І Love м и, Lemkovina, МУ Beloved Mother!

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|0 зад. . YONKERS ,NEW YORK FRIDAY, BCIHAB ERAT] 1989 THE LEMKO SOCIETY IN

Below is an interview conducted with Yaroslav Goroshchak, secretary of the newly-established Lemko Society in Poland. News From Q. When was your Society founded and Karpathians what are its main objectives?

A. The Lemko Society has been operating for several months. Our organization was officially registered on April 7, 1989. At THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE GREAT present, we have six sections. All of them, REUNIFICATION except for one, functioning in the town of Krynica, have their offices in Poland’s western regions. Most of our society’s Fifty years ago the Western members live in the Legnice Province. reunited with the Ukrainian SSR Our top priority is to hamper the process as a member of the USSR. Thus, the age- of Polonization that is rapidly spreading old dream of the Western Ukrainian among the Lemkos living here. This working people to have the same destiny as negative phenomenon has cast deep roots their brothers in the East came true after already. Ninely percent of the Lemkos in decades of consistent and tireless the country are not involved in any campaigning for its realization. organized ethnic activity. Therefore, we azi Germany’s invasion came as a appeal to this greater part of Lemkos and sudden tragic interruption of the Western oF er them an alternative. In other words, Ukraine’s progress in new sociopolitical we want to impress upon them the and economic conditions. But, as soon as following: "You have something to lean on the Soviet Army liberated the occupied spiricasiis; and you must not rush to turn territories the people rose as one to build a yourselves into Poles. For this purpose you new and happier life. Eventually, they should return to your native Lemko roots-- overcame the economic and cultural language, history and culture." It is the backwardness of the region, created a only salvation from Polonization for these powerful industrial basis and advanced че Lemkos. їз agriculture. At the same time, in the о) In Poland, it is not realistic to demand kraine as well as in other republics of the Folk garments modeled at an that *he Lemkos suddenly begin using USSR, serious problems arose. 3 art show. lian as their form of communication. Now that the rejuvenating process of have to study it first. Here emerges perestroika is extending to the various Ukrainian sculptor Ivan Kavaleridze. itimate question: Where and how? social sphers; the working people of the Twenty-eight of his ii were on display Western Ukraine are taking active steps to among which were "Leo Tolstoy," "Yaroslav the Wise," as well as designs of the ! correct and overcome these problems. The (Continued on pg.2) latter, of course, by no means lessen the monuments to in Sumy, significance of reunification, because it was Kaniv, Romny, and Leningrad. The a political act completely in the interests of sculptors works are kept at his home. In his millions of workers--it did change their time he had a bitter experience of what lives for the better and should not be discrimination was all about. Some of the reversed. monuments he created found themselves DEAR EDITOR, It must be added, however, that only the destroyed on orders from servants of the Lemkos were left out of the process of stagnation period. Prince Rupert,.- Enclosed in this reunification. Although they rejoice for he exhibit in Kiev opened with over 600 letter please find a money order in the their brothers who are план living as a works by mainly young sculptors from amount of $50--for subscription renewal united family, their own fate is viewed with different regions of the Ukraine. with the remainder for the Press Fund of sadness and sorrow. It was not in their fate According to the established international Karpatska Rus. Please excuse my delay in to celebrate their own reunification. tradition, the height of every shaped piece sending this but I am an old man and the Someday, this also will come! of art did not exceed 80 centimeters. All of old always take longer than the young to do the exhibits were interesting and had a things. touch of creative and thematical freedom. PRECARPATHIAN NIGHTINGALES The technizue of the works revealed two I am enclosing a photograph of myself for artistic approaches: some of the sculptors you to have in your files Пеня, the For almost twenty years, the "Dudarik” were inclined to purely classical forms photograph was not in the envelope given Boys Choir of the Lvov Regional House of while the other to transformation of the to the editor. Ed.). I would like you to Teachers has been reviving the traditions know a bit about me. of Ukrainian folk choral art. Regular latest achievements in the realm of plastic I was born in Lemkovina on July 21, 1901 participants of many competitions and art combined with motifs of folk in Hanchova. I arrived in Canada on music holidays throughout the country, the creativeness. March 21, 1927. Unfortunately, Prince enthusiasts from Precarpathia have Participating in the exhibit were three Rupert has no Lemkos and I am all alone. organized an international festival of artists from Lvov--members of the The RAO here are from all over the children’s choirs which will be conducted Lemkivshchyna Society. The oldest of world and there is so much speculation on a regular basis in Lvov. The Ukraine’s them, Volodymyr Ropeisky, 35, displayed going on in our area that BEOD, © keep first children’s school of choral singing is two of his works: "By the Fence" and "A crossing the border as refugees to live here. being established in Lvov. Hostess." The sculptor specializes in I ask our Lemko-American and Canadian Melodia records has released an album Hutsul folk art. He graduated from the д to take an interest in our newspaper. of Dudarik’s songs. The last of the LPs was Kolomiya College of Handicraft in 1974. his is the only Lemko newspaper in the recorded together with People’s Artist of That same geal he entered the Lvov U.S. and Canada and from it our children Ukraine Nina Matviyenko. The choir from Institute of Decorative and Applied Art. can learn about their people and culture. Lvov and the famous singer from Kiev are Also studying with Ropetsky was If you, young iy subscribe to our the initiators of numerous charity concerts Volodymyr Sukhorsky. He participated in newspaper, oo shail learn about the whose aim is to raise funds for the the Kiev exhibit as well. The latter culture and history of your fathers and Ukrainian Culture Fund. presented his sculptures "Quietness" and grandfathers. The addition of new readers The Naked Woman" executed in wood will also give our Editor the desire to LEMKO SCULPTORS DISPLAY lime tree). It is worth mentioning that continue on in his most difficult job. WORKS AT ART SHOW ukhorsky comes from a third generation I send best regards to all our Lemkos. of artists who work with lime tree. His Best wishes and much good health to our Recently an exhibit of small sculptural grandfather Petro and father Andrey are Editor and his helpers. forms was held on the premises of the natives of the village of Vilka which is With sincere best wishes, Planetarium of Kiev. The exposition famous for rational folk carving. Antoni Kalakuka opened with works by the prominent (Continued on pg.2)

