2248 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

FINAL OFFENSIVE BY SUDANESE I have stood on the floor of the House many resentatives. Others who are interested need GOVERNMENT DEMANDS UNITED times in the past, trying to describe to you the only contact my office or the U.S. Committee STATES ATTENTION malnutrition, the disease, the massive popu­ for Refugees. I respectfully urge my col­ lation displacement, the gruesome effects of leagues and their appropriate staff persons to HO~. FRANK R. WOLF war, and human rights abuse that I have wit­ pay attention to this authoritative report, and I OF VIRGINIA nessed in Sudan. The reality in Sudan is dif­ commend the U.S. Committee for Refugees IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ficult to describe, because it begs description. for its diligence on behalf of the people of The new report by the U.S. Committee for southern Sudan. Friday, February 11, 1994 Refugees, estimating that 1.3 million southern In closing, I want to say that time is of the Mr. WOLF. Mr. Speaker, the urgency of the Sudanese have perished since 1983, is yet essence. Many are dying daily in Sudan as humanitarian crisis in Sudan cannot be over­ another indication that southern Sudan is hell the government continues its new offensive, estimated. As the Washington Post reported on Earth due to the unconscionable policies of and it is crucial that this crisis receive Security February 6, the Sudanese Government has the Sudanese Government and in-fighting be­ Council attention very soon. Congressman launched a final offensive against the south, tween rebel groups. I hasten to point out that JOHNSTON, other Members and I will be asking causing 100,000 new refugees to flee to the U.S. Committee for Refugees is a highly to meet with President Clinton soon to press Uganda and leaving 2 million people at risk of respected organization whose reports on refu­ for U.N. action as well as the appointment of starvation because of the imminent shut down gee emergencies worldwide are reliable, credi­ a special envoy for peacebrokering in the re­ of Operation Lifeline Sudan [OLS]. OLS rep­ ble, and authoritative. I have long had the gion. It must happen soon, because every day resents a number of nongovernmental relief highest regard for the U.S. Committee for Ref­ so many are dying. organizations working under the authority of ugees, particularly for its tireless reporting, the United Nations to provide the bulk of relief analysis, and advocacy on the tragic situation to southern Sudan. in Sudan. CONGRATULATIONS AND THANKS This weekend's report confirms the Decem­ This exhaustive report, "Quantifying Geno­ TO MR. ANDRES L. SOTO ber prediction of a long-term relief worker as­ cide in the Southern Sudan: 1983-1993" by sessing the outcome of such a large-scale of­ Millard Burr of the U.S. Committee on Refu­ HON. KEN CALVERT fensive: gees, is based on systematic compilation of OF CALIFORNIA It is most probable that virtually all Oper­ year-by-year field reports and internal Suda­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ation Lifeline Sudan COLS) will be forced to nese documents. It concludes that the death Friday, February 11, 1994 shut down, and the government will insist toll in Sudan is, sadly, not diminishing. The re­ that all relief work be carried out through port estimates that some 300,000 persons Mr. CALVERT. Mr. Speaker, one of the their own channels* * *Needless to say, this died in southern Sudan during 1992 and the things that makes America the truly great would be catastrophic for the people of the country that it is, is its spirit of voluntarism­ south, who at this time are extremely vul­ first 5 months of 1993-nearly 4,000 deaths nerable and almost totally dependent upon per week for 17 months-making it one of the the willingness of citizens from all back­ the OLS pipeline aid. Deaths from starvation deadliest periods ever in Sudan. grounds and occupations to give of their time and sickness would dwarf anything we've One of every five southern Sudanese has and talents to make their communities better seen in the past. died from the war or from war-related causes, places in which to live and work. I applaud Representative HARRY JOHN­ according to the report, and 4 of every 5 The community of Riverside, CA, has been STON'S efforts to draw attention to the crisis southern Sudanese have been uprooted from fortunate to have an exceptionally dedicated and to bring the southern rebel leaders to their homes at some time since 1983. More group of citizens who give freely of their ener­ Washington for peace negotiations during the than 300,000 southern Sudanese are refu­ gies and talents to make our city and county "Sudan: The Forgotten Tragedy" conference gees, and some 5 million Sudanese from the such desirable places to live. One of these ex­ last fall. Representative JOHNSTON was also south and north are internally displaced. ceptional citizens is Mr. Andres L. Soto. tireless in pressing for the passage of his bill, Mr. Speaker, I must repeat what I said on A graduate of Norte Vista High School, Riv­ House Concurrent Resolution 131, condemn­ the House floor last November: We have a re­ erside Community College, and the University ing the genocide of Sudan and calling for U.N. sponsibility to continue to demand justice in of California at Riverside, Andy is a true River­ Security Council action. Sadly, the situation Sudan, because we can no longer say that we side product. has rapidly deteriorated since the important don't know what's happening there. This thor­ After high school, he served in the United congressional attention of last fall. ough report by the U.S. Committee for Refu­ States Army and received the Bronze Star for It is now estimated by the United States gees tells us all too clearly. his service in Vietnam. And, he has never Committee for Refugees that 1.3 million civil­ This House acted responsibly last Novem­ stopped serving his country and his commu­ ians in southern Sudan have died over the ber when we passed House concurrent resolu­ nity. past 1O years as a direct result of civil war tion 131 , which condemned the Government Mr. Soto has been involved in a wide range and the Sudan Government's genocidal poli­ of Sudan for its severe human rights abuses of civic activities. He has served on the city of cies against its citizens in the south. That is and deplored the bloody internecine fighting Riverside Planning Commission since 1990, nearly 2,500 deaths every week for the past among factions of the rebel Sudanese Peo­ and as its chairman since 1992. He has 10 years. ple's Liberation Army. A great deal of work served as a member of the State Department As many of my colleagues know, I have wit­ went into that resolution, including work and of Parks and Recreation Hispanic Advisory nessed first hand the massive suffering occur­ analysis by the U.S. Committee for Refugees. Council since 1980, and as its chairman for ring in southern Sudan, located in the Horn of This newest report, "Quantifying Genocide in more than 7 years. He has also served as a Africa. My most recent trip there was last Feb­ the Southern Sudan," reminds all of us that member of the board of directors of the Cali­ ruary, when I traveled to southern Sudan with we cannot cease our efforts. Men, women, fornia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, and the assistance of the United States Committee and children continue to perish in southern on the California Social Services Advisory for Refugees, Norwegian People's Aid, a hu­ Sudan as we speak. Board. manitarian relief organization, and Catholic I will distribute this report to members of the From 1972 through 1980, Andy was a mem­ Relief Services. Human Rights Caucus of the House of Rep- ber of the city of Riverside Parks and Recre-

e This "bullet" symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. Matter set in this typeface indicates words inserted or appended, rather than spoken, by a Member of the House on the floor. February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2249 ation Commission, and was its chairman in Between 1987 and 1991, 552 metric tons of A TRIBUTE TO WIZF 1978. He has also served as a member of the cocaine were seized in Latin America alone. city of Riverside Economic Development Com­ At the same t ime, the percentage of cocaine HON. DAVID MANN mittee, the University of California Riverside users in the United States dropped by more than half. OF OHIO Citizens Committee, the Riverside Jaycees, Just this month, University of Michigan IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Mexican-American Political Association, researchers, in their annual survey for the Friday, February 11, 1994 the Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 9223, the National Institute of Drug Abuse. found that American Legion Post 289, the American G.I. drug use is up among American teenagers Mr. MANN. Mr. Speaker, it gives me great Forum Riverside Chapter, the County of River­ after a decade of decline. pleasure to bring to the attention of my col­ side Veterans' Advisory Committee, the Amer­ Besides reducing supply, interdiction also leagues an outstanding community activist or­ ican Red Cross of Riverside board of direc­ has a deterrent effect which cannot be meas­ ganization from the First District of Ohio, tors, the Easter Seal Society board of direc­ ured solely by quantifiable means such as WIZF-FM in Cincinnati. tors, and the County of Riverside Affirmative seizures and arrests. WIZF is well known as a dedicated and Action Commission. The amount of drugs not manufactured or prominent influence in the betterment of the shipped to the United States for fear of sei­ For more than a decade, Mr. Soto has also African-American community. zure is immeasureable but nonetheless im­ been a mainstay of the Greater Riverside His­ portant. WIZF observes its seventh year for innova­ panic Chamber of Commerce. He was the Nor can the added costs to traffickers for tive leadership in the radio entertainment in­ founder of the organization in 1979, and the shipments they do make be quantified, dustry. The stations 32 highly motivated em­ served as its president in 1981, 1983, 1986, but those costs make drugs more expensive ployees are the stations driving force behind 1987, and 1993. On Saturday, February 26, on the street and less easily obtainable. its ability tb serve the most vulnerable mem­ 1994, Andy will step down as president, but The question, however, is not how much bers of the community. will remain active in the organization. gets in even with interdiction, but how much Throughout the years WIZF has sponsored Andy Soto is one of those citizens that any more would get in without a major interdic­ several projects to help underprivileged chil­ community would love to have and we feel ex­ tion program, and the impact of those addi­ dren, the homeless, and to provide holiday tional drugs on our cities and youth, and on tremely fortunate that he is in Riverside. On meals for anyone in need. our treatment and rehabilitation efforts. behalf of the citizens of the 43d congressional Interdiction assumes ine;reasing impor­ WIZF never limits its support to people in district, I wish to extend my thanks and appre­ tance as dealers seek to expand their mar­ need. When a local high school student, Der­ ciation to Mr. Andres L. Soto for his service to kets by distributing free drug samples on the rick Turnbow, became paralyzed after a gun the Greater Riverside Chamber of Commerce streets and in the schools. shooting incident, WIZF's determination to and for all he has done for our community. If interdiction is allowed to lag, the result help his recovery prevailed by raising a sub­ inevitably will be more and cheaper drugs on stantial amount of money for his medical treat­ the streets. This will swamp the very treat­ ment. The station has also provided drives for FAILING NATIONAL DRUG ment programs on which the administration food, clothes, and money for displaced victims CONTROL STRATEGY wants to focus because today's casual user is because their homes were damaged or de­ tomorrow's hardcore abuser. stroyed from the hurricane in Florida and from The administration's own emphasis on HON. HENRY J. HYDE community policing is itself a form of street­ the floods in the Midwest. OF ILLINOIS level interdiction. WIZF has annually given benefits for chari­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Community policing is an effective tool table organizations such as the National Asso­ Friday, February 11, 1994 against illicit drugs, but it must be part of a ciation for the Advancement of Colored Peo­ broad strategy that attacks the entire chain ple, the National Council on Negro Women, Mr. HYDE. Mr. Speaker, I would like to of trafficking, beginning in the producing and the Black Male Coalition. commend to my colleagues an article in the countries and continuing through the transit In recognition of Black History Month, this commentary section of yesterday's Washing­ zones to the dealers. year WIZF began the Unsung Hero awards to ton Times that points up a major failing of the A successful counter-narcotics strategy recognize community members for their lead­ must include reduction of demand through Clinton administration's new national drug con­ ership and encouragement to improve and education, treatment and rehabilitation, as trol strategy. better the lives of citizens in Cincinnati, espe­ Entitled "Indispensable interdiction," it is well as reduction of supply through eradi­ cation. interdiction and enforcement. cially the youth. The first year honorees are: written by my two colleagues from New York, Abdur Rasheed Ali, Selfu Begashaw, Wendell Congressman CHARLES B. RANGEL and Con­ Diminishing any of these components would be a major mistake with severe con­ "Butch" Burbridge, Debbie Bustion, Lillian gressman BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, the former sequences. Carr, Maudie Ellington, Thomas H. Graves, chairman and vice chairman of the House Se­ The administration should not abandon Jr., Robert L. Humphries, Franklin D. James, lect Committee on Narcotics. interdiction, especially without clear evi­ Sandra Jones, Ron Sanders, and Patricia The article underscores the fact that the di­ dence that this would not exacerbate the na­ Talison. I am pleased to represent such a giv­ rection this administration is taking on what tion's already serious crime problem, health ing group of individuals. care costs, violence, and the other negative may be the single most destructive force that Mr. Speaker, WIZF-FM exemplifies a tre­ aspects of the illicit narcotics trade. is devastating our cities-narcotics-is truly a mendous amount of community spirit. I would bipartisan concern. Overseas interdiction carries the battle to the traffickers in their own backyards. If like to offer my thanks and appreciation for the I ask that the full article be printed in the outstanding contributions its staff has made to RECORD at this point. given full support, interdiction of the larger quantities that can be seized while in transit the people of Cincinnati. INDISPENSABLE INTERDICTION can be as effective in reducing available (By Charles Rangel and Benjamin Gilman) drugs as interdiction on the street. After an extensive policy review, the Clin­ Federal drug agencies in recent years have MINORITY HEALTH IMPROVEMENT ton administration has apparently concluded forced the traffickers to conduct their busi­ ACT OF 1994 that broad-scale international interdiction ness further and further away from the Unit­ of narcotics, as pursued under prior adminis­ ed States. The administration should build WAXMAN trations, has failed to reduce the supply of il­ on this progress rather than allow our HON. HENRY A. legal drugs in the United States. streets to become the first line of defense OF CALIFORNIA Instead, the administration plans to focus against drugs. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES heavily on the treatment and rehabilitation The American people also need to hear Friday, February 11, 1994 of hardcore abusers. This approach, however, from the Secretary of State that illicit nar­ ignores the relationship between drug avail­ cotics are among the administration's major Mr. WAXMAN. Mr. Speaker, on behalf of ability and use, and will be a prescription for foreign policy concerns and will receive the Mr. SYNAR, Mr. RICHARDSON, Mr. TOWNS, Mr. defeat. attention and resources it requires. WASHINGTON, Mr. UPTON, Mr. FRANKS of Con- 2250 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 necticut, Mr. MINETA, Mr. MATSUI, Mr. The Centers of Excellence, which support a lected Lion -0f the Year by the Hacienda SERRANO, Mr. GUTIERREZ, Mr. PASTOR, Mr. network of academic centers focused on mi­ Heights Lions Club, 1990-selected Citizen of MENDENDEZ, Mr. ROMERO-BARCELO, Ms. nority health training; the Year by the Hacienda la Puente Chamber VELAzQUEZ and Mr. UNDERWOOD, I am pleased Special financial assistance, which support of Commerce; and 1986-received an honor­ to introduce the Minority Health Improvement disadvantaged students attending programs in ary doctorate of law degree from Pacific Act of 1994. veterinary medicine, pharmacy, public health, States University. The principal purpose of this bill is to optometry, and allied health; Best wishes, Charles, Martha, and Melanie strengthen Federal programs designed to im­ Federally subsidized loans, which support and God Bless. prove the health status of minorities through stud~nt attending health professions schools; the delivery of health care services, training of and health professionals, and expanded research Loan repayment programs, which encour­ INTRODUCTION OF NATIONAL and data collection. The legislation was re­ age minority health professionals to teach in EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS WEEK ported by the Subcommittee on Health and health professions schools. RESOLUTION the Environment on February 9, 1994. Last summer our subcommittee received TRIBUTE TO SGT. CHARLES M. HON. JULIAN C. DIXON testimony from many witnesses who testified HOUSE, ONE OF LOS ANGELES OF CALIFORNIA about the barriers that many people in minority FINEST IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES communities experience when trying to re­ Friday, February 11, 1994 ceive basic health care services. The over­ whelming lack of health insurance for many HON. DANA ROHRABACHER Mr. DIXON. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to in­ minority communities is compounded by the OF CALIFORNIA troduce a resolution designating the week of fact there is no doctor in the neighborhood, or IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES April 3, 1994, as "National Earthquake Aware­ the nearest clinic is three bus rides away, or Friday, February 11, 1994 ness Week." The purpose of this resolution is the doctor doesn't speak the patient's lan­ Mr. ROHRABACHER. Mr. Speaker, it gives to provide awareness of earthquake threats guage. me a great deal of pleasure to acknowledge and to increase public knowledge of how to A major provision of this bill goes right to one of Los Angeles finest law enforcement of­ prepare and respond to an earthquake. Thir­ the heart of improving the health status of mi­ ficers, Sgt. Charles M. House, who has retired teen of my colleagues join me in cosponsoring norities. It guarantees the training of young mi­ and we will honor him April 5, 1994. this resolution. nority health professionals who will provide Charles is a man of integrity, honesty, and Last month's tragic earthquake in basic health services in the communities practices what he preaches. After 27 years of Northridge, CA, has provided us with yet an­ where today-minorities have the least access enjoyable and eventful years with the Los An­ other reminder of the power and unpredict­ to health care. geles County Sheriff's Department, he is riding ability of nature. This quake caused over 57 By replacing a confusing and ineffective into the sunset on a standard retirement. It deaths, more than 6,000 injuries, and a signifi­ patchwork quilt of scholarship programs, the has been said that some individuals in govern­ cant disruption of the surrounding transpor­ bill offers disadvantaged students the oppor­ ment as well as private industry toward the tation system. It may in fact turn out to be one tunity to attend school without the fear of un­ twilight of their career file for questionable of the costliest disasters in this Nation's his­ surmountable debt. It will provide disadvan­ medical retirements, not Charles. tory. Furthermore, there is a high probability of taged students full scholarship plus a living sti­ A few years ago while en route to this facil­ more major earthquakes within the next few pend in exchange for a commitment to join the ity driving his personal car, Charles was rear­ decades, and not only for California. From Ha­ National Health Service Corp and work, after ended by a individual who did not have insur­ waii to Pennsylvania, States across the Nation graduation, in a medically underserved com­ ance, a job, nor driver's license. Charles' in­ are experiencing earthquakes with varying in­ munity. surance company repaired his car and offered tensity. It is therefore important that people The effect of the legislation is to expand by him $1,000 for his injuries which where very are aware of the hazards posed by earth­ over 200 percent the number of disadvan­ minor. Charles told the insurance representa­ quakes and know the steps necessary to pro­ taged students able to receive a corp scholar­ tives $1,000 was excessive and he settled for tect themselves. ship. Last year 1,363 minority students applied substantially less. This measure is a means to rapidly and ex­ for Corp scholarships but funds were only I met Charles when he became a candidate peditiously increase awareness of the threat available to meet the needs of 118. Hundreds for the U.S. House of Representatives in caused by these natural disasters.. I have of students already committed to improving 1988, the year I was elected to Congress. great confidence that this resolution will facili­ the health status of disadvantaged commu­ Charles did not have a primary opponent, so tate the education of communities across the nities were denied the opportunity for lack of he and his wife, Martha, went to my campaign Nation on ways in which to adequately re­ funding. office and helped me win my election. That's spond to earthquakes. National Earthquake The budget caps require tough choices, but what I call a team player. Awareness Week is essential to mitigating the by acting to consolidate existing Federal On March 17-19, 1989, Charles was in El paralyzing effects of a natural disaster such as health scholarship programs, new opportuni­ Salvador, President Bush appointed him to the the one that struck Los Angeles. ties can be opened for hundreds of minority Commission that was sent to El Salvador to Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to sign students and hundreds of medically under­ monitor that country's first free democratic onto this resolution, so that we can better edu­ served communities. This is a worthy objective Presidential elections in the history of that na­ cate our children, communities, and busi­ for which this Congress can take great pride. tion. That was quite an honor aside from the nesses on preparing for earthquakes. This bill also reauthorizes a number of ex­ importance of their mission. President Bush piring programs which comprise the core of personally approved each of the 51 members our Federal strategy to promote minority of that delegation which consisted of Senators, TRIBUTE TO SAUL WEPRIN health and reduce the disparity in health sta­ Congressmen, business executives, and tus and health access. These programs in­ Charles. HON. CHARLFS B. RANGEL clude: President Bush in 1990 then again in 1991, OF NEW YORK The Office of Minority Health, which is nominated Charles to be Director of the Office IN THE HOUSE. OF REPRESENTATIVES charged with establishing national minority of Victims of Crime. However, his nomination Friday, February 11, 1994 health goals; died a slow and agonizing death in the U.S. The Health Careers Opportunity Program, Senate. Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise to pay trib­ which is critical to identifying and ·nurturing the Additionally Charles was in: ute to a great New Yorker and a great civic health professions careers of promising minor­ 1991-Selected Volunteer of the Year by leader, former speaker of the New York State ity students; the American Heart Association; 1991-se- Assembly Saul Weprin. Mr. Weprin left us February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2251 early this morning in Long Island Jewish Hos­ FOSTER CARE LIVING COMMEMORATION OF THE 76TH pital, at the age of 66. ARRANGEMENTS ANNIVERSARY OF LITHUANIAN Mr. Speaker, Saul Weprin served admirably INDEPENDENCE in the Nation's greatest State legislature since 1971 , when he gained office in a special elec­ HON. DICK SWETT HON. DAVID E. BONIOR tion. During his tenure, Mr. Weprin held a se­ OF NEW HAMPSHIRE OF MICHIGAN ries of chairmanships that left his indelible IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mark on New York State government. Friday, February 11, 1994 As chairman of the assembly judiciary com­ Friday, February 11, 1994 Mr. BONIOR. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to mittee, Mr. Weprin helped write New York's commemorate the 76th anniversary of Lithua­ equitable distribution divorce law. As chairman Mr. SWETT. Mr. Speaker, today I am intro­ nian independence. On Sunday, February of the ways and means committee and then ducing the Foster Care Living Arrangements 13th, the Detroit-area Lithuanian community as speaker, Mr. Weprin had a tremendous in­ Act of 1994. This legislation is intended to en­ will mark the event by holding a commemora­ fluence on tax and spending policy, working hance the supportive services options avail­ tive ceremony at the Lithuanian Cultural Cen­ closely with Governor Cuomo. During this able for elderly and disabled adults in their ter in Southfield, Ml. time, Mr. Weprin was known to lead with homes. My proposal would amend section 131 This year's observance of Lithuanian inde­ grace, wit, and humility-a precious commod­ of the Internal Revenue Code, which excludes pendence is a particularly happy occasion. ity for many who hold public office. certain foster care payments from a taxpayer's After nearly 54 years of occupation, it is the Mr. Speaker, I offer my condolences to Mr. gross income. This bill would extend the bene­ first anniversary celebrated without Russian Weprin's surviving wife, Sylvia, and his three fits of that provision to shared living arrange­ military forces deployed inside the Republic. sons, Barry, David, and Mark. May his mem­ ments. Although Lithuania continues to face many ory be for a blessing. In essence, a shared living arrangement is challenges, there are many things to cele­ an adult in need of foster care who has a brate. Lithuania is in the process of creating roommate. Typically, roommates in these situ­ new democratic institutions and establishing ations are independent contractors, who work diplomatic relations with the rest of the world. The transition to a market economy will be dif­ HISTORIC THEATER REOPENED under the auspices of nonprofit community ficult; however, it is occurring. Although state service organizations. Roommates agree to domination of much of the economy continues, provide certain services to the foster care over 80 percent of small enterprises are now HON. CURT WELDON adult, such as being available overnight in the in private hands. OF PENNSYLVANIA event the adult needs personal assistance. I am watching events in Lithuania and re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES They provide companionship and guidance main guardedly optimistic. I am particularly within and outside the home for cooking, concerned about the 100,000 Russian troops Friday, February 11, 1994 cleaning, shopping, and recreation. These in­ in the neighboring region of Kaliningrad. The Mr. WELDON. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to dividuals also assist with personal hygiene United States never recognized the illegal an­ discuss a terrific historic renovation that re­ and medical needs. They work cooperatively nexation of Lithuania and has always sup­ cently took place in my district. This week, we with family, friends, and neighbors and allow ported independence. The remaining troops in in the Seventh Congressional District will cele­ the foster care adult to live in dignity in his or Latvia and Estonia must also be removed and brate the reopening of the Media Theater. her home and community. guarantees must be secured that these forces Small town movie theaters are an important Mr. Speaker, in New Hampshire we are very will never again threaten the sovereignty and part of American history. The Media Theater proud of our record in meeting the needs of territorial integrity of the Baltic Nations. has occupied a prime location on State Street, persons with disabilities. We were the first I commend the Lithuanian-American com­ the main street in Media Borough, since 1927. State to close our public institution for the de­ munity for their vigilance through the many dif­ For more than 60 years, this vintage movie velopmentally disabled. Since the early ficult years and I urge my colleagues to join palace has entertained hundreds of thousands 1980's, we have led the Nation in developing me in commemorating the 76th anniversary of of theatergoers with films and live perform­ a system of community-based services for Lithuanian independence. ances. persons with disabilities. Shared living ar­ The theater had fallen on hard times in re­ rangements and adult foster care have been IN HONOR OF TALMADGE DAVIS cent years and was at risk of going under, as an important part of our strategy to maximize many moviegoers flocked to malls and other the independence of our developmentally dis­ HON. GEORGE (BUDDY) DARDEN large-scale movie houses. But many civil lead­ abled citizens while also saving taxpayer dol­ lars. OF GEORGIA ers, led by businessman Walter M. Strine, un­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dertook a local campaign to save the Media This legislation would expand on New Friday, February 11, 1994 Theater. Thanks to this heroic effort, the thea­ Hampshire's record of success. It will expand ter has been restored to its former granduer access to needed support services and en­ Mr. DARDEN. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to and will reopen on Friday, February 18, 1994 courage more citizens to participate in efforts pay tribute to a man who has served his com­ with a Media Theater for the Performing Arts to undertake foster care responsibilities in their munity honorably for more than three dec­ production of "My Fair Lady." communities. This is exactly the kind of ap­ ades: Talmadge Davis of Heard County, GA. proach that Members from both sides have In 1957, Talmadge was elected clerk of Su­ I would be remiss if I did not make special perior Court of Heard County, where he mention of the work of Mr. Strine in this effort. advocated in the debate over long-term health care. Persons with disabilities and the elderly served for 20 years. From January 1978 until Due to his efforts, the theater has been com­ his recent retirement, Talmadge served as have diverse needs and abilities. By expand­ pletely restored to reflect its original English president of the Bank of Heard County. ing the range of choices available to meet Renaissance style. Walter Strine undertook Mr. Speaker, a sign of the deep respect and their needs, we can enable them to remain this project because of his love for the com­ admiration the people of Heard County have safely and comfortably in their homes and munity and his dedication to his hometown. for Talmadge Davis is the fact that more than communities. The result is a cultural arts center that will be 200 citizens stopped by the bank to congratu­ important to the entire Delaware Valley. Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to sup­ late Talmadge on his retirement and to wish I am pleased to congratulate Walter Strine, port this important initiative for adults with dis­ him well. and I wish the Media Theater for the Perform­ abilities and join me in cosponsoring this pro­ Although he will no longer be bank presi­ ing Arts much success. posal. dent, Talmadge will still serve his community 2252 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 as a member of the Heard County Water Au­ and the rule of law and order. I call on you defense of urban areas and high radar inter­ thority Board, the Heard County Development and my other House colleagues to join me in ference from surrounding structures. In addi­ Authority, the Chattahoochee-Flint Regional commending the outstanding work of the Lake tion, radar beams were improperly directed Development Center Board, and the Heard County drug task force and of all those who into buildings which caused Patriot missiles to County Chamber of Commerce. Talmadge will made this possible. fly into the ground after launch. To further also serve on the Bank of Heard County's complicate the situation, an ad hoc group of board as well. academicians involved in the defense process Talmadge has given 36 years of outstanding THE PATRIOT: AN AMERICAN initiated experimentation with Patriot which in­ service to the people of Heard County. His SUCCESS STORY cluded: continually modifying the firing doc­ legacy of service is something all of us should trine; changing intercept altitudes; cross firing strive to emulate. I ask my colleagues to join HON. PETER G. TORKIIDSEN from multiple fire units; and authorizing opera­ me in wishing Talmadge and his wife Jackie a OF MASSACHUSETTS tors to fire at will. Given all this, it is a miracle happy retirement. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that Patriot worked at all against tactical ballis­ Friday, February 11, 1994 tic missiles in Israel since the system was de­ Mr. TORKILDSEN. Mr. Speaker, the Patriot ployed and operated in conflict with estab­ COMMEMORATING THE LAKE lished United States Army doctrine. Even COUNTY DRUG TASK FORCE Air Defense System represents a remarkable technological achievement for our country. It's under the conditions described above, Patriot performance against tactical ballistic missiles successfully intercepted over 40 percent of the HON. PETER J. VISCLOSKY during Desert Storm-against a threat for Scuds it engaged in Israel. OF INDIANA which the system was not originally de­ The United States should be proud of Pa­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES signed-is a major success story for American triot and the role it played in helping win the Friday, February 11, 1994 technology, the American worker, and the gulf war and hold the coalition together .. All of American Armed Forces. From a military per­ us should be proud that the system stands Mr. VISCLOSKY. Mr. Speaker, I would like guard today here at home and in many foreign to take this opportunity to commemorate the spective, it protected airfields, key debarkation points, and critical assets while allowing the countries, and helps to preserve peace in brave men and women of the Lake County many parts of the world. drug task force for executing the largest co­ United States and its allies free access to all required airspace. From a strategic perspec­ caine seizure in the history of the State of In­ tive, it denied Saddam Hussein any significant diana. It is the hard work of these individuals SCHOOL COUNSELORS PRAISED success with his most touted terror weapon, and . others like them across the Nation who the Scud. The effective use of Patriot during put their lives on the line every day to help us the war saved countless military and civilian HON. NORMAN Y. MINETA win the war on drugs and crime. lives, reduced major damage to civilian dwell­ OF CALIFORNIA On the afternoon of Tuesday, August 17, ings, protected allied war fighting assets nec­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1993, the Lake County drug task force raided essary for the successful prosecution of the a home in Dyer, IN, and seized 176 pounds of Friday, February 11, 1994 campaign and allowed Israel to remain out of cocaine with an estimated street value of $15 Mr. MINETA. