….…...22! 2.1!Customary!taxation!and!payments!to!nonFstate!actors………………………………………………27! !!! 2.1.1!Clan!payments…………………………………………………………………………………..………27! !!! 2.1.2!Payments!to!religious!entities…………………………………………………………...……….28! 2.1.3!Social!contributions!and!civil!society!payments!………………………………………...29! 2.1.4!Payments!to!private!service!actors………………………………………..…………………...30! 2.1.5!Interactions!between!groups!and!payments……………………………..………………...31! ! 2.2Formal!taxation!and!payments!to!state!actors……………………………………………………………33! ! ! 2.2.1!Payments!to!state!actors……………………………………………………………………………33! ! 3.! Perceptions,!trust!and!legitimacy:!Governance!and!institutions…………………………………...….37! 3.1!Trust!and!legitimacy:!formal!and!informal!institutions…………………………………..…….……37! !! 3.1.1!Perceptions!of!trust!in!formal!institutions………………………………………………….38! !! 3.1.2!Perceptions!of!trust!in!informal!and!social!institutions…………………………….…39! 3.2!Perceptions:!taxation!and!revenue!mobiliZation…………………………………………………….…42! !! 3.2.1!Perceptions!of!payments:!NonFstate!actors………………………………………………...43! !! 3.2.2!Perceptions!of!payments:!State!actors………………………………………………………..45! !! 3.2.3!Challenges!of!formal!revenue!collection………………………………………………..……48! 3.3.!Perceptions:!Willingness!to!pay!fees!to!state!and!nonFstate!actors……………………………50! 3.3.1!Willingness!to!pay:!state!actors………………………………………………….………………50! 3.3.2!Willingness!to!pay:!nonFstate!actors………………………………………………………..…51! ! 4.! Revenue!mobiliZation!and!DIALOGUE!programming……………………………………………………...53! 4.1!Respondents!perceptions!of!the!DIALOGUE!proposal……………………………………………..…55! 4.2!Monitoring!mechanisms!and!collaboration………………………….……………………………………56! ! IV.!Conclusions!and!Recommendations!………………………………………………………………………………...58! ! V.!Annexes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………61! ! ! 1! ! Funded!by!the!Somalia!Stability!Fund! ! Commissioned!by!the!Danish!Refugee!Council! ! Research!support!from!the!International!Centre!for!Tax!and!Development! ! With!a!special!acknowledgment!to!the!Somali!field!teams!who!conducted!the!research,!and!the! respondents!who!were!kind!enough!to!share!their!time!and!thoughts.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: ! ! ! I. INTRODUCTION: This report presents the findings of a feasibility study commissioned by the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), exploring customary taxation, accountability and governance across south-central Somalia. The aim of the analysis is to provide insights into the design of a new program, ‘DIALOGUE in Somalia through resource mobilization.’ The feasibility study has been carried out by researchers from the International Centre for Tax and Development and funded by the Somali Stability Fund. The analysis explores two primary research questions: 1)! What is the social reality of customary taxation across south-central Somalia? 2)! What are the potential linkages between customary taxation and formal governance? What are the possibilities for customary taxation to be linked to hybrid service delivery models, such as the DIALOGUE program? Focus groups and key informant interviews were carried out across seven different case study sites across Hiran and Jubaland regions. A national Somali research team undertook fieldwork between May 2016 and June 2016. The consultants undertook remote management of research from Nairobi in May 2016, and analysis of findings in June 2016. The resulting analysis has highlighted a number of relevant findings on customary taxation, community development, and governance across south-central Somalia: There are a variety of different actors and networks involved in taxation and service delivery across case study communities. These actors vary across informal and formal institutions, with different levels of power and decision-making dependent on the community in question. Formal institutions, such as local administrations, generally assert the majority of their power and decision-making authority through the provision of security. Informal institutions, such as clans, traditional leaders or religious entities, generally have a large degree of effective authority on social and community development matters. Effective authority of formal institutions is generally stronger in institutions closest to the communities. Village councils are largely perceived as relevant and legitimate governance structures due to their close ties to the community. Respondents demonstrate a higher level of mistrust when it comes to the district administration, as they are perceived as being farther removed from communities. Region and federal structures hold very little legitimacy and almost no effective authority at the community level. There is a high degree of informal collaboration between state and non-state actors. Examples of collaboration include on service provision, community development projects, security, and the levying of taxation. Collaboration is highest between local level actors, such as village councils, clan and traditional leaders, religious leaders, and civil society groups. ! 