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Variability in Age and Growth of Common Rock Oyster Saccostrea

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Variability in Age and Growth of Common Rock Oyster Saccostrea Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2017, 97(4), 735–742. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2014 doi:10.1017/S0025315414001982 Variability in age and growth of common rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata (Bivalvia) in Ascension Island (central-east Atlantic) alexander arkhipkin1, elena boucher1, michae¤l gras1 and paul brickle2 1Fisheries Department, Bypass Road, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands, 2South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (SAERI), Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands Common rock oysters Saccostrea cucullata (Bivalvia) were sampled from intertidal volcanic rocks at five sites around Ascension Island (central-east Atlantic) in austral winter 2012–2014. Their left valves were sectioned to reveal annual growth increments. Their periodicity was validated by the presence of specific growth marks in the increment sequence visible in consecutive years of sampling. No significant differences in shell height-weight relationships were revealed between sites. Marginal analysis of the increment width showed that S. cucullata accelerated their growth in cooler winter months and decelerated the growth in warmer summer months. Rock oysters in Ascension Island lived up to 14–16 years with maximum age of 26 years. Young oysters (1–5 years old) had the same growth rates both in shell height and weight in all sites. However, their starting point (size and weight of 1-year-old animals) was different in various sites, with largest animals occurring in the most protected site Northeast Bay with sheltered inlets and smallest animals inhabiting exposed to surf site of Letterbox. Growth in shell height was best described by von Bertalanffy growth function with the largest L1 in animals inhabiting the windward side and smallest animals occurring in the leeward side of the Island. In summary, S. cucullata around Ascension Island lived longer but had slower growth than those from tropical regions of Southwest Asia probably due to comparatively low productivity observed in the central part of the equatorial tropical Atlantic. Keywords: Saccostrea cucullata, rock oyster, growth, Ascension Island Submitted 14 September 2014; accepted 25 November 2014; first published online 29 December 2014 INTRODUCTION that affects mainly the south-eastern and eastern coasts with a relatively quiet western leeway part of Ascension Island. Ascension Island is located in the open waters of the Atlantic The rugged coastline of Ascension Island interchanges Ocean approximately midway between South America and yellow sandy beaches and volcanic black rock outcrops. In Africa. This small tropical island (about 90 km2)isan some places, the ridges of black rocks create deep inlets pro- exposed part of a solitary volcanic sea mount situated tected from ocean swells. The intertidal parts of these ridges just to the west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, approximately 88 are inhabited by naturally grown common rock oyster ( 900 km) south of the equator (Irving, 2013). The closest Saccostrea cucullata Born, 1778. This relatively small tropical oceanic island is St. Helena, situated about 1130 km to the oyster (shell height usually does not exceed 10 cm) is widely south-east. Ascension Island has a typical arid oceanic distributed in the tropical Indo-West Pacific, occurring also climate with slight seasonal variability in mean air tempera- in the southern tropical Atlantic along the western African tures from 248C in austral winter to 278C in austral coast (Yonge, 1960). In many parts of its area, these oysters summer. Precipitation varies seasonally from 18–33 mm of are harvested by artisanal fisheries (Davenport & Wong, rainfall per month in March–May to just 4 mm per month 1992). In northern Australia, Thailand, China and India in November–January. The island is surrounded by the S. cucullata are cultivated in aquaculture, being quite Tropical Surface Waters with high temperatures (24–288C) popular in local markets because of their strong iodine taste and salinities (35.5–36) carried by the equatorial branch of (Jarayabhand & Thavornyutikarn, 1995; Nell, 2001). the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (Stramma & Growth rates of oysters are highly variable and strongly England, 1999; Stramma & Schott, 1999). Surface water tem- depend on environmental parameters such as temperatures, peratures nearshore are subject to seasonal variation ranging food availability, and amount of epibiontic growth as well as from 248C in austral winter to 288C in austral summer intrinsic biotic factors such as genetic variation (Singh & (Brewin & Laptikhovsky, 2013). Predominant south-westerly Zouros, 1978; Chiu, 1997). In the Hong Kong area, the trade winds create a strong swell (Gordon & Bosley, 1991) fastest growth in S. cucullata was observed