Historical Weather Risk Product Guide

Table of Contents

1 – Getting Started Hurricane Path Table Structure 15 Aggregate Hurricane Events Table Overview 04 Structure 16 Data Sources 05 Hurricane Severity Ranges Table Structure 16 Spatial Module Specifications 05

Update Frequency 05 4 – Tornadoes (Spatial Module) File Format 05 Installation 05 Tornado Description 18 Product Documentation 05 Tornado Terminology 18 Projection 05 Tornado Damage: Fujita-Pearson Scale 18 Coverage 05 Historical Tornado Events Table Structure 19 GeoEnrichment Module Specifications 05 Aggregate Tornado Events Table Structure 21 Update Frequency 05 Tornado Severity Ranges Table Structure 22 File Formats 05 Installation 06 5 – Wind Events (Spatial Module) Address Fabric Version Compatibility 06 Wind Event Description 24 Coverage 06 Wind Measurement and Damage Scale 24

Historical Wind Events Table Structure 25 2 – Hail Storms (Spatial Module) Aggregate Wind Storm Events Table Hail Storm Description 08 Structure 26 Hail Storm Intensity and Associated Damage 8 Wind Storm Severity Ranges Table Historical Hail Storm Events Table Structure 27 Structure 09 Aggregate Hail Storm Events Table 6 – Historical Weather Risk Structure 10 (GeoEnrichment Module) Hail Storm Severity Ranges Table Structure 10 Overview 29 GeoEnrichment Historical Weather Risk Table 3 – Hurricanes (Spatial Module) Structure 29

Hurricane Description 13 Product Support 30 Hurricane Terminology 13

Hurricane Damage 14 Types of Hurricane Damage 14 Notices 31 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 14

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 02 of 32 1 – Getting Started

In this section Overview Data Sources Spatial Module Specifications GeoEnrichment Module Specifications

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 03 of 32 Overview Historical Weather Risk is part of the Pitney Bowes Risk Data Suite, which provides comprehensive, location-based coverage of weather, geologic event, and other natural risks impacting asset owners. Each product features a spatial file(s) for visualization and a GeoEnrichment file which delivers information on a pbKey™ for operational efficiency at the address level. Products in the Risk Data Suite include:

 Earth Risk  Coastal Risk  Wildfire Risk  Property Fire Risk  Flood Risk  Historical Weather Risk

The multiple components of the Risk Data Suite combine to give a detailed history of the natural disasters for a region. Applying this data allows for better visualization and identification of potential asset exposure. This enables better-informed decisions, reduced exposure to risk, controlled costs, and enhanced profitability.

Note: Only weather events occurring since 1995 are included in Historical Weather Risk in order to align with the widespread adoption of Doppler radar. Hurricanes prior to 1995, however, are still provided due to the use of satellite imagery to track large scale events.

Historical Weather Risk provides the following components in the spatial module:

 Historical Hail Events  Aggregate Hail Storm Events  Hail Storm Severity Ranges  Historical Hurricane Paths  Aggregate Hurricane Events  Hurricane Severity Ranges  Historical Tornado Events  Aggregate Tornado Events  Historical Wind Events  Aggregate Wind Storm Events  Wind Storm Severity Ranges

Historical Weather Risk provides the following components in the GeoEnrichment module:

 GE Risk – Historical Weather

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 04 of 32 Data Sources  Pitney Bowes Software  National Climactic Data Center (NCDC)  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)  National Hurricane Center (NHC)

Spatial Module Specifications

Update Frequency The Historical Weather Risk spatial module is updated annually.

File Format The Historical Weather Risk spatial module is delivered in MapInfo TAB format.

Installation To install the spatial module, reference all the files in the Data folder.

Product Documentation Product documentation can be found in the Docs folder.

Projection Latitude/Longitude WGS84

Coverage Unite States (including Alaska, DC, and Hawaii).

GeoEnrichment Module Specifications

Update Frequency The Historical Weather Risk GeoEnrichment module is updated quarterly.

