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Russian Federation -March 2003 PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : RUSSIAN FEDERATION Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 10 March, 2003) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 8 CHECHENS PRESSED TO GO HOME 8 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 13 THE CONFLICTS IN CHECHNYA 13 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT: CHECHNYA RECENT HISTORY (1922-1998) 13 THE MILITARY OPERATIONS IN DAGESTAN AND CHECHNYA (SEPTEMBER 1999 - MARCH 2000) 15 VIOLATIONS OF HUMANITARIAN LAW BY THE FEDERAL FORCES HAS LED DIRECTLY TO THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION (1999-2000) 17 INSECURITY AND VIOLENCE HAMPER GOVERNMENT'S PLANS OF NORMALIZATION IN CHECHNYA (2000-2002) 18 CIVILIAN POPULATION IN CHECHNYA ALSO EXPOSED TO VIOLENCE FROM THE CHECHEN REBEL GROUPS (2000-2002) 20 REVIEW OF POPULATION MOVEMENTS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (SEPTEMBER 1999-DECEMBER 2000) 21 VIOLENCE AND INSECURITY CONTINUE TO TRIGGER DISPLACEMENT IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2001-2002) 23 OTHER CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 24 ETHNIC RUSSIAN POPULATION LEAVE NORTH CAUCASIAN REPUBLICS IN A CONTEXT OF ETHNIC ANTAGONISMS 25 DISPLACEMENT RESULTING FROM THE INTER-COMMUNAL CONFLICT IN THE PRIGORODNY DISTRICT (1992-1998) 25 MINORITIES UNDER PRESSURE TO LEAVE THE KRASNODAR AND OTHER REGIONS IN NORTH CAUCASUS (2001-2002) 26 DEFINITIONS 27 INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE CIS REGION: A WIDE RANGE OF CATEGORIES 27 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES 29 POPULATION FIGURES: DISPLACEMENT AS A RESULT OF THE SECOND CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (SINCE AUGUST 1999) 29 DISPLACED PERSONS IN INGUSHETIA: 94,000 PERSONS ACCORDING TO THE DANISH REFUGEE COUNCIL (AS OF JANUARY 2003) 29 DISPLACED PERSONS IN CHECHNYA : 143,000 PERSONS ACCORDING TO THE DANISH REFUGEE COUNCIL (AS OF JANUARY 2003) 31 MOVEMENTS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA: MORE RETURN MOVEMENTS SINCE JUNE 2002 (JANUARY 2003) 33 NO PRECISE FIGURE FOR THE DISPLACED WHO LEFT CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA TO OTHER PARTS OF RUSSIA (2001-2002) 34 INGUSHETIA HOSTS BETWEEN 120,000 AND 170,000 DISPLACED PERSONS FROM CHECHNYA (NOVEMBER 2000-MARCH 2001) 35 ESTIMATES FOR THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION IN CHECHNYA RANGE FROM 138,000 TO 235,000 PERSONS (FEBRUARY 2001) 37 POPULATION FIGURES: OTHER SITUATIONS OF DISPLACEMENT 38 DISPLACEMENT AS A RESULT OF THE FIRST CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (1994-1996): ABOUT 67,000 PERSONS STILL REGISTERED AS "FORCED MIGRANTS" (JUNE 2002) 38 INGUSHETIA HOSTS AT LEAST 12,000 DISPLACED FROM THE PRIGORODNY DISTRICT (NORTH OSSETIA) (JUNE 2002) 39 CASELOAD FROM THE FIRST CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (AS OF 2000 AND 2001) 40 STATISTICAL SOURCES 41 UN OCHA NOTE ON IDP REGISTRATION IN NORTHERN CAUCASUS (NOVEMBER 2002) 41 POPULATIONS FIGURES OF THE FEDERAL AND REGIONAL MIGRATION SERVICES FLAWED BY INCONSISTENT PRACTICES 42 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 44 GENERAL 44 CONSTANT MOVEMENTS OF IDPS BETWEEN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2000) 44 HIGH-RISK ROAD TO SAFETY: SELECTED REPORTS (NOVEMBER 1999) 44 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 46 PHYSICAL SAFETY AND PERSONAL LIBERTY 46 FORCED CLOSURE OF CAMPS IN INGUSHETIA OBLIGE IDPS TO RETURN TO CHECHNYA (DECEMBER 2002) 46 AUTHORITIES EXERT PRESSURE ON CAMPS RESIDENTS TO