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Somalia: Window of Opportunity for Addressing One of the World's Worst Internal Displacement Crises 9

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SOMALIA: Window of opportunity for addressing one of the world’s worst internal displacement crises A profile of the internal displacement situation 10 January 2006 This Internal Displacement Profile is automatically generated from the online IDP database of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). It includes an overview of the internal displacement situation in the country prepared by the IDMC, followed by a compilation of excerpts from relevant reports by a variety of different sources. All headlines as well as the bullet point summaries at the beginning of each chapter were added by the IDMC to facilitate navigation through the Profile. Where dates in brackets are added to headlines, they indicate the publication date of the most recent source used in the respective chapter. The views expressed in the reports compiled in this Profile are not necessarily shared by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The Profile is also available online at www.internal-displacement.org. About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council, is the leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide. Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations. At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre also carries out training activities to enhance the capacity of local actors to respond to the needs of internally displaced people. In its work, the Centre cooperates with and provides support to local and national civil society initiatives. For more information, visit the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website and the database at www.internal-displacement.org. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Norwegian Refugee Council Chemin de Balexert 7-9 1219 Geneva, Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 799 07 00 [email protected] www.internal-displacement.org 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 OVERVIEW 9 SOMALIA: WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY FOR ADDRESSING ONE OF THE WORLD'S WORST INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT CRISES 9 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND 13 OVERVIEW 13 BACKGROUND AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 13 BACKGROUND 16 SIAD BARRE’S DICTATORSHIP AND ROOT CAUSES OF STATE COLLAPSE (1969-1991) 16 SIAD BARRE’S WAR AGAINST THE ISAAK-DOMINATED NORTHWESTERN SOMALIA IN THE 1980S 17 THE FALL OF BARRE REGIME IN 1991 WAS FOLLOWED BY ALL OUT INTER-CLAN WAR 18 MINORITIES IN SOMALIA: A HISTORY OF SEGREGATION AND LAND EXPROPRIATION 20 NEW PRESIDENT OF SOMALIA ELECTED 11 OCTOBER 2004 AFTER 13 YEARS OF STATELESSNESS (2004) 23 SELF-PROCLAIMED REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND IN 1991 STILL NO INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION (2004) 24 SOOL AND SANAAG REGIONS CONTESTED BY PUNTLAND AND SOMALILAND (1998-2004) 28 TRANSITIONAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (TNG) LACKED RECOGNITION AND HAD LIMITED CONTROL OVER THE COUNTRY LET ALONE ITS CAPITAL (2000-2004) 29 MAIN OPPONENTS TO THE TRANSITIONAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: THE SRRC AND G-8 (2004) 32 REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION ESTABLISHED IN PUNTLAND IN 1998 (2004) 33 SOUTHERN REGIONAL AUTHORITIES: THE RAHANWEYN RESISTANCE ARMY (RRA) (2004) 35 SOUTHERN REGIONAL AUTHORITIES: JUBA VALLEY AUTHORITY (JVA) (2004) 37 REGIONAL ACTORS VESTED INTERESTS AND VIOLATIONS OF ARMS EMBARGOES (2004) 38 UNOSOM INTERVENTION EMBROILED THE UN INTO THE CONFLICT (1992-1995) 41 IRIN-CEA CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONFLICT IN SOMALIA (1960-2000) 42 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 45 MASS DISPLACEMENT BEGAN WITH OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR IN 1988 45 THOUSANDS FORCED TO FLEE HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN AIDEED-CONTROLLED AREAS DURING LATE 1990S 45 CLAN-BASED COMPETITION OVER RESOURCES IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF DISPLACEMENT (2004) 46 CRUEL COMBINATION OF CONFLICT AND CLIMATIC EXTREMES CAUSE REPEATED DISPLACEMENTS IN SOMALIA (2004) 50 PEACE EFFORTS 53 3 THE SOMALI NATIONAL RECONCILIATION CONFERENCE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF IGAD (2002-2004) 53 ARTA DJIBOUTI PEACE PROCESS RESULTED IN CREATION OF THE TRANSITIONAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (TNG) (AUGUST 2000) 56 OVER TEN YEARS OF PEACE EFFORTS IN SOMALIA ACHIEVED LITTLE SUCCESS (2003) 57 APPROACHES TO POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION IN A COLLAPSED STATE (2003) 58 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE CREATION OF THE TRANSITIONAL FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (TFG) 60 RETURN OF THE TFG TO SOMALIA HAS SO FAR NOT BROUGHT STABILITY TO SOUTH SOMALIA (NOVEMBER 2005) 60 PUNTLAND AND SOMALILAND ARE LOOKING FOR STABILITY REGARDING DISPUTED BORDER AREAS (DECEMBER 2005) 63 POPULATION FIGURES AND PROFILE 64 OVERVIEW 64 NUMBERS AND RECENT DISPLACEMENTS 64 GLOBAL FIGURES 65 NEW DISPLACEMENTS DURING 2005 65 BETWEEN 370,000 AND 400,000 PEOPLE REMAIN INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN SOMALIA (2004) 66 NEW DISPLACEMENT DURING 2005 68 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 68 RECURRENT DISPLACEMENTS IN SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL SOMALIA DUE TO INTERMITTENT INTER-FACTIONAL CONFLICTS (2004) 68 THE GREAT MAJORITY OF IDPS ABOUT 250,000 LIVE IN MOGADISHU (2004) 71 IDPS IN SOMALILAND (OCTOBER 2005) 73 IDPS IN PUNTLAND STATE OF SOMALIA (2004) 75 DISAGGREGATED DATA 77 CATEGORIES OF IDPS AND THEIR SPECIFIC VULNERABILITIES (2005) 77 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 80 OVERVIEW 80 CAUSES AND PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 80 GENERAL 81 MOST DISPLACEMENT REMAINS LOCAL OR REGIONAL, WITH TENDENCY TO FLEE TO MAIN TOWNS (2005) 81 IDPS TEND TO FLEE NORTHWARDS WHERE SOME DEGREE OF PEACE AND STABILITY SUBSIST (2002) 82 NORMAL (SEASONAL) AND ABNORMAL (CONFLICT-INDUCED) MOVEMENTS (2003) 83 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 85 OVERVIEW 85 PROTECTION NEEDS 85 PHYSICAL SECURITY 87 SURVEY SUGGESTS IDPS IN BOSSASO DO NOT FACE SPECIFIC PROTECTION ISSUES 87 4 INTERNALLY DISPLACED WOMEN AND GIRLS LACK PROTECTION (NOVEMBER 2005) 87 FIRES IN IDP SETTLEMENTS ARE A RECURRING DISTURBING PHENOMENON IN ALL OF SOMALIA (NOVEMBER 2005) 90 IDPS WHO BELONG TO MINORITIES FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL SOMALIA ARE DISCRIMINATED IN SOMALILAND (2004) 92 THE PROTECTION OF IDPS IN SOMALIA DEPENDS ON LOCATION: LIVING IN CLAN "HOME AREAS" (2003) 94 IDPS IN SOMALIA ARE DELIBERATE TARGETS OF GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW (2004) 96 PROTECTION SITUATION OF IDPS IN MOGADISHU AND OTHER SOUTHERN TOWNS (2004) 98 PEOPLE DISPLACED BY WAR FROM