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Storm Surge: Know your risk in !

Storm surge is a rise in level above the normal usually associated with a low pressure system such as a tropical . Storm surge develops due to strong winds pushing water towards the coastline as well as the low drawing up the sea surface.

The Queensland coastline is highly vulnerable to storm surge. This is due to the frequency of tropical , the wide and relatively shallow ocean floor in both the lagoon and in the , as well as the low lying nature of many coastal cities and towns. While the highest storm surges are more likely to occur in and the Gulf of Carpentaria, they can also develop in southeast Queensland affecting the Sunshine Coast, and the Gold Coast. Storm surges may reach magnitudes of 1 to 10 metres above the tide depending on the intensity of the cyclone, its size and the local characteristics of the coastline. Impacts Storm surge can be very dangerous and poses a critical risk Gulf of Carpentaria to human life during tropical cyclones. Great Cairns Barrier Reef The length of coastline affected by a storm surge can be Innisfail tens to hundreds of kilometres wide. The rise in Cardwell can be rapid and high in velocity, inundating the ground Bowen floor of buildings, even up to the roof. Mackay

Queensland Storm surge has the power to easily move cars, even Gladstone houses, can damage roads and buildings and can be almost impossible to manoeuvre through. Additionally, the Sunshine Coast N storm surge can carry dangerous debris, which can cause (Moreton Bay) Gold Coast structural damage to buildings and pose a high risk to life. 0 200km

This information booklet was prepared by Griffith Centre for to educate Queensland’s coastal communities about storm surge.

Storm surge destruction from Tropical (February 2011), Tully Heads, Qld (Source: Marc McCormack, News Limited). Total Water Level The total water level experienced on land during a cyclone is made up of contributions from the storm surge, tide, freshwater flooding and wave run-up.

Total Water Level = Storm Surge + Tide + Freshwater Flooding + Wave Run-up

What is a storm tide? Storm tide is the water level resulting from the combination of the storm surge with the astronomical tide, and is referred to a vertical datum such as Lowest Astronomical Tide, Highest Astronomical Tide or Australian Height Datum, AHD (equivalent to Mean Sea Budds Beach during ex-TC Oswald, Gold Coast, 28th January 2013 Level at major ports). (Source: GCCM, 2013)

Flooding Storm surge can travel many kilometres inland and rising waters may come from estuarine waterways as well as the open coast. Low lying areas surrounding are vulnerable to the combination of storm surge and upstream flooding from heavy rainfall. Properties on the High tide beachfront are also at risk from sea water inundation Mean sea level due to storm surge as well as wind-induced waves. Low tide A. Normal tidal conditions Storm The impact of a storm surge is highly dependent on the phase of the tide and the surge will have greater Storm tide impact if it arrives during a high tide. This may result Storm surge - measured from height of the tide at the time the in extremely high water levels. When forecasting the High tide cyclone crosses the coast. cyclone, the timing of cyclone is uncertain, Mean sea level making it difficult to predict an exact water level. The Low tide

peak of the storm surge may occur prior to or after the B. Cyclone conditions cyclone making landfall. It can also occur without the A. Water level during normal conditions. B. Conditions during cyclone crossing the coast. a cyclone showing elevated sea level due to storm tide. Waves Storm surge is usually accompanied by extreme ocean waves created by hazardous winds during the cyclone event. These add to the total water level through wave run-up. Wave run-up is the maximum height of the waves rushing up on the beach. This is due to both wave set-up as well as the of broken waves on the shoreline. Wave set-up is the elevation of sea level above the storm tide level as a result of water piling up against the shoreline due to the momentum of the breaking waves. These conditions can lead to beach and add further impact to beach front properties. Storm surge flows through bottom storey of house at Tully Heads during TC Yasi, 2011 (Source: JCU, 2011) Tropical Cyclones Atmospheric pressure increasing Low pressure A is a violent storm characterised by

a calm low pressure surrounded by strong winds Onshore winds Cyclone Storm surge is eye rotating clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. ampli ed in shallow water Wind set-up They form over tropical waters of temperatures Pressure induced greater than 26.5°C and can persist over oceans rise in sea level with lower temperatures, although the energy tends to dissipate over cooler waters and land. A cyclone’s intensity is categorised based on the severity of its Cross section of a cyclone showing the storm surge due to both the wind set- wind (see below). up and pressure induced rise in sea level. Forecasting Every cyclone is unique in its behaviour resulting in a high level of uncertainty when it comes to forecasting where and when they will cross the coast. A cyclone can travel for hundreds of kilometres, may move erratically, even making sharp turns or loops, and change intensity rapidly. In Queensland, a cyclone may form in the Coral Sea and cross Cape York into the Gulf of Carpentaria or vice versa, and can track parallel to the coastline either north or south. cyclone extends from November through to April with an average of 10 cyclones per year, although not all make landfall. Tropical Cyclone Yasi making landfall in February 2011 Tropical Cyclone Categories (Source: www.bom.gov.au).

