A Case Study of the Ethnic Chong Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut District, Chanthaburi Province
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SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE ETHNIC CHONG KLONGPLU, KHAO KHITCHAKUT DISTRICT, CHANTHABURI PROVINCE INTHIRA KRONGSIRI A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Public Administration School of Public Administration National Institute of Development Administration 2014 ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation Sustainable Management Model for Self-Reliant Community: A Case Study of the Ethnic Chong Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut District, Chanthaburi Province Author Miss Inthira Krongsiri Degree Doctor of Public Administration Year 2014 There are three objectives of this research “Sustainable Management Model for Self-Reliant Community: A Case Study of the Ethnic Chong Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut District, Chanthaburi Province.” These objectives are: 1) to study the situation in the community, way of life, and the adaptation of the ethnic Chong, Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut district, Chanthaburi, 2) to examine the community management and the state of problems following community-based approaches of the self-reliant ethnic Chong, Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut district, Chanthaburi, and 3) to offer recommendations for sustainable self-reliant community management of the ethnic Chong, Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut district, Chanthaburi. Qualitative research is employed aiming at investigating a sustainable self- reliant community management model. The unit of analysis is the ethnic Chong, Klongplu sub-district, Khao Khitchakut district, Chanthaburi province. Data is collected from documented sources, participation observation, non-participation observation, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Research findings indicate that the sustainable management for self-reliant community of the ethnic Chong, Klongplu, Khao Khitchakut district, Chanthaburi province on economic, social, and cultural issues comprise: 1) community leader, 2) collaboration in the community, 3) knowledge transfer, 4) restoration of the local language and culture, 5) preservation of identity, 6) promotion of community strength, iv 7) knowledge management and community learning, and 8) community fund. In addition, the researcher has synthesized various community’s problems and obstacles in order to adopt an approach to sustainability for the ethnic Chong. The first component, existence of the community, includes: 1) adaptation, 2) relationship, 3) raising awareness, and 4) community capital. The second component, supported organizations, includes: 1) community organizations, 2) government agencies, and 3) the private sector. Community development policies from both the public and private sectors have been integrated with the sufficiency economy philosophy as a guideline for the attainment of a sustainable self-reliant community, coupled with the creation of a pleasant society that is keen on changes from the modern world. The key recommendation proposed from this research is that the government should establish sustainable development policies for the community with the participation of the public and private sectors. Furthermore, both sectors and the community organizations should regularly organize together a knowledge transfer campaign about the Chong’s history, culture, traditions, and self-reliant way of life from the past. Emphasis should be put on the self-sufficiency lifestyle that contributes to sustainable and happy living in order to awake the inspiration of the younger generations regarding the value of the ethnic Chong. So, they follow suit by taking the self-sufficiency lifestyle and developing into a living model. This also triggers the consciousness that younger generations will feel affection for, and have pride in, being Chong and help pass on the Chong’s assets. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation cannot be completed without the kind support from Assistant Professor Dr. Pairote Pathranarakul, my advisor, and Dr. Pinnicha Uttamawatin, my co-advisor. I would like to express my deepest gratitude for their time and effort in reviewing and providing recommendations, as well as the moral support they provided throughout the course of my study. Professor Dr. Chattip Nartsupha’s consideration to chair the oral defense session is greatly appreciated. His most valuable suggestions helped me complete this research. My warmest regards to the faculty of the Doctor of Public Administration Program, National Institute of Development Administration, who all have provided invaluable knowledge and experience to my research. My sincere thanks to all staffs of the Doctor of Public Administration Program, who always rendered assistance during