File Formats The Historical Weather Risk GeoEnrichment module is available in the following formats:

 Pipe-delimited text

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 05 of 32 Installation To install GeoEnrichment Historical Weather Risk GeoEnrichment Module:

1. Download the compressed data file to your computer.

2. Open the compressed file and find the base data folder containing the documentation file link.

3. Extract the base folder and locate the final .TXT or database file:

Example: If you downloaded a compressed file named Distance_To_Coast_C_TXT201712.7z, extract this file and locate a compressed file with the name distance_to_coast_txt.7z with a documentation link file. Finally, extract distance_to_coast_txt.7z to find distance_to_coast_final_output.txt as the data file.

4. Once extracted, data can be loaded into a database, GIS software, or the Pitney Bowes Spectrum Technology Platform.

For more information on using Pitney Bowes tools, please visit the MapInfo® Pro support page or the Spectrum support page.

Address Fabric Version Compatibility All risk databases require the Address Fabric, April 2019 vintage except Crime Index, which is compatible with the Address Fabric, July 2018 vintage.

Coverage United States (including Alaska, DC, and Hawaii).

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 06 of 32 2 – Hail Storms (Spatial Module)

In this section Hail Storm Description Hail Storm Intensity and Associated Damage Hail Storm Historical Events Aggregate Hail Storm Events Hail Storm Severity Ranges

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 07 of 32 Hail Storm Description Hail is precipitation in the form of ice chunks that fall from cumulonimbus clouds. It is commonly associated with multicell, supercell, and cold front-induced squall line thunderstorms.

Hail storms occur more frequently in the Great Plains states, especially northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, than in any other area of the United States. This area is known as Hail Alley. Hail typically falls here in the late afternoon during May and June.

The largest hailstone ever measured in the United States fell at Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970. It weighed 1.67 pounds and measured 17.5 inches in circumference.

Hail Storm Intensity and Associated Damage The TORRO hail storm intensity scale extends from H0 to H10, with increments of intensity or damage potential related to the following criteria:

 Hail size (distribution and maximum)  Texture  Numbers  Fall speed  Speed of storm translation  Strength of accompanying wind.

Characteristic damage associated with each increment is listed in the table below but can be modified to reflect differences in building materials and types (for example, if roofing tiles are predominantly slate, shingle, or concrete).

The following table describes the TORRO hail storm intensity scale and damage associated with each degree of severity.

TORRO Hail Storm Intensity Scale Typical Hail Probable Scale Intensity Category Diameter Kinetic Energy Typical Damage (mm)* (J/m2) H0 Hard hail 5 0-25 No damage. H1 Potentially damaging 5-15 >25 Slight damage to plants, crops. Significant damage to fruit, crops, H2 Potentially damaging 10-20 >125 vegetation. Severe damage to fruit and crops; H3 Severe 20-30 >275 damage to glass and plastic structures; paint and wood scored. Widespread glass damage; vehicle H4 Severe 25-40 >450 bodywork damage. Wholesale destruction of glass; damage H5 Destructive 30-50 >650 to tiled roofs; significant risk of injuries. Aircraft bodywork dented; brick walls H6 Destructive 40-60 pitted. Severe roof damage; risk of serious H7 Very destructive 50-75 injuries.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 08 of 32 Typical Hail Probable Scale Intensity Category Diameter Kinetic Energy Typical Damage (mm)* (J/m2) Severe damage to aircraft bodywork. H8 Very destructive 60-90 (Severest recorded in the British Isles). Extensive structural damage. Risk of H9 Super hailstorm 75-100 severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open. Extensive structural damage. Risk of H10 Super hailstorm >100 severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open. * Approximate range, since other factors (number and density of hailstones, hail fall speed, and surface wind speeds) affect severity.