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to the conflict. million. The raid culminated an 11-month in­ In Saudi Arabia, the Patriot was an out­ share with you and my colleagues my appre­ vestigation that previously resulted in the sei­ standing success. The United States Army ciation for the work conducted by our school zure of thousands of dollars, a truck, and two has officially scored Patriot's success at over counselors. Students who attend school in the motorcycles. 70 percent. Patriot units were deployed with 1990's face an incredible set of challenges, The success of the drug task force is per­ the first United States troops to enter Saudi obstacles, and choices which can impact them sonally gratifying to me since I know its mem­ Arabia and were under the command and con­ immediately and well into their adulthood. bers. The success of the drug task force trol of the United States Army and were oper­ The school counselors of the 1990's are should be gratifying to Congress as a whole ating under procedures developed and opti­ trained professionals who must meet State because it is the congressional appropriation mized over time by the United States Army certification standards, and if they are mem­ of Federal dollars through the Bureau of Jus­ who had ample time to optimize the defense bers of the American Counseling Association, tice Assistance Program that provides the design and conduct training exercises from lo­ are bound to a code of ethics. Children as money to fund its vital activities. cations that would later engage actual incom­ young as 5 years old come to school and face The men and women who make up the ing Scuds attacks. When Desert Storm was the problems of drugs, violence, and social Lake County drug task force are: Sheriff Ste­ initiated, all Patriot fire units were strategically problems that many of us never thought ex­ phen Stiglich, chairman of the board; Assistant in place, ready to protect key national, and isted when we went to school. And, while Chief Judith Petro, project director; Gus Flo- military assets with trained troops prepared to some of us did experience the pain of preju­ res, intelligence analyst; Sgt. Richard engage the enemy. dice, I am glad to see that today's school Borchert, unit supervisor; DEA Agent In Israel, the opposite occurred. Patriot fire counselors are trained in facilitating classroom Raymundo Vasquez; Officer Shaw Spurlock; units were hastily deployed after a number of and small group exercises which help kids ap­ Officer Zon Haralovich; Officer Luis Lopez; Of­ Scuds had already inflicted heavy damage to preciate each other's differences-rather than ficer Cynthia Shelton; Officer Reginald Harris; the cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. There was lit­ use such diversity to divide and segregate. Officer Anthony Stanley; Officer Thomas tle time for site optimization or onsite crew School counselors consult with teachers to Hyde; office manager Linda James; secretary training and the Israeli crews manning Israeli improve classroom behavior and they work Carmen Drew; and others. We are indebted to Patriot units had not finished their training on with the parents of students who may be ex­ these individuals and other law enforcement Patriot in the United States. When the Israeli periencing academic or adjustment problems. agencies throughout Lake County, whose he­ soldiers were sent to war with their Patriot Mr. Speaker, I am proud of the rich ethnic roic efforts to fight drugs and crime make equipment, they had only completed 6 weeks and cultural diversity which encourages what I northwest Indiana a safer place to work and of a scheduled 16-week operational training feel are some of the best educational institu­ live. course in the United States and, although hard tions in this country. To ensure that the ele­ Mr. Speaker, it is clear that the rising tide of to believe, they had never fired a Patriot mis­ mentary, middle, secondary, and postsecond­ drugs and crime makes the mission of the sile. Furthermore, all Patriot units in Israel ary schools of my district provide the best pos­ Lake County drug task force even more impor­ were under the control of the Israeli Defense sible education for all of our students, regard­ tant. The record seizure last August was of Force, which was itself unfamiliar with Patriot less of income, ethnicity, disability or social sit­ great historical significance to the Hoosier operations. uation requires a team of highly skilled edu­ State and the Nation. Its continued success is The sites chosen for deployment in Israel cational professionals. We are fortunate in the a victory for the people of northwest Indiana resulted in gaps in overall coverage, poor in 15th Congressional District to have dedicated February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2253 educators who each day provide important ments that, between 1948 and 1973, doubled ton, unions lost ground, declining from 31 services to our students. Among this group of the real wages and benefits of American percent of the nonagricultural work force in professionals are school counselors. workers. The relationship was sustained by 1970 to 26 percent in 1979 to 13 percent today. Mr. Speaker, I ask my colleagues to join U.S. firms' domination of the world market. The effect of this on wages can be calculated American steel and auto companies could al­ by multiplying the loss in the wage premium with me during National School Counseling ways offset wage increases with price in­ by the number of workers who might other­ Week in acknowledging the dedication of our creases without undermining their profits or wise have been represented by unions. On Nation's professional school counselors. market share. this basis, Lawrence Mishel and Jared Bern­ During these years, American workers in stein of the Economic Policy Institute, the the private sector occupied three tiers. On authors of "The State of Working America," WHY YOUR WAGES KEEP FALLING the first tier were workers from largely estimate that the collapse of unionism cost unionized industries in manufacturing, blue-collar workers 3.6 percent in real wages HON. BERNARD SANDERS transportation, mining and construction. from 1978 to 1988. These workers enjoyed a 10 percent to 30 per­ At a deeper level, business' successful of­ OF VERMONT cent wage and benefit premium over their fensive against unions changed the wage IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nonunion counterparts, who comprised the structure of the American economy. Instead Friday, February 11, 1994 second tier. The third tier was made up of of unionized workers setting the pace in primarily nonunion service and small-busi­ wages, they became a lagging indicator of Mr. SANDERS. Mr. Speaker, recently John ness workers. Wages in this tier, subject to the real state of the wage economy. The first B. Judis published an excellent analysis of the supply and demand and the minimum wage, tier began to shrink and collapse into the fall in American wages, in the New Republic. ran as little as one-third of those in the first second tier. Workers in the heavily unionized I'm pleased to insert this article in the CON­ tier. Despite the hierarchy, however, work­ steel industry, for example, saw their wages GRESSIONAL RECORD. ers in the second and third tiers benefited fall from $20.37 per hour in 1981 to $17.91 per The article follows: from the wage gains and clout of first-tier hour in 1987 to $16.87 per hour in 1992 (all [From the New Republic, Feb. 14, 1994] unionized workers. Employers of nonunion­ these figures are in 1992 dollars). Workers in ized workers in industries dominated by the second tier began to see their wages driv­ WHY YOUR WAGES KEEP FALLING unions often paid comparable salaries in en down to the level of non unionized laborers (By John B. Judis) order to discourage unionization. And third­ and service workers. The wages of partially "For twenty years the wages of working tier workers benefited not only from in­ unionized meat-packing workers went from people have been stagnant or declining. * * * creases in the minimum wage won by unions, $13.98 per hour in 1981 to $10.39 per hour in For too many families, even when both par­ but also from the looming threat of union­ 1987 to $9.15 per hour in 1992. Meanwhile, ents were working, the American dream has ization. workers in the third tier, deprived of even been slipping away. In 1992 the American By the early '70s, American business lost the modest protections of the minimum people demanded that we change," Bill Clin­ the industrial superiority that had supported wage, found themselves edging toward sub­ ton declared in his State of the Union ad­ this edifice. In 1971 the United States, com­ sistence levels. Workers in restaurants and dress. But in the year he has been in office, peting with revived European and Japanese bars-one of the fastest-growing groups in Clinton has not succeeded any better than manufacturers, ran its first trade deficit the 1980s-saw their wages fall from $6.14 per his predecessors in meeting that demand. since 1893. And as more countries modern­ hour in 1981 to $5.46 per hour in 1987 to $5.29 Last year, Americans' hourly wages didn't ized, American firms in key industries such per hour in 1992. grow at all. And the wages of workers in as steel, automobiles, shipbuilding and tex­ This collapse of the partnership between mining, construction, transportation, public tiles faced a global glut of production. Busi­ business and labor and the resulting decline utilities, retail, business and health services ness became a tougher game in which even of unionism helps explain why real wages fell fell as much as 2 percent. Even college-edu­ minor price increases could lead to huge so sharply in the United States but were re­ cated workers-thought to be immune from losses in market share and profits. It was silient in Western Europe and Japan. Euro­ economic distress-saw their wages drop al­ under this pressure that American firms pean and Japanese firms also faced stiff com­ most 1 percent. And these are the lucky began to re-examine their relationship with petition and global overcapacity in the 1970s ones. The rest have had to make do with labor and their commitment to the prevail­ and 1980s. But in Western Europe, because of temporary jobs or have simply been laid off. ing wage structure. the strength of their unions and their coun­ As Clinton acknowledged, these figures are During the 1970s corporations started to re­ tries' social democratic parties, and in about more than just dollars and cents. They sist wage increases and fight labor unions in Japan, because of the commitment to a har­ are about the sustaining myth of American the political arena. In 1972 corporate CEOs monious relationship between labor and life. In the twentieth century, the promise of formed their own lobbying organization, the business, firms sought other means to pro­ America-once religious salvation-became Business Roundtable. During the Carter tect their profits, from trade protection to an ever rising standard of living. Until the years, the Roundtable's lobbyists succeeded limits on immigrant workers to on-the-job 1970s that promise was fulfilled. But since in watering down the Humphrey-Hawkins productivity. When these measures failed, then, Americans' real wages have been fall­ Full Employment Bill and in blocking labor they even accepted lower profit rates. In the ing at an increasing rate-1.6 percent from law reform that would have amended the Na­ United States, however, business sought to 1973 to 1978 and 9.6 percent from 1979 to 1993. tional Labor Relations Act to increase the defend its profits primarily by holding down So far the reaction has been a low rumble, penalties on employers that used intimida­ wages: often by eliminating unions or pre­ muted by two-earner families and overtime tion to discourage workers from joining a venting them from organizing. hours. But if wages continue to decline, that union. In the 1980s, under Ronald Reagan, In this climate, other shifts took place to rumble could turn into a deafening roar. business went even further, defeating at­ weaken wages still further. To cut costs, There are plenty of causes: government tempts to adjust the minimum wage to infla­ businesses began to move manufacturing fa­ policies, new technologies and automation, tion and securing the nomination of anti­ cilities overseas. In 1987 automakers spent more women in the work force. But the most labor candidates to the National Labor Rela­ $28 billion on parts manufactured overseas, important, and an often overlooked one, is tions Board and other government panels. up from $8 billion ten years before. The Big the change that occurred in the relationship During the Reagan years, businesses also Three went from importing 500,000 engines in between business and labor after the loss of began to demand and get "givebacks" from 1983 to 1.92 million in 1987. Companies also American industrial supremacy. The unions. Corporations won unprecedented replaced workers with technology. From 1979 unfashionable truth is that the decline of concessions in meat-packing, tires, steel, to 1992, thanks to automation, manufactur­ American wages has been largely a result of motor vehicles, trucking and air transpor­ ing output rose 13.1 percent, while the work the decline of American labor unions. tation. Companies that didn't have unions force declined by 15 percent. Both trends From World War II through the early '70s, used long neglected loopholes in labor law to eliminated many of the higher-wage first­ American business and labor leaders enjoyed thwart unionization; other unionized compa­ tier jobs and plunged these workers into an amicable relationship. They worked to­ nies such as Phelps Dodge and Eastern Air­ competition for lower-wage second-tier and gether against Soviet communism and for lines, inspired by Reagan's ouster of the third-tier jobs. In 1979, 38 percent of 25- to 34- free trade, civil rights and increases in So­ PATCO strikers, sought to remove their year-old male high school graduates were cial Security and the minimum wage. While unions. employed in better-paying manufacturing they sometimes exchanged harsh words at Under relentless attack from business and jobs; by 1987 only 29 percent were, while the bargaining table, they reached agree- facing a hostile administration in Washing- those employed in the low-paying wholesale 2254 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 and retail trade sector rose from 18 percent factories and offices. Doctors and nurses business would secure labor's commitment to 23 percent. And union attempts to orga­ have become employees of HMOs; computer to raising productivity and keeping wage nize these service workers proved largely un­ programmers have become piece workers for costs competitive in exchange for its support successful. giant software firms. As they have lost the of legislation strengthening labor's organiz­ The trade deficit and immigration didn' t prerogatives of management or the protec­ ing rights. Although it wouldn't restore the help. In 1982 the United States began running tions of a craft guild, their wages have begun status quo ante, this kind of compromise massive trade deficits in industrial goods, to fall like everyone else's. would do more to brake the fall in wages particularly cars, auto parts and consumer So what's to be done? Plenty of solutions than the most innovative training program. electronics, creating a net loss of American have been proposed to counter the decline of Some labor economists and maverick labor manufacturing jobs. And the influx of un­ wages, but most of them address secondary leaders have already suggested this kind of skilled immigrants during the '80s drove rather than primary causes. Economists compromise. MIT economist Thomas down the wages of third-tier workers, par­ typically blame lower wages on lagging pro­ Kochan, a member of the administration's ticularly in the West. In a 1991 study for the ductivity and hope higher productivity is the newly appointed Commission on the Future National Bureau of Economic Research, answer. They're half-right. Higher productiv­ of Worker-Management Relations, has pro­ economists George J. Borjas, Richard Free­ ity is necessary for higher real wages, but it posed one possible deal. Business would sup­ man and Lawrence Katz (who is now the hasn't turned out to be sufficient. During the port labor law reform to put teeth into that Labor Department's chief economist) esti­ 1980s manufacturing productivity grew a ro­ laws that deter companies from strong-arm­ mated that from 1980 to 1988, up to half of bust 3.6 percent annually, but manufacturing ing against union organization. In return, the 10 percent decline in the wages of high wages fell by 0.6 percent per year. What labor would swallow what is now a poten­ school dropouts was attributable to the might have been labor's