Alert 2010! Report on conflicts, human rights and peacebuilding Written by: Maria Cañadas Francesch Vicenç Fisas Armengol Patricia García Amado Maria Prandi Chevalier Josep Maria Royo Aspa Jordi Urgell García Pamela Urrutia Arestizábal Ana Villellas Ariño María Villellas Ariño This book is printed on chlorine-free recycled paper. Report completed on December the 31st 2009. Edited by: Icaria Editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printed by: Romanyà/Valls, S.A. Verdaguer, 1, Capellades (Barcelona) Cover design: Lucas Wainer Mattosso ISBN: 978-84-9888-230-8 Legal registration number: B-16.559-2010 This report has been written by: Maria Cañadas Francesch ( human rights and transitional justice), Vicenç Fisas Armengol ( peace processes), Patricia García Amado (humanitarian emergencies and socio-political crises), Maria Prandi Chevalier ( human rights and transitional justice), Josep Maria Royo Aspa ( armed conflicts and socio-political crises), Jordi Urgell García (armed conflicts and socio-political crises), Pamela Urrutia Arestizábal ( armed conflicts and socio-political crises), Ana Villellas Ariño ( armed conflicts and socio-political crises) and María Villellas Ariño (gender and socio-political crises). Yesid Arteta Dávila and Carlos Arturo Velandia Jagua ( Colombia armed conflict’s analysis). The contents of this report may be freely reproduced and circulated provided that the source is properly quoted, with reference to the title of the report and the publisher. The authors assume full responsibility for the contents of this report. Summary Alert 2010! Report on conflict, human rights and tion for each area of study. Most of these indicators, peacebuilding is a yearbook which analyzes the state of once cross-tabulated, can also help us understand how the world in connection with conflicts and peacebuild- some factors influence others. The comparison of the ing based on six areas of analysis: armed conflicts, data with figures from previous years means the report socio-political crises, peace processes, humanitarian can act as a preventive alert regarding general trends or crises, human rights and transitional justice, and the situations in specific countries. This can be useful, gender dimension in peace-building. Focusing on these among other things, to devise foreign, development areas, Alert 2010! attempts to offer an overview of the cooperation and arms transfer policies, as well as poli- world’s state of affairs and reveal possible trends and cies to prevent armed conflicts, consolidate peace proc- dynamics related to the characteristics and evolution of esses, and post-war recovery. Alert 2010! also identi- active armed conflicts, socio-political crises, peace fies several opportunities for peace. There are some processes and humanitarian crises in the world, and the scenarios with elements that lead us to believe that state of human rights and the gender dimension within positive advances are possible in 2010 if the needed all of these circumstances. The analysis of the trends political actions are taken and international support is and dynamics is supplemented with a table of indica- given. tors that provides qualitative and quantitative informa- Summary 7 Index Summary _______________________________________ 7 6. Gender dimension in peacebuilding __________ 139 List of tables, boxes, graphics, figures and maps _____ 11 6.1. Gender inequalities ____________________ 139 Prologue ________________________________________ 13 6.2. The impact of violence and conflicts Introduction _____________________________________ 15 from a gender perspective ______________ 141 2009 Global conflict overview _____________________ 17 6.3. Peacebuilding from a gender perspective ____________________________ 144 Chapters Conclusions _____________________________________ 149 Opportunities for peace ________________________ 153 1. Armed conflicts _____________________________ 19 1. Ten years of Resolution 1325 on 1.1. Armed conflicts: definition _____________ 19 Women, Peace and Security ____________ 154 1.2. Armed conflicts: global trends in 2009 _ 22 2. The International Convention on 1.3. Armed conflicts: annual trend the Protection of All Persons from by region ______________________________ 28 Enforced Disappearance ________________ 155 3. The African Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally 2. Socio-political crises _______________________ 51 Displaced Persons _____________________ 156 2.1. Socio-political crises: definition _________ 51 4. Initiative to resolve the Kurdish 2.2. Socio-political crises: global trends question in Turkey _____________________ 157 in 2009 _______________________________ 56 5. Peace negotiations in the Niger 2.3. Socio-political crises: annual Delta (Nigeria) ________________________ 