3! There exist a wide variety of payments citizens make to both state and non-state actors. Examples of customary taxation are common and found across research sites, including payments such as clan contributions and insurance, religious contributions, civil society collections, contributions to emergency assistance, and other payments to community development projects. These payments are primarily collected by community leaders, such as clan, traditional, religious or civil society leaders. Payments to state actors are generally levied on larger entities, including payments such as business taxes, transport fees for commercial vehicles, or livestock fees. Payments are levied primarily by district officials, such as tax collectors, or by local security forces. Reliance on community-based actors for state collection of revenue was common. State officials worked alongside community leaders, such as clan elders or civil society groups, for community buy-in of taxation. This form of collaboration was often seen during state collection of revenue, with government officials using community leaders to negotiate tax payments on their behalf. Perceptions of revenue collection varied across locations. There was a high degree of variation of perceptions of revenue collection. Nevertheless, respondents generally described state collection of revenue collection as ineffective, negative, or coercive. In areas where there are stronger state-society relations, perceptions and trust in state actors and revenue collection were viewed positively. Social and non-state actors and payments were generally perceived with a higher degree of legitimacy and trust that state-based actors and payments. Overall, respondents described community-based actors more positively than state-based actors, across measures of trust and accountability. Payments made to social actors, such as clans or religious leaders, were also viewed more positively. Informal and customary revenue collection systems are deeply embedded in the social landscape of each specific community. Payments such as clan contributions, religious payments, or civil society collections were viewed as legitimate, and necessary for the social life and the development of their communities. There are several factors that would increase taxpayer willingness to contribute to revenue mobilization. Respondents indicated that factors such as transparency of funds, increased security, and better community development would incentivize them to contribute their own funds for community development projects. This suggests that there is scope for citizens to contribute their own financial resources to a program such as the DIALOGUE proposal. Across all research locations, there was general receptivity and willingness to participate in the DIALOGUE project. This included receptivity by citizens to contribute funds, as well as receptivity by both government and community actors (such as clans, traditional leaders and civil society) to collaborate on such a project. While general receptivity was high, research sites were highly nuanced, highlighting the importance of being cognizant of local context. Power dynamics, existing collaborations and perceptions of revenue mobilization
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S/2003/223 Security Council
    United Nations S/2003/223 Security Council Distr.: General 25 March 2003 Original: English Letter dated 25 March 2003 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia, and in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Panel of Experts mandated to collect independent information on violations of the arms embargo on Somalia and to provide recommendations on possible practical steps and measures for implementing it. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if this letter together with its enclosure were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Stefan Tafrov Chairman Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia 03-25925 (E) 210303 *0325925* S/2003/223 Letter dated 24 February 2003 from the Panel of Experts to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia We have the honour to enclose the report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia, in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002). (Signed) Ernst Jan Hogendoorn (Signed) Mohamed Abdoulaye M’Backe (Signed) Brynjulf Mugaas 2 S/2003/223 Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1425 (2002) Contents Paragraphs Page Abbreviations ................................................................. 5 Summary ..................................................................... 6 Introduction ......................................................... 1–13 11 Background to the current instability in Somalia ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Somalia July 2008