PAGE 2 KARPATSKA RYS ERIDAY a OCTOBER У

\ I Love You, Lemkovina, My Beloved Mother! IRPATSKA [Re

KARPATSKA RUS grains or Carpatho-Russian newspaper, shaped as small wheels, pepper She was a maiden yesterday, published weekly by the пей as mere dots. Such a skirt She sported a garland, Lemko Association of the consisted of five gathers, gathered up into Now she is a woman, snd Canada tiny pleats and sewn to the belt. With Wearing her hood. growing factory output in the early Subscription Rates: twentieth century, skirts like that were Jewelry. - Jewelry formed an inseparable One year ...... $20.00 manufactured in factories. In order to save component of the Lemko woman’s Six months .... $1007 ‚оп material, coarser linen was applied to traditional dress. They put on strings of Edited by: Editorial Board corals or colored strings of glass. Girls and ° UEPS № 291 460 young women also practiced wearing broad Postmaster: Send adress strips of colorfully embroidered cloth, change to: inned to the necklace. It was known as KARPATSKA RUS asabanka. : "7556 Yonkers Avenue Р.О.Вох 70 High collars of the kraika or kryza " Yonkers, N.Y. 10704 contributed remarkably to the treasure Telephone: (914) 965-6056 trove of folk ornamentation. These were made by both girls and married women. The colors of such a collar harmoniously ЕМКОН Se blended with those of the accompanying, (From pqg.1) embroidered, blouse and lent producing a dark or light red background to The sculptures "A Tory (80 per) and accommodate a variety of scattered "Autumn" belong to Volodymyr rhombuses, crosses or hexagons, made of Odrekhivsky. In 1983, the young man braided strings of white, blue, green, black completed the Institute of Art and took a and yellow beads. ostgraduate course at the Mukhina A Lemko man usually wore a shirt, pants, Ha icraft College in Leningrad. He is a a belt, a vest, postoly or choboty and a hat. member of the Artists’ nion of the Shirts. - Men’s shirts were made of hemp Ukraine. or flax. They were short, hardly reaching The three sculptors have more than once the belt. чн sources testify that participated in art exhibits. They have shirts worn in the late 19th century were displayed their creations at the chun buttoned at the back. In the villages of held in Kiev on the eve of the 175th birth Western Lemkovina, they were buttoned at anniversary of Taras Shevchenko. the shoulder. The collar was narrow, laced P.Trokhanovsky,Lemko poet, in with a red string or fastened with a special traditional, Lemko garments. shponka (button). At that period, men’s LEMKO GARMENTS shirts were not decorated, but prior to World War I, needlework started being All Lemko garments, particularly their make the front pleats, usually covered by applied. cut, decorative techniques are evidence of n summer, Lemko men wore linen pants the subtle aesthetic taste of their creators. the apron. Usually, all skirts sported by Lemko women on special occasions were held up by the ochkur коде) 2/50 known Lemko women usually dressed in a as nohavka or hacha. In winter, they put chemise, a skirt, an apron, a sleeveless vest trimmed at their lower section, boasting several rows of narrow, sewn-on color white cloth trousers on top of these pants, stripes, popularly known as farbytky. — called kholoshni of holoshni. Although held up by a narrow leather belt, another Apron. - Worn on top of the spidnytsia, broad one was worn on top, having four this garment'was traditionally known as the buckles called cheres or yuhas. zapaska. It-was usually cut and sewn using Like the women, the men put a vest on the same fabric as the spidnytsia, if not top of the shirt. It was known as a leibyk or finer in quality or whiter in color. Just like bruslyk and was ornamented by spidnytsia, every zapaska would be peated needlework and metal buttons. In Western ever so neatly and livened up by the Lemkovina, such vests were embroidered addition of color bands and lace. at the tails and the stiff collar. The Vests. - Otherwise known as the leibyk or and, in the winter, a sheepskin coat or corset, this garment was impressive with its patterns used were vegetative--flowers, jacket. On