Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 http://rodriguesia.jbrj.gov.br DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201566415
The flora of Malaysia projects
L.G. Saw1,2 & R.C.K. Chung1
Abstract Malaysia has an estimated 15,000 species of vascular plants. Located in the Malesian region, its affinity is Sundaic, having common elements with Sumatra, Java and Palawan. The two halves of Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia extending from mainland Asia and East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo have their own distinct floristic components. Peninsular Malaysia has about 8,200 species of vascular plants and Sabah and Sarawak have an estimated 12,000 species. The flora of Sabah and Sarawak is generally richer than that of Peninsular Malaysia. Due to historical reasons, the flora of Malaysia project is planned in a phased approach. The Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak project, initiated in 1991, represents the first systematic modern attempt to document some of the important plant families of these two states. It would take at least another ten years to complete this project. It is estimated that the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia project, initiated in 2005, will take at least 20 years to complete. To achieve these ambitions, there must be continual support in skilled manpower and fund allocations. Key words: Flora, Malaysia, botanical revisions. Resumo A Malásia tem um número estimado de 15.000 espécies de plantas vasculares. Localizada na região da Malesia, possui afinidade com a região conhecida como Sundaica, dividindo elementos em comum com a Sumatra, Java e Palawan. A Malásia é constituída por duas partes, sendo que a Malásia peninsular se estende a partir da Ásia continental, enquanto os estados malaios orientais de Sabah e Sarawak, localizados na ilha de Bornéu, têm componentes florísticos particulares e distintos. A Malásia peninsular tem cerca de 8.200 espécies de plantas vasculares e Sabah e Sarawak têm um número estimado de 12.000 espécies. A flora de Sabah e Sarawak é geralmente mais rica do que a península da Malásia. Devido a razões históricas, o projeto flora da Malásia preve uma abordagem em fases distintas. O Projeto Flora Arbórea de Sabah e Sarawak, iniciado em 1991, representa a primeira tentativa moderna e sistemática para documentar algumas das famílias de plantas importantes destes dois estados. Estima-se que sejam necessários de pelo menos mais 10 anos para concluir este projeto. Enquanto isso o Projeto Flora da Maláisa peninsular, iniciado em 2005, vai demorar pelo menos 20 anos para ser concluído. Para concretizar estes planos, deve haver apoio contínuo para treinar e manter mão de obra qualificada e obtenção de financiamento. Palavras-chave: Biodiversidade, ficologia, lista de plantas e fungos do Brasil.
Introduction halves of Malaysia pose interesting challenges towards documenting the Flora of Malaysia. Malaysia is located just north of the equator, Peninsular Malaysia, part of the Malay Peninsula straddling between 0°51’N and 7°25’N with a (here includes Singapore and Peninsular Thailand) total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres. The contains the floristic elements of the Sunda Self country is separated by the South China Sea into and also of the mainland Asiatic species from two regions of similar size; Peninsular Malaysia seasonal climates (Wong 1998). Borneo, with its connected to mainland Asia on the western half greater isolation from Malay Peninsula, has a flora and the states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Sundaic element; however it has local floristic of Borneo on the east. It has a warm equatorial influences. Therefore these two regions result from climate with little seasonality, hot and humid quite different botanical past histories. A very brief throughout the year (Fig. 1). The two geographical historical perspective is provided here, highlighting
1 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Author for correspondence: [email protected] 948 Saw, L.G. & Chung, R.C.K.
