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Counterpiracy Under International Law 1

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Counterpiracy Under International Law 1 Counterpiracy under International Law 1 ACADEMY BRIEFING No. 1 Counterpiracy under International Law August 2012 Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Geneva Académie de droit international humanitaire et de droits humains à Genève Academ The Academy, a joint centre of ISBN: 978-2-9700786-9-2 © Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, August 2012. Acknowledgements The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (Geneva Academy) would like to thank all those who contributed to the project ‘Maritime Security and Counterpiracy’, and especially Martin Michelet, Head of Human Rights Policy Section, and Rémy Friedmann, Desk Human Security and Business, both of the Human Security Division of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs for their unstinting support. This report was written by Alice Priddy and Dr Stuart Casey-Maslen, both researchers at the Geneva Academy. Proofreading and layout were provided by Plain Sense, Geneva. The report was printed by the University of Geneva. Disclaimer This report is the work of the authors. Any views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of any of the external contributors to the report or supporters of the project. The use of particular designations of armed non-state actors, states, or territories does not imply any judgment by the Geneva Academy, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, or any other body as to the legal status of such actors, states, or territories, of their authorities and institutions, of the delimitation of their boundaries, or of the status of any states or territories that border them. ACADEMY BRIEFING No. 1 Counterpiracy under International Law Counterpiracy under International Law 1 Contents List of text boxes _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3 Introduction ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 A. The phenomenon of modern piracy ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Nature and extent of piracy ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 The impact of modern piracy ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9 B. The definitions of piracy and armed robbery at sea under international law ____________________________________________________________ 11 Historical definition of piracy ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 The modern definition of piracy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Using ‘unlawful violence’ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12 ‘For private ends’ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12 ‘On the high seas’ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13 ‘Against another vessel or aircraft’ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 Customary law definition ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 Armed robbery at sea _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 C. Protecting shipping from pirate attacks ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Operation Ocean Shield ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Operation Atalanta ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Malacca Strait Patrols ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Combined Task Force 151 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Other government operations ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Private Maritime Security Contractors _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Use of force by PMSCs ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Soft law standards _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 21 Towards guidelines on the use of force by PMSCs ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 21 D. Seizing pirate vessels _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 23 Historical authorization to seize a pirate vessel ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 23 International treaty authority to seize a pirate vessel __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 23 Hot Pursuit ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Lawful use of force ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Use of force in law enforcement under the international law of the sea ________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Use of force under Chapter VII of the UN Charter ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 27 Use of force in self-defence ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 28 E. Counterpiracy operations on land _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 29 F. Arresting and detaining suspected pirates ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 31 International legal authority _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 31 International law applicable to arrest and detention of suspected pirates _____________________________________________________________________________________ 31 Human rights implications ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 31 Applicability of human rights __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 33
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