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Copyrighted Material Subject Index Note: Page numbers in italics denote figures, when outside page ranges. aircraft, lightning strikes, 205–206 Calne, Wiltshire, historical tornado, 28–30 ball lightning, 222–223 capping inversion, 41–42 Ashley, Northamptonshire, historical tornado, 26–27 case studies ‘atmospherics’ (sferics), 109, 136–137 cold front of 29 November 2011, 48–51 English Midlands supercells of 28 June 2012, 51–52 ball lightning, 138, 209–230 non-supercell storms, 48–55 aircraft, lightning strikes, 222–223 supercell convection/storms, 48–57 ambiguity, 210–212 West Cornwall supercell of 16 December 2012, 52–55, 56, 57 Arago, François, 217–219 cells, 57 see also storm cells; supercell convection/storms Cambridge University, 226 convection morphology classification criteria, 46–48 churches, associated with, 215–216 Clausius–Clapeyron relation, dynamic rainfall, 261 defining, 209–210 climatology early beliefs, 212–213 snowfall, 284 early reports, 213–228 tornadoes, 43 earthquake ball lightning, 229 clusters, convection morphology classification criteria, 46–48 as electromagnetic radiation, 224–245 conferences, Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO), 8–11 energy, 224 convective (or potential) instability, 266 Faraday, Michael, 218 convective discussion, forecasting, 241 fireballs, 211–212 convective rainfalls, severe, 269–270 Harris, Sir William Snow, 218–219 Cowick, East Riding of Yorkshire, historical tornado, 23–25 houses, within, 216–217, 228–229 Craigbrack, Northern Ireland tornado 2011, 93, 94 Howard, Luke, 217 Curriglass, County Cork, historical tornado, 27–28 ionised jet-stream hypothesis, 224 meteorites, 211–212 databases Meteorological Office ‘Ball Lightning Enquiry’, 220 hail/hailstorms, 155 meteors, 211–212 lightning, 206 micrometeorites of antimatter, 223 National Lightning Incidents Database, 206 Ministry of Defence, 227–228 tornadoes, 62–63 nuclear hypotheses, 221 TORRO databases, 62–63, 155, 206 optical illusion, 223 death tolls over land, 213–214 lightning, 137, 198–206 over rivers, 214–215 tornadoes, 89 over sea, 214–215 decadal totals, tornadoes, 19, 20 plasma hypotheses, 222 depressions, Heavy Snowfall Events (HSEs), 293–296 precursor to cloud-to-ground lightning, 217 dynamic rainfall, 261–264 quantum-mechanical hypotheses, 221 embedded convective cells, 264–269 reviews, 225 hybrid rainfall, 264–269 Royal Society, 227 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Schonland, Sir Basil, 222 earliest tornado, 77–79 TORRO Ball Lightning Division, 226–227, 228–230 earthquake ball lightning, 229 UK media, 230 Elevated Mixed Layer (EML), 41–42 Beaufort scale, 2–3 embedded convective cells, hybrid rainfall, 264–269 Birmingham tornado of 14 June 1931, 9, 10 EML see Elevated Mixed Layer Birmingham tornado of 28 July 2005, 8, 9 ‘ensemble’ models, forecasting, 246 Bluntisham, Cambridgeshire, historical tornado, 27 ESTOFEX see European Storm Forecast Experiment broken lines, convection morphology classification etymology of the word tornado, 17–18 criteria, 46–48 European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX), 239 Extreme Weather: Forty Years of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO), First Edition. Edited by Robert K. Doe. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/doe/extremeweather 323 0002592556.indd 323 9/12/2015 8:21:24 AM 324 Subject Index field sketching, tornado event site investigations, 93 1997 Saturday, 17 May: the Severe Storms of FA Cup fireballs, ball lightning, 211–212 Final, 189–191 flooding, 247 see also rainfall 2012 June 28: the Destructive English Midlands Hailstorm, 191 1st–10th centuries, 248–249 characteristics, 161–164 11th century, 249–250 comparison with the incidence of thunderstorms, 159–160, 162 12th century, 250–251 comparisons with Continental Europe, 159, 161, 163 13th century, 251–259 database, 155 2007, summer, 264–266, 267 distribution, 157–159, 160–161, 164, 165, 167–168 Boscastle, Cornwall, UK, 16 August 2004, 272–274 diurnal analysis, 168 convective rainfalls, severe, 269–270 frequency, 157–159 dynamic rainfall, 261–264 frequency: point frequencies, 161 Gwynedd, North Wales, UK, 5 July 2001, 270–272 geographical distribution, 157–159, 160–161, 164, 165 historical flooding, 247–259 giant hail, supercell convection/storms, 47–48 Holmfirth, Yorkshire, UK, 29 May 1944, 274–278 hail swathes, 161–164, 166, 167 Ottery St. Mary, Devon, UK, 30 October 2008, 278–280 hailstone size and damage, 156–157 West Country thunderstorm of 4 August 1938, 121–122 hailstone size distribution, 38 forecasting, 237–246 hailstorm research, T-Scale, 3 2012 June 28, severe weather, 241–245 hour-of-day distribution, 167–168 convective discussion, 241 intensity scale, 155–156 ‘ensemble’ models, 246 kinetic energy, 156 European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX), 