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SOMALIA 30 JULY 2008 UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 JULY 2008 SOMALIA Contents Preface LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN SOMALIA, FROM 4 JULY 2008 TO 30 JULY 2008 REPORTS ON SOMALIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 4 JULY 2008 Paragraphs Background Information GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.04 ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 2.01 Currency change, 2008 ................................................................ 2.06 Drought and famine, 2008 ........................................................... 2.10 Telecommunications.................................................................... 2.14 HISTORY ................................................................................................... 3.01 Collapse of central government and civil war ........................... 3.01 Peace initiatives 2000-2006 ......................................................... 3.14 ‘South West State of Somalia’ (Bay and Bakool) ...................... 3.19 ‘Puntland’ Regional Administration............................................ 3.20 The ‘Republic of Somaliland’ ...................................................... 3.21 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................... 4.01 CONSTITUTION .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Community Based Recovery and Reconciliation to Stabilise
    UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Project title: Community based recovery and reconciliation to stabilise Hirshabelle and counter violent extremism amongst vulnerable youth Project number: 170154 Area/Location/Countries Africa, Arab States, Somalia RBM code: EC1 Poverty Reduction Thematic area code EC15 HS & Post-crisis Rehab Starting date: 01 March 2018 Duration: 12 Months Government Co-ordinating agency: Project-linked Government Ministries (Labour and Social Affairs) Counterparts: UNSOM and UN Sister Agencies Executing partner: Japan Center for Conflict Prevention (JCCP) Executing agency/ cooperating agency: UNIDO 884,965 Project Inputs: - Support costs (13 %): 115,045 - Counterpart inputs: In-kind - Grand Total: 1,000,000 USD Brief description: In southern Somalia, civil war, international isolation, and clan-based violence have had a profound and adverse impact on the productive capacity of all sectors of the economy. These destabilizing forces have significantly impacted income and employment creation further hindering socio-economic development in Hirshabelle. Poor access to decision makers, overwhelmed humanitarian distribution networks, high transaction costs, weak government service delivery, tightly controlled labour and product markets rub up against the legitimate aspirations of youth. As a result, youth, in particular rural youth, continue to become engaged in violence and conflict as a tool to address youth disenfranchisement. Armed Opposition Groups (AOG) like Al-Shabaab as well as Clan leaders leverage the alienation felt by youth and channel it towards undermining recent gains made by the national government, the international community, and AMISOM peace support operations. As a result, youth are continually at risk to be induced into armed conflict as the only means for income generation.
    [Show full text]
  • EXTERNAL UPDATES July & August 2020
    IOM SOMALIA EXTERNAL UPDATES July & August 2020 To address overall migration challenges in Somalia, IOM works closely with the Federal Government of Somalia, regional authorities, the UN, donor governments and civil society by implementing programmes through three pillars: (1) Preparedness and humanitarian response; (2) Long term recovery and durable solutions; and, (3) Migration governance and development. Since 2006, IOM has delivered frontline services to crisis-affected populations, while steadily developing models and partner¬ships for longer term recovery and migration governance. With over 450 staff, IOM Somalia operates from a newly constructed main office in Mogadishu, seven field offices and eight satellite offices, as well as the Nairobi Support Office in Kenya. [email protected]@iom.int www.iom.int/countries/Somaliawww.iom.int/countries/Somalia FollowFollow us:us: IOMIOM SomaliaSomalia SITUATION OVERVIEW The humanitarian crisis in Somalia, characterized by both natural and