their heads they wore a hood or beauty and unique decoration. Yaroslav twigs, buds and leaves. The needlework a kerchief. Their footwear more often than Holovatsky, a well-known scholar, wrote at was marked by a rich and clear-cut not consisted of leather shoes (postoly) or the end of the 19th century that neither a coloration. boots (chobog¥ нн maiden nor a married woman would ever Chuha (chuhania) was a typical Lemko Sorochka (blouse)--In Lemkovina, it was dare put in an appearance at work, unless outer garment in the form of short cloak known as oplicha or chakhlyk. These she had a decorative vest. A leibyk was made of brown or black homespon cloth. blouses were made as elsewhere in the usually made of factory-produced black, At the back, every such chuha had a broad of homespun hemp (for daily blue or navy-blue oi trimmed by the and long pelerine called halereja ending in Ukraine, long toroka (fringes) known as svichky wear) and flax (worn on special occasions). chain or the trestle type needlework, done using red thread plus fine yellow metal (candles). A chuha was usually These were of a smooth, seamless cut -- in buttons. The colors of the needlework ornamented with several white stripes of other words, the sleeves were sewn to the broken lines. Since chuhas were worn over parallel-like, gathered up round blended harmoniously with those apparent shoulders on the sleeveless bodice. the shoulders, the sleeves were sewn up at the obshyvka (collar), and down at the Footwear. - Postoly, also known as the cuff. They served as extra large pockets cuffs. What was special about the Lemko or bags. t a Lemko wedding the sorochka was that it was cut to the waist. khodaky or kerptsi, is the term for shoes made of home-treated leather. To wear marshalok (emcee) always kept a bottle of Its lower part, missing as it was, was made vodka down one of his chuha sleeves. the podolok white skirt of rougher linen. them one had to lace each such shoe to by one’s leg, using the navoloky (laces). On Men’s footwear was similar to that of the If was tied about the waist by a length of women -- the postoly or the choboty. cord. Blouses worn by girls as well as by special occasion, rich Lemko women wore boots, painted yellow or black. In summer, Lemko men wore the kaop women were always livened up by (black hat), its brim bent upwards. Youn whimsical woven patterns or needlework. Headcloth. - A maiden’s headcloth consisted of a white homemade linen or men decorated their hats with black or re Most of the blouses Lemkos used feature feathers. In winter, men sported round at the sleeve and narrow hem- commercially made kerchief -- khustka. cross-stitch Married women kept their hair in a tightl sheepskin hats, the top covered with dark stitch at the cuff. The women ввела ост. ще ше bof Se ev used yellow, green and red threads against twisted, small bun, clasped by a fine hazel- a red background, working their nut ring, known as khinlia, khomevka or ornamental motifs into the shapes of khymka. Women wearing a khimlia would crosses, rhombuses, or still eight-leaf always cover them under the chepets (hood THE SL EMKO=SOCTETY. о. rosette-like patterns. or bonnet), the latter being made of florid (From pg.1) In winter, Lemko women put the manufactured fabric. On top of all that, "spidnytsia" (skirt) on top of their podolok they always igs an extra bis, and warm babushka. e first time a girl could wear counterparts. The latter were known as Under existing conditions, this cannot be fartoukh, litnyk or kabat and were made of a khimlia and a chepets was during her own wedding, in the course of the traditional accomplished easily. The Lemko dialect is homespun wool. In summer, similar mastered by people at home. The tradition garments were used, made of vybika prin pochepyny ritual of being dressed up and decorated to face her bridegroom. On such of speaking "in the old way" is still alive in cloth), dyed by craftsmen. These skirts the families. : were usually dark blue, even black, an occasion, the maids of honor while complete with tinyornamental patterns attending to the bride’s looks would sing: (Continued on pg.3)