Figure 1 – Map of Malaysia. only the major works that are significance to the Its botanical history dates back to the first British flora of these two regions. A more detailed account settlement in the early 1800’s in Penang, when the of the historical works relating to the flora of both island was important for the spice trade. One of the Borneo and Malay Peninsula can be obtained from most important collectors during this period include the introductory volumes of Flora Malesiana (de N. Wallich whose collection, organized in a catalogue Wit 1949, van Steenis-Kruseman 1950, van Steenis, (Wallich’s catalogue), included contributions from 1955). Wong (1987, 1995a) and Soepadmo (1999) G. Porter, W. Jack and G. Finlayson. Numbering also provided reviews with additional updates from about 8,000 species, Wallich’s catalogue became de Wit, van Steenis and van Steenis-Kruseman of the basis of many plant names for Penang and the botanical collection and documentation of the Singapore in Malaya (British colonial boundaries of flora of both Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. We present day Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore), and present here an updated paper in 2005 describing India (van Steenis-Kruseman 1950; or see
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 The flora of Malaysia projects 949 Gardens and Forests, Straits Settlements and in war many of the specimens were badly damaged 1901-1912, Director of the Gardens, Singapore. when looters plundered the herbarium. With the Ridley was a man of great ability who contributed internment of the British officers, V.L. Bain, a most significantly towards the botany of Peninsular Eurasian being exempted from detention was Malaysia. In his career, he described over 4,200 appointed acting State Forest Officer of Selangor. plant species. He amassed a huge collection He was able to reappoint several local staff amounting to about 50,000 numbers, of which the members at Kepong. Aziz Budin went on to restore main set is at Kew with duplicates in Singapore the damaged collection and attempted to replace and other herbaria (van Steenis-Kruseman 1950). some of the lost specimens either by obtaining No other collector has amassed collections at that duplicates from other herbaria or by making new rate for for Malaya ever since. Subsequent directors collections. and curators of the herbarium at Singapore Botanic After the war, J. Wyatt-Smith took charged of Gardens continued to build upon the foundation set the herbarium and the collection gained momentum. up by Ridley. Of particular importance were the With the formation of the Federation of Malaya in contributions from I.H. Burkill, M.R Henderson, 1957 and subsequently the Federation of Malaysia E.H.J. Corner, R.E. Holttum and C.X. Furtado. in 1963, the transition towards Malaysianisation All of them contributed in the exploration, carried came into being. K.M. Kochummen who joined out collections and publications, giving us a better FRI as Assistant Botanist in 1953 subsequently took understanding of the flora of Peninsular Malaysia. charge of the herbarium in 1960. In his career, he At the turn of the twentieth century, A.M. collected over 5,000 specimens; Kochummen was Burn-Murdoch set up a forest herbarium in Kuala an important contributor towards many tree family Lumpur, with the aim of producing an account revisions for both the Tree Flora of Malaya and of the commercially important tree species of Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. In 1964, F.S.P. Malaya (Wong 1987). The specimens were Ng was recruited as Forest Botanist. By 1965, the collected as reference specimens and duplicates collection at FRI numbered over 74,000 specimens were submitted to H.N. Ridley for identification. (Wong 1987). In 1965, T.C. Whitmore was engaged The small herbarium was at the office of the under the Colombo Plan to lead the Tree Flora of Conservator of Forests, Strait Settlements and Malaya project (Whitmore 1972). In the years Federated Malay States. His successor, G.E.S. following, Whitmore conducted large collecting Cubitt continued with the collection although at expeditions into many parts of Peninsular Malaysia, a slower rate. In 1916, the Wray Herbarium of in particular places not collected previously. The the Agriculture Department was transferred to Tree Flora project completed its last volume with the Forest Department in Kuala Lumpur (Cubitt the publication of Volume 4 in 1989 (Ng 1989). 1919). In 1918 Cubitt secured the services of F.W. By then the herbarium has accumulated about Foxworthy, as the first Forest Research Officer of 130,000 specimens. In 1980, K.M. Wong joined the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements. Kochummen managing the FRI collection. L.G. Under Foxworthy the herbarium grew quickly. Saw joined the institute in 1982 as Hill Forest By the end of 1920, the herbarium contained over Silviculturist, later in 1985 joined the herbarium to 6000 numbers (Wong 1987). With the decision to study under Kochummen as he was soon to retire. form a Forest Research Institute (FRI), an area In 1985, the Forest Research Institute Malaysia of about 324 hectares was acquired at Kepong in (FRIM) was formed as a statutory body from FRI 1926 and the main office building was constructed and in the years following; the mandate of FRIM in 1929 with the herbarium moving into the east was