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Russian Federation PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : RUSSIAN FEDERATION Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 28 October, 2002) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 8 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 12 THE CONFLICTS IN CHECHNYA 12 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT: CHECHNYA RECENT HISTORY (1922-1998) 12 THE MILITARY OPERATIONS IN DAGESTAN AND CHECHNYA (SEPTEMBER 1999 - MARCH 2000) 14 VIOLATIONS OF HUMANITARIAN LAW BY THE FEDERAL FORCES HAS LED DIRECTLY TO THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION (1999-2000) 16 INSECURITY AND VIOLENCE HAMPER GOVERNMENT'S PLANS OF NORMALIZATION IN CHECHNYA (2000-2002) 17 CIVILIAN POPULATION IN CHECHNYA ALSO EXPOSED TO VIOLENCE FROM THE CHECHEN REBEL GROUPS (2000-2002) 19 REVIEW OF POPULATION MOVEMENTS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (SEPTEMBER 1999-DECEMBER 2000) 20 VIOLENCE AND INSECURITY CONTINUE TO TRIGGER DISPLACEMENT IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2001-2002) 22 OTHER CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 23 ETHNIC RUSSIAN POPULATION LEAVE NORTH CAUCASIAN REPUBLICS IN A CONTEXT OF ETHNIC ANTAGONISMS 23 DISPLACEMENT RESULTING FROM THE INTER-COMMUNAL CONFLICT IN THE PRIGORODNY DISTRICT (1992-1998) 24 MINORITIES UNDER PRESSURE TO LEAVE THE KRASNODAR AND OTHER REGIONS IN NORTH CAUCASUS (2001-2002) 25 DEFINITIONS 25 INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE CIS REGION: A WIDE RANGE OF CATEGORIES 25 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES 28 POPULATION FIGURES : DISPLACEMENT AS A RESULT OF THE SECOND CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (SINCE AUGUST 1999) 28 DISPLACED POPULATION IN INGUSHETIA: ABOUT 110,000 PERSONS ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES (OCTOBER 2002) 28 DISPLACED POPULATION IN CHECHNYA: ABOUT 140,000 PERSONS (AS OF OCTOBER 2002) 31 MOVEMENTS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA SINCE 1999: NO PATTERN OF LARGE-SCALE RETURN (2002) 33 NO PRECISE FIGURE FOR THE DISPLACED WHO LEFT CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA TO OTHER PARTS OF RUSSIA (2000-2001) 35 INGUSHETIA HOSTS BETWEEN 120,000 AND 170,000 DISPLACED PERSONS FROM CHECHNYA (NOVEMBER 2000-MARCH 2001) 35 ESTIMATES FOR THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION IN CHECHNYA RANGE FROM 138,000 TO 235,000 PERSONS (FEBRUARY 2001) 37 POPULATION FIGURES : OTHER SITUATIONS OF DISPLACEMENT 39 DISPLACEMENT AS A RESULT OF THE FIRST CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (1994-1996): ABOUT 65,000 PERSONS STILL REGISTERED AS "FORCED MIGRANTS" (JUNE 2002) 39 INGUSHETIA HOSTS AT LEAST 12,000 DISPLACED FROM THE PRIGORODNY DISTRICT (NORTH OSSETIA) (JUNE 2002) 39 CASELOAD FROM THE FIRST CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (AS OF 2000 AND 2001) 40 STATISTICAL SOURCES 41 POPULATIONS FIGURES OF THE FEDERAL AND REGIONAL MIGRATION SERVICES FLAWED BY INCONSISTENT PRACTICES 41 UN OCHA NOTE ON IDP REGISTRATION IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2001) 42 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 44 GENERAL 44 CONSTANT MOVEMENTS OF IDPS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2000) 44 HIGH-RISK ROAD TO SAFETY: SELECTED REPORTS (NOVEMBER 1999) 44 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 46 PHYSICAL SAFETY AND PERSONAL LIBERTY 46 REPORTS OF IDPS BEING RESETTLED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (JUNE-SEPTEMBER 2002) 46 INGUSH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS RAISES CONCERN AMONG CHECHEN DISPLACED