PAGE 3 KARPATSKA RUS FRIDAY, Шев ее >a aan

IN MEMORY OF ANNA MILLIAN KOBAN In Memoriam BE ea ОВК

Born in Shenango, Pennsylvania, she moved to the Carpathian Mountains before returning to Passaic in 1918. She later moved to Florida and then back to Garfield five years ago. She was a seamstress for Clifton Clothing, Clifton, for 14 years, retiring 24 ears ago. She was a former parishioner of RUSSIAN MEATBALLS hree Saints Russian Orthodox Church, Garfield, and also a former member of its Mothers and 2 155. ground beef Womens Club. 3 © т Е Mrs. Koban spent many years working in the eggs, slightly beaten Lemko Association--participating in the Ле Зо production of the film Lemko Wedding as well as in all other 2 Tbsp. onion, minced organizational activities. 1 Tbsp. Worcestershire sauce She was a contributor to the Karpatska Rus both financially and with 2 tsp. salt her writings. epper to taste ‚ Her first husband, Nicholas Millan, died in 1958, and 5 ор. а her second husband, Yaroslav агре chopped green pepper It is with Cop sade: that we report the Koban died in 1977. ‚| Survivors include 5 Tbsp. flour РЕ death of Anna Millian Koban, a long-time a son, Stephan Millian 2 с. sour cream member and activist of the Lemko of Clifton, ЕВ, Магу Kosik, five Association. Mrs. Koban died on grandchildren and one great-grandchild. September 29 at the age of 86. Vechnaya Pamiat. Combine meat, bread crumbs, egg, milk, onion, garlic, Worcestershire sauce, salt and pepper. Shape into balls and brown in butter. Q. In connection with what you said, І Place in casserole. Brown green pepper in butter; add flour EEMKOES ОС ТЕ М ° would like to touch upon one issue which is and cook 1 minute. Stir until thick (From pg.2) still a source of nagging pain for all and smooth. Pour sour cream over meatballs. Bake at 300 Lemkos. I mean the expulsion of the degrees Lemkos from their native lands in 1947. Is for 30 minutes or longer if necessary. Serve with egg noodles or We do not attempt to withdraw the your Society doing something in regard to steamed rice. Lemkos from the all-Ukrainian cause--to restoration of the historic truth? Serves 8-10. split the people which due to various A. I am not inclined to answer this circumstances found themselves separated. uestion on behalf of all. However, most We go to epople who can still be likely we shall try to achieve justice. The Vatra. At present we are working on a returned to the ethnicity of being Lemko. cuased injustice continues to gnaw at Posh dams Pony according to an What remains to be done? Should we lose Lemko generations who were prot up agreement with the Polish Academy of them completely, if there is even a remote and achieved maturity outside of Sciences. The Lemko Society is also chance for them to remain Lemko? Lemkovina. After 1947, the Lemkos lost releasing the periodical "Besida" on a their unity and this is our major misfortune. ral) basis. We are looking to