to expand beyond the forestry related flora wing of the building. C.F. Symington joined FRI research it traditionally worked on to now include in 1929 and began to assist the running of the the study of the entire flora of Malaysia. herbarium. He contributed a large collection to In this much summarised collections survey the Kepong herbarium focusing on the important we had to leave out many collectors which would timber family Dipterocarpaceae for which he was feature in a wider review. Later botanists to join the preparing a foresters’ manual. By the time second much expanded role of FRIM included Farah Ghani World War broke out in Malaya with J.G. Watson (deceased), Idris Mohd. Said (since left), L.S.L. having succeeded Foxworthy, the herbarium had Chua, R.C.K. Chung, Y.Y. Sam, E. Soepadmo and about 43,000 specimens. Unfortunately, during the Ruth Kiew. Since the initiation of the Tree Flora of
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Sabah and Sarawak and later the Flora of Peninsular foundation for the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Malaysia projects, the herbarium at the Forest Ridley upon his retirement completed the Flora of Research Institute Malaysia has seen a tremendous Malay Peninsula and published them in 5 volumes increase in its botanical staff and capabilities. between 1922 and 1925 (Ridley 1922-1925) for the angiosperms and a separate final fern instalment Bibliography of the Flora of Peninsular in 1926 (Ridley 1926). Malaysia Following Ridley’s publication of the Flora In the following account, we have restricted of Malay Peninsula, botanical work continued the discussion to the main floristic publications in more detail and from different perspectives. that pertain to the flora of the Malay Peninsula. Burkill (1935), succeeding Ridley, subsequently Other incidental accounts of local checklists produced two volumes of A Dictionary of the and revisions of genera can be obtained from Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. the bibliography found in the general chapter of Other important publications from Singapore Flora Malesiana Volume 5 (van Steenis 1955) included Corner’s (1940) Wayside Trees of and Turner (1997). The Flora of British India was Malaya, Henderson’s (1959, 1954) Malayan Wild the first major account covering all the families Flowers. By the 1950s, a revised Flora of Malaya of Malay Peninsula. The scope of the volumes was initiated as knowledge of the Malayan flora was to include plants within the British territories improved with more explorations and collections. of India, together with those of Kashmir and A number of publications followed, mainly Western Tibet, and Malaya (Hooker 1872-1897 Zingiberaceae (Holttum 1950), Marantaceae in 7 volumes) as part of the British colony. Plants (Holttum 1951), bamboos (Holttum 1958), orchids from Borneo however, were not included in the (Holttum 1964) and ferns (Holttum 1968). The revisions. Although the Flora of India included volume on grasses was published by Gilliland treatment of the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, it (1971). Following the retirement of Holttum from became apparent that it was not warranted from a active research due to his old age, the revised Flora phytogeographic perspective and the manner of of Malaya was more or less discontinued. Piggott treatment produced from limited data available at (1988) produced a popular photographic account the time had produced an unsatisfactory revision for ferns. The orchid flora was again subjected to (de Wit 1949). As a result, King (1889), working another revision by Seidenfaden & Wood (1992). from the Calcutta Herbarium, initiated the series Turner (1997) collated a checklist of Peninsular Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Malaysian flora based on literature. More recently, The revisions, written by various authors, were Clarke (2001) published the Nepenthes of Sumatra originally published as separate papers in the and Peninsular Malaysia and Kiew (2005) revised Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. King and the Begonias of Peninsular Malaysia in richly Gamble subsequently compiled these instalments illustrated volumes. into 4 volumes. King died after completion of At the Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Volume 4 and the work of editorship was passed interest was towards tree species and identification on to J.S. Gamble who continued the series to manuals for foresters for the more important timber instalment 26 which were, together with the tree families and other minor forest products. last instalment published in 1936 (Ng & Jacobs Burn-Murdoch (1911, 1912) initiated the first 1983) compiled into Vol. 5. Nevertheless, these publications of such foresters’ manual with the volumes covered only the dicotyledonous families publication of the Trees and Timbers of the Malay and even so, the Urticales viz. Cannabinaceae, Peninsula. The Malayan Forest Records series Moraceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae and most of the was started and Foxworthy published a number of Euphorbiaceae never appeared in print (Ng & volumes on commercial timbers and minor forest Jacobs 1983). Ridley (1907) published separately products (Foxworthy 1921, 1922, 1932). In 1934, in Singapore, in three parts, the Materials for a C.F. Symington was appointed the first Forest Flora of the Malayan Peninsula completing the Botanist and he envisaged producing a foresters’ monocotyledons. These publications were very tree manual comprising all the Malayan timber- important ground-breaking works and they become producing families. However, it was obvious that the basis for subsequent work on the Flora of the much research was still required and that a great Malayan Peninsula. Using the “Materials” as deal of instability still existed in the botanical