share went into divi­ tially illegal way to raise worker productiv­ trade deficit and the immigration of un­ dends and profits. ity-Japanese-style, management-sponsored skilled labor. Clinton's solution, derived from Secretary employee committees in nonunion work­ The entry of women into the work force of Labor Robert Reich, is to finance worker places. But while some labor unions would may also have depressed real wages. From retraining. Reich argues that the cause of support this kind of compromise, business is 1970 to 1988 the percentage of working women wage decline is a mismatch between work­ almost universally opposed. Absent a wave of rose from 43.3 to 56.6. These new workers ers' skills and the demands of a high-tech 1930s-style worker militance, business lead­ probably helped hold down wages in third­ economy, resulting in too many unskilled or ers believe they would be giving up more tier service work, but more important, they semi-skilled workers chasing too few jobs than they receive by agreeing to any new allowed the impact of the sharp contraction and too few college graduates chasing the labor organizing rights. Kochan has tried to of male income to be softened. By contribut­ new high-wage, high-skill jobs. Reich has interest Clinton and Reich in this idea, but ing to family income, women made it pos­ proposed spending $3 .5 billion on worker re­ they remain enthralled with the panacea of sible for families to increase their income training over the next four years. "All of the retraining. even though individual wages were declining. studies show that if you get long-term train­ It would be nice if the affliction of falling According to Mishel and Bernstein, family ing [for] a year or more," Reich explains, real wages could be cured through the mar­ income grew 0.6 percent per year from 1973 to "you're going to affect your future incomes ket's invisible hand. But it has already per­ 1979 and 0.4 percent from 1979 to 1989. If fam­ by increasing that future income by an aver­ sisted through three recessions and recover­ ily income had declined at the same precipi­ age of 5 to 6 percent." ies. It's a problem that ultimately requires tous rate as male income, then workers Reich is also half-right. There's a surplus visionary thinking and radical political ac­ would have fiercely resisted wage cuts, and of unskilled and semi-skilled labor. Unfortu­ tion. But like other such problems (welfare the 1980s might have been a period of labor nately, giving them skills won't necessarily reform leaps to mind), the decline of wages militancy similar to the 1870s or 1930s. help things. According to a study last fall by will probably have to get worse before every­ Of course, not all workers have suffered de­ James Franklin of the Bureau of Labor Sta­ one can agree on a viable strategy for revers­ clining wages in the past two decades. Dur­ tistics most new jobs in the next decade will ing it. What our standard of living will be ing the 1970s college-educated workers and be as unskilled hospital orderlies or food when that happens is anybody's guess. upper-level white-collar workers found their preparation workers, not as software engi­ wages stagnating, but in the early '80s, they neers or marketing supervisors. And while gained ground, creating a widening gulf be­ training, especially on the job, can boost FOURTH DISTRICT HEALTH CARE tween lower- and upper-income workers and productivity, studies don't bear out Reich's REFORM between high school and college-educated or Clinton's hopes that it will raise the fu­ workers. But this gap may prove transitory. ture wages of those involved. The most re­ HON. DAVID E. PRICE From 1989 to 1993 the wages of white-collar cent Labor Department survey, conducted by OF NORTH CAROLINA executives and managers dropped 0.8 percent, the highly respected Mathematica Policy the wages of technical workers fell 2.9 per­ Group, found that laid-off workers who un­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cent and the wages of college-educated work­ derwent training under the Trade Adjust­ Friday, February 11, 1994 ers declined by 2.5 percent. ment Assistance Act failed to raise their Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, on January 20 I The rise and then fall in white-collar wages wages. More than three-quarters of the conducted a health care reform and commu­ was caused partly by a shift in supply and workers. the study found, "earned less in demand. According to economists Frank their new job three years after their initial nity meeting in Raleigh. The purpose of this Levy and Richard Murnane, the number of unemployment insurance claim than they marathon session, which went from 9 a.m. college-educated workers rose 85 percent be­ did in their pre-layoff job." until 10:30 p.m. with brief breaks to take nour­ tween 1971 and 1980; then, between 1979 and The solution favored by many labor leaders ishment, was to bring the national health care 1987, a time when new technology was creat­ and liberal Democrats is to restore the pre- debate home to North Carolina-to assess the ing demand for specially trained workers, 1973 status quo. They want to raise the mini­ strengths and weaknesses · of the health care the number rose by only 32 percent, bidding mum wage (which Clinton has postponed system in our part of the State, to examine the up wages. Now supply is once more asking Congress to do), reform labor laws, stake we have in reform, and to discover what outrunning demand. In The Monthly Labor restrict the immigration of unskilled work­ Review, Kristina Shelley, an economist at ers and remove incentives for firms to have positive contributions we might make to the the Bureau of Labor Statistics, predicts that foreign countries do their manufacturing. national debate. After hearing from five panels from 1990 to 2005 job openings for college While these measures address the cause of on special health care topics throughout the graduates will slump compared with the pre­ wage decline much more directly than do the day, the community meeting provided a useful vious five years, while the number of bach­ economists' or Clinton's proposals, they opportunity for individual constituents to voice elor's degrees will increase. The temporary slight the genuine dilemma that American their concerns. Over 50 constituents took the reprieve for college-educated earnings may businesses face. If wages were to increase at microphone, often recounting experiences that already be over. the rate that they did from 1948 to 1973, put a human face on this daunting policy chal­ White-collar and college-educated workers many American firms quickly would suffer lenge. The enthusiastic, sometimes heated are also going through a process called "pro­ the fate of Frigidaire or Philco. The world letarianization." Initially seen as profes­ economy is simply a different and less participation of my constituents suggests that sionals or as part of management, these friendly place than it once was. this is indeed a front-burner issue in North workers are now finding their work regu­ What is really needed is a grand com­ Carolina. Over 200 people attended our morn­ lated in the same manner as wage workers in promise between business and labor, where ing and afternoon sessions, and over 250 peo- February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2255 pie took part in the evening's community Poe Center have had from North Carolina North Carolina Academy of Trial Lawyers, dis­ meeting. school children. Kathy H. Richardson, mater­ cussed the issue of malpractice reform. Har­ Throughout the day, several moderators nity care coordinator for the Baby Love Pro­ rison J. Kaplan, counsel and government rela­ joined me and an overflow audience at North gram at Twin County Rural Health Center in tions manager for Kaiser Permanente, dis­ Carolina State University's McKimmon Center Hollister, NC, told of the innovative ways this cussed business participation in health mainte­ in receiving testimony from panels of expert program had reached out to poor women in a nance organizations and their success in ren­ witnesses on children's and adolescents' rural county to ensure that they received prop­ dering cost-effective health care services. health needs, health care innovations, the er maternity care. On panel four we turned to competing re­ needs of the uninsured and underserved, The second panel, health care and innova­ form proposals and their implications for North small business concerns, and alternative re­ tion, brought together a number of different Carolina and the Nation. Brad Adcock of North form and cost containment strategies. ideas that have worked well in North Carolina Carolina Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Moses Joining me in moderating the five panels and deserve wider dissemination. Gale John­ Carey, Jr.. executive director of Orange­ were Lt. Gov. Dennis Wicker, North Carolina ston Adcock, coordinator of primary care serv­ Chathman Comprehensive Health Services, House of Representatives Speaker Dan Blue, ices and wellness education at SAS Institute, Inc., Robert J. Greczyn, Jr., chief executive of­ Health Care Financing Agency (HCFA) Deputy told how 95 percent of SAS's employees and ficer of the Carolina Physicians' Health Plan, Administrator Dr. Helen Smits, and North families took advantage of the company-based Dr. Donald T. Lucey from the North Carolina Carolina Division of Medical Assistance Direc­ wellness program and of the positive effect the Medical Society, and Eric Munson, executive tor Barbara Matula. program had on company health care costs. director of the University of North Carolina The day's testimony left little doubt that Dr. Robert C. Bast, Jr.. director of the Duke Hospitals, each diagnosed the strengths and American health care, at its best, is the most Comprehensive Cancer Center, highlighted re­ weaknesses of the present system and pre­ proficient and innovative in the world. But we cent advances in cancer prevention and treat­ sented their priorities for reform. Christopher J. also found ample evidence that this care is not ment and stressed the importance of sustain­ Conover of Duke University's Center for being delivered equitably or at acceptable cost ing vital research. Dr. Leah Devlin, director of Health Policy Research and Education gave a to all of our citizens. Part of the solution, al­ the Wake County Health Department, told of careful analysis of how and why "managed most all witnesses stressed, is insurance re­ several innovative ways that the county had competition" could work. Joe Graedon of the form, so that basic coverage is not jeopard­ put together partnerships and combined var­ syndicated column and radio show "The Peo­ ized or priced out of reach when one moves ious sources of local, State, and Federal mon­ ple's Pharmacy" stressed the importance of or changes jobs or gets sick. But many also eys to deliver public health services. Dr. E. outcomes research and other means of in­ stressed that insurance reform is not the total Harvey Estes, Jr., director of the Kate B. forming and empowering consumers to suc­ solution. Insurance coverage may be of little Reynolds Community Practitioner Program of cessful reform. Pam Silberman, project direc­ benefit to families who have no medical pro­ the North Carolina Medical Society Founda­ tor with the North Carolina Health Access Co­ viders or facilities nearby or have no knowl­ tion, told of the foundation's program to recruit alition, set down the elements of successful edge of the basics of health care or of what and retain primary care physicians for under­ health care reform as identified by the coali­ services are available to them. Efforts at edu­ served areas in North Carolina. Dr. David tion she represents. cation and outreach must be stepped up, and Goff, a pediatrician, discussed the positive Our fifth and final panel, "Underserved both patients and providers must pay more at­ ways that managed care systems and primary Health Care Needs," focused on three key tention to healthy lifestyles and preventive care physicians can expand access to care areas of need: Older Americans and long-term care. and help contain costs. Meg Molloy. nutrition health care, mental health, and low-income We also heard a great deal of testimony program director of the Sarah W. Stedman rural and urban populations. Martha Brown, about the progress we have made in discover­ Center for· Nutritional Studies at the Duke with the Home Health Care Association of ing new drugs and therapies, reorganizing the Center for Living, emphasized the importance Chapel Hill, told of the value and cost-effec­ delivery of care and controlling costs, and of nutrition education in encouraging healthy tiveness of home-based care. Travis H. Tom­ reaching underserved populations-and of lifestyles and of nutrition therapies as a cost­ linson, Jr .. president of Whitaker Glen, a 96- how reform must nurture such innovations and effective treatment of heart disease and other unit comprehensive retirement community in preserve the good coverage and freedom of disorders. Dr. James E. Niedel, director of Raleigh, discussed several aspects of Presi­ choice that many people already enjoy. It also Glaxo Research Institute, stressed the prom­ dent Clinton's proposed health care reform became clear that while no perfect solution is ise of pharmaceutical research in developing plan and emphasized that home-health care available-if it existed, we no doubt would cost-effective treatments. Bill Remmes, admin­ and nursing home care serveq two distinct have discovered it by now-the status quo istrator of Rural Health Group, Inc., related populations. Bennett Cotten, a clinical social cries out for change. The President and Mrs. how a network of five medical offices, a nurs­ worker representing the North Carolina Asso­ Clinton have successfully brought this issue to ing home and rest home, apartments for the ciation of Social Workers, and Dr. David the fore, but a great deal of debate and hard elderly, and a senior center had been built and Smoot, representing the North Carolina Psy­ work still lie ahead. organized over a decade in two rural counties. chological Association, discussed the extent of Our first panel focused on the health needs Our third panel dealt with health care and mental illness and the benefits of including of children and adolescents. John Niblock, small business. Two North Carolina business­ adequate coverage in any health care reform president of the North Carolina Child Advo­ men-Robert B. Allbert, owner and operator of plan. Maureen Darcy, certified nurse-midwife, cacy Institute, and Dr. Stephen Edwards, a 30 Precision Tune shops, and Joe Stanley, and Torlen L. (Tork) Wade, associate director prominent Raleigh pediatrician, gave an alarm­ owner of Joe and Moe's Auto Repair in of the North Carolina Office of Rural Health ing health profile of North Carolina's children­ Shallotte, NC-told about the special problems and Resource Development, discussed the dif­ some 300,000 of whom are without health in­ of small businesses in obtaining affordable ficulties in attracting and retaining primary care surance-and outlined what changes in health health care coverage for their employees but providers in rural areas and the efforts under­ policy are required to address their needs. Dr. also sounded a warning about the possible way in North Carolina to do so. Barbara Zelter Michael Durfee and State school nurse con­ costs of reform. Jim Long, insurance commis­ Earls, representing North Carolina Fair Share, sultant Marilyn Asay portrayed adolescents as sioner for North Carolina, discussed the initia­ stressed the importance of securing com­ the most underserved population and the most tives his department had used to expand cov­ prehensive coverage for all income groups. difficult to reach, and described their respec­ erage throughout the State. Parham McNair, Helen Smits of the Health Care Financing tive outreach efforts through Wake Teen Medi­ representing the Independent Insurance Administration, representing the Clinton ad­ cal Services and school-based clinics. Paul Agents, told of the special services independ­ ministration, joined me for the evening com­ Hildebrand, executive director of the Alice ent agents provide as the link between insur­ munity meeting at which over 50 citizens told Aycock Poe Center for Health Education in ance providers and small businesses. Eliza­ their stories and expressed their views. In pol­ Raleigh, told of the enthusiastic reception that beth F. Kuniholm, speaking both as a small icy preference, they ranged from some who the modern, multimedia presentations of the businesswoman and representative of the thought the Clinton plan not comprehensive 2256 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 enough to others who would repeal even Med­ Internal pressures have come from lower Western policies that rely on UN/EC-medi­ icare if given the chance. Several farmers pro­ and middle-level Foreign Service Officers ated "peace talks" to reach a "voluntary tested the singling out of tobacco for a hefty (FSO's) with line responsibilities for U.S. settlement" between "warring factions"­ excise tax increase, wondering why other policy on Bosnia, other FSO's who have used who would now be defined as the perpetra­ the State Department's dissent channel tors and victims of genocide. This expla­ products with associated health care costs mechanism to press their views, and the four nation is supported by the following ele­ were not included. Some spoke for and others FSO's who subsequently resigned to protest ments of the Executive Branch treatment of against the inclusion of abortion · in the basic U.S. policies.3 this issue since fall 1992.a health plan. Small business owners expressed These pressures have triggered a number of The most explicit, forward-leaning Admin­ apprehension about the expense of coverage, statements by senior State Department offi­ istration positions have never been followed although some argued for leveling the playing cials and by the President, particularly since up with consequent actions. In August 1992 field between businesses that did. and did not December 1992, that implicitly or explicitly State confirmed that Serb-run "detention cover their employees. Some people reported address the issue of whether genocide is un­ centers" in Bosnia featuring systematic kill­ derway in Bosnia.4 ing and torture were a significant problem.9 having good coverage and positive experi­ Some of these come very close to saying State then initiated a process of submitting ences with local hospitals and doctors, and yes. However, none make a clear and un­ data on war crimes in Bosnia to the UN War warned against disrupting those relationships. equivocal determination that Serb leaders Crimes Commission. However, lead action on But others recounted losing their coverage are waging genocide in Bosnia, and that the compiling these submissions was assigned to after serious illnesses and having to fight for moral and legal obligations of the Genocide an FSO in the Human Rights Bureau with no payments for procedures they thought were Convention apply. Instead, Administration prior knowledge of Balkan affairs, and a covered. Many were willing to tell intensely statements have typically asserted that the short-term State intern just out of college: personal stories, which underscored the high Serb campaign "borders on genocide," or hardly a commitment of personnel and ex­ stakes we have in reforming the system but that "certain actions" by "Bosnian Serbs" pertise commensurate to the recognized have been "tantamount to genocide" or con­ gravity of the issue.Io also in getting it right. stitute "acts of genocide." 