RETURN TO CHECHNYA (2002) 47 VIOLENCE IN CHECHNYA AMOUNTS TO AN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT (2002) 49 CLIMATE OF IMPUNITY EXACERBATES INSECURITY IN CHECHNYA (2002) 51 WIDESPREAD USE OF LANDMINES IN CHECHNYA (2002) 53 REPORTS OF IDPS BEING RESETTLED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (JUNE-SEPTEMBER 2002) 53 INGUSH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS RAISES CONCERN AMONG CHECHEN DISPLACED POPULATION (APRIL-MAY 2002) 54 TENSIONS BETWEEN THE DISPLACED POPULATION AND LOCAL RESIDENTS AND OFFICIALS (2000- 2002) 55 DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA UNDER PRESSURE TO RETURN TO CHECHNYA (1999-2001) 56 REPORTS OF SECURITY INCIDENTS IN IDP CAMPS AND SETTLEMENTS IN INGUSHETIA AND CHECHNYA (2000-2002) 58 A SPECIAL GROUP OF CONCERN: THE CHILDREN (2002) 59 DISPLACED EXPOSED TO INSECURITY: THE CASE OF THE SWEEP OPERATION IN SERNOVODSK (WESTERN CHECHNYA) (JULY 2001) 59 WOMEN IN CHECHNYA EXPOSED TO RAPE AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE (2001) 61 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 63 THE PROPISKA SYSTEM REMAINS DE FACTO IN PLACE (2002) 63 2 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT IN NORTHERN CAUCASUS (2001-2002) 66 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 68 FOOD 68 IDPS AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS REMAIN DEPENDENT ON FOOD ASSISTANCE (2002) 68 IDPS IN INGUSHETIA FACE INSECURITY OVER FOOD RATIONS PROVIDED BY FEDERAL AUTHORITIES (2000-2001) 69 SHELTER 70 TENT CAMPS IN INGUSHETIA NEED TO BE UPGRADED FOR THE WINTER SEASON (2002-2003) 70 LACK OF ALTERNATIVE ACCOMMODATION FOR IDPS LEAVING TENT CAMPS (2002) 71 ICRC SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS VAST SHELTER NEEDS IN CHECHNYA (2002) 72 COLLECTIVE CENTRES IN DAGESTAN REQUIRE IMMEDIATE REHABILITATION (2002) 73 INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA FACE HIGH RISK OF EVICTION FROM THEIR TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION (2001-2002) 73 URGENT NEEDS OF SHELTER ASSISTANCE TO IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (2002) 75 DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISPLACED CHECHEN DISPLACED REPORTEDLY IMPEDES THEIR ACCESS TO ACCOMMODATION IN MOSCOW (1999-2001) 76 HEALTH 77 HEALTH SITUATION IN INGUSHETIA AND CHECHNYA UNDER SURVEILLANCE (2002) 77 PROHIBITIVE COSTS OF HEALTHCARE AFFECTS IDPS AND POOREST HOUSEHOLDS (2002) 79 TB HAS REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS AMONG THE IDP POPULATION IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2002) 79 WHO REPORTS GROWING NUMBER OF HIV CASES IN INGUSHETIA (2001) 80 NUMBER OF CASES OF HEPATITIS A AMONG DISPLACED CHILDREN CONTINUE TO GROW IN INGUSHETIA (2001) 81 UNICEF ISSUES REPORTS ON CHILDREN HEALTH IN INGUSHETIA (2001) 81 7,000 PERSONS IN NEED OF PROSTHETIC OR ORTHOPAEDIC HELP IN CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA (2000) 84 PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS OF THE DISPLACED CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES (2000-2002) 84 WATER AND SANITATION 86 INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT STILL NEEDED TO MEET MINIMUM STANDARDS (2002) 86 SANITATION AND WATER IN TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION CENTRES NOT SATISFACTORY (2002) 87 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 90 INGUSHETIA 90 SATISFACTORY SCHOOL ENROLMENT RATES FOR THE DISPLACED CHILDREN IN INGUSHETIA (2002) 90 CHECHNYA 91 CLASSROOM CAPACITY IN CHECHNYA IS STILL INSUFFICIENT (2002) 91 OTHER AREAS 92 LOCAL AUTHORITIES DENY ACCESS TO DISPLACED CHILDREN IN RUSSIAN CITIES (2001) 