DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis of Displacement in Somalia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis of Displacement in Somalia Public Disclosure Authorized ANALYSIS OF DISPLACEMENT IN SOMALIA Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank | Social Development | Global Program on Forced Displacement | July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized © 2014 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Email: [email protected]. Web site: www.worldbank.org/forced-displacement All rights reserved. Disclaimer This paper is a product of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the governments they represent. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. Tana Copenhagen ApS Klosterstræde 23, 1st 1157 Copenhagen K Denmark Cover Photo: United Nations Photo/Tobin Jones Acknowledgements This report was produced by the Tana Copenhagen research institute under an initiative by the Global Program on Forced Displacement of the World Bank. The report is researched and written by Erik Bryld, Christine Kamau, and Dina Sinigallia of Tana. Support to the research and writing was provided by Niels Harild, Bernard Harborne, Joanna de Berry of the World Bank. Invaluable peer review comments were received from: Andrew James Roberts, Verena Phipps-Ebeler, Ruth Vargas Hill of the World Bank, Thomas Thomsen of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and from UNHCR Somalia. Table of Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 7 2 History, Causes and Characteristics of Displacement in Somalia ...................................... 10 2.1 History of Displacement ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Drivers of Displacement ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Drivers of displacement: Conflict .............................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Drivers of displacement: Land Acquisition ........................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Drivers of displacement: Environmental Factors ............................................................... 14 2.2.4 Drivers of Displacement: Food Insecurity ............................................................................. 15 2.3 Characteristics of Displacement ........................................................................................................ 15 3 Current IDP Situation ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 South and Central Somalia ................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Puntland ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Somaliland .................................................................................................................................................. 19 4 Prospects for Return .......................................................................................................................... 20 5 Vulnerabilities and Development Needs of the Displaced.................................................... 24 5.1 Urban Vulnerabilities ............................................................................................................................. 24 5.2 Livelihood Vulnerabilities .................................................................................................................... 25 5.3 Security, Human Rights Abuses and Lack of Rule of Law ....................................................... 27 5.4 Gender Related Vulnerabilities .......................................................................................................... 28 5.5 Other Vulnerabilities ............................................................................................................................. 29 6 Political Economy Challenges .......................................................................................................... 30 6.1 Gatekeepers ............................................................................................................................................... 30 6.2 Clan Profile ................................................................................................................................................. 31 6.3 Access to Land .......................................................................................................................................... 32 6.4 Central, regional and local authorities ........................................................................................... 33 6.5 The political economy of international aid ................................................................................... 34 7 Development for IDPS - Recommendations ............................................................................... 36 7.1 A development response ..................................................................................................................... 36 7.2 Key recommendations at the policy level .................................................................................... 39 1 7.3 Further Research .................................................................................................................................... 40 Annex A – Displacement (and Migration) Trends ........................................................................... 41 Annex B – Clan Representation in Somalia ........................................................................................ 