ZARZAD GLOWNY It is difficult to say what type of _establish a permanent editorial board. We STOWARZYSZENIA — LEMKOW compensation the State would offer the are looking for sponsors who could help us ГОЛОВНИЙ — ЗАРЯД in our editorial work. СТОВАРИШЫНЯ ЛЕМКІВ Lemkos. Will it be in the form of partial What lies ahead is the preparation of the 9 (СИГНАЛЬНИЙ номЕР 7-89) return of Lemko lands or in granting the ша Lad Lemko Congress which we are planning to right to repatriation to several villages in "ЛЕМ ААЗИМКА, АЛЕ - СВОЯ | ТРЕБА САМЫМ БРАТИ the Nyzky Beskid Mountains. Concrete convene in late 1989-early 1990. We would steps are necessary in this direction. like this congress to be represented by the Lemkos must have a place in the ‘widest possible representation of the Carpathians which were inhabited by their Lemko community. After the Congress, the Lemko ЗО will officially offer forefathers for centuries. We hope that during the next democratic cooperation for all Carpatho-Russian- election to the Polish Parliament we will Lemko organizations all over the world.

(ВАН РУСЕНКО ensure the victory of our one candidate. We would like to have our Lemko Interview conducted by Karpatska Rus ЛЕМКЫ special correspondent Vladimir Gula МЫ БТЛНЫ, УЖ 3 ДІЛА - ПРАДІДА, representative to protect Lemko interests. TO ДУХОМ XOU БУДМЕ БОГАТЫ | І CTR HE JAIME SIONTATH, The members of the Society will take an А ВІРШ HB SIOMNT HAM BINA |

МЫ „ТЕМНЫ" - TAK [BAPAT .dRNEMKM", active part in the election campaign. ТО ТРЕБА ГУ СОНЦЮ RAM ITH, БО CHIE І ДЛЯ HAC ЗАСВГТИТ, Q. Mr. Goroshchak, will you please speak НЕ SIYDE ВСЕ 3КОЛО ПОТЕМКЫ | about the recent endeavors of your МЫ СЛАБЫ, AX TATA дО ПОТА, ТО ДРУЖНО СЯ БЕРМЕ ДО ДІ | organization? J I БУДЕ В НАС JOPAS MIU - СИ, ЛЕМ ТРЕБА СПОМОЧЫ IPT - ДРУГА | a oc 4 ціді окрісля? статут. Хто ся A. The Lemkivska Vatra festival was нас мало - TO 3 ДНУ ГРОМАДУ 93: 3CI XCIME I CMOTPME ДОКОД діяв, Xou знаме добрі, аз- conducted for the seventh time at the end БЫСТРЫМА ОЧАМИ — СОКОЛА, AHA ся до нашых справ, дазних ХТО 3 ЛАМИ BPA3 IIE - ХТО ЗЗАДУ 7! замірів, а тепер yx - Стэзари- (продовимня на стор.5) of July in the village of Bortne, Nowy Sacz MM MATKY - TAK TBAPAT - AK ГЛИНА,