my study. I am so grateful to my parents and the Krongsiri family for their most precious support and encouragement right through the time. Finally, any appreciation from the use of this research, I would like to present it to my parents, faculty, staffs at the Graduate School of Public Administration (GSPA NIDA), and all the people who have significantly contributed to this dissertation. Inthira Krongsiri August 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Problem Statement 1 1.2 Research Objectives 6 1.3 Research Questions 7 1.4 Scope of the Study 7 1.5 Operational Definition 8 1.6 Benefits of the Study 9 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL 10 FRAMEWORK 2.1 Concepts of Ethnic and Cultural Identity 10 2.2 Concepts and Theories of Social and Cultural Change 14 2.3 Ideas on Community Education Administration 19 and Management 2.4 Sustainable Development Concepts 26 2.5 Concepts and Theories on Self-Reliance and Strong 28 Community 2.6 The National Economic and Social Development Plan 32 and the Government Policy 2.7 Self-Sufficiency Community through the Sufficiency 39 Economy Philosophy vii 2.8 Related Researches 40 2.9 Conceptual Framework 51 CHAPTER 3 CULTURAL BACKGROUND AND CUSTOMS OF 53 THE ETHNIC CHONG 3.1 Background of the Ethnic Chong 53 3.2 General Characteristics of the Ethnic Chong 59 3.3 Dress Style 60 3.4 Lifestyle and Living Conditions 62 3.5 Chong Language 67 3.6 Religion, Belief, Tradition, and Culture 69 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 93 4.1 Research Design 93 4.2 Research Methodology for the Case Study 94 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH FINDINGS 103 5.1 Findings on the Community Situation 103 5.2 Findings on the Self-Reliant Community Management 143 5.3 Findings on the State of Problems of Self-Reliant 148 Community Management 5.4 Sustainable Management Model for Self-Reliant Community 156 CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 169 6.1 Summary 169 6.2 Recommendations 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 APPENDICES 196 Appendix A Interview Questions 197 Appendix B List of Contributors 201 Appendix C Figures for research 204 BIOGRAPHY 218 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Cultural Assimilation Process 19 5.1 Number of People and Households Klongplu Sub-District, Khao 109 Khitchakut District, Chanthaburi Province 5.2 Primary School 120 5.3 Secondary School 121 5.4 Child Care Center 121 5.5 Local Government Officials 123 5.6 Klongplu Subdistrict Municipality Management 123 5.7 Council of Klongplu Subdistrict Municipality 124 5.8 Klongplu Sub-District Household Average Income 150 5.9 Klongplu Sub-District Household Average Expenses 150 5.10 2013 Report on Quality of Life in the Rural Areas (BMN’s Data) 153 Khao Khitchakut District 5.11 Community Fund in Klongplu Sub-District, Khao Khitchakut 161 District, Chanthaburi Province ix LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 2.1 Pattern 1, Substitution 23 2.2 Pattern 2, Addition 24 2.3 Pattern 3, Articulation/Hybridization 24 2.4 Life-Support System 50 2.5 Conceptual Framework of Sustainable Management for 52 Self-Reliant Community 3.1 Proof of Early Chong Residence in the Eastern Region 58 Exhibition at the King Taksin Shrine 3.2 Chong Body Characteristics 59 3.3 Chong Body Characteristics 60 3.4 Chong Dress Style 61 3.5 Chong Dress Style 61 3.6 Chong’s Home in the Past 62 3.7 Chong’s Main Course 66 3.8 Chong’s Main Course 66 3.9 Chong’s Rituals on Birth 71 3.10 Chong’s Rituals on Birth 72 3.11 A Play for Chong’s Rituals on Death 73 3.12 Chong’s Ceremony on Death 73 3.13 "Royal House" at a Chong’s Funeral 74 3.14 Tray of Gifts at a Chong’s Wedding Ceremony 78 3.15 Chong’s Rituals on Marriage 78 3.16 Chong’s Rituals on Marriage 79 3.17 Chong’s Rituals on Marriage 79 3.18 Chong’s Rituals on Marriage 80 3.19 Chong’s Rituals on Food Offerings to Family Spirits 82 x 3.20 Play on Rice Threshing (Spreading Straw Out on the 84 Threshing Floor) 3.21 Len Phee Hing Rite 86 3.22 Chong’s Pitch-and-Toss with Snuffbox Beans Game 88 3.23 Chong’s Pitch-and-Toss with Snuffbox Beans Game 89 3.24 Chong’s Pitch-and-Toss with Snuffbox Beans Game 89 5.1 Main Route to Chong Village 104 5.2 Arched Entrance to Chong Village, Klongplu Sub-District 104 5.3 Klongplu Subdistrict Municipality Office Khao Khitchakut District, 105 Chanthaburi Province 5.4 Topography of Klongplu Sub-District Khao Khitchakut District, 107 Chanthaburi Province 5.5 People Attending the Village Bodhi Tree Merit Making Ceremony 110 5.6 Chong’s House in the Past 111 5.7 "Donax Grandis Ridl Mat" Made from Chong’s Wisdom 112 5.8 Poor Ethnic Chong’s House in Present 113 5.9 Rich Ethnic Chong’s House in Present 113 5.10 Chong’s Rice Plowing in the Past 114 5.11 Chong’s Rice Pounding Technique 114 5.12 Important Tools of the Chong 115 5.13 Chong’s Tools Hung on the Wall 116 5.14 Arched Entrance to the Chong Songkran Festival 117 5.15 Performances during the