Historical Hail Storm Events Table Structure The US_Hail table describes historical hail events in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Event_ID INTEGER Unique identifier of hail storm event Year CHAR (4) Year of hail storm Month SMALLINT Month of hail storm Day SMALLINT Day of hail storm Time CHAR (5) Time of hail storm in HH:MM format TimeZone CHAR (3) Time zone of the time recorded in the TIME field. State CHAR (2) State in which the hail storm occurred. County CHAR (200) County or WFO zone in which the hail storm occurred. City CHAR (21) City in which the hail storm occurred. Scale CHAR (3) TORRO intensity scale rating Magnitude FLOAT Hail stone diameter in inches Number of fatalities that occurred as a result of the hail storm. Noted Fatalities FLOAT only when associated with a severe weather event. Number of injuries that occurred as a result of a severe weather Injuries FLOAT event. Noted only when associated with a severe weather event. Property damage that occurred as a result of the hail storm. Best PropertyDamage FLOAT estimates aby the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WCM) at the time of publication. Crop damage that occurred as a result of the hail storm. Best CropDamage FLOAT estimates by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist at the time of publication. Denotes how the geographic location of the hail storm was obtained:  LL – NOAA Lat/Long GeoSource CHAR (10)  CITY – city centroid  COUNTY – county centroid  STATE – state centroid Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 09 of 32 Aggregate Hail Storm Events Table Structure The US_HailGrid table describes aggregate hail event data in the United States. The values H0 through H10 correspond to the values of the TORRO hail storm intensity scale.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Grid_ID INTEGER Unique grid cell identifier H0 INTEGER Count of H0 events H1 INTEGER Count of H1 events H2 INTEGER Count of H2 events H3 INTEGER Count of H3 events H4 INTEGER Count of H4 events H5 INTEGER Count of H5 events H6 INTEGER Count of H6 events H7 INTEGER Count of H7 events H8 INTEGER Count of H8 events H9 INTEGER Count of H9 events H10 INTEGER Count of H10 events H0_GE INTEGER Count of events > H0 H1_GE INTEGER Count of events > H1 H2_GE INTEGER Count of events > H2 H3_GE INTEGER Count of events > H3 H4_GE INTEGER Count of events > H4 H5_GE INTEGER Count of events > H5 H6_GE INTEGER Count of events > H6 H7_GE INTEGER Count of events > H7 H8_GE INTEGER Count of events > H8 H9_GE INTEGER Count of events > H9 H10_GE INTEGER Count of events > H10 Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Hail Storm Severity Ranges Table Structure The US_HailRanges table describes the average severity of historical hail events in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Numerical value aligning with qualitative risk description. 1 = Low, 2 H5_GE INTEGER = Medium, 3 = High. The risk range is based on the number of events greater than or equal to H5. Ranges are calculated based on the frequency of events greater Range CHAR (23) than or equal to H5 which categorize the U.S. into low, medium, and high ranges. The thresholds are displayed as the value of this field.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 10 of 32 Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Qualitative description of risk range based on hail events greater RiskLevel CHAR (25) than or equal to H5 Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Figure 01 - Thematic map illustrating hail severity ranges

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 11 of 32 3 – Hurricanes (Spatial Module)

In this section Hurricane Description Hurricane Terminology Hurricane Damage Hurricane Path Table Structure Aggregate Hurricane Events Table Structure Hurricane Severity Ranges Table Structure

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 12 of 32 Hurricane Description A hurricane is a tropical cyclone with sustained winds of 74 miles per hour (65 knots) or greater, occurring in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or eastern Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes can strike anywhere along the eastern seaboard, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Hawaiian Islands.

Figure 02 - Levels of hurricanes along the Gulf Coast and eastern United States

Hurricane Terminology This section explains some of the key terms that will help you better understand hurricane-related terminology used in Historical Weather Risk.

Extratropical cyclone: Any cyclone not of tropical origin. Generally considered to be a migratory frontal cyclone found in the middle and high latitudes.

Tropical depression: A tropical cyclone in which maximum sustained surface winds are 38 miles per hour or less. Tropical depressions typically have closer isobars and can evolve into tropical storms or hurricanes.

Tropical storm: A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds between 39 and 73 miles per hour.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 13 of 32 Hurricane Damage The following sections explain the causes of hurricane damage and how hurricanes are classified.

