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Saccostrea Cucullata (Von Born) Larval Development of the Rock Oyster Saccostrea cucullata (von Born) P. SUKUMAR' were acclimatised in sea water of salinity 30%. for two M. MOHAN JOSEPH days. Equal quantities of sperm and egg suspensions in College of Fisheries, sterile seawater prepared by stripping were mixed. The University of Agircultural Sciences, fertilised eggs were washed free of attached sperms and Mangalore - 575 002, distributed in three sterile glass trays containing sterile Karnataka. seawater for further development. The D-veligers were transfered to and reared in round bottom glass vessels (20 I capacity) with mild aeration. Dead larvae settled at the ·Present address: centre of the culture vessels were siphoned off and Fisheries College, removed daily. Filtered and autoclaved seawater was used Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamil Nadu. for embryonic and early larval development upto first week beyond which filtered , boiled and cooled sea water was used. Salinity was maintained at about 30%0 and seawater SUKUMAR, P.. and JOSEPH, M.M., 1988. Larval development of the rock changed once in 24 hours during the first week and once in oyster Saccostrea cucuJ/ata (von Born). In: M. Mohan Joseph (Ed.) 48 hours subsequently. Trimethoprim (2 mgll ) and The First Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings. Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore. pp. 255 _ 258. sulphamethoxazole ( 10 mgll ) were added during every change of water. A mixed diet of fsochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis gracilis was fed (at 37.5 to 50 mill of culture Abstract water) at a ratio (by voL) of 2:1 during first four days and The development of artificially fertilised eggs of the rock oyster, 1:1 thereafter. Saccostrea cucullata (von Born) was studied in the laboratory. The morphological and behavioural characteristics of the developing larvae Results and Discussion were observed. A mixed diet of single celled algae consisting of Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis gracilis was fed to the larvae. The larval Details of the early development are presented in Figs developmental stages observed include trochophore, D-veliger, late veliger, umbone stage, pediveJiger and plantigrade. The time taken for the 1-3. The embryonic development of the fertilised eggs was development of D-veliger, umbone stage, pediveliger and plantigrade observed soon after the extrusion of polar bodies. Rotating stages were 22 hours, 12 days, 18 days and 20 days after fertilisation blastula (48 to 55 ~m) stage was reached in about 3 h, 40 respectively and their corresponding average length x breadth were 67 x min. Late trochophore (50 to 55 ~m ) appeared by 15 h. The 54 J.Lm, 109 x lOS J.Lm, 143 x 160 jl''1 and 166 x 174 ~m. The length­ morphometry of developing larvae is given in Table 1. The breadth relationship of veliger larvae was lin'!ar. straight hinge veliger (D-veliger) 67 ~m x 54 ~m) with transparent valves hinged dorsally was obtained at about Introduction 22 hours. The notched veligers appeared on the second day. Conspicuous changes in shape and structure were Reliable techniques for laboratory rearing of bivalve noticed during the late veliger stages from day 3 to day 11. larvae described by Loosanoff and Davis (1963) paved way The shell shape changed from 'D' to globular and the size for development of hatchery techniques for bivalve larvae of the velum increased as the growth proceeded. The 12 in both temporal and tropical regions. Successful spat day old late veligers with slightly elevated umbo reached production of the Indian backwater oyster, Crassostrea the umbone stage (109 fLm x 108 ~m). Larvae with well madrasensis (Nayar et ai, 1982) and the pearl oyster, developed umbo were obtained on days 15 and 16. The Pinctada fucata (A1agarswami et ai, 1983) are important larvae developed to the Pediveliger stage through an eyed works from Indian waters. The present study was under· stage. Pediveligers (143 ~m x 160 ~m ) obtained on day 18 taken with a view to following the larval development of crawled around on foot. The digestive diverticulum, the rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata (von Born) upto stomach and intestine were clearly visible. Plantigrade settlement stage in the laboratory. larvae of 20 days old ceased crawling, had velar retractor muscles degen~rated and had calcium crystals over the Material and Methods shell and measured upto a maximum size of 220 ~m x 230 Mature oysters collected from the rocky shore at ~m. (average 160 ~m x 17 4 ~m ). There was no settlement of Someshwar near Mangalore Clat. 74' 51 'E; long 12' 47'N) larvae on the cultch materials provided. The relationship 255 256 between the ,ength and breadth of veliger larvae was linear Acknowledgements (Fig. 4). The authors arE: grat'!fui to Prof. H.P.C. Shetty, DIrector of Instruction (Fisheries) for encouragement. The Ju nior Research fellowship awarded to Larval development of ovi parous pelecypods follows