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 The flora of Malaysia projects 951 nomenclature. He then concentrated on the most bibliography of Bornean flora in the introductory important timber family, the Dipterocarpaceae, chapters of the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak which he completed in 1940 and was published Volume 1 and we shall not elaborate further here. as the Foresters’ Manual of Dipterocarps in 1943 Suffice to add since that review, the Tree Flora of in his absence (Symington 1943). Symington Sabah and Sarawak has published eight volumes had since left Malaya just before the Japanese (Soepadmo & Wong 1995; Soepadmo et al.1996; occupation of Malaya during the Second World Soepadmo & Saw 2000; Soepadmo et al. 2002, War (Symington 1974). 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014). The Plants of Kinabalu After the War, John Wyatt-Smith served project led by Beaman published five volumes as Forest Botanist. Wyatt-Smith also saw the (Parris et al. 1992; Wood et al. 1993; Beaman & importance of Symington’s work and the need to Beaman 1998; Beaman et al. 2001; Beaman & document similar information on timber trees of Anderson 2004). Modern identification manuals, other families. However, it became evident that the amounting to floristic enumerations, of the rattans botanical knowledge of the many non-Dipterocarp of Sabah and Sarawak ( Dransfield 1984, 1992), and trees was inadequate for a similar treatment. the bamboos of Sabah ( Dransfield 1992) have been In the interim, Wyatt-Smith (1952) produced a published. More charismatic groups such as orchids booklet listing the more common timber species and Nepenthes continue to attract interest with found in Malaya. K.M. Kochummen subsequently publication of checklist of the Orchids of Borneo revised this “Pocket Check List” three times (Wood & Cribb 1994), Slipper Orchids of Borneo to include new information. The Pocket Check (Cribb 1997) and the Orchids of Borneo (Beaman List has now become an important identification et al. 2001), and Nepenthes of Borneo (Clarke reference for students and foresters for the common 1997). Richly illustrated Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) Peninsular Malaysian timber species. The book also of Borneo (Poulsen 2006) and Rhododendron standardized vernacular names for timber species. (Ericaceae) of Sabah (Argent et al. 2007) were also Wyatt-Smith also produced a series of other more recently published. taxonomic publications on some of the important timber families such as Burseraceae (Wyatt-Smith The Flora of Malaysia - What Do We 1953a), Leguminosae (Wyatt-Smith 1953b), Know? Myristicaceae (Wyatt-Smith 1953c), Sapotaceae Currently there is no comprehensive and (Wyatt-Smith 1954a), Lauraceae (Wyatt-Smith up-to-date checklist for the flora of Malaysia. 1954b) and Sapindaceae (Wyatt-Smith 1954c), and A number of checklists exist as a result of the the genus Calophyllum (Guttiferae, Henderson & different botanical history of the two main regions Wyatt-Smith 1956). of Malaysia. For Peninsular Malaysia, the now The Tree Flora of Malaya project under outdated work of Ridley (1922-1926) provided the T.C. Whitmore as editor published two volumes first complete enumeration of the vascular plants (Whitmore 1972, 1973) followed by another two of the Malay Peninsula; the angiosperms were volumes with Ng (1978, 1989) as editor. The published in the five volumes between 1922 and final four volumes covered over 2,800 species of 1925. Subsequently, Ridley published a separate trees found in Malaya. Interests in non-timber but checklist of the ferns (Ridley 1926). Turner’s commercially important groups resulted in the (1997) publication of “A Catalogue of the Vascular production of Dransfield’s (1979) A manual of the Plants of Malaya” serves as the most recent rattans of the Malay Peninsula and K.M. Wong’s checklist for Peninsular Malaysia based on an (1995b) The bamboos of Peninsular Malaysia. existing literature survey. In this catalogue Turner enumerated 8,198 species (Tab. 1). Parris & Latiff Botanical History of Sabah and (1997) published a further update on the ferns and Sarawak (and Borneo) fern allies with some additions and nomenclatural Sabah and Sarawak lacked the collection changes to the group (Tab. 2). In this checklist, intensity of Malaya in the early years. However, ferns and fern allies of Sabah and Sarawak were recent years saw both herbaria at the Forest included to provide the first complete checklist of Research Centres of Sandakan and Kuching the group for Malaysia. steadily increasing their collections. Wong (1995a) For Sabah and Sarawak, no checklist exists has amply summarised the collection history and but two important compilations were made for
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Table 1 – Summary of the checklist of the flora of Peninsular Malaysia comparing Ridley’s (1922-1925, 1926) enumeration and Turner’s (1997) catalogue.