92 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 93 SELF-RELIANCE 93 3 LIMITED INCOME SOURCES FOR MOST HOUSEHOLDS IN CHECHNYA (2002) 93 ICRC SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS DIFFICULT ACCESS TO STATE ASSISTANCE FOR IDPS IN DAGESTAN (2002) 95 ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM REPORTS A DEGRADATION OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE DISPLACE HOUSEHOLDS IN INGUSHETIA (2002) 96 INFLUX OF IDPS FROM CHECHNYA AGGRAVATES THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN NORTH CAUCASUS (MARCH 2000) 97 ICRC IDENTIFIES COPING MECHANISMS OF IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (OCTOBER 2001) 98 DISPLACED FACE DISCRIMINATORY ACCESS TO THE LABOUR MARKET IN RUSSIAN CITIES: THE EXAMPLE OF MOSCOW (2001) 99 PARTICIPATION 100 CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM: IDPS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO VOTE IN INGUSHETIA (2003) 100 IDPS IN INGUSHETIA VOICE THEIR CONCERNS (2001) 101 PARTICIPATION OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION TO THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS (26 MARCH 2000) 102 DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA WERE ALLOWED TO VOTE FOR THE ELECTION OF THE CHECHNYA REPRESENTATIVE IN THE STATE DUMA (AUGUST 2000) 103 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 104 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS 104 LACK OF DOCUMENTATIONS DEPRIVES IDPS FROM STATE ASSISTANCE (2002) 104 DISPLACED FROM CHECHNYA FACE RESTRICTED ACCESS TO THE STATUS OF FORCED MIGRANTS (1999-2002) 105 REPORTS OF PROBLEMS OF ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS FOR IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (1999-2002) 106 SUSPENSION OF REGISTRATION OF NEW IDPS FROM CHECHNYA INTO INGUSHETIA (2001-2002) 108 ISSUES OF FAMILY UNITY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE 110 FAMILY UNITY 110 DISPLACED IN INGUSHETIA GATHERED INTO "FAMILIES" AVERAGING 9 MEMBERS (1999-2000)110 REPORTS OF CHECHEN MEN SEPARATED FROM THEIR FAMILIES AT THE CHECHEN-INGUSH BORDER AND CHECKPOINTS (JANUARY 2000) 110 PROPERTY ISSUES 112 GENERAL 112 COURTS REJECT CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION FOR LOST PROPERTIES IN CHECHNYA (2002) 112 SAVINGS BANK SUSPENDED THE PAYMENTS TO DEPOSITS IN CHECHNYA (1995-2002) 112 COMPENSATION FOR LOST PROPERTY: NO SCHEME FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE CURRENT CONFLICT IN CHECHNYA (2002) 113 REPORTS OF WIDESPREAD LOOTING BY RUSSIAN FORCES INSIDE CHECHNYA (1999-2001) 115 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 117 RETURN TO CHECHNYA 117 4 UNHCR EXPRESSES CONCERN UPON CLOSURE OF CAMPS IN INGUSHETIA (NOVEMBER 2002) 117 NO VIABLE ALTERNATIVES FOR IDPS FORCED TO LEAVE TENT CAMPS IN CHECHNYA (2002) 118 ACTION PLAN ADOPTED BY INGUSH AND CHECHEN AUTHORITIES FORESEES RETURN OF IDPS BY OCTOBER 2002 (MAY 2002) 119 RETURN ASSISTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES SUPPORTS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS (2002) 119 INSECURITY IN CHECHNYA REMAINS THE MAIN CONCERN OF THE DISPLACED (2002) 121 RETURN POLICY: PRACTICES INDUCING IDPS TO RETURN TO CHECHNYA (2000-2001) 122 GOVERNMENT RETURN POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF IDPS IN INGUSHETIA (1999-2001) 122 NO LARGE-SCALE RETURN MOVEMENTS FROM INGUSHETIA (1999-2001) 125 LARGE MAJORITY OF IDPS IN INGUSHETIA HAS NO IMMEDIATE PLANS TO RETURN HOME (JULY 2001) 126 UNHCR AVOIDS STIMULATING FALSE SENSE OF SECURITY IN CHECHNYA (FEBRUARY 2001) 127 RETURN TO THE PRIGORODNY DISTRICT
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