man-made factors, is one of the most complex and longstanding emergencies in the world. Due to decades of poverty, marginalization, armed violence, insecurity, political instability, natural hazards and lack of development, the humanitarian situation remains critical in the country. Recurrent natural disasters have been devastating for Somali communities and continue to drive displacement, while ongoing conflict impacts protection and human rights, reduce resilience and hinder access to basic services. Somalia is impacted by the triple threat of COVID-19, seasonal floods and desert locusts. COVID-19 continues to spread, infecting over 3,500 people by the end of August. In 2020, more than 885,000 people were displaced, of which more than 627,000 people were displaced because of floods.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #1- 04-26-2013
    SOMALIA - COMPLEX EMERGENCY FACT SHEET #1, FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2013 APRIL 26, 2013 USAID/OFDA 1 F U N D I N G NUMBERS AT HIGHLIGHTS BY SECTOR IN FY 2013 A GLANCE 2013 Somalia Consolidated Appeal (CAP) requests $1.3 billion 2% Security and humanitarian access 6% 1% 1.05 million throughout Somalia remain fluid 7% People Experiencing Acute 31% Humanitarian community engages with Food Insecurity 7% Somali government on IDP relocations in U.N. Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) – April 2013 Mogadishu 8% HUMANITARIAN FUNDING 1.1 million TO SOMALIA TO DATE IN FY 2013 15% Total Internally Displaced 23% USAID/OFDA $15,069,387 Persons (IDPs) in Somalia Office of the U.N. High USAID/FFP2 $45,579,499 Commissioner for Refugees Health 3 (UNHCR) – April 2013 Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH) State/PRM $5,000,000 Nutrition Protection Humanitarian Coordination & Information Management $65,648,886 507,797 Humanitarian Studies, Analysis, or Applications TOTAL USAID AND STATE Somali Refugees in Kenya Logistics and Relief Commodities ASSISTANCE TO SOMALIA Economic Recovery & Market Systems (ERMS) UNHCR – April 2013 Agriculture & Food Security 238,957 KEY DEVELOPMENTS Somali Refugees in Ethiopia UNHCR – April 2013 Despite security improvements in parts of southern and central Somalia, ongoing insecurity and restricted humanitarian access continue to hinder the delivery of life-saving assistance to populations in need. Al-Shabaab activity in Mogadishu and Bakool Region 215,000 in March and April heightened insecurity, caused additional population displacement, and Acutely Malnourished obstructed relief efforts. Children under Five in Approximately 1.05 million people—14 percent of the total population—are experiencing Somalia FSNAU – February 2013 acute food insecurity and require humanitarian assistance, according to FSNAU.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Analysis Post Gu ‘12
    Nutrition Analysis Post Gu ‘12 Technical Series Report No VI. 47 September 26, 2012 Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit - Somalia Information for Better Livelihood Technical Partners Funding Agencies FSNAU Technical Series Report No. VI 47 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC Issued September 26, 2012 Post Deyr 2011/12 Nutrition Analysis ii FSNAU Technical Series Report No. VI 47 Issued September 26, 2012 Acknowledgements FSNAU would like to thank all our 24 partner agencies for their participation and support in the Deyr 2011 seasonal nutrition assessments and analysis. Post Deyr 2011/12 Acknowledgement Nutrition Analysis From April through July 2012, a total of 46 nutrition surveys were conducted based on standard SMART methodology. Seventeen of the nutrition surveys were conducted in the south. Additionally, nutrition iii data from about 130 health and nutrition facilities was reviewed. Without the support and expertise of the 8 local NGOs, 3 International NGOs, 3 Local Authorities, 8 line Ministries and 2 UN agencies, this would not have been possible. Special thanks to UNICEF, for financial and/or technical support. A sincere note of appreciation also goes to the FSNAU nutrition team based in Somalia who work under such difficult conditions yet continue to produce such high quality professional work. Participating Partners - North Central regions only United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Food Programme (WFP), Ministry of Health (MOH Somaliland), Ministry of Agriculture (Somaliland), Ministry of environment and rural development, and NERAD (Somaliland); Ministry of Health (Puntland), Ministry of Women Development and Family Affairs (MoWDFA), Ministry of Wildlife, Tourism and Environment (Puntland), Puntland State of Water and Energy (PSWEN), Medair, Somalia Red Crescent Society (SRCS), CAFDARO and Elberde Primary Health Care organization (EPHCO).