Types of Hurricane Damage Hurricanes cause damage in the following ways:

Rainfall-induced flooding Heavy rainfall is responsible not only for major flooding in the areas where the storm initially strikes, but can also affect areas hundreds of miles inland. During landfall, rainfall amounts of 5 to 10 inches are common.

High winds Hurricane winds range from 74 miles per hour to over 155 miles per hour. Wind is responsible for most structural damage caused by a hurricane.

Storm surge Storm surge is a rapid rise in water level that moves onto land as the eye of the storm makes landfall. Storm surge is the most dangerous and destructive aspect of a hurricane. The surge is higher if the hurricane’s track is perpendicular to the coast, which allows a higher surge to build. The greatest surge occurs to the right of where the eye makes landfall.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale rates hurricanes on a scale from 1 to 5 based on wind speed. It provides estimated potential property damage and coastal flooding expectations from a hurricane landfall.

The following table shows the Saffir-Simpson scale levels, together with associated wind speeds and typical damage.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Category Wind Speed (MPH) Typical Damage Storm surge 4-5 feet above normal. No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Some 1 74-95 damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage. Storm surge 6-8 feet above normal. Some roofing material, door and window damage to buildings. Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees, with some trees blown down. Considerable damage to mobile homes, poorly 2 96-110 constructed signs, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 3-4 hours before the arrival of the storm center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings. Storm surge 9-12 feet above normal. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtain wall failures. Damage to shrubbery and trees, with foliage blown off trees and large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly constructed signs are destroyed. Low- 3 111-130 lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before the center of the hurricane arrives. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, with larger structures damaged by flying debris. Inland flooding of terrain lower than 5 feet above mean sea level may extend 8 or more miles. Evacuation of residences within several blocks of a shoreline may be required.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 14 of 32 Category Wind Speed (MPH) Typical Damage Storm surge 13-18 feet above normal. More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failures on small residences. Shrubs, trees, and all signs blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Low- 4 131-155 lying escape routes may be cut 3-5 hours before the hurricane center arrives. Major damage to lower floors of structures near the shore. Flooding of terrain lower than 10 feet above mean sea level may extend up to 6 miles inland, requiring massive evacuations. Storm surge greater than 18 feet above normal. Complete roof failures on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures, with small utility buildings being blown over or away. All shrubs, trees, and signs blown down. Low-lying escape routes may be cut by rising water 3-5 5 155+ hours prior to the hurricane center’s arrival. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 feet above sea level and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5-10 miles of the shoreline may be required.

Hurricane Path Table Structure The US_HurricaneLines table describes historical hurricane events in the United States.

Note: This table includes dates prior to 1995 as satellite has long been used to capture large scale events.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description ID INTEGER Unique identifier for hurricane path Year CHAR (4) Year of storm StormName CHAR (100) Name of storm Month SMALLINT Month of storm Day SMALLINT Day of storm Time CHAR (5) Time of storm WindSpeed INTEGER Wind speed of storm Pressure CHAR (4) Atmospheric pressure of storm Stage of storm:  Hurricane  Tropical storm Stage CHAR (50)  Tropical depression  Extratropical  Merged with front  Unknown (no data available) Category CHAR (50) Saffir-Simpson category of hurricane Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 15 of 32 Aggregate Hurricane Events Table Structure The US_HurricaneGrid table describes aggregate hurricane event data in the United States.

Note: For grid calculations and severity ranges, only line segments that had a wind speed of 50 MPH or greater were used.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Grid_ID INTEGER Unique grid cell identifier Count of hurricane events within 50 miles of grid cell, based on line EVENTS INTEGER data. Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Hurricane Severity Ranges Table Structure The US_HurricaneRanges table describes the average severity of historical hurricanes in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Six large scale hurricane ranges based on thresholds that categorize the U.S. based on frequency of hurricane events. Range CHAR (26) Thresholds used to calculate ranges are shown as the value of this field. Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 16 of 32 4 – Tornadoes (Spatial Module)

In this section Tornado Description Tornado Terminology Tornado Damage: Fujita-Pearson Scale Historical Tornado Events Table Structure Aggregate Tornado Events Table Structure Tornado Severity Ranges Table Structure

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 17 of 32 Tornado Description According to the Glossary of Meteorology (AMS; 2000), a tornado is “a violently rotating column of air, pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud. In order for a vortex to be classified as a tornado it must be in contact with the ground and at the cloud base.”