52 Annex C – Somalia’s Livelihood Zones ................................................................................................. 53 Annex D - IDPs’ Perceptions: Summary of Findings from Interviews with IDPs in South Central Somalia ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Annex E – Actors Mapping ....................................................................................................................... 60 Annex F – List of Persons Met ................................................................................................................. 68 Annex G – References ................................................................................................................................ 71 Annex H – Development Assistance and Framework Related to IDPs in Somalia ............... 73 Annex I – Clan Dynamics and IDPs in Somalia .................................................................................. 77 Annex J – Assessment Matrix Used in the Field ................................................................................ 84 Annex K – Recommendations for Further Analysis ........................................................................ 88 2 Abbreviations AU African Union CDRD Community-Driven Recovery and Development CISS Coordination of International Support to Somalis CoI Country of Origin Information DC District Commissioner EDF European Development Fund EIIP Improving Livelihoods through Employment Intensive Infrastructure Investment Programmes EU European Union FGoS Federal Government of Somalia GPFD Global Program on Forced Displacement HRW Human Rights Watch ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDPs Internally Displaced Persons ISN Interim Strategy Note IOM The International Organization for Migration JPLG Joint Programme on Local Decentralised Service Delivery MRR&R The Ministry for Return, Rehabilitation and Repatriation NGOs Non Governmental Organisations NRC Norwegian Refugee Council OIC Organisation for Islamic Cooperation PSD Private Sector Development RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SDG The Somalia Donor Group SIDP Somali Institutional Development Project SSF Somalia Stability Fund UN OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNPOS United Nations Political Office for Somalia UNSAS United Nations Somalia Assistance
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • This Action Is Funded by the European Union
    EN This action is funded by the European Union ANNEX 7 of the Commission Decision on the financing of the Annual Action Programme 2018 – part 3 in favour of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean to be financed from the 11th European Development Fund Action Document for Somalia Regional Corridors Infrastructure Programme (SRCIP) 1. Title/basic act/ Somalia Regional Corridors Infrastructure Programme (SRCIP) CRIS number RSO/FED/040-766 financed under the 11th European Development Fund (EDF) 2. Zone East Africa, Somalia benefiting from The action shall be carried out in Somalia, in the following Federal the Member States (FMS): Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, Puntland action/location 3. Programming 11th EDF – Regional Indicative Programme (RIP) for Eastern Africa, document Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean (EA-SA-IO) 2014-2020 4. Sector of Regional economic integration DEV. Aid: YES1 concentration/ thematic area 5. Amounts Total estimated cost: EUR 59 748 500 concerned Total amount of EDF contribution: EUR 42 000 000 This action is co-financed in joint co-financing by: Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) for an amount of EUR 3 500 000 African Development Fund (ADF) 14 Transitional Support Facility (TSF) Pillar 1: EUR 12 309 500 New Partnership for Africa's Development Infrastructure Project Preparation Facility (NEPAD-IPPF): EUR 1 939 000 6. Aid Project Modality modality(ies) Indirect management with the African Development Bank (AfDB). and implementation modality(ies) 7 a) DAC code(s) 21010 (Transport Policy and Administrative Management) - 8% 21020 (Road Transport) - 91% b) Main 46002 – African Development Bank (AfDB) Delivery Channel 1 Official Development Aid is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective.
    [Show full text]
  • Tol, Xeer, and Somalinimo: Recognizing Somali And
    Tol , Xeer , and Somalinimo : Recognizing Somali and Mushunguli Refugees as Agents in the Integration Process A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Vinodh Kutty IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY David M. Lipset July 2010 © Vinodh Kutty 2010 Acknowledgements A doctoral dissertation is never completed without the help of many individuals. And to all of them, I owe a deep debt of gratitude. Funding for this project was provided by two block grants from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Minnesota and by two Children and Families Fellowship grants from the Annie E. Casey Foundation. These grants allowed me to travel to the United Kingdom and Kenya to conduct research and observe the trajectory of the refugee resettlement process from refugee camp to processing for immigration and then to resettlement to host country. The members of my dissertation committee, David Lipset, my advisor, Timothy Dunnigan, Frank Miller, and Bruce Downing all provided invaluable support and assistance. Indeed, I sometimes felt that my advisor, David Lipset, would not have been able to write this dissertation without my assistance! Timothy Dunnigan challenged me to honor the Somali community I worked with and for that I am grateful because that made the dissertation so much better. Frank Miller asked very thoughtful questions and always encouraged me and Bruce Downing provided me with detailed feedback to ensure that my writing was clear, succinct and organized. I also have others to thank. To my colleagues at the Office of Multicultural Services at Hennepin County, I want to say “Thank You Very Much!” They all provided me with the inspiration to look at the refugee resettlement process more critically and dared me to suggest ways to improve it.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 3 Demography, Data Processing and Cartography