TAPTYAME CA ЗШЫТКЫ HA ГРУД - В ПЛАМЕНИ НАУКЫ I TPYD. ВОЗ УЧАСТ Province, Members of our society took the I CTYIAT BHET HANA РОДИ ! В KOHKYPCI most active part in the organization of the (стР.в) largest holiday of Lemko culture. I will not "Besida" an organ of the new speak in detail of the three-day long Lemko Society in Poland. program of the Vatra but will say that during the program the following was conducted: a contest for the best It is possible to go to the last Зо knowledge of Lemko language, history, and find among them sympathizers of all- culture and geography of Lemkovina, oral renditions, children’s song and verse Ukrainian orientation. They will certainly recital, song contests for adults, election of agree that they constitute an inseparable Miss Lemkovina "89 and various sporting part of Eastern Slavs from whose midst events. Performing during this unique stems Lemko culture and religious festival were folk and variety collectives tradition. and solo performers. Apart from this, Nationally conscious Ukrainians should Church services were held and there were support us since we exist and work for the other undertakings offered by the Vatra common good and common purpose. organizers. This festival plays an extremely Assimilation threatens us in equal measure. important educational role. People arrive Those trying to harm us would harm for this popular festival from all corners of themselves as well. I aspire that a Poland as well as from abroad. Here they sympathetic attitude towards the Lemko enjoy an opportunity to converse with their ociety would be established on the part of compatriots, exchange views and establish our Ukrainian brothers. І can discern contacts. In a word, here they can feel За з ая ща any Ee pus changes along these lines already. themselves Lemko to the full measure. dido and his grandson eople analyze the complexity of our The recently created Lemko amateur taking a break from gathering common situation--they try to understand theater presented the drama THE CUT hay ,a common activity in the Lemkos and their specitic problems. ROOTS by Andrei Kopcha during the Carpathians.

KARPATSKA RUS FRIDAY. ОСТОВЕВ #1.3..1980 it — Ostromir, a Novgorod city ruler, LEMKO WEDDING VIDEO A SHORT is the oldest dated book. At the same time, Chere appeared books A two-hour -long video cassette HISTORY for sccular reading with instructive texts, the so-called “Collections” of of the film LEMKO WEDDING theological and philosophic writing by is. now available for sale to OF THE UKRAINE Greek authors. One written relic of the our- readers. This is the ori 12th century that is worth mentioning ginal film that was made over is “Mzstislav's Gospel”. All the works ACADEMY OF SCIENCES twenty years ago and is worth of that kind are of interest as records while for all of us to have of ancient Russian times. OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR in our homes. There was a special workshop at The cost of the film is INSTITUTE OF HISTORY St. Sophia's Cathedral of Kiev in the $45.00. K11 those wishing.to times of Yaroslav the Wise where hooks were rewritten and translations order a copy of the film, please from Greek originals made. Chernigov, mail your check to KARPATSKA RUS Ancient Russian Culture Suzdal. Pereyaslav, Galich and other at 556 Yonkers Ave., Yonkers,NY. cities became. apart from Kiev and BPE SE SR i, I see ay The intellectual heritage of the Novgorod, the book-rewriting centres Please renew my subscription to Камега Slavs, built up for centuries, during the period of feudal fragmen- Karpatska Rus. Enclosed please tation of Rus’. Books were copied on provided the vital roots for distinctive find $20.00. ancient Russian culture. It was favou- orders from princes, boyars, and the rably influenced. besides. by the Rus- clergy, but distributed among other sian people's links with the Northern sections of the community as well. Name

The copying and translation of and "Western ® Slavs as well ass will Address the peoples of the Balkans. Byzan- hooks at St. Sophia's made it possible tium. Cenlral and Western Iurope, for that cathedral to amass a consi- the Caucasus and Central Asia. derable number of valuable works of City,State The culture of Rus’. shaping up world literature, both clerical and se- Zip Code as it did in an involved historical en- cular, which was a matter of great vironment. attained what was a high cultural and educational importance. level by the standards of the day and It was, furthermore, a repository of rose to prominence in medieval Каго- all kinds of official documents, like PRESS SFUND ООМАТІОМ...... » : : we. й oye mop стос дук володи AE omy pd ICO щей, Б107 0 LY HAAS 15 ОЕ MG кеаам < 2 MoAb O5 TE MOT BMH | LEMKO ASSOCIATION BRANCH pay oy кота CALENDAR OF EVENTS mas я Sunday PASSAIC LODGE FALL OCTOBER 15 BANQUET Times 1 P.M, PTace: Masonic Hall Corner Ann St and Lanza Ave..Garfield, NJ SUNDAY Brooklyn Br. 1-6 QE TORER" 29% “KERMESH Lemko Resort ,Monroe, МТ: Р.М.

