THE PROBLEM OF THE CAPHTORIM JAMES E. JENNINGS Instructor in Near Eastern Civilizations University of Akron Illustrations by Virginia Benson The problem of the ethnic derivation of peoples in the ancient Near East, not to mention the investigation of their inter-relationships, forms an extremel y complex study. The famous "Table of Nations" in Genesis chapter 10 has been called by W. F. Albright "an astonishingly accurate document." It sup­ plies us with the first Biblical reference to a people of extraordinary interest, not only to the Hebrews, but to the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Canaanites as well. The problem raised by the question of the origin of this race has produced an avalanche of scholarly literature, none of which has advanced much beyond the classic, almost ironic, terseness of Deuteronomy 2:23: "The Caphtorim ••• came forth out of Caphtor." Where was Caphtor? Who were the Caphtorim? These are the fascinating questions which we shall proceed to investigate. WHO WERE THE CAPHTORIM? The question, "Who were the Caphtorim" is not quite as simple as one may gather by consulting the average atlas or ancient history text. The Bible nowhere specifically gives a location for the land of Caphtor, although it seems to be an island or coastland from the ref­ erence in Jeremiah 47:4. Likewise, the Philistines are said to have come from Caphtor, but beyond this the Bible gives very little informa­ tion. Other languages in the Near East have provided words which are linguistically parallel to the Hebrew term Caphtor, as the Egyptian Keftiu, and the Akkadian !Saptara. These diverse literatures provide supplement ary clues which are of great value in analyZing the problem. 23 24 GRACE JOURNAL The search for a homeland for these mysterious people has been expanded in to the far corners of the ancient world, though it must be admitteq, without conclusive results. The nature of the inquiry and its significance has been succinctly stated by H. R. Hall: One of the most important inquiries in the an c i e nt history of the Near East relates to the explanation, in the light of modern archaeological research, of the Egyptian records of connections. • • with certain sea­ faring tribes of the Mediterranean coasts, apparently Cyprus, the southern coast of ASia Minor, Crete, and the Aegean. 1 A great variety of views has emerged from the study of the sources. The translators of the LXX rendered "Caphtor" as "Cappa­ docia, ,,2 while the Ptolemaic geographers noted Phoenicia 3 as the lo­ cale of the dimly remembered Keftiu-land. This ancient confusion has persisted down to modern times. Young's Analytical Concordance seeks to place Caphtor in Egypt, claiming that the name is preser'led in that of the old Egyptian city Coptus. 4 The discovery of Egyptian tomb-paint.'­ ings ind icating Keftiu as a foreign land has effectively dealt a death­ blow to this theory, but the problem of the alleged Hamitic origin of the. Ca,?;htorim (Gen. 10:14), and eventually of the Philistine, still re­ mams. Only two theories have been seriously considered within the last hundred years due to the addition of archaeological science to the arsenal of critical scholarship.6 Perhaps the majority of Biblical and classical scholars today favor Crete as tre site of Caphtor Keftiu, following Sir Arthur Evans' identification, made in 1900. This idea has been strength­ ened by subsequent spectacular discoveries on the island, especially at Knossos. It must be admitted, however, that the discoveries from Crete fall short of proof for the identification. On the other hand, they do provide material that links Crete in some way with important Egyptian evidence for the location of Keftiu. The alternative view, which has drawn much recent attention, has as its foremost proponent G. A. Wainright. He cites an impressive list of scholars who have supported the idea of an Asiatic Keftiu, which he places in Cilicia Tracheia. Between 1892 and 1898, such notables as Steindorff, Mueller, and Von Bissing all contended that Keftiu was to be found in North Syria, Cyprus, or Cilicia. 7 As long ago as 1857, however, Birch identified Keitiu with Bibli­ cal Caphtor, which he thought to be either Crete, or preferably, Cyprus. Brugsch supported Crete in the same year. 8 And so the debate continues, THE PROBLEM OF THE CAPHTORIM 25 while the unhappy Caphtorim, like wandering ghosts, cannot he laid to rest hecause an abode has never been found for them. SOURCES FOR THE INVESTIGATION Numerous ancient sources supply information that may, if prop­ erly interpreted, enable us to trace the travels and discover the origins of the Caphtorim. One major problem, however, is the confusion which seems to he attached to the term Keftiu from its very inception around 2000 B. C. The Egyptian scribes, especially, reflect considerable un­ certainty in referring to Keftiu. Nevertheless, a general picture emerges from the ancient references, the outlines of which can be traced into a fairly consistent picture. Literary Evidence Hebrew Literature--The Biblical evidence has been alluded to above. Its main contribution is to associate the Philistines with Caphtor. The Philistines, in turn, have been connected with the Purasati, or sea­ peoples whom Ramesses 1lI subdued (ca. 1200 B. C. ). The "r" in the name is the Egyptian equivalent of the Semitic "1". Therefore Pursati, Pilishti, and Philistines are believed to be equivalent. 