Enumeration Groups Families Genera Species Ferns 16 86 417 Gymnosperms 3 5 23 Ridley (1922-1925, 1926) Dicots 132 1,048 5,009 Monocots 31 354 1,734 Total 182 1,493 7,183 Ferns & fern allies 34 133 632 Gymnosperms 4 8 27 Turner (1997) Dicots 165 1,092 5,529 Monocots 45 418 2,010 Total 248 1,651 8,198
Borneo (Merrill 1921; Masamune 1942, 1945). Borneo as a whole Merrill (1921) estimated about Masamune’s compilations provided a more 9,000 species, Masamune (1942, 1945) enumerated critical checklist and in that enumeration, 8,164 about 8,200 species and more recently Wong species of Bornean vascular plants were listed (1995a) estimated a flora of between Merrill’s (Tab. 3). Other and more current accounts for the 9,000 and 15,000 species. Kiew (1984) stressed the flora of Borneo were mostly foresters’ manuals urgency for projects addressing the yet not studied and checklists often on selected groups in the and little understood Bornean flora. At present region or states of Brunei, Kalimantan, Sabah the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak is the most and Sarawak (e.g. Anderson 1980; Argent et al. important modern taxonomic project for Borneo. 1997; Ashton 1964, 1968, 1988; Browne 1955; Since its inception in 1991, eight volumes have Burgess 1966; Cockburn 1976, 1980; Hasan & been published and provide an indication of the Ashton 1964; Keith 1947; Kessler & Sidiyasa diversity of the Bornean flora. Table 4 provides a 1994; Newman et al. 1996; Primack 1983; comparison of the tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak Smythies 1965; Whitmore et al. 1990a, 1990b, with the tree flora of Malaya comparing families 1990c; Wood & Agama 1956; Wood & Meijer and their enumeration. 1964). The other checklists and revisions have On average, the tree flora of Sabah and been reviewed in the previous section. The launch Sarawak contain about 38.5% more species than the of the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak in 1991 tree flora of Malaya. If this proportion is maintained was very significant and for the first time, used for the rest of the tree flora, considering that the a modern systematic approach to enumerate the tree flora of Malaya counts with 2,830 species trees species (Soepadmo & Wong 1995). Apart (Ng et al. 1990), it is estimated that the tree flora from these enumerations, the other sources of of Sabah and Sarawak will contain about 4,000 information on the Flora of Malaysia are from the species. Based upon this estimation also, with Flora Malesiana Series I & II for seed plants and about 8,300 species of vascular plants in Peninsular ferns and other scattered publications. Malaysia, it is estimated that the flora of Sabah Based upon the information above, the flora and Sarawak will contain about 11,500 species. of Peninsular Malaysia now stands over 8,300 In Table 4, there are 889 species common to both species with recent updates from Turner (1997) Sabah and Sarawak, and Peninsular Malaysia (i.e., (e.g., Turner 2000; Latiff & Turner 2001a, 2001b, 55.1% overlap with Peninsular Malaysia). Based 2001c, 2001d, 2002a, 2002b, 2003; Kamarudin & upon this overlap and using the estimated ratios, Turner 2004). This is probably an accurate estimate. the total tree flora of Malaysia is estimated to be For Sabah and Sarawak it is more difficult to arrive around 5,200 species and the total flora of vascular to an accurate figure with most estimates being for plants of Malaysia around 15,200 species.