POPULATION (APRIL-MAY 2002) 47 TENSIONS BETWEEN THE DISPLACED POPULATION AND LOCAL RESIDENTS AND OFFICIALS (2000- 2002) 47 DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA UNDER PRESSURE TO RETURN TO CHECHNYA (1999-2001) 48 CIVILIAN POPULATION IN CHECHNYA CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO MAJOR THREATS TO THEIR PHYSICAL AND PERSONAL SECURITY (2001-2002) 51 REPORTS OF SECURITY INCIDENTS IN IDP CAMPS AND SETTLEMENTS IN INGUSHETIA AND CHECHNYA (2000-2002) 54 A SPECIAL GROUP OF CONCERN: THE CHILDREN (2002) 55 DISPLACED EXPOSED TO INSECURITY: THE CASE OF THE SWEEP OPERATION IN SERNOVODSK (WESTERN CHECHNYA) (JULY 2001) 56 WOMEN IN CHECHNYA EXPOSED TO RAPE AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE (2001) 58 WIDESPREAD USE OF LANDMINES IN CHECHNYA (2001) 59 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 60 THE PROPISKA SYSTEM REMAINS DE FACTO IN PLACE (2002) 60 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2001-2002) 63 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 65 2 FOOD 65 IDPS IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA RELY ON FOOD ASSISTANCE FOR THEIR SURVIVAL (2001) 65 CHECHNYA: DANISH REFUGEE COUNCIL CONFIRMS NEED FOR FOOD ASSISTANCE (OCTOBER 2001) 65 IDPS IN INGUSHETIA FACE INSECURITY OVER FOOD RATIONS PROVIDED BY FEDERAL AUTHORITIES (2000-2001) 67 SHELTER 68 INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA FACE HIGH RISK OF EVICTION FROM THEIR TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION (2001-2002) 68 URGENT NEEDS OF SHELTER ASSISTANCE TO IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (2002) 69 VAST SHELTER NEEDS IN GROZNY AND OTHER TOWNS IN CHECHNYA (2000) 72 DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISPLACED CHECHEN DISPLACED REPORTEDLY IMPEDES THEIR ACCESS TO ACCOMMODATION IN MOSCOW (1999-2001) 72 HEALTH 72 TB HAS REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS AMONG THE IDP POPULATION IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2002) 73 WHO REPORTS GROWING NUMBER OF HIV CASES IN INGUSHETIA (2001) 74 GENERAL HEALTH SITUATION IN INGUSHETIA AND CHECHNYA UNDER SURVEILLANCE (2001- 2002) 74 NUMBER OF CASES OF HEPATITIS A AMONG DISPLACED CHILDREN CONTINUE TO GROW IN INGUSHETIA (2001) 76 UNICEF ISSUES REPORTS ON CHILDREN HEALTH IN INGUSHETIA (2001) 77 7,000 PERSONS IN NEED OF PROSTHETIC OR ORTHOPAEDIC HELP IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2000) 79 PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS OF THE DISPLACED CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES (2000-2002) 80 WATER AND SANITATION 81 SANITATION AND WATER IN TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION CENTRES NOT SATISFACTORY (2002) 81 INGUSHETIA: INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE STILL NEEDED TO MEET MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS (2001) 83 CHECHNYA: LACK OF CLEAN WATER AND POOR SANITATION THREATEN PUBLIC HEALTH (2001) 84 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 85 INGUSHETIA 85 INGUSHETIA: LACK OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES FOR THE DISPLACED POPULATION (2001) 85 CHECHNYA 86 CHECHNYA: 200,000 CHILDREN ARE ENROLLED BUT NEEDS ARE STILL HUGE (2001) 86 OTHER AREAS 86 LOCAL AUTHORITIES DENY ACCESS TO DISPLACED CHILDREN IN RUSSIAN CITIES (2001) 86 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 88 SELF-RELIANCE 88 ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM REPORTS A DEGRADATION OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE DISPLACE HOUSEHOLDS IN INGUSHETIA (2002) 88 INFLUX OF IDPS FROM CHECHNYA AGGRAVATES THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN NORTH CAUCASUS (MARCH 