158 trend by region ________________________ 57 Annexes 3. Peace processes ____________________________ 91 3.1. Peace processes: definitions Annex I. Country and indicators table and typologies _________________________ 92 and definition of the indicators ______________ 159 3.2. Evolution of the peace processes _______ 92 Annex II. International missions in 2009 ____________ 167 3.3. The peace temperature in 2009 ________ 108 Annex III. Donors’ response and CAP overview 2009 _______________________________ 175 Annex IV. Outstanding human displacement crises ____ 176 4. Humanitarian emergencies and humanitarian action ______________________________________ 111 Annex V. Countries with flash appeal submitted through United Nations System in 2009 _________ 177 4.1. Humanitarian crisis: definition Annex VI. Resolutions and decisions issued by and indicators __________________________ 111 the United Nations Human Rights Council _______ 178 4.2. Evolution of the humanitarian Annex VII. Human Rights Index ____________________ 185 emergencies ___________________________ 114 4.3. Humanitarian action overview in 2009 __ 121 Bibliography _____________________________________ 195 Glossary ________________________________________ 199 5. Human rights and transitional justice ________ 125 Thematic and country index _______________________ 203 5.1. Human Rights: analysis of the situation worldwide _____________________ 125 School for a Culture of Peace (Escola de Cultura de Pau) ______________________ 207 5.2. Transitional Justice _____________________ 133 Index 9 List of tables, boxes, graphs, figures and maps Table 1.0. 2009 Global conflict overview ____ 17 Figure 4.1. The onset of a humanitarian crisis __________________________ 111 Figure 1.1. Conflict dynamics _________________ 19 Map 4.1. Number of internally displaced Table 1.1. Summary of armed conflicts 2009 _ 20 persons in 2009 ________________ 112 Graph 1.1. Regional distribution of the Graph 4.1. United Nations Humanitarian number of armed conflicts ________ 22 Appeal for 2010 Graph 1.2. Intensity of the armed conflicts ____ 23 (millions de dollars) _____________ 113 Graph 1.3. Intensity of the conflicts Box 4.1. Countries facing humanitarian by region _________________________ 23 crises in 2009 __________________ 114 Table 1.2. Main international missions Box 4.2. IDP camps: war strategy and in 2009 _______________________ 25 humanitarian dilemmas __________ 117 Table 1.3. Arms embargoes currently in Box 4.3. The Palestine emergency: force declared by the United seven years of wall, two years Nations, the EU and the OSCE____ 27 of blockade ____________________ 120 Table 1.4. Military expenditure in countries Box 4.4. Humanitarian worker: that are the scene of armed a high-risk profession ____________ 122 conflict, 2007 __________________ 28 Graph 4.2. Humanitarian funding overview Box 1.1. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: (in millions of dollars) ___________ 123 Origins, tactics and new areas of action _______________________ 34 Box 5.1. The Goldstone report on Box 1.2. The reasons behind the military the Israeli military incursion defeat of the LTTE ______________ 41 into the Gaza Strip ______________ 129 Box 1.3. Increased conflict in the Table 5.1. Countries offering the least “disputed territories” in Northern protection and with lowest Iraq ___________________________ 46 compliance with human rights Box 1.4. Destabilization factors in Yemen __ 48 obligations according to the HRIN 2009 _________________ 130 Table 5.2. Countries that systematically Table 2.1. Summary of socio-political violate the International crises in 2009 __________________ 51 Human Rights Law according Graph 2.1. Regional numerical distribution to the HRIN 2009 ______________ 130 of socio-political crises __________ 56 Table 5.3. Countries that systematically Box 2.1. Guinea: the instability that violate the IHL according threatens the future of the West to HRIN 2009 __________________ 131 African region __________________ 59 Box 5.2. The Optional Protocols of the Box 2.2. The Maguindanao massacre ______ 77 Convention on the Rights Box 2.3. A year after the war: trends in the of the Child ____________________ 132 conflict in the South Caucasus ___ 84 Box 5.3. The restriction on the principle of universal jurisdiction in Spain __ 133 Table 3.1. State of negotiations at end Table 5.4. Truth and other commissions: of 2009 _______________________ 91 advances and setbacks in 2009 ___ 136 Graph 3.1. The peace temperature in 2008 and 2009 ______________________ 108 Table 6.1. Countries with serious gender Box 3.1. The mirrors of peace ____________ 109 inequality _____________________ 140 List of tables, boxes, graphs, figures and maps 11 Graph 6.1. Countries with the worst GEI Maps in