SOUTHERN/CENTRAL SOMALIA AT RISK OF DEPORTATION FROM SOMALILAND (2003-4) 99 UNICEF SURVEY ON IDP’S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THEIR OWN PROTECTION SITUATION (DEC 2003) 100 DISPLACED CHILDREN LACK PROTECTION (2004) 102 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 105 IDPS FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT HAMPERED BY MILITIA ROADBLOCKS AND EXTORTION (2004) 105 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS 106 OVERVIEW 106 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION 106 GENERAL 107 NUTRITION AND HEALTH INDICATORS AMONG THE WORST IN THE WORLD (NOVEMBER 2005) 107 FOOD 109 FOOD EMERGENCY DEVELOPING IN THE SOUTH (NOVEMBER 2005) 109 SOME IMPROVEMENTS IN HARGEISA (SOMALILAND) AND AMONG PASTORALISTS IN THE NORTH (OCTOBER 2005) 112 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF IDPS BY REGION (2004) 114 IDPS ARE THREE TIMES MORE AT RISK OF MALNUTRITION THAN RESIDENT POPULATIONS (2004) 118 HEALTH 121 78% PEOPLE HAVE NO ACCESS TO HEALTH FACILITIES AND HAVE ALARMING HEALTH STATUS (2003) 121 EXTREMELY POOR HEALTH STATUS OF IDPS IN MOST REGIONS OF SOMALIA (2002) 122 WATER AND SANITATION 124 MOST IDPS HAVE NO ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES (2004) 124 SHELTER AND NON-FOOD ITEMS 128 MOST IDPS LIVE IN SHACKS IN SLUMS OR IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS (2004) 128 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 130 OVERVIEW 130 VERY FEW DISPLACED CHILDREN ATTEND SCHOOL 130 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 130 GENERAL 131 5 MINIMAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ESPECIALLY FOR GIRLS AND IDP CHILDREN (DECEMBER 2005) 131 IDPS’ ACCESS TO EDUCATION DETERMINED BY INCOME AND ETHNICITY (2003) 134 ACCESS TO EDUCATION IN HARGEISA'S IDP SETTLEMENTS (OCTOBER 2005) 135 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 136 OVERVIEW 136 SELF-RELIANCE 136 SELF-RELIANCE 137 IDPS’ SURVIVAL STRATEGIES ERODED BY YEARS OF PROTRACTED CONFLICT AND DROUGHT (NOVEMBER 2005) 137 SELF RELIANCE IN SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL SOMALIA (2004) 140 SELF-RELIANCE IN THE NORTHWEST: SOMALILAND (OCTOBER 2005) 143 SELF-RELIANCE IN THE NORTHEAST: PUNTLAND (2004) 146 LIVESTOCK BAN HAS LED TO MAJOR INCOME DEFICITS FOR PASTORALISTS AND IDPS (2000- 2003) 148 ACCESS TO LAND 151 IDP WOMEN CANNOT ACCESS LAND WITHOUT MALE SUPPORT (2002) 151 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 151 NO FUNCTIONING JUDICIAL SYSTEM AVAILABLE IN SOMALIA (2003) 151 DEEP-ROOTED GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SOMALIA HINDERS PARTICIPATION (2002) 152 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. GENERAL ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ISSUES OF FAMILY UNITY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE 154 OVERVIEW 154 SOMALI IDENTITIES AND CULTURE 154 GENERAL 155 LINEAGE IDENTITY IS CENTRAL ORGANIZING FORCE IN SOMALIA (2003) 155 PROPERTY ISSUES 157 OVERVIEW 157 PROPERTY ISSUES 157 GENERAL 159 MOST IDPS FROM SOUTH/CENTRAL SOMALIA IN HARGEISA RENT LAND (2005) 159 PUBLIC LAND FOUND FOR BOSASSO IDPS (DECEMBER 2005) 160 LAND DISPOSSESSION IS THE MAIN DRIVING FORCE BEHIND CONFLICT IN SOMALIA (2004) 161 INSTITUTIONS 163 SOMALIA ENVISAGES LAND REFORM AND PRE-CONFLICT LAND OWNERSHIP (AUGUST 2005) 163 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 165 6 OVERVIEW 165 RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 165 RETURN 165 SMALL-SCALE RETURNS
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