5 There are two In mid-December 1992, Acting Secretary A full transcript of the health care forum is hypothetical explanations for such equivo­ Eagleburger broke new ground in drawing being prepared and will be distributed to the cation. parallels between Serb behavior in Bosnia congressional committees of jurisdiction and to One is that further collection and assess­ and Nazi behavior, naming senior Serb lead­ others who are interested. I am grateful to the ment of evidence is needed before a clear de­ ers as bearing responsibility for war crimes many panelists and other constituents who termination can be made, particularly with and crimes against humanity in Bosnia, and participated. I believe that all of us there came regard to intent (e.g., do Serb leaders and citing some of the questions they should away with a better understanding of the impor­ their forces seek to destroy a substantial face. However, his public statements were ·part of the Bosnian Moslem population, or not followed up by any internal taskings tance of health care reform to North Carolina rather to displace it, or does the mass mur- within State or to CIA to build up cases and the Nation and the implications of the pol­ . der by Serb forces stem from a systematic against these leaders.11 icy choices we face. plan or from a coincidence of local decisions In mid-December 1992 the United States by local commanders?) and responsibility also voted for a UN General Assembly resolu­ (can responsibility be traced up to Bosnian tion on Bosnia which, among other things, THE PIN-STRIPE APPROACH TO Serb political and military leaders, and to stated that Serb "ethnic cleansing" in GENOCIDE Serb leaders in Serbia, and with what degree Bosnia is a form of genocide.I2 However, the of conclusiveness?). Executive Branch never followed up by cit­ HON. FRANK McCLOSKEY Several State and NSC officials put for­ ing or using this determination as a basis for ward this explanation to the author, in more Western policies. Similarly, in June 1993 the OF INDIANA or less explicit terms. These officials would United States supported an appeal of the UN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES often also assert that the genocide issue may World Conference on Human Rights to the Friday, February 11, 1994 be of moral and historical interest, but is not UN Security Council to take "necessary of operational importance in terms of pursu­ measures to end the genocide in Bosnia and Mr. MCCLOSKEY. Mr. Speaker, am ing justice (war crimes are easier to prove Herzegovina ... "However. the U.S. took no pleased to submit a very important statement than genocide) or ending the killing in subsequent action on the basis of this appeal on Bosnian policy development by Richard Bosnia (through a "negotiated settlement").6 and its finding of genocide. Indeed, as of De­ Johnson, a very dedicated and able State De­ However, some of these as well as other cember 1993, an official at State Department partment officer. State officials also acknowledge that policy­ Bureau of Human Rights was unable to lo­ The statement follows: makers at the White House and in State cate a copy of the Conference appeal in office THE PIN-STRIPE APPROACH TO GENOCIDE have shown little interest in clearing up the files, and described it as something the De­ questions that supposedly stand in the way partment viewed as "not really an official (By Richard Johnson) of an unequivocal finding of Serb genocide in act of the Conference." I3 My thesis here is a simple one: senior U.S. Bosnia. There has never been a Presidential More equivocal statements tend to be Government officials know that Serb leaders or NSC directive to State and other intel­ made by more senior officials in high-profile are waging genocide in Bosnia, but will not ligence agencies to conduct research and fashion. Less equivocal statements are made say so in plain English because this would analysis aimed at establishing whether there by lesser officials in lower-profile fashion. raise the pressures for U.S. action. is a good case against Milosevic et al. for The President has, largely in response to Since late summer 1992 the Executive genocide in Bosnia. Nor has there been any questioning, repeatedly drawn some degree Branch of the U.S. Government, under both mobilization of resources to this end. The of analogy between the Holocaust and the the Bush and Clinton Administrations, has human resources applied to the Bosnia war present mass extermination of Bosnians. But come under significant pressure to make an crimes issue at State and CIA have been he has chosen never explicitly to address unequivocal determination that the Serb minimal, and have declined at State in 1993. whether Serb leaders are engaged in geno­ campaign in Bosnia constitutes genocide The personnel involved have been tasked cide. I4 Warren Christopher volunteered dur­ under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention.I more with recording specific war crimes than ing his confirmation hearings that the Serb External pressures have come from the with tracking the responsibility for such war campaign of "ethnic cleansing" was result­ U.S. media, human rights organizations, crimes to the Serb leadership.7 ing ih "near genocidal or perhaps really gen­ American Jewish and Moslem advocacy The other explanation is that policy-mak­ ocidal conditions." I5 But he has never raised groups, prominent foreign policy experts, ers have opted for equivocation because an the issue since becoming Secretary, and his members of Congress, the Bosnian govern­ explicit, unequivocal determination that most extensive comments on the matter ment, and from states friendly to Bosnia at genocide is underway in Bosnia, and that since then, ·under questioning on May 18, UN fora including the UN General Assembly, Milosevic, Karadzic and their military com­ 1993, before the House Foreign Affairs Com­ the UN Commission for Human Rights, and manders are responsible, would produce more mittee, are also the most equivocal presen­ the June 1993 UN Worl,d Conference on political pressure to take effective action, tation by any Administration official since Human Rights in Vienna.2 including the use of force, to end and punish the beginning of the war in Bosnia.Is These the genocide. At a minimum, such a deter­ comments triggered an extraordinary memo Footnotes at end of article. mination would undermine the credibility of to the Secretary from the Acting Assistant ...... T""._,,, , '

February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2257 Secretary for Human Rights reminding the than do the lesser officials who have sought sAuthor's December 1993 interviews with sixteen Secretary that Serb and Bosnian Serb forces to bring them to make clearer statements on current and former State employees ranging from were responsible for the vast majority of war genocide. Some light on their thinking in re­ desk officers to Deputy Assistant Secretaries, and with NSC European Affairs Director Jenonne Walk­ crimes in Bosnia.11 jecting Bureaus' recommendations is shed by er in May 1993. In December 1993, Walker declined to The most straight-forward statement by a comments made by Under Secretary Tarnoff discuss U.S. policy process on the issue of genocide senior official of the Clinton Administration and Counselor Wirth at an April 28, 1993 in Bosnia with the author, on the grounds that it has also been the most obscure: a mid-No­ State Department luncheon for Elie Weisel. was "too sensitive." vember written submission to a House sub­ Weisel argued that whether or not geno­ 7 ibid. committee in response to a question taken cide was underway in Bosnia, the Serb con­ BThis explanation is also advanced by many of the by State Counselor Wirth five months ear­ centration camps and mass murders there sixteen current and former FSO's interviewed by the constituted a moral imperative for decisive author for this essay. lier, stating that " The Department of State 9 See President Bush's August 6, 1992 remarks on does believe that certain acts committed as outside intervention. Tarnoff took Weisel's " Containing the Crisis in Bosnia and in Former part of the systematic Bosnian Serb cam­ point but noted that failure in Bosnia would Yugoslavia" and Acting Secretary Eagleburger's paign of 'ethnic cleansing' in Bosnia con­ destroy the Clinton Presidency. Wirth agreed August 5, 1992 statement " Detention Centers in stitute acts of genocide." 18 with Weisel that the moral stakes in Bosnia Bosnia-Hercegovina and Serbia" in Dispatch, U.S. Secretary Christopher has opted out of the were high, but asserted that there were even Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs, Au­ Bosnia genocide issue since May. Persistent higher moral stakes at play: " the survival of gust 10, 1992; and George Kenney, "See No Evil," in The Washington Monthly, November 1992. Kenney questioning by Congressman Mccloskey has the fragile liberal coalition represented by underlines senior State officials' resistance to inves­ been the primary trigger of Administration this Presidency.'' 22 tigating, confirming, or publicizing Serb atrocities review of this issue since April 1, when CONCLUSION in Bosnia, and their efforts to minimize U.S. media Mccloskey got Christopher to promise him a The story told above is one of many fail­ attention to them. clear determination as to whether the Serb lo Author's interview with the State Human Rights ures. Senior policy-makers have failed to Bureau action officer and the former intern in ques­ campaign in Bosnia is genocide under the level with the American people on the nature Convention.19 How to respond to McCloskey's tion. of the moral and security challenge the Unit­ 11 See Secretary Eagleburger's December 16, 1992 question (and his repeated follow-ups) was a ed States faces in the Balkans. Lesser offi­ statements in Dispatch, U.S. Department of State recurrent issue among the Bureaus of Euro­ cials have failed to resist the obfuscation of Bureau of Public Affairs, December 28, 1992. The ab­ pean Affairs, Human Rights, Intelligence and their seniors. Outside the Executive Branch, sence of follow-up taskers was confirmed to the au­ Research, International Organizations, Con­ thor in interviews with the current and former the broad range of interested observers who FSO's cited above. gressional Relations, and the Office of the see Milosevic's campaign for a Greater Ser­ Legal Advisor, and between these offices and 12see United Nations General Assembly Resolu­ bia as an instance of genocidal aggression tion A/47/92 of December 17, 1992, passed 102 for (in­ the "seventh floor" (i.e., the Secretary and that the United States must confront have cluding the U.S.), 57 abstentions, and none against, his senior advisors) from April to October. failed to apply coherent and sustained pres­ which holds Serbian and Montenegrin forces respon­ On October 13 the Secretary finally approved sure to force at least a straightforward Exec­ sible for aggression and for " the abhorrent policy of an action memo which had been redrafted utive Branch statement on the genocide 'ethnic cleansing,' which is a form of genocide ... " 13 Author's interviews with State Human Rights numerous times, and which would authorize issue. the Assistant Secretary for Congressional Bureau officers, December 1993. Notwithstanding I draw no constructive lessons from these State's unofficial views as to the unofficial status of Relations to sign a letter to McCloskey failures except that avoiding them requires a the Conference's appeal, it was in fact forwarded by using the language subsequently used in series of moral choices by individuals. Those Alois Mock, President of the World Conference on State's mid-November submission to the made by senior policy-makers with the most Human Rights, to the President of the UN Security House cited above. However, the Secretary influence in defining the challenges America Council on June 16, 1993, as a decision of the Con­ annulled his approval of the proposed letter faces are most momentous. But all, cumula­ ference. 14 For texts of the President's and Secretary's to Mccloskey after the latter called for his tively, make a difference. resignation in mid-October. statements. see compendium at Tab A. In a subsequent exchange with Mccloskey FOOTNOTES 1ssee New York Times, January 14, 1993, cited in 1 Under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and compendium at Tab A. during a House Foreign Affairs Committee lGSee Christopher's May 18 comments in compen­ hearing, Christopher chose not to respond to Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, to which the United States, the successor states to former Yugo­ dium at Tab A, including the insinuation that McCloskey's question on the genocide issue. slavia, and some 100 other countries are parties, Bosnian Moslems are suspected of genocide them­ Instead, the Secretary charged that McClos­ " genocide" is defined to include any of the following selves. Several State officials have told the author key's views on Bosnia would require several acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or that they were flabbergasted by Christopher's re­ hundred thousand U.S. ground troops, as­ in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group: marks on atrocities and genocide in Bosnia in his May 18 House Foreign Affairs Committee Hearing, serted that McCloskey's emotions were (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) and that these remarks bore no relationship to ex­ clouding his judgment, and rejected any fur­ pert and consensus views within State on those is­ 2 deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life ther " debate" with Mccloskey on Bosnia. 0 calculated to bring about its physical destruction in sues. One State official has told the author that late Seventh-floor policy makers at State have whole or in part; (d) imposing measures intended to on May 17, the Secretary's office sought urgent in­ repeatedly rejected efforts by the Bureaus to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly trans­ formation from the Human Rights Bureau on have them make less equivocal statements ferring children of the group to another group. Bosnian Moslem atrocities only. The Convention is a specific response to Nazi ex­ 11 Author's interviews with current and former of genocide in Bosnia.21 On April 1, perhaps FSO's. in response to McCloskey's questions to termination practices during World War II. 2The author is compiling a list of prominent per­ ls See text of Wirth statement in compendium at Christopher, outgoing State Department sons, groups, governments, and international fora Tab A. This statement responded to a question put spokesman Boucher instructed then-Bosnia that have defined Serb behavior in Bosnia as geno­ to Wirth by Congressman McCloskey on June 10 at desk officer Harris to draft a strong state­ a House Appropriations Subcommittee meeting. cide, and will make it available on request. 