Cha Ma Gu Dao, La Strada Verso Il Tibet

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Cha Ma Gu Dao, La Strada Verso Il Tibet STORIA E SCIENZA Il Tibet, nel periodo della sua massima estensione, comprendeva i territori dalla Mongolia al Bengala. Cha Ma Gu Dao, la strada verso il Tibet Comincia in questo numero un lungo e suggestivo viaggio attraverso i millenni, un percorso storico e geografico sulle vie che consentivano il commercio tra Cina e Tibet, un altopiano con un ecosistema unico e fragile, ricco di animali e piante rare, oltre che di metalli e minerali oggi fondamentali nello sviluppo delle moderne tecnologie di uso civile e militare. 70 t natural 1 maggio 2015 Dao (in cinese) o Gya’lam o di quelli di origine cinese (Han) Dre’lam (in tibetano, strada lar- emigrati in Tibet2 [7] e diverse ga o strada dei muli rispettiva- sono anche le loro caratteristi- mente [2, 3, 4]. Storicamente che fisiche, non ultimo il mag- * Giovanna Serenelli l’origine di quella che nel suo gior volume polmonare [8]. complesso è oggi nota come Cha Riguardo alla creazione del Ma Gu Dao nasce dall’ufficializ- mondo si va dal mito dell’uovo zazione delle relazioni stabilite cosmico gigante a quello della tra l’impero Tubo (Tibet-Qin- frammentazione del corpo della ghai) e quello Tang (Cina) tanto primordiale divinità, la Regina che si parlava, e si può ancora Klu, da quello della tigre a quel- uando si parla di tè è parlare, di vie Tubo-Tang; dopo lo del non creato rospo blu di giocoforza, in un modo tutto se l’impero Tibetano non turchese, tutti tipici della prima Qo nell’altro, parlare del- fosse mai esistito forse oggi non [9] religione animista e sciama- la Cina e delle vie che da questo potremmo citarle. nica tibetana: la religione Bon, immenso paese ne permisero la Per ben comprendere questa ancora oggi seguita da un 10% diffusione nel mondo. affermazione è opportuno tene- circa di tibetani anche se molto La Via della seta del Nord che re presente la complessa situa- modificata rispetto alle sue ca- correva verso occidente passan- zione storica della regione e in ratteristiche originarie. Per ciò do per il territorio del Taklama- particolare quella dell’altopiano che riguarda le origini umane, kan e di cui abbiamo già parlato del Tibet. queste, secondo i Tibetani, sono [1] è ben nota. imputabili a una scimmia, Pha Non sono invece altrettanto fa- Note di storia Trelgen Changchup Sempa (che mose altre vie commerciali che Premettiamo che mentre le no- cercava di raggiungere l’immor- la Cina utilizzava per i suoi tizie storiche scritte sul Tibet talità e si dichiarava discepolo di scambi e che si dipanavano sulla sono piuttosto limitate e inizia- Madre Budda3) e da un’orchessa, terra ferma e sul mare. no solo dal VI secolo d.C., ab- Ma Drag Sinmo (condannata a Le vie della Seta del Sud erano bondanti invece sono i miti che divenire demone se non avesse ampiamente sfruttate e permet- narrano della creazione e delle sposato la scimmia) che popola- tevano di raggiungere tutti i pa- origini del popolo tibetano. Cer- rono la terra con sei scimmiette esi a sud dell’odierno territorio to è che gli altopiani Tibetani fu- [Fig. 1] ciascuna con differen- cinese. rono frequentati dagli umani già ti attitudini [10]. La progenie Si trattava di vie che, analoga- 50.000 anni fa. Di fatto le origini delle scimmie che nel corso del mente a quelle della Via della del popolo tibetano sono ancora tempo si erano moltiplicate nel- Seta più settentrionale, presen- un mistero1. L’analisi del DNA la foresta fino a raggiungere il tavano dei punti di snodo che mitocondriale (materno) dimo- numero di 500 fu provvista dal aprivano la strada anche verso il strerebbe un’origine da soggetti padre di semi di orzo4 estratti Nord e l’Occidente. I loro trac- asiatici mongoloidi, in partico- dal suo corpo [11] o, secondo le ciati nacquero però non solo dai lare delle popolazioni mongo- varie versioni, raccolti sul mon- commerci della Cina, ma anche loidi del Nord del continente te Menu, oggi Kailash. Gradata- dalla precedente opera di un im- [5] ben adattate geneticamente mente le scimmie, nutrite dai portante comprimario, alleato o alle condizioni ipossiche tipi- cereali, persero i peli e la coda, nemico a seconda del momen- che dell’ambiente in cui vivono, cominciarono a costruire sem- to storico, che è il poco noto e come dimostra la bassa inciden- plici utensili, appresero a par- altrettanto poco citato Regno/ za di sindrome di Monge (il mal lare e diedero così origine agli Impero Tubo. Per chiarezza di- di montagna cronico) rispetto a umani del Tibet [12]. ciamo che stiamo parlando di quella assai più elevata che col- La leggenda, con molte varianti, Impero Tibetano e Impero Ci- pisce le popolazioni andine che è strettamente collegata a una nese. vivono alle stesse altitudini [6]. visione buddista delle origini Erano queste vie note, nel loro I livelli dell’emoglobina dei tibe- della vita. Gli umani furono ini- complesso, come Cha Ma Gu tani sono generalmente più bassi zialmente governati da dei che maggio 2015 natural 1 t 71 STORIA E SCIENZA Fig. 1. Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa, Ma Drag Sinmo e le loro scimmiette. rimanevano sulla terra duran- tibetano Sogtsen Gampo, stori- Image retrieved in: http://iskonno.ru/ te il giorno e risalivano in cielo camente esistito. Quando la cor- three_monkeys/ per la notte. La successione di da dmu fu accidentalmente ta- glossary/glossary. questi Re Divini era regolata dal gliata da Drigum Tsempo, primo php?word=47 6 gennaio 2014. raggiungimento della maggiore re non immortale, durante il suo Credits: same link. età di uno dei figli (solitamente stesso regno, divenne necessario per i tibetani ciò avveniva a 13 costruire le prime tombe reali7 anni quando si imparava a caval- per seppellirne i cadaveri [14]. care). Secondo le leggende Bon, Oggi dei tredici tumuli origina- il primo palazzo, realmente esi- ri, di forma rettangolare e con la stente a 9 km da Tsetang nella superficie superiore piatta, solo vallata Yarlung, lo Yungbulakang tre sono visibili sulla montagna o Yumbu Lakhang, fu costruito Mure, nella prefettura di Lhokha dal primo leggendario re tibeta- [Fig. 4]. no Nyatri Tsempo nel secondo A prescindere da ciò che i miti secolo avanti Cristo. A quel tem- raccontano, sappiamo per certo Fig. 2. Nyatri Tsempo po, sempre secondo la leggenda, che l’altopiano del Tibet-Qin- http://www.tibetculture. net/xzmr/lsmr/200712/ gli esseri umani abitavano anco- ghai era di fatto già abitato da- ra nelle caverne. Nyatri Tsempo gli uomini nel tardo Pleistocene discendeva dal Theurang, un es- quando il clima della regione sere mostruoso dotato di un solo era caldo umido (40-30 kyBP8), piede, di dita palmate e di una i quali si spinsero sull’altopia- Fig. 3. Yumbulangkang lingua così grande da coprirne no partendo dai suoi margini il palazzo completamente il volto. Anche nord est. Erano allora presen- d’estate di l’aspetto di Nyatri Tsempo [Fig. ti in Tibet anche i rinoceronti Songsen 2] era mitico: le palpebre erano (Coelodonta thibetana, Fig. 5) Gampo. Wikimedia simili a quelle degli uccelli, le provvisti di un corno appiattito Commons. sopracciglia erano di turchese, e ricurvo all’indietro utile nello Autore: i suoi baffi erano simili a quelli scavo, coperti, diversamente da- Fanghong. di una tigre, i denti sembravano gli attuali, da un lungo vello la- conchiglie bianche e aveva infi- noso e probabilmente preadatta- ne mani e piedi palmati. Questo ti al futuro cambio climatico che primo re immortale, disceso dal si sarebbe verificato con l’arrivo cielo con una corda dmu [13]5 della futura glaciazione. Dopo la Fig. 4. La valle (dmu thag = arcobaleno, nel te- Glaciazione una seconda ondata con le prime sto Tibetano 162.2 di Pelliot6), di espansione si ebbe a partire tombe reali. Wikimedia fondatore della dinastia Yarlung dai margini nordest. Una terza Commons. (nome tibetano del Brahamapu- ondata si verificò 6-4 kyBP verso Autore: tra) compare nel 124 o nel 414 la fine dell’Olocene a partire da Reurinkjan. a.C. Come essere immortale popolazioni di cultura Majiayao9 risalì definitivamente in cielo che dal nord est avanzarono lun- usando la stessa dum thag nel go l’altopiano. Con il Neolitico momento in cui il potere fu pre- la situazione di stabilizzò [15]. so da un suo figlio ormai mag- Almeno tre furono sicuramente giorenne. Da notare che la corda le culture presenti in Tibet in celeste fu preservata nelle sue questo periodo: quella originata funzioni e utilizzata dai primi dalla cultura Majiyao10, la cul- sette re Yarlung, tutti ovviamen- tura Karuo (deve il suo nome al te esseri divini. Fu comunque, lo villaggio Karuo11 o Karub), vici- Fig. 5. Coelodonta thibetana, il rinoceronte lanoso del Tibet di 2,6 milioni Yungbulakang [Fig. 3] il palaz- no al fiume Lantsang a 12 km da di anni fa. 02-03-2014. Image retrieved in: EcoAlert: Tibetan Expedition zo d’estate in cui abitò succes- Chamdo [16] e la Qugong12 (il Ends with Prehistoric Find -- Earth’s Oldest Known Woolly Rhino!! 2 Credits Post: buja. FunOnTheNet Indian Discussion Forums sivamente il trentatreesimo re sito archeologico di 5.000 m a Link: http://www.funonthenet.in/forums/index.php?topic=216985.0 72 t natural 1 maggio 2015 nord di Lhasa, è nel villaggio di Zhang Zung significava la buona noti come Qiang, uno degli sta- Qugong). -smar- o bella scrittura, Fig. 6) ti feudatari di Namri Songtsen. I dati archeologici ci dicono ed erano seguaci della religione Le prime solide basi del regno trattarsi di popolazioni nomadi Bon. Scarsi sono gli scritti ri- Tubo furono in effetti poste pro- dedite alla caccia e alla pastori- masti per la sostituzione della prio da Namri Songtsen, padre zia, ma sia nel caso delle cultu- religione Bon da parte di quella di Songtsen Gampo, che dopo re neolitiche Karuo, Qugong e Buddista, non sempre pacifica, aver partecipato alla ribellione Majiayao già si praticava l’agri- ma costellata anzi da periodi di contro un vassallo dell’Impero coltura ed erano presenti colti- persecuzione con associata di- Zhang-Zhung (Fig.
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  • Tibetan Timeline
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