2000) 89 ICRC IDENTIFIES COPING MECHANISMS OF IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (OCTOBER 2001) 90 3 DISPLACED FACE DISCRIMINATORY ACCESS TO THE LABOUR MARKET IN RUSSIAN CITIES: THE EXAMPLE OF MOSCOW (2001) 91 DEPENDENCY ON EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE REMAIN WIDESPREAD IN CHECHNYA (2001-2002) 92 ESSENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF HOST FAMILIES (2000) 93 AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES NEED EXTERNAL SUPPORT TO ENHANCE SELF-RELIANCE CAPACITY OF THE DISPLACED POPULATION IN INGUSHETIA AND CHECHNYA (2000) 94 COPING STRATEGIES OF THE DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA: HEAVY DEPENDENCE ON AID (JULY 2000) 95 PARTICIPATION 96 IDPS IN INGUSHETIA VOICE THEIR CONCERNS (2001) 96 PARTICIPATION OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION TO THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS (26 MARCH 2000) 97 DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA WERE ALLOWED TO VOTE FOR THE ELECTION OF THE CHECHNYA REPRESENTATIVE IN THE STATE DUMA (AUGUST 2000) 98 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 99 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS 99 DISPLACED FROM CHECHNYA FACE RESTRICTED ACCESS TO THE STATUS OF FORCED MIGRANTS (1999-2002) 99 REPORTS OF PROBLEMS OF ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS (1999-2002) 100 SUSPENSION OF REGISTRATION OF NEW IDPS FROM CHECHNYA INTO INGUSHETIA (2001-2002) 101 ISSUES OF FAMILY UNITY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE 104 FAMILY UNITY 104 DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA GATHERED INTO "FAMILIES" AVERAGING 9 MEMBERS (1999-2000) 104 REPORTS OF CHECHEN MEN SEPARATED FROM THEIR FAMILIES AT THE CHECHEN-INGUSH BORDER AND CHECKPOINTS (JANUARY 2000) 104 PROPERTY ISSUES 106 GENERAL 106 COURTS REJECT CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION FOR LOST PROPERTIES IN CHECHNYA (2002) 106 SAVINGS BANK SUSPENDED THE PAYMENTS TO DEPOSITS IN CHECHNYA (1995-2002) 106 COMPENSATION FOR LOST PROPERTY: NO SCHEME FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE CURRENT CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (2002) 107 25 % OF THE DISPLACED POPULATION INTERVIEWED BY MSF DESCRIBED THEIR HOMES IN CHECHNYA AS INTACT OR LIGHTLY DESTROYED 109 REPORTS OF WIDESPREAD LOOTING BY RUSSIAN FORCES INSIDE CHECHNYA (1999-2001) 109 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 111 RETURN TO CHECHNYA 111 ACTION PLAN ADOPTED BY INGUSH AND CHECHEN AUTHORITIES FORESEES RETURN OF IDPS BY OCTOBER 2002 (MAY 2002) 111 4 RETURN ASSISTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES SUPPORTS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS (2002) 112 INSECURITY IN CHECHNYA REMAINS THE MAIN CONCERN OF THE DISPLACED (2002) 113 CHECHEN GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTS RESETTLEMENT POLICY WITHIN CHECHNYA (2001-2002) 114 RETURN POLICY: PRACTICES INDUCING IDPS TO RETURN TO CHECHNYA (2000-2001) 115 GOVERNMENT RETURN POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (1999-2001) 116 NO LARGE-SCALE RETURN MOVEMENTS FROM INGUSHETIA (1999-2001) 118 LARGE MAJORITY OF IDPS IN INGUSHETIA HAS NO IMMEDIATE PLANS TO RETURN HOME (JULY 2001) 119 UNHCR AVOIDS STIMULATING FALSE SENSE OF SECURITY IN CHECHNYA (FEBRUARY 2001) 120 RETURN TO THE PRIGORODNY DISTRICT (NORTH-OSSETIA) 120 COOPERATION AGREEMENT SIGNED BETWEEN NORTH OSSETIA AND INGUSHETIA (OCTOBER 2002) 120 MOST DISPLACED WILL RETURN BUT A SMALL PORTION IS LIKELY TO STAY DURABLY IN INGUSHETIA (2001-2002) 121 RESETTLEMENT 122 ABOUT 35,000 ETHNIC INGUSH DISPLACED
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