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Leilehua-'O-Taufa Helu Thesis (PDF 4MB) Taka ‘i Fonua Mahu Being Tongan; Second Generation Tongan Migrants Leilehua-‘o-Taufa Helu Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Laws, QUT Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice, QUT Research Students Centre Division of Research & Commercialisation Queensland University of Technology Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Arts (Research) 2012 STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I, Leilehua-‘o-Taufa Helu, hereby confirm that the work contained in this thesis, has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge, and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. QUT Verified Signature Signature: _____________________________ Leilehua-‘o-Taufa Helu Date: 10 October 2012 ii ABSTRACT Taka ‘i fonua mahu is a Tongan proverb, which means: “Going about or living in a fruitful land”. This thesis analyses the experiences and impacts on migration on being Tongan, particularly Tongan youth in an adopted fruitful land, South East Queensland. The thesis argues that being Tongan in Tonga, has new meaning in the diaspora because of remittances, job prospects, educational opportunity, adapting to a multicultural society, and social justice. These issues are revealed by comparisons made with the experiences of the first generation Tongan migrants, and second generation Tongan migrants, as well as those in New Zealand and America. It argues that the Church, the family and kāinga (extended family) impact on the anga fakatonga (Tongan way) and the essence of community as experienced by the first and second generation Tongan migrants. The framework for this analysis is a study of transnationalism, and being Tongan as it is maintained and changed in the diaspora. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank God for the many blessings. I give all glory and honour to Him who gives me strength. To my supervising lecturer, Dr Max Quanchi, I give thanks and extend a huge Tongan MALO ‘AUPITO (Thank you) first for inspiring me to start this journey, and for your guidance, support, words of wisdom and dedication to the study of the Pacific. I am honoured to have worked with you. I would also like to thank Melody McIntosh for your unwavering support, understanding and constant encouragement. Australia is seen as a land of opportunities and I am truly grateful to my parents for having taken the momentous step of migrating for my benefit, as with my siblings. I am indebted to them for their courage, faith, dedication, and dream that I, as with my brothers, would live a prosperous life due to the fruits of their labour. I would not be the woman I am today if it were not for their constant and undivided support. As emphasised in the opening statement by ‘Epeli Hau’ofa, it is our time as the next generation of a fearless group of Oceanic warriors, to triumph all odds, thus build a standard of excellence that transcends the past and leads our young People from Oceania into the future, befitting values set by our ancestors. As depicted in the covering page, designed by my youngest brother, Sione Na’a Helu, especially for this thesis, the interwoven fala mats symbolises the Tongan heritage. I therefore dedicate this research thesis to my famili and kāinga. I extend my sincere gratitude to my parents, Suli and Mele’ana Lose Helu, my two brothers, Sione Na’a and Isaac Helu, as well as my aunt Konai H. Thaman and uncle Randolf Thaman for inspiring my parents to dream big and invest in our education. Knowledge is power! I also dedicate this thesis to my famili and friends past and present, who have led, and continue to lead the way so that I may follow in their footsteps. iv CONTENTS PAGE STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ........................................................... ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... iv CONTENTS PAGE ....................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... vii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 Definition and Terms ..................................................................................................... 7 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 12 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 18 History of Tonga .......................................................................................................... 19 Dispersed Pacific Island Communities ........................................................................ 26 Diaspora ....................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3. TONGANS IN AUSTRALIA ............................................................. 41 Religion ........................................................................................................................ 47 Tongan Organisations .................................................................................................. 48 Problems ...................................................................................................................... 50 Employment ................................................................................................................. 51 Education ..................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4. ANGA FAKATONGA AN INTERNATIONALISING CULTURE .... 55 Anga Fakatonga – Intangible Cultural Heritage .......................................................... 57 In the Homeland ........................................................................................................... 67 Internationalising Culture ............................................................................................ 69 Taka ‘i fonua mahu – Australian ................................................................................. 79 Internationalising anga fakatonga ............................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 5. AGENTS IN THE DIASPORA ........................................................... 89 Famili and Kāinga ....................................................................................................... 91 Siasi .............................................................................................................................. 95 Associations and Affiliations ....................................................................................... 97 Generational Differences ........................................................................................... 103 Second Generation ..................................................................................................... 104 v CHAPTER 6. THE SIASI IN MAINTAINING ANGA FAKATONGA .................... 107 Participation within the Siasi ..................................................................................... 108 The Role of the Siasi in future generations ................................................................ 111 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 115 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX A – Table of Facebook Pages ................................................................ 122 APPENDIX B – List of Tongan Churches in South East Queensland ...................... 124 APPENDIX C – Tongan language ............................................................................ 129 APPENDIX D – Research Survey ............................................................................. 131 APPENDIX E – Maps .............................................................................................. 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 138 vi ACRONYMS AusAID Australian Aid Agency ATYB Auckland Tongan Youth Brass AAAPS Australian Association for the Advancement of Pacific Studies ADB Asian Development Bank AFL Australian Football League APPBP Australia’s Pacific Patrol Boat Program CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade FWCT Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga HM His/Her Majesty HRH His/Her Royal Highness ICH Intangible Cultural Heritage IRB International Rugby Board LDC Lease Development Country(ies) NGO Non-Government Organisation NSPF National Strategic Planning Framework MDG Millennium Development Goals PIFL Pacific Islands Forum Leaders PLO Police Liaison Officer PSWPS Pacific Seasonal Workers Pilot Scheme QPS Queensland Police Service
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