    VOLUME 3 DEMOGRAPHY, DATA PROCESSING AND CARTOGRAPHY M. Rahmi, E. Rabant, L. Cambrézy, M. Mohamed Abdi Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UNHCR – IRD October 1999 97/TF/KEN/LS/450(a$ Index MAJOR FINDINGS ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-1 : Demography ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-2 : Exploitation of the aerial mosaics …………………………………………..5 1 - Cartography of the refugee camps. …………………………………...……...5 2 - Estimation of the populations ………………………………………………..…6 I-3 – Conclusion : results of the integration of maps and data in a GIS … 10 II – Demography data processing ………………………………………………....13 Table 1. Number of households and family size …….....………………..….…....13 Graph 1 . Family size ..…………………………………….………………….14 Graph 2. Family size (percentage) …………………….…….……………. 15 Table 2 : Number of refugees by sex and by block …….……………...…... 15 Table 3 : number of households and family size by blocks ………………… 20 Table 4 : population by age and by sex. ……………………………...… 26 Graph 3. Pyramid of ages …………………………………………………29 Table 5 : Relationship by sex …………………………………………………38 Graph 4 : relationship …………………………………………………………39 Table 6 : Number of refugees by sex and nationality ………………….40 Table 7 : Number of refugees by sex and province of origin ………….41 Table 8 : UNHCR codes for districts and nationality ………………….43 Table 9 : Number of refugees by nationality, sex, and district of origin. ………………… 50 Table 10 : Principal districts of origin of somalian refugees (population by block and by sex). ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Table 11 : Principal
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Paper
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Minority Groups in Somalia
    The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • CLAIMING the EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997
    CHAPTER SEVEN CLAIMING THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997 Hargeysa Conference, the Somaliland state apparatus consolidated. It deepened, as the state realm displaced governance arrangements overseen by clan elders. And it broadened, as central government control extended geographically from the capital into urban centres such as Borama in the west and Bur’o in the east. In the areas east of Bur’o government was far less present or efffective, especially where non-Isaaq clans traditionally lived. Erigavo, the capital of Sanaag Region, which was shared by the Habar Yunis, the Habar Ja’lo, the Warsengeli and the Dhulbahante, was fijinally brought under formal government control in 1997, after Egal sent a delegation of nine govern- ment ministers originating from the area to sort out local government with the elders and political actors on the ground. After fijive months of negotiations, the president was able to appoint a Mayor for Erigavo and a Governor for Sanaag.1 But east of Erigavo, in the area inhabited by the Warsengeli, any claim to governance from Hargeysa was just nominal.2 The same was true for most of Sool Region inhabited by the Dhulbahante. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal’s priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources. The port of Berbera was vital for the economic survival of the Somaliland government. Erigavo and Las Anod were not. However, because the Somaliland government claimed the borders of the former British protec- torate as the borders of Somaliland, Sanaag and Sool had to be seen as under government control.
    [Show full text]
  • Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
    CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Market and Supply Situation in Southern Somalia
    Food Market and Supply Situation in Southern Somalia October 2011 Issa Sanogo 2 Acknowledgement This report is drawn from the findings of a programme mission by Annalisa Conte, Issa Sanogo and Simon Clements from August 30th to September 20th, which was undertaken to assess the suitability of cash-and-voucher based responses in southern Somalia. I wish to acknowledge valuable contributions made by various WFP Headquarters and country office colleagues, namely Rogerio Bonifacio, Oscar Caccavale, Simon Clements, Migena Cumani, Maliki Amadou Mahamane, Nichola Peach, and Francesco Slaviero. Many thanks also to Joyce Luma, Arif Husain and Mario Musa for proof reading the report. Many thanks to the Senior Management of WFP Somalia Country Office, Logistic, Procurement, Programme, Security and VAM staff who provided valuable insights and helped at various stages of this mission. I wish also to thank various partners (INGOs, Local NGOs, UN Organizations, Bilateral and Multilateral Organizations and Technical Partners) and traders for making time available to provide the mission with valuable field updates and perspectives. Secondary data, comments and suggestions provided by FAO, FSNAU and FEWSNET are fully acknowledged. While I acknowledge the contributions made by all the partners in various ways, I take full responsibility for the outcome. 3 I. Summary of Findings ............................................................................................................ 5 II. Markets and Supply Conditions ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Social Media in Africa