the the first author by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research , New Delhi same pattern with trochophore as the first larval stage during the tenure of which the study was carried out is gratefully which develops into ve liger which metamorphoses to acknowledged. acquire adult structure (Raven , 1964; Sastry, 1979). References D-veligers have been reported in 48 hours after fe rtilisation Alagarswami. K .. Dharmaraj, 5 .. Velayudhan, T S., Chellam, A.. Victor, A.C.C. in S. cucullata (Awati and Rai, 193 1) and 20 hours in C. and Gandhi, AD., 1983. Larval rearing and production 01 spat of madrasensis (Nayar et ai, 1982) while in the present study pear! oyster Pinetada lueata (Gould). Aquaculture, 34(3,4) it took 22 hours. The umbone stage was reached in 12 days, 287-301. Ansell. A.D., 1962. The functional morphology 01 the larva and the eyed stage in 17 days, pediveliger in 18 days and post-larval development of Venus striatuJa (Da Costa). J. mar. bioI. plantigrade in 20 days. In C. madrasensis (Nayar et ai, 1982 ) Ass . U.K., 42, 419·443. the corresponding periods were 7, 17, 18 and 19 days. The Awati, r. and Rai , H5., 1931. Oslrea cucuJJata(The Bombay oyster) Indian. pediveligers of S. cuculla ta prior to the completion of Zool. Memoir., 3: 107 pp. pelagic life was about 153 x 168 flm whereas the Bayne, B.L. 1969. The gregarious behaviour of the larvae of Ostrea eduJis L. at settlement. J. mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 49: 327-356. pediveligers of C. madrasensis mEoasured 350 x 310 flm Bayne, B.L., 1976. Marine Mussels : 111eir Ecology and Physiology (Nayar et ai, 1982). Variations in the size and in time Cambridge University Press, London. course in larval development in different species of Carriker, MR and Palmer, RE., 1979. Ultrastructural morphologenesis of oysters have been observed by several workers (Loosanoff prodissoconch and early dissoconch valves of the oyster and Davis. 1963; Chanley and Dinamani, 1978; Walne, 1979; Cra.sssostrea virginica. Proc. Nat!. Shelifish Assoc., 69: 103-128. Chanley, P.E ., 1955. Possible causes of growth variations in clam larvae. Alagarswami et ai., 1983). The variation in the growth rate of Proc. Natl. Shellfish Ass ., 45: 84-94. larvae under unifrom conditions has also been discussed Chanley, P. and Dinamani. P., 1978. Larval development studies. Four by Chanley (1955), Ansell ( 1962), and Loosanoff and Davis species reared in experiments. Catch '78 5(10) : 28-31. (1963). Complexity in the morphology and anatomy of the Cole. HA. and Knight-Jones. E,W ., 1939. Some observations and veliger larvae increases as development proceeds. Le experiments on the setting behaviour of larvae of Ostrea eduJis. J. Cons. intoExpJor . Mer., 14: 86-105. pennec (1980) presented the distinguishing characters of Crisp. OJ. 1967. Chemical fac tors inducing settlements in Crassostrea larval and post larval shell morphology of eighteen bivalve virginica (Gmelin). J. Animal. Ecol., 36: 329-335. families. The importance of umbo characteristics in the Hadfield, G.M., 1984. Settlement requirements of molluscan larvae: A new systematics of closely related species of Crassostrea and data on chemical and genetic roles. Aquaculture, 39: 283-298. Ostrea was stressed by Carriker and Palmer (1979) and Hopkins. A.E., 1935. Attachment of larvae of the Olympia oyster. Ostrea JlJrida to plane surfaces, Ecology, 16 : 82-87. Waller (1981 ). The time of metamorphosis is considered to Korringa. P., 1941. Experiments and observations on swarming, pelagic life be critical in the life history of bivalves when gross and setting in the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Arch. neer. morphJ logi cal changes such as disappearence of velum, Zool. VT. 5 , 1-249. iormation of labial palps and the reorientation of organs in Le Pennec , M., 1980. The larval and post-larval hinge of some families of bivalve molluscs. 1. mar. bioI. Ass. U.K., 60(3) : 601-617. the manUe cavity take place (Bayne, 1976). Remarkable Loosanoff, VL and Davis, H.C., 1963. Rearing of Bivalve Molluscs in : structural changes in the 20 days old plantigrade larvae in Ad vances in Marine Biology !F.5. Russel (Editor) Vol. I Academic the present study indicate their pre-metamorphic stage. Press. LondonlNew York. Nayar. KN .. Rajapand ian, M.E., Gandhi, AD. and Gopinathan, C.P., 1982, Hadfield (1984) considers that some degree of Induced spawning and larval rearing of Crassostrea madrasensis substratum chemical specificity is necessary to induce (Preston) in the laboratory. Mar. Fish . Infor. Ser. T&E Ser., 44 : settlement and metamorphosis in a number of molluscan 14·16. species. The larvae are known to respond to various Nell, JA., Holliday. J.E., 1986. Effects of Potassium and Copper on the stimuli such as light, gravity, current velocity and contact settling rate of Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) larvae. Aquaculture. 58 (3-4): 263-267. with solid surfaces (Prytherch, 1934; Hopkins, 1935: Prytherch, H.F., 1934.
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