    [Show full text]
  • Gedo Region – Situation Analysis
    Gedo Region – Situation Analysis Context Gedo Region, the second largest region in Somalia, lies on the Somalia borders with Ethiopia and Kenya, and shares borders with four Somali regions of Bay, Bakool and Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba. It has an estimated total population of 328,3781, with a 75/25 rural/urban divide.The region is home to 76,510 IDPs2. UNHCR estimates that 16,380 IDPs arrived in Luuq, 30,000 in Doloow, and approximately 18,000 in Belet Xaawo. Gedo has six administrative districts: Garbaharey, Baardheere (the capital), Ceel Waaq in the south and Belet Xaawo, Doloow, and Luuq in the north. Two major rivers run through the region, the Dawa and the Juba. The Dawa River runs along the border of Ethiopia into Somalia’s Gedo region. The Jubba River starts from Doloow, just north of Luuq district, and flows to Buur Dhuubo and Baardheere. The economy mostly depends on rearing livestock and farming, but also has strong inter-regional and international cross-border trade with Kenya and Ethiopia, to some extent. In the northern zone the pastoralists rear sheep, goats, camels and cows. The agro-pastoral zone extends from east to west below Guban. The riverine zone extends from east to west below West Golis and is mainly a farming area where crops such as sorghum are produced. The security and access situation in north Gedo, in particular to Luuq, has relatively improved for the United Nations and International NGOs. The area is controlled by the Somali National Army forces backed by Ethiopian forces. South Gedo is more insecure due to continued clashes and greater access for Al-Shabaab (AS) in the rural areas of Garbaharey, Buur Dhuubo and Baardheere.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Emergency Weekly Health Update Aims to Provide an Overview of the Health Activities Conducted by WHO and Health Partners in Somalia
    SSoommaalliiaa EEmmeerrggeennccyy WWeeeekkllyy HHeeaalltthh UUppddaattee The Somalia emergency weekly health update aims to provide an overview of the health activities conducted by WHO and health partners in Somalia. It compiles health information including nine health events (epidemiological surveillance) reported in Somalia, information on ongoing conflicts in some regions of Somalia and health responses from partners. For further information please contact: Pieter Desloovere - Communications Officer - [email protected] - T: +254 733 410 984 BULLETIN HIGHLIGHTS Reporting dates 1-14 April 2012 (reflecting Epidemiological week 13 and 14) • On 4 April, a female suicide bomber killed at least six people at National Theater in Mogadishu. According to three major hospitals in Mogadishu, the caseload accounted for 80 casualties, including eight death. • On 9 April, more than 40 casualties were brought to Baidoa hospital after a bomb exploded at the market place of Baidoa. • Child Health Days have kicked off, on 10 April in Gedo region as well as Banadir region. Two rounds will be organized in Banadir region, with round one from 14-18 April 2012 and round two from 21-25 April 2012. Proportion of timely reporting sentinel sites by zone % 100 90 80 70 67 facilitiess 65 60 59 63 61 R. 57 57 50 52 54 of 50 40 42 36 30 20 23 Proporton 10 0 1234567891011121314 Weeks South & Central Puntland Somaliland Of the 222 sentinel sites reporting weekly from the three zones of Somalia, for week 13, 98% (53) in Puntland, 98% (44) in Somaliland, but only 36% (44) sentinel sites reported on time from South and Central Somalia or 64% (141) of all sentinel sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Agric Report DRAFT.Indd
    Photo credits: Cover & Inside ©FAO Somalia SOMALIA: Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture Copyright © 2018 by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISBN 978-92-5-130419-8 (FAO) Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments and members represented by either institution. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. FAO and The World Bank encourage the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Shabaab Is a Movement That Merged Four Somali Groups and Has Been Supported from Its Early Days by Foreign Islamists, Including Those Linked to Al-Qâ’Idah