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 The flora of Malaysia projects 953 also as there is a general tendency in many revisions Table 2 – Ferns and fern allies checklist of Parris & to maintain the two regions as separate. We have Latiff (1997). compiled a review of published revisions against Region Species Total the families such as those included in the Flora Malay Peninsula 647 Malesiana series, Tree Flora of Malaya, the revised Sabah 750 Flora of Malaya, Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Sarawak 615 and other journal articles or series. In the analysis, out of the 250 families occurring in Peninsular Total 1,165* Malaysia, 207 families (83%) have revisions. For * Species distribution overlap between the regions; as a result the total is smaller. Sabah and Sarawak, the coverage is much lower with 164 families out of 253 (64%) having revisions. In recent years, world checklists are being generated Herbaria, Collections and Specimens and these are being made available on the internet, Specimens are essential for the documentation for example, the checklists available from Royal of the Flora of Malaysia. Today, the collection at the Botanic Gardens, Kew (
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Table 3 – The flora of Borneo based on Masamune’s checklist (Masamune 1942). Checklists Groups Families Genera Species Masamune (1945) Ferns & fern allies 118 963 Masamune (1942) Gymnosperms 5 7 34 Dicots 133 996 4,997 Monocots 29 307 2,170 Total 167 1,428 8,164
Table 4 – Revisions of families of the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak compared to the Tree Flora of Malaya. The figures for Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak were extracted from volumes 1-8 including 2 single-species families not found in the Tree Flora of Malaya; the figures for the Tree Flora of Malaya were extracted from volumes 1-4 with updates from Turner (1997). TFSS Tree Flora of Sabah & Sarawak Tree Flora of Malaya Species common Volumes Families Genera Species Families Genera Species to both regions 1 31 99 312 31 91 227 152 2 23 75 247 21 63 186 116 3 4 29 358 4 27 246 139 4 6 21 292 6 21 202 106 5 4 25 361 4 27 225 132 6 4 18 189 4 18 117 82 7 3 32 311 3 28 275 111 8 3 32 165 3 31 135 51 Total 78 331 2,235 76 306 1613 889
Table 5 – Important herbarium holdings for Malaysia and Singapore. Country Herbaria Specimens Malaysia Forest Research Institute Malaysia 400,000 Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah 300,000 Forest Research Centre, Kuching, Sarawak 300,000 University Malaya 65,000 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 72,000 Singapore Singapore Botanic Gardens 750,000
project and attempt to extend it into a full national is best completed in a phased approach. In this flora project. The institutions currently engaged pragmatic approach, the flora of Malaysia can in the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, i.e. the be tackled as two regional projects, revisions Forest Research Institute Malaysia, and the Forest for Peninsular Malaysia and revisions for Sabah Departments of Sabah and Sarawak are keen to and Sarawak. This is the way forward towards complete the Tree Flora project and it is clear from plans to complete the Flora of Malaysia. In April the information above that the Flora of Malaysia 2004, the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 The flora of Malaysia projects 955 Environment was formed. With the creation of the of Malaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ministry, it became a national priority supported Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and Universiti by government to document the biodiversity of Malaysia Sabah. At regional level we collaborate the country. The work of documenting the flora with many herbaria including Singapore Botanic of Malaysia quickly became a national need and Gardens, Herbarium Bogoriense and the Royal no more an academic wish-list of botanists in Forest Herbarium, Bangkok. Internationally Malaysia. Quickly identified was the need for a collaboration includes, the Royal Botanic Gardens checklist of its entire flora as Peninsular Malaysia Kew, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the already has a checklist; the immediate need was Natural History Museum, London, the National for Sabah and Sarawak to have an updated list. Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden, and the In 2005, an application to fund a Flora of Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, USA. Peninsular Malaysia project was made. It was These collaborating institutes are important as thought that the time was right for such a project as they support our research by providing herbarium the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak had already specimen loans, sourcing of literature, and a wide been running well for about 15 years and over that range of expert advice and support. At present we period the flora of Peninsular Malaysia had been have over 25 collaborators actively contributing relatively neglected. Furthermore, as explained to revisions of families. earlier, a phased approach to realise the flora of To develop and build local expertise two Malaysia seemed a viable option for Malaysia. essential elements must be in place; opportunities Subsequently the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia to build careers in botanical sciences and project received five years of funding at the end of availability of training regimes for those interested. 2005. The project has since published six volumes The Flora of Peninsular Malaysia project when in two series - Ferns & Lycophytes (Parris et al. it was first envisage included these elements. 