Health&Greenspace
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BASELINE STUDY HEALTH&GREENSPACE Health-responsive planning and management of urban green infrastructure 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 4 II. STATE OF THE ART .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Trends in urbanisation ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Environmental effects of urbanisation ....................................................................................................................... 5 Health and well-being effects of urbanisation ........................................................................................................... 5 Urban green spaces and their health and well-being benefits ................................................................................. 6 Key definitions ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Heat stress and urban greenery ................................................................................................................................. 7 Air quality and urban greenery ................................................................................................................................... 8 Noise and urban greenery .......................................................................................................................................... 9 General impacts of urban green spaces on physical and mental health .................................................................. 9 Urban green spaces and social health ...................................................................................................................... 10 Physical and recreational activities in urban green spaces ..................................................................................... 10 The scope of the project ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Link to EU policy context ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Cases from Europe and beyond ................................................................................................................................ 13 III. PARTNER PROFILES ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Budapest 12th District, Hungary............................................................................................................................ 16 Breda, the Netherlands ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Espoo, Finland ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Limerick, Ireland .................................................................................................................................................... 32 Messina, Italy ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Poznan, Poland ...................................................................................................................................................... 43 Santa Pola, Spain ................................................................................................................................................... 49 Suceava, Romania ................................................................................................................................................. 54 Tartu, Estonia......................................................................................................................................................... 58 IV. SYNTHESIS AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 63 Analysis and synthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 63 Network methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 68 V. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 74 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 75 I. INTRODUCTION Urban green spaces are becoming increasingly their potential to deliver health benefits. Actions valuable, as artificial urban environment is rapidly covered by the network will be linked to both expanding, and more and more people are forced physical changes to the urban environment and the to live in cities. The Health&Greenspace partnership promotion of social activities, such as facilitated will demonstrate to cities across Europe how the activities in parks, community participation in the urban fabric can be transformed into a healthier design, and maintenance of urban green spaces. environment for the benefit of its residents. Under the Health&Greenspace URBACT Action Well planned and properly managed urban green Planning Network, Budapest 12th District will be spaces can contribute to healthy urban living, teaming up with 8 other city partners – Breda (NL), climate change adaptation and improved urban air Espoo (FI), Limerick (IE), Messina (IT), Poznan (PL), quality. Yet despite their significant potential, the Santa Pola (ES), Suceava (RO), Tartu (EE), to support use of urban green spaces remains marginal, each other in developing Integrated Health fragmented, and highly uneven within cities. Responsive Green Infrastructure Action Plans. The URBACT Health&Greenspace Network was The common goal of the nine partner cities is to developed in response to the various health risks enhance the ability of urban greens spaces to related to rapid urbanization and the densification deliver health and well-being benefits. of cities. The project promotes health-responsive This study aims to establish an initial common planning and management of urban green spaces knowledge base on which the Health&Greenspace with an overall aim to deliver health and well-being network can build an effective exchange and benefits for citizens across Europe. learning process. Local authorities can significantly influence how people use green spaces, as well as how to improve 4 II. STATE OF THE ART Trends in urbanisation In the last 200 years, the world has been urbanizing population will take place in the urban areas of rapidly. While in 1800 only about 2% of the world’s Africa and Asia5. population lived in urban areas1, the proportion of During the 20th century Europe transformed itself global urban population grew to 55% by 20182. from a largely rural to a primarily urban continent. By 2030, it is expected that nearly 5 billion (61%) of By the beginning of the 1950s, Europe has already the world’s 8.1 billion people will live in cities3. become predominantly urban. Despite the slowing According to the United Nations, approximately speed of transformation, the share of the urban two thirds of the world’s population will be living in population continues to grow.6 In 2018, 74 % of the an urban area by 2050.4 Between now and 2050, total EU population-live in cities, towns and 90% of the expected increase in the world’s urban suburbs.7 Environmental effects of urbanisation Urbanisation, through the high concentration of states) artificial surfaces grow significantly faster consumers, residents, workers and businesses, than population due to a combined effects of land brings about a number of benefits, such as better take and population losses.9 Soil sealing (with access to education, the labour market, the health impermeable layers of buildings, asphalt roads, care system and cultural activities; higher parking lots, etc.) causes an irreversible loss of the productivity and efficiency; more convenient ecological functions of soil. As result of soil sealing lifestyles. At the same time urbanisation also leads water can neither infiltrate (reducing the water to negative externalities. retention capacity of the area) nor evaporate, increasing water runoff, and in some cases leading Urbanisation in Europe leads to land take and soil to catastrophic floods. Because of the lack of sealing at the expense of arable land, grasslands, evaporation in summer, cities are increasingly forests and other open areas. affected by heat waves.10 Additional negative Each year soils covering an area larger than the city effects of soil sealing include an increase in traffic of Berlin are lost in Europe as a result of urban and air emissions due to the spread buildings and development and infrastructure construction. This unsustainable living patterns; altered micro-climate