1 ment by the Secretary on genocide in 3The author is personally aware that in December 9 See McCloskey's April 1 question and Chris­ topher's initial response in compendium at Tab A. Bosnia. Harris's draft, dated April 2, was 1992 three FSO's who had shared responsibility for Yugoslav affairs between 1990 and 1992 used the dis­ The author's account of the reaction to McCloskey's cleared by all the relevant Bureaus and sub­ pressures within the Department is based on inter­ It sent channel to press for a State determination that mitted to the Office of the Spokesman. in­ Milosevic was engaged in genocide in Bosnia; that in views with current and former FSO's in December cluded the assertion that "The United States April 1993 twelve FSO's actively engaged in Bosnia 1993. Government believes that the practice of policy submitted a letter to the Secretary which 20see transcripts of November 4, 1993 House For­ 'ethnic cleansing' in Bosnia includes actions among other things described the conflict in Bosnia eign Affairs Committee Hearing. that meet the international definition of as Serb genocide; and that the four FSO's who have 21 This and the following paragraph are based pri­ resigned in protest-George Kenney in August 1992 marily on the author's December 1993 interview with genocide as well as constitute other war Marshall Harris, currently foreign policy advisor to crimes." The statement was never issued; and Marshall Harris, Steve Walker, and Jon Western in August 1993, have all defined the war as genocide. Congressman McCloskey. Harris believes it was killed by incoming De­ •See compendium at Tab A, drawn from White 22The author witnessed this Weisel/Tarnoff/Wirth partment spokesman Donilon, in consulta­ House, State Department and Congressional public luncheon discussion. tion with the Secretary. documents and the U.S. media. TABA Similar language was again cleared by the s several officers currently and formerly in State's relevant Bureaus in September in one iter­ Office of the Legal Advisor have told the author December 1993-Draft State Department ation of the proposed response to McClos­ that there is no legal difference between saying Human Rights for Bosnia: no mention of starkly that "what has happened is genocide," and genocide. key's April question to the Secretary; this saying less starkly that "what has happened is tan­ draft was also rejected by the seventh floor.21 tamount to genocide" or " what has happened are November 18: State Department Counselor Senior policy-makers do not have better acts of genocide." The "tantamount to" formulation Wirth's response to Congressman McClos­ information about realities in the Balkans appears to have originated on the Seventh floor. key's June 10 questions in public hearings: 2258 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 " ... The Department of State does believe " ... President Clinton has said early on the UN as it applies to that government is that certain acts committed as part of the and we continue to say we will not try to im­ wrong,' he said. 'But I am in the minority. I systematic Bosnian Serbs campaign of 'eth­ pose a solution on the parties. The U.S. is don't know that I can prevail.'" nic cleansing' in Bosnia constitute acts of not prepared to send hundreds of thousands September 15: Assistant Secretary Oxman genocide." of its troops to impose a solution on the par­ appears before House Foreign Affairs Com­ November 22: Secretary Christopher, Four ties that are not quite ready for a solution or mittee: On-the-Record Interviews with European don't seem to be ready for a solution. We're "Rep. MCCLOSKEY .... As you know. since media: no mention of genocide or even ag­ hoping the parties will come to a peaceful April I've been trying to get an answer from gression; Bosnia treated as an issue of "war­ agreement, that they will finally recognize State as to whether these activities of the ring parties" unwilling to conclude a peace that there is only futility in the war they are Bosnian Serbs and Serbs constitute genocide. settlement. pursuing ... " Will I get a reply on that today . . . ? November 13: State Department spokes­ October 5: Assistant Secretary Oxman be­ Mr. OXMAN. I learned, just today, that you man Mccurry declines to comment on fore Senate Foreign Relations Committee: hadn't had your response. And the first thing whether continuing siege of Sarajevo meets "Lots of innocent people are being killed. I'm going to do when I get back to the De­ the criteria for NATO air strikes laid down But it is a complex problem that we didn't partment is find out where that is. We'll get by Christopher in August (i.e., "continued create. And our approach to it has been to you that response as soon as we possibly can. strangulation") and adds: "Is Bosnia horrify­ support a negotiated settlement. That isn't But to give you my personal view, I think ing, troubling? ... it is no more horrifying jazzy. but that's our approach." that acts tantamount to genocide have been or troubling than the instances around this September 5: Assistant Secretary Oxman committed. Whether the technical definition globe where populations. because of civil appears before House Foreign Affairs Com­ of genocide . . . I think this is what the let­ strife ... face these kinds of humanitarian mittee: ter that you're asking for needs to address." disasters." President Clinton asserts "All we "McCloskey, who has been trying since August 9: Statement by Secretary Chris­ can do is to try to make sure that we mini­ April to get the State Department to say topher, released by the Office of the Spokes­ mize the human loss coming on for this com­ Serb actions fit the legal definitions of geno­ man, August 9, 1993, "Air strikes in Bosnia­ ing winter." A State Department official's cide, tried again. 'Are they guilty of Herzegovina' •: comments: "Who do you champion any genocide ... a systematic policy of extermi­ "The United States is pleased by the im­ more? It's not clear." (Washington Post, No­ nation of, you know, members of a particular portant actions taken today by the North vember 13) ethnic group?' Oxman, using language pre­ Atlantic Council. These steps significantly November 30: Secretary Christopher ad­ viously used by Secretary of State Warren further the United States initiative to make dresses CSCE Ministerial: no mention of Christopher, said actions 'tantamount to air power available to lift the strangulation genocide or aggression; Bosnia and genocide have been committed.' But he did of Sarajevo and other areas, stop inter­ Herzegovina treated as humanitarian crisis not say Serb actions fit 'the technical defini­ ference with humanitarian relief operations, and scene of "atrocities" to be dealt with by tion of genocide' under a 1948 UN conven­ and promote a viable political settlement in UN War Crimes Tribunal. tions. McCloskey said afterwards that U.S. the negotiations in Geneva. At the North At­ November 15: Assistant Secretary Oxman policy amounts to 'putting a gun to lantic Council meeting last Monday, NATO speech on "Why Europe Matters": no men­ Izetbegovic's head to accept this settlement unanimously made the policy decision to tion of the word Bosnia, much less genocide that will be the death of his country.' He prepare for air strikes and laid down a clear or aggression; Bosnia and Herzegovina treat­ said the State Department was trying to warning to those responsible for the stran­ ed as "ethnic conflict" within borders of evade its 'moral and legal obligations' to gulation of Sarajevo and other civilian areas. former Yugoslavia. brand Serb actions as genocide and try to Today. the alliance unanimously approved a November 9: Secretary Christopher before prevent them." (Washington Post, Septem­ thorough and detailed operational plan for Senate Foreign Relations Committee lists 6 ber 16) air strikes prepared by the NATO military US foreign policy (not including Bosnia, So­ September 9: Washington Post article on committee over the last week in conjunction malia or Haiti) (Newsday, November 5) Clinton-Izetbegovic meeting/press con- with UNPROFOR. The plan is sound and November 4: Secretary Christopher before ference: comprehensive. It sets forth the targeting House Foreign Affairs Committee dismisses "Clinton reaffirmed his willingness to send identification process and the command and Congressman McCloskey's charges that USG troops if there is a 'fair peace that is will­ control arrangements for air strikes. With and Christopher are ignoring genocide in ingly entered into by the parties .. .' But today's decision, the alliance now has in Bosnia, asserts "I don't see any point in de­ Clinton, asked about the proposal [of place all the means necessary to take force­ bating this subject further," (AP, November Izetbegovic, for NATO air strikes to lift the ful action against the Serbs should they not 5, Barry Schweid); Christopher does not ad­ siege of Sarajevo], rejected it. 'I believe all cease their intolerable behavior. The unani­ dress McCloskey's assertion that genocide is that has to be part of the negotiating proc­ mous decision today signals that the inter­ underway in Bosnia; rather, Christopher as­ ess. I don't think that the U.S. can simply national community will not accept the lay­ serts that McCloskey's objectives require impose an element like that,' he told report­ ing siege of cities and the continued bom­ sending hundreds of thousands of US ground ers." bardment of civilians, the denial of humani­ troops to Bosnia whereas "I don't think our September 9: The New York Times article tarian assistance to people in need, or empty vital interests are sufficiently involved to do on Clinton-Izetbegovic meeting describes promises as a cover for aggression. The Serbs so (Reuters. November 5, Carol Clinton Administration as backing away are on notice, and whether air power is used Giacomo) both from threat of NATO air strikes to re­ depends on their deeds." November 5: Secretary Christopher on CNN lieve siege of Sarajevo, and from idea of June 2: AFP "U.S. Has No Vital Interests "the World Today", responding to Congress­ NATO peacekeepers to enforce settlement. in Bosnia: Christopher": man McCloskey's charge that the U.S. is al­ September 3: The Washington Post: "Secretary of State Warren Christopher lowing genocide in Bosnia: " ... We have a "The U.S. yesterday backed efforts by has said the United States has no vital i:qter­ fundamental disagreement. At the end of the Bosnia's Muslims to gain more territory in ests in Bosnia and that the military options day, his proposal would require putting the proposed partition of the country, as it backed there would not be effective. 200,000 or 300,000 American troops into Bosnia President Clinton warned Serb and Croat 'Bosnia is a human tragedy-just a grotesque to try to take the country back . . . to put forces that the option of using NATO air humanitarian situation,' Christopher said on it back in its pre-war status. I simply dis­ power against them 'is very much alive' ... television Tuesday as the United Nations Se­ agree with that. And I want the country to 'If while talks are in abeyance,' the Presi­ curity Council finalized plans for six pro­ know, I don't think that's a good idea." dent added, 'there is abuse of those who tected Moslem safe havens. 'It does not af­ October 10: Secretary Christopher declines would seek to interfere with humanitarian fect our vital national interests except as to predict whether US troops will ever be aid-attacking protected areas, resuming we're concerned about humanitarian matters sent to Bosnia to enforce a peace settlement, sustained shelling of Sarajevo, for example­ and except as we're trying to contain it.' He emphasizing that "very hard questions" will then first. I would remind you that the said Washington still preferred lifting the have to be answered positively by the Ad­ NATO military option is very much arms embargo on the Bosnian Moslems and ministration in consultation with Congress alive .. .' Clinton, asked if he intended to carrying out air strikes against Bosnian (NBC "Meet the Press" October 10) revive his proposal for exempting Bosnia's Serb military forces attacking the Moslems. October 21: Secretary Christopher, Ques­ Muslim-led government from a UN arms em­ though he conceded the air attacks alone tions and Answers comments on Bosnia, in bargo, said ... 'I have always favored lift­ would have limited effect ... 'If you rule Hungary: ing the arms embargo. I think the policy of out ground troops, you find air power inef- February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2259 fective, and if you define it as a humani­ that are on the ground right now, in effect, tary action in Bosnia. And yet, the European tarian situation, then your options are real­ to get out, not to do anything about stopping allies have refused to sign-on to your propos­ ly much different than they would be in the atrocities. Do I misunderstand the pol­ als. If the allies refuse to follow suit, where places like Somalia where militarily it was icy? does that leave the United States? rather simple to solve problems,' Christopher Secretary CHRISTOPHER. No, I think that's The PRESIDENT. . .. I do not believe the said." correct. Our commitment to use United United States has any business sending June 29: Explanation of U.S. Vote on Lift­ States military force at the present time is troops there to get involved in a conflict in ing Arms Embargo Against Bosnia, Mad­ only to protect the U.N. forces that are behalf of one of the sides. I believe that we eleine K. Albright, U.S. Permanent Rep­ there. And I think that's the limit of our should continue to turn up the pressure. And resentative to the United Nations, State­ commitment for military power at present as you know, I have taken the position that ment before the UN Security Council, New time. We have concluded that our national the best way to do that would be to lift the York City, June 29, 1993: interests are not sufficiently engaged to use arms embargo with a standby authority of " . .. Nor should today's vote be seen as an U.S. troops in this situation. It's a quagmire. air power in the event that the present situa­ indication that the international community It's a morass. I think if U.S. troops are put tion was interrupted by the unfair use of ar­ is willing to turn a blind eye to the gross in there, they'll be there for an indefinite pe­ tillery by the Bosnian Serbs. That position is violations of human rights that have be'en riod of time. It does not meet the test that still on the table. committed in Bosnia, primarily by the I've laid down for being a situation where Q. Mr. President, you said last week that if Bosnian Serbs. We will continue to insist you can define your goals with care, where you went to air power in Bosnia you would that, if the authorities in Belgrade want to you have a chance of success, where you have a clear strategy and it would have a be­ rejoin the family of nations, they will have have an exit strategy and it's a situation ginning, middle, and end. What happens, to stop the violence, stop the killing, stop that the American people would support over though, sir, if a plane is shot down, if you . their aggressive war against the Bosnian a long period of time." lose a pilot or a couple of pilots, or if the state and comply with all relevant Security May 12: Interview With Don Imus of WFAN Bosnian Serbs decide to escalate the con­ Council resolutions .... Our goal remains a Radio in New York City, May 12, 1993: flict, or the Serbians by going into, say, negotiated settlement freely agreed to by all "Mr. IMUS. You know, I agreed with you Kosovo? when you said during the campaign that his­ the parties." The PRESIDENT. Well, the Bush administra­ June 10: House Foreign Affairs Committee tory has shown that you can't allow the tion before I became President issued a clear mass extermination of people and just sit by Subcommittee on International Security: warning to the Serbs that if they try to oc­ and watch it happen, and that really is driv­ "Mr. MCCLOSKEY .... But specifically, cupy Kosovo and repress the Albanians what does the State Department say about ing this, isn't it? The PRESIDENT. Yes. It is a difficult issue. there, that the United States would be pre­ genocide, are they ready to state that this is Let me say that when we have people here pared to take some strong action. And I have genocide rather than tantamount to geno­ who've been involved in many previous ad­ reaffirmed that position . . . cide or akin to-- ministrations that are involved in national Q. There seems to be a Catch 22 emerging Mr. WIRTH. We have done so. We have done security including, obviously, a lot of people on Bosnia. One would be, you have consist­ so. who were involved in the two previous ones, ently said that you want to have a consensus Mr. MCCLOSKEY. In what document, or I mean, and everybody I talk to believes that with the U.S. allies. But until that consensus record, or communication? this is the toughest foreign policy problem is formed, you found it seems very difficult Mr. WIRTH. In supporting the Tribunal on our country has faced in a long time. And to explain to the American people precisely genocide. We have done so. I'm trying to proceed in a very deliberate how that war should be defined: Is it a civil Mr. MCCLOSKEY. Could I get a copy of a de­ way to try to make sure there isn't a Viet­ war? Is it a war of aggression? And also not finitive statement that genocide has oc­ nam problem here. But also to try to make necessarily what the next step should be, but curred? Because quite frankly, I have been sure that the United States keeps pushing to what are the principles, the overriding prin­ asking Mr. Christopher for that since April save lives and to confine the conflict. I don't ciples that should guide you as a policy? 