2010, 2013) and Seed Plants (Kiew et al. 2010, We are also very fortunate that, in the last few 2011, 2012, 2013). For Sabah and Sarawak, the years, the Forest Research Institute Malaysia has next phase (after the completion of the Tree Flora committed to increase the number of botanists to of Sabah and Sarawak project) will be to start the do floristic work. In the last ten years, FRIM has Flora of Sabah and Sarawak project so that all recruited seven new botanists and taken on seven vascular plants will have been covered. Funding contract researchers for the two projects. Together opportunities will need to be sourced in the future. with existing staff, FRIM now has 16 botanists working on both projects. Training of these new Collaborations, Contributors and and aspiring botanists became a very important Rates of Revision element of both projects. We are confident that, Flora projects are always collaborative if the current institutional and financial support involving both local and foreign experts. The is maintained, both the Tree Flora of Sabah and experiences from the Tree Flora of Malaya and Sarawak and the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak and the Flora projects will be successful and will produce of Peninsular Malaysia projects have shown that not just the revisions that contribute towards a contributions from experts are essential for their Flora of Malaysia but also ensure that Malaysia success. Experts often produce revisions at a will maintain a pool of botanists trained in much faster pace and can tackle groups that are understanding the its National flora. systematically more difficult. At the same time, How many years will it take for the current Malaysian botanists must be trained to become flora projects to complete? It is very important that experts so that they will continue to work within in planning the delivery of a Flora of Malaysia, the country. Such strategy must be used for a we have a realistic estimate of manpower Flora of Malaysia. Currently, the Tree Flora of and financial cost. The Tree Flora of Malaya Sabah and Sarawak and the Flora of Peninsular took 24 years to complete. Kiew (1984) made Malaysia are using such a strategy. Collaborations some projections regarding the rate of revision are at many different levels. At institutional level production by botanists in different types of floras our traditional partners include local institutes (identification and information floras) in past such as Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, flora projects. They ranged from 250 species per Forest Research Centre, Kuching, University taxonomist per year to 20–30 per year. Taking the
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 956 Saw, L.G. & Chung, R.C.K. example of the late K.M. Kochummen, in his seven In our experience, training young botanists is years tenure as a full-time experienced botanist, he a challenging task. Over the last twenty three years managed to revise 54 species per year for the Tree for both the flora projects we have directly trained Flora of Sabah and Sarawak (Tab. 6). twenty three individuals in the science of botanical For the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Table revisions. We consider out of this number only seven 7 provides the different rates of revision against have enough experience to independently revise the number of full-time staff working on the flora families. Another four still require guidance in their revisions. The matrix estimates the number of years work. The remaining have since left the project to needed to complete the flora of Peninsular Malaysia take up other careers not related to botany. with the estimated flora of 8,300 species. Using the example of Kochummen, we estimated that Finances and Institutional Commitment for a budding botanist, it would be very difficult to One of the constant challenges in any flora maintain a revision of over 50 species per year. A more project is to ensure long-term commitment and realistic figure of about 40 species may be feasible sustainability in funding for the continuity of for a relatively grounded botanist. If our current project. Projects are financed in fixed time-frame manpower strength is maintained with about 10 full- (e.g., 5 years for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia), time botanists working for the project, we envisage following which it is often difficult to obtain that it will take just over twenty years to complete the extensions. The Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Flora of Peninsular Malaysia. This estimate ignores project has gone through a number of funding the contributions from other collaborators. changes over the last 15 years; 1991-2006 - ODA, For the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak ITTO, Government of Malaysia (Intensification of we have also worked out the rates using similar Research and Development Priority Areas (IRPA) formulas (Tab. 8). The project with 5 full-time staff funding); 2006-present - research development funds will take over twelve years to complete. from the Ninth and Tenth Malaysian Plans. Similarly, we expect the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia to go through various funding challenges as the project develops. Table 6 – Families revised by K.M. Kochummen (1992 In the future, we are not certain of how we - March 1999) during his tenure with the Tree Flora of can continue but it is up to the project to develop Sabah and Sarawak project, his average revision rate different ways to maintain funding continuity. We was 54 species per year. are now working towards funding for the two flora Families Genera Species projects as a consolidated project under the Eleventh Anacardiaceae 17 92 Malaysian Plan. Whoever the funding comes from it Burseraceae 8 59 is important such projects have strong institutional commitment, failing which it would be almost Celestraceae 10 44 impossible to secure continuity in finances and Moraceae 5 173 manpower commitment. Ochnaceae 5 7 It is essential that funding bodies see quality Total 45 375 products arising from the project. There is a need to