of antique authors, like Aristotle. Pla- to, Socrates, Democrites, Epicurus, Book copying at the library of St. Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev. A miniature from Radzi- Plutarch, Sophocles, and Herodotus. will's Chronicle. Natural sciences were learned mostly pe. producing a favourable influence treaties or princes’ title-deeds. That from the treatises by Kosma Indikop- on the cultural development of many was the first public library in Rus’, lov, Johann Damaskin, “Physiologus” neighbouring nations. with a record office attached to it. (‘The Naturalist’) by an unknown The origin of writing of the Fas- Public libraries appeared shortly after- author, “Six Days” by Exarch Johann tern Slavs was connected with their wards in Chernigov, Pereyaslav, of Bulgaria. Those books were distin- social, economic and cultural develop- guished by theological and scholastic Novgorod. Galich, Turov and else- explanations of the various phenome- ment. It has been found from a refer- where. ence, dating from 864-867. to a na of Nature and the world, typical The rapid development of the writ- of the Middle Ages. march of Prince Askold of Kiev on ten‘ language was connected not only Apart from that, knowledge gained Схагегай. and to a treaty with the with its growing general applied va- in the process of work reached Rus’. Greeks and partial Christianisation of lue but also with the rising cultural Rus’. that even at that time the ancient and mental needs of the people. In particular, smithery and metallur- Russian State had a written language ‘Some birch-bark title-deeds — do- gy, inlay, enamel- and niello-making of its own. One can get more evidence cuments of citizens about the purchase called for a certain amount of know- to this effect from archacological fin- of land, IOUs for money-lenders, ledge of the chemical and physical pro- dings and the texts of the treaties school exercises for children, etc. have perties of metals and other materials; with Greeks concluded in the Greek been found in Novgorod and other building was impossible without some and ancient Russian tongues in 911 towns. Those valuable relics of the knowledge of geometry and mathema- and 944. written language indicate that a tics; and trade without arithmetics. To Along with religious hooks which large proportion of the people of an- cure diseases, one had to know someth- came from Bulgaria to Rus™ upon the cient Rus’ could read and write. ing about medicinal herbs., introduction of Christianity. there The Annals refer to the introduc- A galaxy of highly educated peop- came an updated Slavonic written lan- tion of schooling for children from le emerged in Rus’ within a compara- guage — the Cyrillic alphabet (it was well-off families in Rus’ about 988. tively short space of time, such as a named after Cyril, a Bulgarian enligh- Yaroslav the Wise was one of those political writer Ilarion. chroniclers tener of the 9th century. опе of its who promoted learning. Primary Nikon Veliky, Nestor, Silvestr. Pyotr creators, another one was his brother schools were set up by big monaste- Borislavich, a poet — the unknown ries. Duchess Anna founded a girls’ author of “The Lay of Igor’s Cam- Methodius). There were some texts school of reading, singing and needle- paign”; and writers like Kirill Tu- written in the Cyrillic alphabet, such as “Ostromir’s Gospel”, *‘Collections”. work at St. Andrew’s Monastery in tovsky, Kliment Smolyatich. Daniil Kiev late in the 11th century. There Zatochnic, to mention just a few. chronicles and other works as well as texts on stack-stands, casting was a school at St. Sophia's as well. Long before the appearance of wri- moulds, piates and dishes, etc. Chronicles distinguish between ting, the Eastern Slavs had developed Inscriptions on the walls of ancient common learning and “book learning”, an oral folk art: ritual songs, legends, architectural monuments, known as i. e. a special course of medieval epic and lyrical songs, riddles and graffiti. are also of great importance. sciences — theology, ~~ philosophy, proverbs. Numerous tales were produ- Gralliti have been discovered, notably. grammar, history, and rhetoric. Pupils ced about important events in the life on the walls of St. Sophia’s Cathedral obtained their knowledge both direct of the people and their heroic strug- in Kiev as well as on those of the from teachers and by an independent gles against the enemies of the Rus- cathedrals of Novgorod. Smolensk. and study of literature, notably, the sian land. Favourite heroes of the ta- Chernigov. “Chronicle” by Georgy Amartol, les were such patriotic warriors as “Qstromir's Gospel” (1056-1057), “A History of the Judaic War” by Ilya Muromets, Dobrynia Nikitich and named after the customer who ordered Joseph Flavius, “Christian Topogra- Alesha Popovich, a peasant plough- phy” by Kosma Indikoplov. the works man Mikula Selyaninovich. і