1st. Again, not to be pejorative on that, but think we can just turn away from this. Just What can you tell the American people right I just have not gotten a reply. That would be because we don't want to make the mistake now about that? very helpful if I could get that in the next we did in Vietnam doesn't mean we shouldn't The PRESIDENT. First, that is both a civil day. be doing anything. There are things that we war and a war of aggression, because Bosnia Mr. WIRTH. We have, as you know, sup­ can do, and we're trying to do more to push was created as a separate legal entity. It is ported the war crimes tribunal. And we have this thing toward a settlement ... both a civil war where elements of people made statements and made clear that geno­ I think there are some things that we're who live within that territory are fighting cidal acts have taken place. going to be able to do with our allies that against each other. And there has been ag­ Mr. MCCLOSKEY. I do not want to go on will continue to turn the pressure up. But gression from without, somewhat from the about it. But to two such distinguished State this is a European issue, as well as a world Croatians and from the Serbs, principally Department representatives here, if I say by issue, and I think we have to move forward from the Serbs-that the inevitable but un­ tomorrow afternoon if I could have a state­ with Europe· . . . intended impact of the arms embargo has ment as to whether the State Department It is a very, very difficult issue, but I think been to put the United Nations in the posi­ believes it is genocide or not, it would be that we're pushing in the right direction, tion of ratifying an enormous superiority of helpful. going in the right directions, and I think the arms for the Bosnian Serbs that they got Mr. WIRTH. We will get that right back to American people will support the combina­ from Serbia, and that our interest is in see­ you. Those statements have been made, and tion of clear, disciplined restraint on our ing, in my view at least, that the United Na­ we'll get it right back to you." part and not creating a unilateral American tions does not foreordain the outcome of a May 25: ABC News Nightline Interview involvement, but continuing to push to end civil war. That's why I've always been in with the Secretary of State Warren Chris­ the slaughter, end the ethnic cleansing and favor of some kind of lifting of the arms em­ topher: confine the conflict so that it doesn't cause bargo, that we contain the conflict, and that "Secretary CHRISTOPHER. We're prepared us a lot more problems." we do everything we can to move to an end to keep the sanctions on until they move April 21: The President's News Conference: of it and to move to an end of ethnic cleans­ back from the aggression they followed . . . "The PRESIDENT. I will say what .I said ing. Those are our interests there, and those I can blame the Bosnian Serbs for being from the very beginning. Our fun dam en tal are the ones I'm trying to pursue. But we guilty of aggression. I can blame the Bosnian interests here, the United States' interests, should not introduce American ground forces Serbs for being guilty of a series of atroc­ are two. We want the conflict to be con­ into the conflict in behalf of one of the ities. They are the main perpetrator of evil tained, and we want the slaughter and the belligerents, and we must move with our al­ in atrocities by all parties. But the Bosnian ethnic cleansing to stop. We believe in order lies. It is a very difficult issue. I realize in a Serbs are subject to a lot of blame, and I will to get that done ultimately there will have world where we all crave for certainty about not absolve them from that. to be some reasonable borders-some politi­ everything, it's tough to deal with, but it's a KOPPEL. If they continue in their atroc­ cal solution to this which has a reasonable difficult issue .... I have a clear policy. I ities, if they continue killing and raping, territorial component. And we'll just have to have gotten more done on this than my pred­ some of the other things that they have been see what happens over the next few weeks." ecessor did. And maybe one reason he didn't accused of doing-again, if I understand U.S. May 14: The President's News Conference: try to do it is because if you can't force ev­ policy correctly, you would be willing to use "Q. Mr. President, you've said that the erybody to fall in line overnight for people air power only to protect the U .N. forces United States will not go it alone with mili- who have been fighting each other for cen- 2260 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 turies, you may be accused of vacillating. We Under the 1948 convention, the crime of tinued in the former Yugoslavia area. In the are not vacillating. We have a clear, strong genocide is to commit-an individual, in face of Serbian aggression, the President has policy." order to commit the crime of genocide, must been rigorously reviewing further options for May 18: House Foreign Affairs Committee commit one or more specific acts with intent action during the course of the last week. Hearing: to destroy in whole or in part a national, . . . He has been exploring additional ac­ "Secretary CHRISTOPHER. Mr. Ackerman, ethnical, racial or religious group as such. tions the international community can take you've given me a lot to answer in the few I would say that some of the acts that have to respond to the violence, stop the aggres­ moments I have here. First, with respect to been committed by various parties in Bosnia, sion, and contain the conflict. the moral case that you make, one of the principally by the Serbians, could constitute The President has just completed a meet­ just absolutely bewildering parts of this genocide under the 1948 convention if their ing with his principal national security ad­ problem is that the moral case is devastating purpose was to destroy the religious or eth­ visers. At this meeting the President decided and clear that there are atrocities, but there nic group in whole or in part. And that seems on the direction that he believes the United are atrocities on all sides . '. . We've been to me to be a standard that may well have States and the international community filling reports with the United Nations for been reached in some of the aspects of should now take in this situation. This direc­ some time-we're in the seventh or eighth Bosnia. Certainly some of the conduct there tion involves a number of specific rec­ report of that kind. If you look at those and is tantamount to genocide. ommendations, including military steps. The read those, you'll find indication of atroc­ Rep. MCCLOSKEY . And the hoped for more President is sending me to Europe to consult ities by all three of the major parties against comprehensive public assertion of leader­ with our allies and friends on a course of ac­ each other, the level of hatred is just incred­ ship, sir? tions. The problem is at the heart of Eu­ ible. So, you know, it's somewhat different Secretary CHRISTOPHER. Well, you know, rope's future. Our efforts will be undertaken than the Holocaust; it's been easy to analo­ the president is very much seized with this with our partners. We're ready to play our gize this to the Holocaust, but I never heard problem, and when the time comes for him part, but others must be as well. . . . of any genocide by the Jews against the Ger­ to want to enlist the American people, espe­ There are, of course, issues of conscience man people. But here you have atrocities by cially in the commitment of military forces, and humanitarian concerns at stake in this all sides which makes this problem exceed­ if that ever becomes necessary, I'm certain situation. But fundamentally our actions are ingly difficult to deal with. Now, with re­ that he will undertake to explain it fully to also based upon the strategic interest of the spect to the use of air power- and I will try the American people. He must do so. He United States. All of us seek to limit the to capsulize my responses-the respect in must also consult with Congress exten­ risk of a widening instability that could lead which the president has recommended a pos­ sively." to a . . . war." May 6: Remarks by the President to the sible standby use of air power is in connec­ May 25: Madeleine K. Albright, Excerpts tion with the lifting of the arms embargo. Export-Import Bank Conference, Washing­ from statement by the U.S. Permanent Rep­ We think there's a strong moral case for the ton, DC. "The PRESIDENT. . . . The international resentative to the United Nations, UN Secu­ lifting of the arms embargo because it works rity Council Adopts Resolution 827 on War community, .I believe, must not allow the to the disadvantage of one party, that is, the Crimes Tribunal, New York City, May 25, Bosnian government. The air power would be Serbs to stall progress toward peace and con­ tinue brutal assaults on innocent civilians. 1993. used to compensate during the transition pe­ " ... The crimes being committed, even as riod when the Bosnians are getting some We've seen too many things happen, and we do have fundamental interests there, not we meet today, are not just isolated acts of arms so as to level the playing field. drunken militia men, but often are the sys­ Rep. FRANK MCCLOSKEY (D-Indiana) .... I only the United States, but particularly the tematic and orchestrated crimes of govern­ am fearful of remarks tbat you made today United States as a member of the world com­ ment officials, military commanders, and positing moral equivalency, if you will, as to munity. the Serbs, the Croats, and particularly the The Serbs' actions over the past year vio­ disciplined artillery men and foot soldiers." Muslims in all this, as I would rather refer to late the principle that internationally-recog­ April 23: Clinton Defends First 100 Days, them, the Bosnians. I would just advise being nized borders must not be violated or altered Stresses Options in Bosnia, Presidential very careful about this. You, yourself, and by aggression from without. Their actions News Conference: even more eloquently, Mr. Clinton, have in threaten to widen the conflict and foster in­ "Q. Mr. President, there's a growing feel­ the past made very good statements about stability in other parts of Europe in ways ing that the Western response to the blood­ what is at stake here. I know, you know that that could be exceedingly damaging. And shed in Bosnia has been woefully inadequate. my request is still pending right now as to their savage and cynical ethnic cleansing of­ Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel asked you whether the Serb aggression-and they are fends the world's conscience and our stand­ yesterday to do something. anything to stop the overwhelming perpetrators of evil in all ard of behavior. . . the fighting. Is the United States consider­ this, much more so than anyone else on the Your presence here-your understanding of ing taking unilateral action such as air­ scene-whether Serb aggression does con­ the importance of exports to America's fu­ strikes against Serb artillery sites? stitute genocide under the outlines of the ture, to the blending of our nation and our President CLINTON. Well, first let me say, U.N. convention. culture and our values with those of like­ as you know, for more than a week now we That being said, I don't see how this thing minded persons throughout the world­ have been seriously reviewing our options for moves off the diplomatic dime without a should only reinforce our determination to further action ... I think we should act. We clear and forceful statement from President confine, inasmuch as the international com­ should lead, the United States should lead. Clinton. Will he try to use, or would you ad­ munity can possibly confine, savage acts of We have led for the last three months. vise him to use the bully pulpit soon to rally inhumanity to people solely because of their We have moved the coalition, and to be the American people, to rally the Congress ethnicity or their religion; to confine insofar fair, our, our allies in Europe have been will­ and to rally the West as to what is really at as we possibly can as an international com­ ing to, to do their part, and they have troops stake here, as hundreds of people continue to munity the ability of one country to invade on the ground there. But I do not think we die every day, and so far nothing stops, noth­ another and upset its borders; and certainly should act alone, unilaterally, nor do I think ing deters ongoing Bosnian Serb and Serb ag­ to try to confine this centuries-old series of we will have to. gression. ethnic and religious enmities to the narrow­ And in the next several days I think we Secretary CHRISTOPHER. Mr. Mccloskey, est possible geographic boundaries." will finalize the extensive review which has thank you for the question, and for giving May 1: US Consultations With Allies on been going on, and which has taken a lot of me an opportunity to say that I share your Bosnia-Herzegovina, Secretary Christopher, my time, as well as the time of the adminis­ feeling that the principal fault lies with the Opening Statement at a news conference, tration, as it should have, over the last 10 Bosnian Serbs. And I've said that several Washington, DC: days or so. I think we'll finish that in the times before. They are the most at fault of " Upon taking office, President Clinton in­ near future and then we'll have a policy, and all three sides, and atrocities abound in this herited a complex and tragic situation in the we'll announce it and everybody can evalu­ area, as we have seen in the last several days former Yugoslavia. The situation has bedev­ ate it. and weeks. iled the international community now for al­ Q. Do you see any parallel between the eth­ But I agree that the aggression coming most 2 years. It's a problem with deep his­ nic cleansing in Bosnia and the Holocaust? from Serbia is the principal perpetrator of toric roots. In the post-Cold War period, the P. I think the-I think the Holocaust is on the problem in the area. With respect to former Yugoslavia has been the scene of vio­ a whole different level. I think it is without genocide, the definition of genocide is a fair­ lence, tragedy, and outrageous conduct. precedent, or peer in human history. On the ly technical definition. Let me get it for you The President has acted to deal with this other hand, ethnic cleansing is the kind of here. conflict. . . . Yet the outrages have con- inhumanity that the Holocaust took to the February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2261 nth degree. The idea of moving people Q. Yesterday you specifically criticized the I think you have to look at what our real- around, abusing them and often killing them Roosevelt administration for not having . istic options are for action. The question is solely because of their ethnicity is an abhor­ bombed the railroads to the concentration not whether we condemn what's going on. rent thing. And especially troublesome in camps and things that were near military Ethnic cleansing is an outrage, and it is an that area where people of different ethnic targets. Aren't there steps like that that idea which should die, which should not be groups lived side by side for so long together. would not involve cor1flict, direct conflict or able to be expanded. The question is, what And I think you have to stand up against partisan belligerence that you might con­ can we do? it. I think it's wrong ... sider? Now, I have said that the United States Q. Mr. President getting back to the situa­ P. There may be. I would remind you that would be prepared to join with a United Na­ tion in Bosnia, and we understand you the circumstances were somewhat different. tions effort in supporting a peacekeeping haven't made any final decision on new op­ We were then at war with Germany .. . and process that was entered into in good faith. tions previously considered unacceptable, that's what made that whole incident, series If the Serbs refuse to do that, then we will but the two most commonly heard options of incidents, so perplexing. But we have. as I all have to reassess our position. But we would be lifting the arms embargo to enable say, we've got all of our options under re­ must be careful not to use words that will the Bosnian Muslims to defend themselves, view.... " outstrip our capacity to back them up. That and to initiate some limited airstrikes, per­ April 21: The Washington Times: "Air­ is a grave error for any great nation, and one haps to cut off supply lines. strikes in Bosnia lose appeal; Congress urges I will try not to commit." Without telling us your decision- presum­ stronger steps" by Warren Strobel. April 15: NBC Today Show Interview, ably you haven't made any final decisions on " ...With Mr. Christopher describing U.S. Guest: Secretary of State Warren Chris­ those two options-what are the pros and policy toward Bosnia as 'at a turning point,' topher. cons-that are going through your mind President Clinton called together his top "Q. Mr. Secretary, let me ask you about right now and will weigh heavily on your policy advisers to discuss possible new steps. Bosnia for a moment. Margaret Thatcher final decision? Alluding to the Nazi attempt to extermi­ said on this program that the European P. I'm reluctant to get into this. Those are nate Jews, Mr. Clinton said the carnage Community was guilty of being an accom­ two of the options. There are some other op­ there merits U.S. intervention. plice to massacre by not intervening mili­ tions that have been considered. All have 'I think the Holocaust is the most extreme tarily in Bosnia and she called for two pluses and minuses. All have supporters and example the world has ever known of ethnic things: loosening the arms embargo so the opponents in the Congress, where I would re­ cleansing and I think that even in its more Bosnians could get arms, and a bombing mind you, heavy consultations will be re­ limited manifestations it's an idea that campaign to make it painful for the Serbs. quired to embark on any new policy. should be opposed,' he said yesterday at the What's your reaction to that? I do believe that on the airstrike issue, the beginning of a meeting with Czech president Secretary CHRISTOPHER. Well, I've said be­ pronouncement that [Chairman of the Joint Vaclav Havel. .. fore it's a horrifying situation in Bosnia and Chief of Staff Gen. Colin L.J Powell [Jr.] has The administration is under intense pres­ it seems to get worse every day. It seems to made generally about military action apply sure from lawmakers, many of whom are me that Prime Minister Thatcher's prescrip­ there. If you take action, if the United pointing to tomorrow's