Approximately 1,000 tornadoes occur in the United States every year. The majority of tornadoes occur in Tornado Alley, an area in the central United States that stretches north from Texas to Iowa. The Southern U.S., however, has experienced tornado volumes in recent years that rivals Tornado Alley. Aside from the mountainous coastal regions of the western U.S., tornadoes can occur almost anywhere.. Violent tornadoes have crossed almost every major river east of the Rocky Mountains and have struck major downtown areas.

Tornadoes are often accompanied by damaging hail, frequent lightning, heavy rain, severe non-tornadic winds, and flash floods.

Tornado Terminology This section explains terminology that will help you better understand tornado-related events in Historical Weather Risk.

Funnel cloud A violent, rotating column of air visibly extending from the base of a towering cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud toward the ground, but not in contact with it. Funnel clouds produce no detectable debris or damage at ground level.

Multiple vortex tornado A tornado that has two or more condensation funnels or debris clouds, often rotating around a common center. The subvortex can add over 100 MPH to the relative ground wind speed of the tornado. Multiple vortex tornadoes are responsible for most cases in which narrow arcs of extreme destruction are seen next to areas of weak damage along tornado paths.

Waterspout A small, weak tornado which is not formed by storm-scale rotation. A waterspout is generally weaker than a supercell tornado and is not associated with a wall cloud or mesocyclone. It may be observed beneath cumulonimbus or towering cumulus clouds. Waterspouts are common along the southeastern coast of the United States but can occur over any body of water. Waterspouts can overturn small boats, damage ships, and cause significant damage if they come ashore.

Tornado Damage: Fujita-Pearson Scale The Fujita-Pearson scale, developed in 1971, classifies tornadoes into six categories, based on the damage that they cause. The scale relates estimated wind speed to degree of damage. However, it is important to note that this relationship of wind speed to damage has never been scientifically tested or proven. Damage ratings for a given tornado may also be questionable because they are based on subjective judgments. In spite of these flaws, the Fujita-Pearson Scale is the only widely used tornado rating system in use today.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 18 of 32

Fujita-Pearson Scale Estimated Wind Category Typical Damage Speed (MPH) Light damage. Some damage to chimneys, broken tree limbs, F0 <73 shallow-rooted trees uprooted, and sign board damage. Moderate damage. Roof surfaces peeled off, mobile homes pushed F1 73-112 off foundations or overturned, and moving autos blown from roads. Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses, mobile homes F2 113-157 demolished, boxcars overturned, large trees snapped or uprooted, light-object missiles generated, and cars lifted off the ground. Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed F3 158-206 houses, trains overturned, most trees in forests uprooted, and heavy vehicles lifted off the ground. Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled, structures F4 207-260 with weak foundations blown some distance, large missiles generated and cars thrown. Incredible damage. Strong frame houses moved off foundations and F5 261-318 leveled, automobile-sized missiles propelled in excess of 100 meters, trees debarked, along with other phenomena.

The manner and responsibility for tornado damage surveys varies from place to place and with the severity of the storm. Local National Weather Service (NWS) offices usually determine how to survey particular tornadoes. Relatively weak, remote, or brief tornadoes are generally surveyed by storm spotters, chasers, and news stations. Tornadoes that result in fatalities or cause significant amounts of damage are surveyed by the local NWS Warning Coordination Meteorologist. The most destructive tornadoes are surveyed by NWS survey experts and wind engineers. Aerial surveys may be used in these assessments.