    THE RISE OF A JIHADI MOVEMENT IN A COUNTRY AT WAR HARAKAT AL -SHABAAB AL MUJAHEDDIN IN SOMALIA Roland Marchal Senior Research Fellow at CNRS SciencesPo Paris March 2011 This report is independent and does not represent the views of Her Majesty’s Government CONTENT Content Executive Summary Chapter I: Historical Background to the Development of al-Shabaab 1. A political history 1.1. Learning from failures? The radicalisation of the Somali Islamist movement 1.2. The experiments of the Islamic Courts 1.3. The emergence of al-Shabaab 2. Getting organized 2.1. The Supreme Council 2.2. The ministries or Maktabs 3. Conclusion Chapter II: The confrontation with other Islamic Trends 1. The Salafi divide 2. Al-I’tisaam, Muqawama and the Salafi Trend 3. The merging with Hisbul Islaam 4. The collusion with Takfiir wa Hijra 5. An apolitical Jihad? 6. Conclusion Chapter III: Citizens of Jihad. Al-Shabaab Recruitment 1. Joining al-Shabaab 1.1. Coerced recruitments 1.2. Economic incentives 1.3. Born again Jihadists 2 1.4. Recruitment of diaspora and East African radicalized Muslims 1.5. Challenging generational privileges 2. Short notes on the media policy 3. Recruitment among political “minorities” 4. Conclusion Chapter IV: Al-Shabaab Military Tactics 1. The modernisation of war and the globalisation of suicide bombers 2. Organizing the coexistence of foreign and local fighters 3. Military misadventures 4. Conclusion Chapter V: Funding an apparatus and ruling a population 1. Getting money for al-Shabaab 1.1. Collecting money outside the country 1.2. Getting funding from Somalia: maximisation of the protection economy 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia's Submission
    The Federal Government of Somalia Submission to the UN Secretary Generals’ High-Level Panel on Internal Displacement 21st July 2020 1. Introduction 1.1. Context Analysis Internal displacement in Somalia remains one of the most complex and long-standing humanitarian and development challenges in the world. Structural vulnerabilities, such as high levels of poverty, cycles of floods and droughts, resources scarcity and weak and under resourced governing institutions have prolonged the national crisis and hindered efforts towards finding sustainable durable solutions for displacement affected communities1. Cycles of conflict, drought & floods have fragmented society, damaged people’s livelihoods, and caused deep-seated vulnerability. The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Somalia remains high with an estimated 2.6 million individuals living in displacement2. In many cases, the displacement is protracted and mostly affects rapidly growing urban centres. At the same time, in 2020 the world has been gripped by the rapid onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pandemic is not only a medical and health emergency but an economic and social crisis that is further impacting the lives and livelihoods of the most vulnerable that already face acute hardship from climatic shocks, armed conflict, and protracted displacement. The Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) has taken strict measures to combat the virus through suspension of local and international flights, restriction on public gatherings, allocation of funding for combating the virus, massive awareness and testing campaigns, establishment of a National Call Centre, allocation of ambulances, distributions of Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), rehabilitation and equipping medical facilities and establishing testing labs in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbed Wire on Our Heads: Lessons from Counter-Terror, Stabilisation
    SAFERWORLD PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES SAFERWORLD PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES REPORT SAFERWORLD PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES “Barbed wire SAFERWORLD onPREVENTING VIOLENT our CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFERheads” LIVES Lessons from counter-terror, stabilisation and statebuilding in Somalia Sunil Suri January 2016 “Barbed wire on our heads” Lessons from counter-terror, stabilisation and statebuilding in Somalia Sunil Suri SAFERWORLD JANUARY 2016 Acknowledgements This report was written by Sunil Suri of Saferworld. Kat Achilles contributed to several sections and Kloe Tricot O’Farrell researched the section on EU engagement. Advice and suggestions were provided by Abdi Ali, David Alpher, Larry Attree, Shelagh Daley, George Grayson and Peter Mackenzie. Generous feedback on a draft of this paper was provided by Dominik Balthasar and Tres Thomas. Errors that remain are the author’s own. © Saferworld, January 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material included in this publication. Contents Executive summary i Introduction 1 1. Approaches of major international actors 3 1.1 Regional actors 3 1.2 United States 6 1.3 United Kingdom 13 1.4 European Union 17 1.5 Summary 19 2. Policy and impacts analysis 21 2.1 The failures of militarised approaches 22 2.2 The global counter-terror agenda’s reinforcement of counterproductive 30 strategies and behaviours by national, regional and international actors 2.3 Ignoring and exacerbating key drivers of conflict 33 2.4 Pressure to complete political processes resulting in tensions and conflict 35 2.5 Lack of public buy-in to international strategies 37 2.6 Reinforcement of corruption and fuelling of the war economy 38 3.
    [Show full text]