    Social media in Africa A double-edged sword for security and development Technical annex Kate Cox, William Marcellino, Jacopo Bellasio, Antonia Ward, Katerina Galai, Sofia Meranto, Giacomo Persi Paoli Table of contents Table of contents ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of tables .............................................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... vii Annex A: Overview of Technical Annex .................................................................................................... 1 Annex B: Background to al-Shabaab, Boko Haram and ISIL ..................................................................... 3 Annex C: Timeline of significant dates ...................................................................................................... 9 Annex D: Country profiles ...................................................................................................................... 25 Annex E: Social media and communications platforms ............................................................................ 31 Annex F: Twitter data
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #1- 04-26-2013
    SOMALIA - COMPLEX EMERGENCY FACT SHEET #1, FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2013 APRIL 26, 2013 USAID/OFDA 1 F U N D I N G NUMBERS AT HIGHLIGHTS BY SECTOR IN FY 2013 A GLANCE 2013 Somalia Consolidated Appeal (CAP) requests $1.3 billion 2% Security and humanitarian access 6% 1% 1.05 million throughout Somalia remain fluid 7% People Experiencing Acute 31% Humanitarian community engages with Food Insecurity 7% Somali government on IDP relocations in U.N. Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) – April 2013 Mogadishu 8% HUMANITARIAN FUNDING 1.1 million TO SOMALIA TO DATE IN FY 2013 15% Total Internally Displaced 23% USAID/OFDA $15,069,387 Persons (IDPs) in Somalia Office of the U.N. High USAID/FFP2 $45,579,499 Commissioner for Refugees Health 3 (UNHCR) – April 2013 Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH) State/PRM $5,000,000 Nutrition Protection Humanitarian Coordination & Information Management $65,648,886 507,797 Humanitarian Studies, Analysis, or Applications TOTAL USAID AND STATE Somali Refugees in Kenya Logistics and Relief Commodities ASSISTANCE TO SOMALIA Economic Recovery & Market Systems (ERMS) UNHCR – April 2013 Agriculture & Food Security 238,957 KEY DEVELOPMENTS Somali Refugees in Ethiopia UNHCR – April 2013 Despite security improvements in parts of southern and central Somalia, ongoing insecurity and restricted humanitarian access continue to hinder the delivery of life-saving assistance to populations in need. Al-Shabaab activity in Mogadishu and Bakool Region 215,000 in March and April heightened insecurity, caused additional population displacement, and Acutely Malnourished obstructed relief efforts. Children under Five in Approximately 1.05 million people—14 percent of the total population—are experiencing Somalia FSNAU – February 2013 acute food insecurity and require humanitarian assistance, according to FSNAU.
    [Show full text]
  • HAB Represents a Variety of Sources and Does Not Necessarily Express the Views of the LPI
    ei January-February 2017 Volume 29 Issue 1 2017 elections: Making Somalia great again? Contents 1. Editor's Note 2. Somali elections online: View from Mogadishu 3. Somalia under Farmaajo: Fresh start or another false dawn? 4. Somalia’s recent election gives Somali women a glimmer of hope 5. ‘Regional’ representation and resistance: Is there a relationship between 2017 elections in Somalia and Somaliland? 6. Money and drought: Beyond the politico-security sustainability of elections in Somalia and Somaliland 1 Editorial information This publication is produced by the Life & Peace Institute (LPI) with support from the Bread for the World, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and Church of Sweden International Department. The donors are not involved in the production and are not responsible for the contents of the publication. Editorial principles The Horn of Africa Bulletin is a regional policy periodical, monitoring and analysing key peace and security issues in the Horn with a view to inform and provide alternative analysis on on-going debates and generate policy dialogue around matters of conflict transformation and peacebuilding. The material published in HAB represents a variety of sources and does not necessarily express the views of the LPI. Comment policy All comments posted are moderated before publication. Feedback and subscriptions For subscription matters, feedback and suggestions contact LPI’s regional programme on HAB@life- peace.org For more LPI publications and resources, please visit: www.life-peace.org/resources/ ISSN 2002-1666 About Life & Peace Institute Since its formation, LPI has carried out programmes for conflict transformation in a variety of countries, conducted research, and produced numerous publications on nonviolent conflict transformation and the role of religion in conflict and peacebuilding.
    [Show full text]