239 point frequencies, 161 ingredients-based approach, 240–241 seasonal occurrence, 159–160 modern, 238 severe, 169–191 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Radio All storms of H2 intensity or more, 160–161, 164 Hazards, 239 storms of H5 intensity or more, 159, 161, 163–164, particularly dangerous situation (PDS), 238 165, 167, 168 public response, 246 summary of TORRO’S overall findings, 168–169 severe storms, 238–239 TORRO database, 155 severe weather, 28 June 2012, 241–245 TORRO International Hailstorm Intensity (H) Scale, 155–156 techniques, 239 Heavy Snow Days (HSDs), 289–292, 296–298 thunderstorms, 145–146 identification criteria, 283 Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO), 239, 241–245 Heavy Snowfall Events (HSEs), 285–292, 293–298 tornadoes, 237–238, 246 historical flooding, 247–259 types, 241 historical tornadoes, 17–30 fronts analysis of historical tornadoes, 19–21 geographical variations, 296–297 Ashley, Northamptonshire, 26–27 Heavy Snow Days (HSDs), 296–297 Bluntisham, Cambridgeshire, 27 Lamb Weather Types (LWTs), 297 Calne, Wiltshire, 28–30 funnel clouds, 6, 19, 79–80 see also tornadoes Cowick, East Riding of Yorkshire, 23–25 funnel lightning, tornado event site investigations, 101 Curriglass, County Cork, 27–28 reports, 21–30 global warming, 280 Rosdalla, County Westmeath, 21–22, 79 Sneinton, Nottinghamshire, 25–26 hail/hailstorms, 155–192 Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, 22–23 1687: the Alvanley storm, 169 HSDs see Heavy Snow Days 1697: remarkable late spring storms, 169 HSEs see Heavy Snowfall Events 1763 August 19: the Great Kent Storm, 169 hybrid rainfall, 264–269 1800 to date: multiple hail events, 182, 183 1912 August 25–26, 269 1808 July 15: the Great Somerset Hailstorm, 169–170 1917 June 28–29, 268 1818 July 24: Stronsay, Orkney, 170 1922 August 6–7, 269 1843 August 9: the Great Hailstorm, 170–172 1948 August 11–12, 269 1893 July 8: Northern England and Southern Scotland, 172–174 1968 July 9–10, 268, 269 1897 June 24: the Diamond Jubilee Storm, 174–175 1968 September 14–15, 268, 269 1915 July 4, 175–177 1969 July 27–28, 269 1935 September 22 (the ‘Great Northamptonshire Hailstorm’), 1969 July 28–29, 268 177–178 1973 September 20–21:,264–266, 268 1958 September 5: the Horsham Hailstorm, 178–179 2007, summer, 264–266, 267, 268 1959 July 9–11 (including the ‘Wokingham Storm’), 179–181 2007 July 19–20, 268, 269 1967 July 13: the Wiltshire Hailstorm, 181 1968 July 1–2: the ‘Dust Fall’ Storms, 181–185 ingredients-based approach to forecasting, 240–241 1983 June 5: South Coast Hailstorms, 185 injuries, lightning, 198–206 1983 June 7: Violent Hailstorms in North-West England, 185–186 instability, ingredients-based approach to forecasting, 240 1985 May 26: the Essex ‘Dunmow’ Hailstorm, 186–187 intensity of tornadoes, 65, 95–97 1996 June 7: The Storms, 187–189 site investigations, 93–94 0002592556.indd 324 9/12/2015 8:21:24 AM Subject Index 325 The International Journal of Meteorology, 6, 7 multicell convection, 32–36 International T-Scale see T-Scale linear convective systems, 37–40 Isle of Wight and South Coast anomaly, tornadoes, 72–73 tornadogenesis, 37–39 The Journal of Meteorology inaugural issue, 4–6 narrow cold frontal rainbands (NCFRs), 39–40, 43, 45–46, 49–51 The International Journal of Meteorology, 6, 7 National Lightning Incidents Database, 206 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Radio All kernel density estimation, tornadoes, 74–75 Hazards, 239 kernel density mapping, tornadoes, 70, 71 NCFRs see narrow cold frontal rainbands NOAA see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Lamb Weather Types (LWTs) Radio All Hazards fronts, 297 noise, tornado event site investigations, 97–99 snowfall, 285, 292–293, 298 non-supercell storms see also supercell convection/storms case studies, 48–55 largest outbreaks of tornadoes, 88–89 formation, 42–43 lift, ingredients-based approach to forecasting, 240 tornadoes, 36–43 lightning see also thunderstorms tornadogenesis, 37, 39 1938 August 4, damage, West Country, 121–122 non-tornadic winds, tornado event site investigations, 101 2004 August 18, 150, 151 nuclear hypotheses, ball lightning, 221 aircraft, lightning strikes, 205–206, 222–223 animals, lightning strikes, 204–205 optical illusion, ball lightning, 223 awareness, lightning risk, 206 ball lightning, 138 particularly dangerous situation (PDS), forecasting, 238 database, 206 photographic records, tornado event site investigations, 93 death tolls, 137, 198–206 plasma hypotheses, ball lightning, 222 defining, 209–210 potential (or convective) instability, 266 151 153 distribution and intensity, 150, , , 154 quantum-mechanical hypotheses, ball lightning, 221 early beliefs, 212–213 questionnaires, tornado event site investigations, 93
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