Historical Tornado Events (Points) Table Structure The US_TornadoPoint table describes historical tornado events in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Event_Id INTEGER Unique identifier for tornado event Year CHAR (4) Year of the tornado Month SMALLINT Month of the tornado Day SMALLINT Day of the tornado Time CHAR (5) Time of the tornado in HH:MM format. TimeZone CHAR (3) Time zone of the time recorded in the TIME field. State CHAR (2) State in which the tornado occurred. County CHAR (200) County or WFO zone in which the tornado occurred. BeginCity CHAR (21) City in which the tornado began. EndCity CHAR (21) City in which the tornado ended. Magnitude FLOAT Fujita-Pearson Scale (F-Scale) rank Number of fatalities caused by the tornado. Noted only when Fatalities FLOAT associated with a severe weather event. Number of injuries caused by the tornado. Noted only when Injuries FLOAT associated with a severe weather event.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 19 of 32 Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Property damage that occurred as a result of the tornado. Best PropertyDamage FLOAT estimate by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WCM) at time of publication. Crop damage that occurred as a result of the tornado. Best estimate CropDamage FLOAT by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WCM) at the time of publication. Denotes how the geographic location of the tornado was obtained:

LL – NOAA Lat/Long GeoSource CHAR (10) CITY – city centroid COUNTY – county centroid STATE – state centroid Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Historical Tornado Events (Polyline) Table Structure The US_TornadoLineString table describes the path of historical tornado events in the United States when a path is available.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Event_Id INTEGER Unique identifier for tornado path line segment Year CHAR (4) Year of the tornado Month SMALLINT Month of the tornado Day SMALLINT Day of the tornado Time CHAR (5) Time of the tornado in HH:MM format. TimeZone CHAR (3) Time zone of the time recorded in the TIME field. State CHAR (2) State in which the tornado occurred. County CHAR (200) County or WFO zone in which the tornado occurred. BeginCity CHAR (21) City in which the tornado began. EndCity CHAR (21) City in which the tornado ended. Magnitude FLOAT Fujita-Pearson Scale (F-Scale) rank Number of fatalities caused by the tornado. Noted only when Fatalities FLOAT associated with a severe weather event. Number of injuries caused by the tornado. Noted only when Injuries FLOAT associated with a severe weather event. Property damage that occurred as a result of the tornado. Best PropertyDamage FLOAT estimate by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WCM) at time of publication. Crop damage that occurred as a result of the tornado. Best estimate CropDamage FLOAT by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WCM) at the time of publication.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 20 of 32 Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Denotes how the geographic location of the tornado was obtained:

LL – NOAA Lat/Long GeoSource CHAR (10) CITY – city centroid COUNTY – county centroid STATE – state centroid Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Aggregate Tornado Events Table Structure The US_TornadoGrid table describes aggregate tornado event data for the United States. The values F0 through F5 correspond to the values of the Fujita-Pearson Scale.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Grid_ID INTEGER Unique grid cell identifier F0 INTEGER Count of F0 events F1 INTEGER Count of F1 events F2 INTEGER Count of F2 events F3 INTEGER Count of F3 events F4 INTEGER Count of F4 events F5 INTEGER Count of F5 events F0_GE INTEGER Count of events > F0 F1_GE INTEGER Count of events > F1 F2_GE INTEGER Count of events > F2 F3_GE INTEGER Count of events > F3 F4_GE INTEGER Count of events > F4 F5_GE INTEGER Count of events > F5 Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 21 of 32 Tornado Severity Ranges Table Structure The US_TornadoRanges table describes the average severity of historical tornadoes in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Numerical value aligning with qualitative risk description. 1 = Low, 2 F2_GE INTEGER = Medium, 3 = High. The risk range is based on the number of events greater than or equal to F2. Ranges are calculated based on the frequency of events greater Range CHAR (23) than or equal to F2 which categorize the U.S. into low, medium, and high ranges. The thresholds are displayed as the value of this field. Qualitative description of risk range based on tornado events RiskLevel CHAR (25) greater than or equal to F2 Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Figure 03 - Thematic map showing tornado severity ranges

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 22 of 32 5 – Wind Events (Spatial Module)

In this section Wind Event Description Wind Measurement and Damage Scale Historical Wind Events Table Structure Aggregate Wind Storm Events Table Structure Wind Storm Severity Ranges Table Structure

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 23 of 32 Wind Event Description There are many wind storm phenomena that can threaten life and property. Winds near thunderstorms can exceed r60 miles per hour and cause property damage. Thunderstorms normally produce strong outflow winds from rain-cooled air descending from the storm. When the cooled air reaches the ground, it spreads out in a radial pattern away from the storm at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour.