9 But the deeper and more important question relates to the origin of the Philistines. These sea-peoples are thought to have derived from the Aegean area, but again certain strands of evidence point in the direction of Asia Minor. In essence, the problem boils down to this: If we knew where the Phi­ listines originated, we should be able to find Caphtor. Conversely, if we could only locate Caphtor, we should be able to find where the Phi­ listines originated. In consequence, we are arguing in a circle from the Biblical evidence alone. It can be claimed equally well that the sea peoples came either from Crete or the coastlands of southern Asia Minor, if one bases his theory on the route of conquest followed by the invaders. They advanced southward down the Mediterranean coast of the Levant, ending in Egypt. The characteristic feather headdresses of the Philistines shown on the reliefs from Medinet Habu correspond to those included as signs on the Phaistos disk. The source of this style, however, is probably Anatolia, so definite proof is still lacking as to the actual homeland of the Philis­ tines. The weight of scholarly opinion still favors Crete. This uncer­ tainty also renders the evidence regarding the Philistines and their or­ igin somewhat inconclusive as well. There are other references which are often adduced as further evidence that Caphtor should be equated with Crete. David's bodyguard was formed of certain mercenary contingents called Cherethites and 26 GRACE JOURNAL Pelethites, commanded by Benaiah the son of Jehoiada (2 Sam. 8:18). The names may simply mean "executioners" and "swift ones" (both appropriate for their tasks), or as has been more probably supposed, they may be toponyms referring to the tribe of Cherethites (I Sam. 30:14) and inhabitants of the village of Beth-Pelet (Josh. 15:27). In any case, these were both located in Philistine territory. The LXX trans­ lates the name Cherethites as "Cretans" in both Ezekiel 25:16 and Zeph­ aniah 2:5. The translators may have been guided only by the sound, but the deity Zeus Cretagenes in Gaza suggests a connection with the Island of Crete. lO Thus the tenuous, although perhaps correct, equa­ tion of Caphtor with Crete via the connection of Caphtorim --Philistines -­ Cherethites --Cretans. Egyptian Literature- -The Egyptian literary evidence apart from the funerary paintings is quite extensive. Keftiu is spelled various ways in the hieroglyphs, but the general rendering apart from minor variations is kftyw followed by the determinative for foreign lands. 11 Two signi­ ficant variants, k3ftyw and kftw, appear in Dynasty 19 and may indicate the vocalization. It certainly approximates that of Caphtor. The first mention of Keftiu occurs in the famous lamentation of lpu-wer at the end of the Old Kingdom. No one really sails north to Byblos today. What shall we do for cedar for our mummies? Priests were bur­ ied with their produce, and (nobles) were emhalmed with the oil thereof as far away as Keftiu, (but) they come no (longer). 12 This earliest reference to Keftiu seems to demand a place as far away as the ends of the earth, that is, to the limits of Egyptian know­ ledge. Crete fits this requirement better than any other place, and merits consideration in this regard above Cilicia, which can hardly have been construed as much farther than Byblos in the minds of the Egyptians. The eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties furnish most of the liter­ ary texts mentioning Keftiu as a place-name. It is listed in company with other countries under Amenhotep II, Amenhotep III, Thutmose III, and Ramesses II.13 The countries are all equated with the region of Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria, Cyprus, and Cilicia, according to Wainright's thesis. The places themselves--Nahrin, Retenu, Qedesh, Tunip, Ikariti, Tikhsi, Sangar and Mennus --are all undeniably Asiatic, but it should he pointed out that the tomb paintings often relate Keftiu to the "Isles in the midst of the Great Green (sea)." Likewise, Thut­ mose Ill's Hymn of Victory14 mentions Keftiu and Asy (Cyprus) in the same line, which would pe consistent either with a Cretan or Cilician THE PROBLEM OF THE CAPHTORIM 27 Keftiu, and would rule out neither interpretation. The Annals of Thutmose III provide some valuable insights into the kinds of commerce which obtained between Egypt and Keftiu: Behold all the harbors of his Majesty were supplied with every good thing of that which (his) Majesty re­ ceived (in) D- 'hy, consisting of Keftyew ships, BybloB ships, and Sk-tw ships of cedar laden with poles, and masts, together with great trees for the ( ) of his Majesty.