dedication of the tion is one for only increasing the carnage. States takes action, we must have a clearly Holocaust Memorial Museum and asking The United States does not have any inten­ defined objective that can be met, we must whether the West really meant it when it tion in intervening in that war with ground be able to understand it, and its limitations said, 'Never again.'" troops. We're taking a number of important must be clear, April 1: President Clinton, Question-and­ steps to try to persuade the Serbs not to con­ The United States is not, should not be­ Answer Session With the American Society tinue their aggression, but I do not think come involved as a partisan in a war. With of Newspaper Editors in Annapolis, Mary­ that her prescription is the right approach to regard to the, to the lifting of the arms em­ land, it. It's a rather emotional response to an bargo, the question obviously there is the­ "Q. Mr. President, ... Do we have a na­ emotional problem.'' if you widen the capacity of people to fight, tional interest in checking the spread of April 22: President Clinton, US Holocaust will that help to get a settlement and bring greater Serbian ethnic cleansing in the Bal­ Museum Dedicated, Address at the dedica­ about peace, or will it lead to more blood­ kans? And are we losing our credibility as a tion ceremony, Washington, DC: shed, and what kind of reaction can others nation as this horrifying aggression in a sov­ ". . . The Holocaust reminds us forever have that would, that would undermine the ereign state continues without your unre­ that knowledge divorced form values can effectiveness of the policy. strained, forceful, and public condemnation only serve to deepen the human nightmare, But I think both of them deserve some se­ of it? that a head without a .heart is not humanity. rious consideration along with some other The PRESIDENT. Yes, we have a national in­ For those of us here today representing the options we have .... terest in limiting ethnic cleansing ...The nations of the West, we must live forever Q. Since you said that one side in the thing that I have not been willing to do is to with this knowledge: Even as our frag­ Bosnian conflict represents inhumanity, the immediately take action the end of which I mentary awareness of crimes grew into in­ Holocaust carried to the 'nth degree,' why do could not see. Whatever I want to do, I want disputable facts, far too little was done. Be­ you then tell us that the United States can­ to do it with vigor and wholeheartedly. I fore the war even started, doors to liberty not take a partisan view in this war? want ·it to have a reasonable prospect of suc­ were shut. And even after the United States P. Well, I said that the principle of ethnic cess. And I have done the best I could with and the Allies attacked Germany, rail lines cleansing is something we ought to stand up the cards that I found on the table when I be­ to the camps within miles of military sig­ against. That does not mean that the United came President. If you have other ideas nificant targets were left undisturbed ... States or the United Nations can enter a about what you think I ought to do that Ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia war, in effect, to redraw the lines, geographi­ would minimize the loss of life, I would be is but the most brutal and blatant and ever­ cal lines of republics within what was Yugo­ glad to have them. present manifestation of what we see also slavia, or that that would ultimately be suc­ Q. Sir, do you condemn it here today? with the oppression of the Kurds in Iraq, the cessful. The PRESIDENT. Absolutely. I condemn it, abusive treatment of the Baha'i in Iran, the I think what the United States has to do is and I have condemned it repeatedly and endless race-based violence in South Africa. to try to figure out whether there is some thoroughly. And I have done everything I And in many other places we are reminded way, consistent with forcing the people to could to increase the pressure of the inter­ again and again how fragile are the safe­ resolve their own difficulties, we can stand national community on the outrages per­ guards of civilizations ..." up to and stop ethnic cleansing, and that is petrated in Bosnia by the aggressors and to April 1: House Foreign Affairs Committee obviously the difficulty we are wrestling get people to stand up against ethnic cleans­ International Operations Subcommittee with. ing. The question is what are we capable of "Rep. FRANK MCCLOSKEY (D-Indiana) ... This is clearly the most difficult foreign doing about it from the United States. If you Previously in response to a question to policy problem we face and that all of our al­ look at the responses that have been mus­ whether or not genocide has taken place, the lies face. And if it were easy, I suppose it tered so far from the European states that reply from State was that acts tantamount would have been solved before. We have tried are even closer and that have a memory of to genocide have taken place. I think that's to do more in the last 90 days than was pre­ what happened when Hitler, who was not shy not a clear answer to a very important and viously done. It has clearly not been enough about using his power, had hundreds of thou­ policy driving question. to stop the Serbian aggression, and we are sands of people in the former Yugoslavia and Would you order a clear, explicit deter­ now looking at what else we can do. even then was unable to subdue it entirely. mination, yes or no, if the outrageous Serb 2262 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 11, 1994 systematic barbarism amounts to genocide? warning enough for us, then we certainly are January 22: Los Angeles Times: Clinton to That's one question . . . failing to follow the lessons of history. Press Active U.S. Role in Bosnia Secretary CHRISTOPHER. With respect to That's why the United States is interested. " . . .'This is clearly the highest priority of the definition of circumstances in Bosnia, we That's why we are wanting to take an active the President in the National Security Coun­ certainly will reply to that. That is a legal role there." cil's agenda .. ., ' Madeleine Albright, Clin­ question that you have posed. February 22: UN Security Council Adopts ton's nominee for ambassador to the United I have said several times that the conduct Resolution 808 on War Crimes Tribunal. Nations, told the Senate Foreign Relations there is an atrocity: the killing, the raping, Statement by Madeleine K. Albright, US Committee. 'We will, in fact, be meeting on the ethnic cleansing is definitively an atro­ Permanent Representative to the United Na­ this subject very soon.'" cious set of acts, whether it meets the tech­ tions, UN Security Council, New York City, January 20: Washington Post: U.S. Human nical legal definition of genocide, it's a mat­ February 22, 1993. Rights Report Charges Serb Drive 'Borders ter we will look and get back to you." ''There is an echo in this chamber today. on Genocide' : March 23: Questions for the record submit­ The Nuremberg principles have been re­ "The 'ethnic cleansing' campaign pursued ted to Mr. Stephen Oxman by Senator Dole, affirmed. We have preserved the long-ne­ by Bosnian Serbs to drive Muslims and other Senate Foreign Relations Committee. glected compact made by the community of ethnic groups from their homes in Bosnia­ " Question. Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Novem­ civilized nations 48 years ago in San Fran­ Herzegovina has resulted in murder, torture, ber, 1992, the U.N. Human Rights Commis­ cisco: to create the United Nations and en­ rape and starvation on a scale that 'dwarfs sion approved a resolution, which was sup­ force the Nuremberg principles. The lesson anything seen in Europe since Nazi times,' ported by the United States, which asks that we are all accountable to international the State Department said yesterday in its member states to provide their views as to law may have finally taken hold in our col­ annual human rights report. whether the actions of the Serb forces in lective memory ... " 'It borders on genocide,' Patricia Diaz Den­ Bosnia-Herzegovina constitute genocide February 10: New Steps Toward Conflict nis, assistant secretary of state for human under the Genocide Convention. What is the Resolution In the Former Yugos.lavia, Sec­ rights, said in describing the efforts of Serb U.S. legal judgment on this matter? Has the retary Christopher, Opening statement at a irregular forces, aided by Serbia and the Ser­ United States submitted its views to the news conference, Washington, DC, February bian-con trolled Yugoslav army, to bring U.N. Human Rights Commission? If not, why 10, 1993. most of Bosnia under their control." has it not done so? ". . . This conflict may be far from our January 14: The New York Times: Clinton's shores, but it is not distant to our concerns. Answer. The resolution in question 'called State Dept. Choice Backs, 'Discreet' Force upon all States to consider the extent to We cannot afford to ignore it. Let me explain (report on Christopher's confirmation hear­ why. ing): which the acts committed in Bosnia and We cannot ignore the human toll ... Herzegovina and Croatia constitute geno­ Our conscience revolts at the idea of pas­ " . .. Later, his remarks were more point­ cide.' It did not request views to be submit­ sively accepting such brutality. ed. The Serbian campaign of 'ethnic cleans­ ted, but rather for States to look at this Beyond these humanitarian interests, we ing,' he said, was resulting in 'near genocidal question. have direct strategic concerns as well. The conditions or perhaps really genocidal condi­ The Administration has done so, and con- . continuing destruction of a new UN member tions.' At another point he said, 'It is a situ­ eluded that acts tantamount to genocide state challenges the principal that inter­ ation where Europe has performed in an have taken place in Bosnia. Because of this, nationally recognized borders should not be abysmal way." and because of the need to ensure account­ altered by force. In addition, this conflict it­ January 14: The New York Times: Excerpt ability for such acts, the Administration be­ self has no natural borders. It threatens to From an Interview With Clinton After the lieves that the War Crimes Tribunal being spill over into new regions, such as Kosovo Air Strikes: established by the Security Council should and Macedonia. It could then become a "Q: Are you ready to support a Nuremberg­ have jurisdiction over such acts." greater Balkan war, like those that preceded like war criminal trial? Eagleburger has March 10: House Appropriations Sub­ World War I. Broader hostilities could touch named several leaders there as war crimi­ committee Hearing, Topic: State Depart­ additional nations, such as Greece, Albania, nals? ment programs, Witness: Secretary of State and Turkey. The river of fleeing refugees, A: Absolutely ... Somehow the West has Warren Christopher. which has already reached the hundreds of got to say something and do something "Rep. SKAGGS. Let me also invite you to thousands, would swell. The political and about the idea of ethnic cleansing, which is lay out your sense of the U.S. national inter­ economic vigor of Europe, already tested by such an embracing idea that if you believe in est in our efforts to calm things down in the the integration of former communist states, it, it justifies the brutalization of women former Yugoslavia, an identification of U.S. would be further strained. who aren't your women and the torture of interests that goes beyond certainly the There is a broader imperative here. The children that aren't your children. laudable humanitarian objectives that we're world's response to the violence in the I think it is important to point out that now pursuing. former Yugoslavia is an early and crucial this Bosnian thing has potential ramifica­ Secretary CHRISTOPHER. Well, thank you test of how it will address the concerns of tions further away from the reach of the for that opportunity. The case, Mr. Skaggs, ethnic and religious minorities in the post­ United States and Europe on the republics of is no less than the prevention of a conflagra­ Cold War world. That question reaches the former Soviet Union, in central Europe. tion that could envelop all of southeastern throughout Eastern Europe. It reaches to the This is the idea under which this whole thing Europe and perhaps rage beyond, as it some­ states of the former Soviet Union, where the has proceeded, is what the West has to stand times has from that area, to consume a sub­ fall of communism has left some 25 million up against, what the United Nations has to stantial portion of the world. That's what's ethnic Russians living as minorities in other stand up against. at stake here, preventing a widespread area republics, and it reaches to other continents ... I think that as horrible as the loss of conflict . .. At a very minimum, it's impor­ as well. life, and the torture and the butchery and tant to stop them before they enter other The events in the former Yugoslavia raise the starvation has been the potential for a areas, and that's why we've attached so the question of whether a state may address bigger impact is greater than that even. Be­ much importance to giving them a strong the rights of its minorities by eradicating cause it's all been done under the notion of warning about creating conflict in Kosovo as those minorities to achieve 'ethnic purity.' ethnic cleansing. I mean, here we are on the well as the stationing of international ob­ Bold tyrants and fearful minorities are verge of the 21st century, and people who are servers on the border of Macedonia . . . watching to see whether 'ethnic cleansing' is literate, who can read and write, who are So the stakes for the United States, and a policy [that] the world will tolerate. If we part of a very old, civilized tradition, think for the citizens of the United States, are to hope to promote the spread of freedom or if it's O.K. to slaughter the living daylights prevent the broadening of that conflict to we hope to encourage the emergence of out of orie another under the guise of ethnic bring in our NATO allies, and to bring in peaceful multi-ethnic democracies, our an­ cleansing. It is a barbaric idea . . . We've got vast sections of Europe, and perhaps as hap­ swer must be a resounding no." to take a stand against it. It's an awful idea, pened before, broadening into a world war. January 20: President Clinton's inaugural and the potential ramifications are very very You know, there's kind of an eery analogy address: great, because they justify doing anything." here. When you think of Sarajevo as being " .. . When our vital interests are chal­ December 16, 1992: The Need To Respond to the triggering point for World War I, here we lenged, or the will and conscience of the War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia, Sec­ are again. How many years later, seven dec­ international community is defied, we will retary Eagleburger, Statement at the Inter­ ades later we're back with Sarajevo perhaps act-with peaceful diplomacy whenever pos­ national Conference on the Former Yugo­ being once again the trigger. If that isn't sible, with for.ce when necessary ..." slavia, Geneva, Switzerland. February 11, 1994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2263 " ... We have, on the one hand, a moral commander of Bosnian Serb military forces, restoration of the independent state of and historical obligation not to stand back a must eventually explain whether and how Bosnia-Herzegovina with its territory undi­ second time in this century while a people they sought to ensure, as they must under vided and intact, the return of all refugees to faces obliteration ... The fact of the matter international law, that their forces complied their homes and villages, and, indeed, a day is that we know that crimes against human­ with international law. They ought, if of reckoning for those found guilty of crimes ity have occurred, and we know when and charged, to have the opportunity of defend­ against humanity ... where they occurred. We know, moreover, ing themselves by demonstrating whether which forces committed those crimes, and and how they took responsible action to pre­ But in waiting for the people of Serbia, if under whose command they operated. And vent and punish the atrocities I have de­ not their leaders, to come to their senses, we we know, finally, who the political leaders scribed which were undertaken by their sub­ must make them understand that their are to whom those military commanders ordinates ... country will remain alone, friendless, and were-and still are-responsible ... It is clear that the reckless leaders of Ser­ condemned to economic ruin and exclusion Finally, there is another category of fact bia, and of the Serbs inside Bosnia, have from the family of civilized nations for as which is beyond dispute-namely, the fact of somehow convinced themselves that the long as they pursue the suicidal dream of a political and command responsibility for the international community will not stand up Greater Serbia. They need, especially, to un­ crimes against humanity which I have de­ to them now, and will be forced eventually derstand that a second Nuremberg awaits scribed. Leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic, to recognize the fruits of their aggression the practitioners of ethnic cleansing, and the President of Serbia, Radovan Karadzic, and the results of ethnic cleansing ... that the judgment, and opprobrium, of his­ the self-declared President of the Serbian Thus, we must make it unmistakably clear tory awaits the people in whose name their Bosnian republic, and General Ratko Mladic, that we will settle for nothing less than the crimes were committed."