Damaging outflow winds from thunderstorms, called downbursts, can produce winds in excess of 100 miles per hour. The damage caused by a downburst can mimic that of a tornado and many people who experience downburst winds swear they were hit by a tornado. Downburst winds are a significant threat to aircraft, especially during takeoff or on final approach. Downbursts are classified into two types: a larger macroburst and a smaller, and usually more intense, microburst.

In the early spring, large storm systems over the Great Plains can cause widespread wind events and blowing dust. Occasionally, the westerly winds associated with these systems can cause damage. Storm systems with the strength to cause dry and dusty damaging winds often spawn severe thunderstorms and tornadoes elsewhere. Areas affected by blowing dust can experience reduced visibility to less than a mile with localized reductions to less than 100 feet.

Wind Measurement and Damage Scale Wind force is classified according to the Beaufort Wind Scale, which is outlined in the following table.

Speed Speed Force Description Typical Effects on Land (MPH) (knots) W0 0-1 0-1 Calm Calm; smoke rises vertically. Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, but not by W1 1-3 1-3 Light air wind vanes. Wind felt on face. Leaves rustle; ordinary vanes W2 4-7 4-6 Light breeze moved by wind. Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind W3 8-12 7-10 Gentle breeze extends light flag. Raises dust and loose paper; small branches W4 13-18 11-16 Moderate breeze move. Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets W5 19-24 17-21 Fresh breeze form on inland waters. Large branches in motion; whistling heard in utility W6 25-31 22-27 Strong breeze wires; umbrellas used with difficulty. Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when W7 32-38 28-33 Near gale walking against the wind. W8 39-46 34-40 Gale Breaks twigs off trees; generally impedes progress. Slight structural damage occurs (chimney pots and W9 47-54 41-47 Severe gale roof slates removed). Seldom experienced inland. Trees uprooted; W10 55-63 48-55 Storm considerable structural damage occurs. Very rarely experienced; accompanied by W11 64-72 56-63 Violent storm widespread damage. W12 73-83 64-71 Hurricane Violent destruction

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 24 of 32 Historical Wind Events Table Structure The US_Wind table describes historical wind events in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Event_Id INTEGER Unique identifier for wind event Year CHAR (4) Year of wind storm Month SMALLINT Month of wind storm Day SMALLINT Day of wind storm Time CHAR (5) Time of wind storm in HH:MM format. TimeZone CHAR (3) Time zone of the time recorded in the TIME field. State CHAR (2) State in which the wind storm occurred. County CHAR (200) County or WFO zone in with the wind storm occurred. City CHAR (21) City in which the wind storm occurred. Scale CHAR (3) Beaufort Wind Scale value Magnitude FLOAT Speed of wind gust in knots. Number of fatalities that occurred as a result of the wind storm. Fatalities FLOAT Noted only when associated with a severe weather event. Number of injuries that occurred as a result of the wind storm. Noted Injuries FLOAT only when associated with a severe weather event. Property damage that occurred as a result of the wind storm. Best PropertyDamage FLOAT estimate by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WMC) at the time of publication. Crop damage that occurred as a result of the wind storm. Best CropDamage FLOAT estimate by the Warning Coordination Meteorologist (WMC) at the time of publication. Denotes how the geographic location of the wind storm was obtained:

GeoSource CHAR (10) LL – NOAA Lat/Long CITY – city centroid COUNTY – county centroid STATE – state centroid Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 25 of 32 Aggregate Wind Storm Events Table Structure The US_WindGrid table describes aggregate wind storm events in the United States. The values W0 through W12 correspond to values used in the Beaufort Wind Scale.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Grid_ID INTEGER Unique grid cell identifier W0 INTEGER Count of events = W0 W1 INTEGER Count of events = W1 W2 INTEGER Count of events = W2 W3 INTEGER Count of events = W3 W4 INTEGER Count of events = W4 W5 INTEGER Count of events = W5 W6 INTEGER Count of events = W6 W7 INTEGER Count of events = W7 W8 INTEGER Count of events = W8 W9 INTEGER Count of events = W9 W10 INTEGER Count of events = W10 W11 INTEGER Count of events = W11 W12 INTEGER Count of events = W12 W0_GE INTEGER Count of events > W0 W1_GE INTEGER Count of events > W1 W2_GE INTEGER Count of events > W2 W3_GE INTEGER Count of events > W3 W4_GE INTEGER Count of events > W4 W5_GE INTEGER Count of events > W5 W6_GE INTEGER Count of events > W6 W7_GE INTEGER Count of events > W7 W8_GE INTEGER Count of events > W8 W9_GE INTEGER Count of events > W9 W10_GE INTEGER Count of events > W10 W11_GE INTEGER Count of events > W11 W12_GE INTEGER Count of events > W12 Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 26 of 32 Wind Storm Severity Ranges Table Structure The US_WindRanges table describes the average severity of historical wind storms in the United States.

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description Numerical value aligning with qualitative risk description. 1 = Low, W9_GE INTEGER 2 = Medium, 3 = High. The risk range is based on the number of events greater than or equal to W9 Ranges are calculated based on the frequency of events greater than or equal to W9 which categorize the U.S. into low, medium, Range CHAR (23) and high ranges. The thresholds are displayed as the value of this field. Qualitative description of risk range based on wind events greater RiskLevel CHAR (25) than or equal to W9 Dataset CHAR (100) Product layer Vintage CHAR (15) Current release date Source CHAR (100) Source of data

Figure 04 - Thematic map illustrating historical wind storm severity ranges

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 27 of 32 6 – Historical Weather Risk (GeoEnrichment Module)

In this section Overview GeoEnrichment Historical Risk Table Structure

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 28 of 32 Overview GeoEnrichment Risk Data provides all information found in its spatial counterpart along with relevant proximity measurements for additional insight at the address level. All data is pre-processed so that it is immediately accessible with a pbKey™ from a geocoded address or US Address Fabric record.

GeoEnrichment Historical Weather Risk Table Structure

Field Name Data Type (Length) Description PBKEY CHAR (15) Unique and persistent address identifier Range of hail events > H5 falling within the U.S. macro Hail_H5GE_Range CHAR (25) hail range that the pbKey belongs to. Hail_RiskLevel CHAR (3) Verbal description of hail risk level. Range of tornado events > F2 falling within the U.S. Tornado_F2GE_Range CHAR (2) macro tornado range that the pbKey belongs to. Tornado_RiskLevel CHAR (5) Verbal description of tornado risk level. Range of hurricane events falling within the U.S. macro Hurricane_Events CHAR (12) hurricane range that the pbKey belongs to. Range of wind events > W9 falling within the U.S. macro Wind_W9GE_Range CHAR (4) wind range that the pbKey belongs to. Wind_RiskLevel CHAR (5) Verbal description of wind risk level.

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 29 of 32 Product Support If you have technical or order-related questions, you can contact our Support or Fulfillment teams directly:

Support (phone) - +1 800 367 6950

Support (email) – [email protected]

Fulfillment (email) – [email protected]

Weather Bundle Product Guide Page 30 of 32 Notices Copyright © 2007-2019 Pitney Bowes Software Inc. All Rights Reserved

Products named herein may be the trademarks of their respective manufacturers and are hereby recognized. Trademarked names are used editorially, to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intent to infringe on the trademark.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor or its representatives. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of Pitney Bowes Software Inc.

This document was published in July, 2019 and is intended to reflect the products (table structures, coverage, etc.) as of that date. The actual data content (as opposed to product content) is updated on a regular basis and does not require documentation updates.

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