Table 7 – Rate of revision based on about 8,300 species Table 8 – Revision rates based on about 2,500 species of vascular for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia. of tree species for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Number of Full-time Staff Number of Full-time Staff 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 20 83 42 28 21 20 25 12.5 8.3 6.3 Revision 30 55 28 18 14 Revision 30 16.7 8.3 5.6 4.2 Rates/ Staff/ 40 42 21 14 10 Rates/ Staff/ 40 12.5 6.3 4.2 3.1 Year 50 33 17 11 8.3 Year 50 10 5 3.3 2.5 60 28 14 9.2 6.9 60 8.3 4.2 2.8 2.1
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015 The flora of Malaysia projects 957 be creative in selling the products from the project, Argent, G.; Lamb, A. & Phillipps, A. 2007. The outside the standard flora volumes and more Rhododendron of Sabah Malaysian Borneo. Natural innovative methods must be used to disseminate History Publications (Borneo), Malaysia. Kota the results of the projects to a wider audience so Kinabalu, Sabah. 290p. that they can be seen as pertinent and relevant to Ashton, P.S. 1964. Manual of dipterocarp trees of Brunei State. Oxford University Press, London. 242p. both national and scientific needs. Ashton, P.S. 1968. A manual of the dipterocarp trees of
Brunei State and of Sarawak. Borneo Literature Bureau Conclusion for Sarawak Forest Department, Kuching. 129p. The Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Ashton, P.S. 1988. Manual of the non-dipterocarp trees of has produced eight volumes to date, FRIM is Sarawak. Vol. 2. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka for Forest currently making information from the project Department Sarawak, Kuching. 490p. available on the internet thus disseminating the Beaman, J.H. & Beaman, R.S. 1998. The plants of results of the project to the wider public. The Mount Kinabalu 3. Gymnosperm and Non-Orchid Flora of Peninsular Malaysia is being implemented Monocotyledons. Natural History Publications together with a conservation project of threatened (Borneo) in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 220p. plants of Peninsular Malaysia, thus extending the Beaman, J.H.; Anderson, C. & Beaman, R.S. 2001. The taxon information with distribution to be used plants of Mount Kinabalu 4. Dicotyledon Families in conservation. Here too, the project has been Acanthaceae to Lythraceae. Natural History productive and has now generated six volumes Publications (Borneo) in association with Royal in two series. We are now in the process of Botanic Gardens, Kew. 570p. including all revisions available on the web. This Beaman, J.H. & Anderson, C. 2004. The plants of Mount will be launched in the near future using software Kinabalu 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to BRAHMS (Botanical Research And Herbarium Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo) in Management System) online software. Such association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 609p. achievements will certainly complement the global Beaman, J.H. & Beaman, R.S. 1998. The plants of effort towards the World Flora Online project. Mount Kinabalu 3. Gymnosperm and Non-Orchid Monocotyledons. Natural History Publications (Borneo) in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Based upon the discussion above, the phased Kew. 220p. approach towards a Flora of Malaysia the following Beaman, T.E.; Wood, J.J.; Beaman, R.S. & Beaman, J.H. points are reiterated. 2001. Orchids of Borneo. Natural History Publications l The inventory for a Flora of Malaysia (Borneo) in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, can be done with resources in Malaysia and Kew. 584p. collaboration with our traditional partners; Browne, F.G. 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei. l Based on current Tree Flora of Sabah Government Press, Sarawak. 369p. and Sarawak and the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Burgess, P.F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest projects, the Flora of Malaysia to continue with the Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah. 511p. geographical division of Peninsular Malaysia and Burkill, I.H. 1927. Botanical collectors, collections and Sabah & Sarawak; collecting places in the Malay Peninsula. The Gardens’ l The project to be phased into the immediate Bulletin, Straits Settlements 4: 113-202. short-term needs (checklists) and revisions of the Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vols. 1 & 2. Governments of two geographical floras; and the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, l Project must be seen as long-term as London. Volume I (A-H) 1-1240p and Volume II (I- it requires long-term institutional and financial Z) 1241-2444p. commitments in order to be brought into completion. Burn-Murdoch, A.M. 1911. Trees and timbers of the Malay Peninsula, Part 1. F.M.S. Government Press, Kuala References Lumpur. 14p + 13pl. Anderson, J.A.R. 1980. A Checklist of the trees of Sarawak. Burn-Murdoch, A.M. 1912. Trees and timbers of the Malay Forest Department, Sarawak. 364p. Peninsula, Part 2. F.M.S. Government Press, Kuala Argent, G.; Campbell, E.J.F. & Wilkie, P. (eds.). Lumpur. 17p + 6pl. 1997. Manual of the larger and more important non- Clarke, C.C. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History dipterocarp trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Publications, Kota Kinabalu and Science and Vol. 1 & 2. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda. 685p. Technology Unit, Sabah. 209p.
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Artigo recebido em 11/06/2015. Aceito para publicação em 03/09/2015.
Rodriguésia 66(4): 947-960. 2015