Cyclone Sustained Wind Wind Gusts Typical Damage Category Speeds (km/hr) (km/hr) 1. Tropical cyclone 62-88 90-125 Negligible house damage; damage to crops, trees and caravans. 2. Tropical cyclone 89-117 125-164 Minor house damage; significant damage to crops, trees and signs. 3. Severe tropical cyclone 118+ 165-224 Roof and structural damage; power failure likely 4. Severe tropical cyclone 118+ 225-279 Significant roof loss and structural damage; widespread power failure; dangerous airborne debris 5. Severe tropical cyclone 118+ 280+ Extremely dangerous with widespread destruction Source: www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/intensity

Most severe cyclones in Queensland 1. Tropical (2006) was the highest intensity cyclone on record to impact the east coast of , making landfall as a Category 5 system close to Lockhart River in . The storm surge magnitude for this event is unknown given the remote nature of the impact area. 2. Tropical Cyclone ‘Mahina’, occurring in 1899, caused the largest death toll of any natural in Australian history. Over 400 people were killed on shipwrecks in Bathhurst Bay in Far North Queensland due to extreme waves and storm surge. Nott et al., 2013 The world record storm surge and the most intense Tropical Cyclone Monica’s track across Queensland and the southern hemisphere tropical cyclone - new evidence and modelling. in April 2006 (Source: Bureau of ). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Recent Storm Surge Events in Queensland Tropical Cyclone Yasi landfall. While Larry was classed as a ‘midget’ cyclone with a In 2011, Severe Tropical Cyclone small radius of just 30 km, it Yasi made landfall over South was associated with strong wind Mission Beach as a marginal speeds and storm surge peaking at Category 5 system with maximum 2.3 m at Clump Point. Inundation wind gusts of 285 km/hr. It along the coastline was higher produced a storm surge peaking that this level, generally around at 5.3 m at the town of Cardwell. Damage to external shed wall by storm surge at 3.5 m, reaching up to 5.2 m AHD. Tully Heads during TC Yasi (Source: JCU, 2011). TC Yasi made landfall at close to This was due to a combination of low tide, and the storm tide was wave set-up, onshore wind forcing 4.5 m relative to mean sea level and local coastal bathymetric (sea (AHD). If TC Yasi crossed the coast floor) and topographic effects. at high tide, the storm tide could have reached over 7 m AHD. Tropical TC Yasi was a large cyclone and storm surge over 1 m affected Tropical Cyclone Oswald developed the Queensland coast from Port in the Gulf of Carpentaria in Damage to building at Clump Point during TC Larry (Source: EHP, 2007) Douglas to Bowen. January 2013 and tracked as an Waves over 9 m high were ex-tropical cyclone down much recorded in Townsville. of the east coast of Queensland. In the towns of Tully Heads, This brought force winds, Hull Heads, Cardwell and Port high swell, intense rainfall and Hinchinbrook, houses were some storm surge. The persistent inundated and in some cases northerly caused Storm surge and high tide covering a boat ramp storm surge of over 1 m in at Biggera Creek, Gold Coast, during ex-TC completely destroyed or washed Oswald (Source: GCCM, 2013). away. Robust evacuation southern Moreton Bay. While strategies meant that no fatalities the storm surge alone did not occurred. cause appreciable flooding on the open coast, when combined with flooded estuaries and high Tropical waves, it contributed to inundation Tropical Cyclone Larry made in small urban catchments and landfall over Innisfail in North significant beach erosion along the Queensland in 2006 and was Sunshine Coast and Gold Coast beaches. Sea foam and an uprooted tree at Burleigh a Category 5 system prior to Beach, Gold Coast, during ex-TC Oswald (Source: GCCM 2013). Be aware of your storm tide risk and be prepared to evacuate when directed. For more information Bureau of Meteorology www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about Queensland and Emergency Services www.emergency.qld.gov.au/emq/css/cyclone.asp www.emergency.qld.gov.au/emq/css/storm_surge.asp Department of Environment and Heritage Protection www.ehp.qld.gov.au/coastal/development/assessment/coastal_hazards__storm_tide_inundation.html www.ehp.qldgov.au/coastal/monitoring/storm-tides/index.php

See your local Government website for local details regarding storm surge.