during first year of ontogeny with gradually decreasing growth rates with age. The growth was seasonal with maximum growth in Corresponding author: summer and its practical cessation in winter when tempera- A. Arkhipkin tures fell below 208C (Morton, 1990; Chiu, 1997). Saccostrea Email: aarkhipkin@fisheries.gov.fk cucullata have a short life cycle especially in the peripheries 735 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.42, on 27 Sep 2021 at 03:47:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315414001982 736 alexander arkhipkin et al. of their ranges, with the majority of animals living just over bivalves were broken from the rocks using a chisel and two years (Morton, 1990; Chiu, 1997). However, there are hammer paying attention that the left (flat) valve with umbo reports that S. cucullata may live up to 26 years (South attachment area was not damaged. Oysters were brought to Africa, Dye, 1990). It has been suggested that such a short the lab and put into boiling water for a few minutes to open life cycle in S. cucullata is usually a result of harsh environ- the valves. The valves were separated by cutting the adductor mental conditions with exposure to high temperatures and muscle and detaching the umbo area. For each left valve, the pollution in nearshore areas (Krishnakumari et al., 1990; maximum shell height from the hinge to the growth edge Davenport & Wong, 1992; Mtanga & Machiwa, 2007). was measured to the nearest 1 mm. The surface of the shell The main aim of the present study is to investigate age and valves was usually clean, but whenever the epifauna was growth patterns of common rock oysters from various inter- found it was gently removed (Figure 2A). The inner surface tidal sites around Ascension Island and to identify possible of the left valve with intact umbo area was cleaned from the ecological cues that determine variability in growth rates adductor, dried and then weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. and lifespan of these bivalves in one of the remote and pristine Additional control random samples of 30 oysters were col- oceanic locations. lected from Northeast Bay in June 2013 and June 2014 for age validation analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ageing Sampling The shells were kept dry until further analysis in the labora- tory of the Fisheries Department in the Falkland Islands. All Random samples of approximately 100 rock oysters each were intact left valves sampled were cut with Buehler 1000 Isomet collected from intertidal rocks at five sites located around the precision saw. Each valve was cut longitudinally from the Ascension Island in August 2012. The following areas were hinge to the growing edge across the adductor muscle scar sampled (Figure 1A). On the lee side of the island the (AMS, Figure 2B). The halved valve was then ground using oysters were taken from the fishing pier in Georgetown 600-grit waterproof sandpaper and polished using 1200-grit (exposed without sheltered inlets, Figure 1C) and PanAm sandpaper with running water on Buehler Metaserve 2000 Bay (semi-exposed without shelter) and on the windward grinder/polisher. To investigate the microstructure of side of the island from Shelly Beach (semi-exposed, growth lines, some valves were sectioned (0.5–1 mm thick), Figure 1D), Letterbox (very exposed) and Northeast Bay put on glass slides, embedded into clear casting resin and (with deep rocky sheltered inlets, Figure 1B). The right valve covered with a cover slip. of oysters was cemented to porous volcanic rock (Harper, Growth increments were examined and counted on the 1997) making it impossible to detach intact. Therefore, the sectioned surface of halved valves. The valves were mounted Fig. 1. (A) Locations of sampling sites of S. cucullata around Ascension Island. Arrow SEC shows the direction of South Equatorial Current; (B) Deep inlets with oysters sheltered from surf and breaking waves in Northeast Bay; (C) Exposed rocks with oysters in Georgetown site; (D) Semi-sheltered colony of oysters in Shelly Beach. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.42, on 27 Sep 2021 at 03:47:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315414001982 common rock oyster saccostrea cucullata in ascension island 737 Fig. 2. General view of the left valve of S. cucullata. (A) Outer side without epibiontic growth, SH (shell height); (B) Inner side showing umbo area and position of adductor muscle scar (AMS). S, line of the longitudinal section through the valve. in small trays filled with lentils, to hold the valve in place, in increments (Harding & Mann, 2006). After ascertaining that such a way that the sectioned surface was horizontal. The the number of growth increments in both parts of the trays were then put onto the base of the Olympus SZX-12 section was the same, either part of the section was used for zoom microscope. The sectioned surfaces were observed growth increment counts in case one of the parts had been under reflected light using a powerful fibre optic light source damaged during sampling (e.g.
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