Editor’s note

Editor An identity issue Ally Foster Associate Editors Rachel Aiello here has been a great deal of change in the learned, Alberta has a plan to get back in the Christina Leadlay Tpast year. And, with times of transformation game, and hopefully break the boom and bust Contributors comes the need for readjustment; it’s something cycle that has plagued it for decades (page 32). Anthony Jenkins we’ve done as a country for almost 150 years Meanwhile, ’s economy is the topic Jake Wright Shruti Shekar now—many would say successfully. that premier-hopeful Patrick Brown is focusing Asha Hingorani As the final touches are put on ’s up- on, promising to turnaround a province that Chelsea Nash Laura Ryckewaert coming sesquicentennial celebrations, it’s a good he says is struggling. The leader of the Ontario Chris Guly time to take stock of new identities formed, on- Conservatives discusses his reputation, which Carl Meyer Martha Ilboudo going demands for reformation, recent attempts ranges from Conservative party savior, to enig- Charelle Evelyn to rebrand, and pleas to learn from the past. ma, to robot; as well as his political platform, Dali Carmichael Jean-Marc Carisse One of the most blatant changes in the past personal life, and his often-questioned personal- Guest columnists year has stemmed from the change in govern- ity—or, as some assert, a lack thereof (page 38). Patrick Leblond ment, as ’s majority Liberals took As we talk about the forming of new identi- Dan Ciuriak Tim Powers the helm in after almost a decade under ties, it’s important to recognize that often, this is Susan Smith the very different Harper leadership style. required during the closing of a chapter—also a Michael R. J. Bonner Cameron Groome Since October 19, 2015, Trudeau has lead recurring theme in this edition of P&I. We catch a parliamentary rebrand, ditching old school up with high-profile former MPs who lost their Photographers Jake Wright politics in favour of a Parliament of the people seat in the fall 2015 federal election to find out Sam Garcia (page 28), and recent signs suggest it’s working. what kind of post-politico identity they’ve been Vice President, A mid-September Angus Reid public opinion working on in Where are they now? (page 45), Marketing and Multi-Media Sales Steve Macdonald poll indicated that 65 per cent of those surveyed as well as sitting down with prison watchdog 613-688-8841 | [email protected] approve of his leadership. Howard Sapers, who, unless he receives yet Directors of Business Development Trudeau continues to form a collaborative another extension, will see his 12-year-run Craig Caldbick (perhaps, too collaborative? Page 20) diverse as ombudsman come to an end in about six 613-688-8827 | [email protected] Martin Reaume government, most recently evidenced by the ap- months (page 24). 613-688-8836 | [email protected] pointment of , the first woman So, as we cap off a year of big transforma- Samim Massoom and visible minority to be made Government tions and prepare for more adjustments ahead, 613-688-8840 | [email protected] House Leader. As P&I discovered, her personali- I hope this issue provides a snapshot of how the Advertising and Sponsorship Executive ty and commitment to the job qualifies her, even people, places, and ideas that drive our country’s Ulle Baum 613-240-4622 | [email protected] if her past experience—at first glance—may look change are responding, and what kind of identi- Production Manager wanting (page 58). ties we can expect to see formed and reformed in Benoit Deneault Trudeau is also crafting his own personal the process. Happy reading! Senior Graphic and Online Designer character as a prime minister. After a year in Joey Sabourin power, observers are still comparing and con- Tamer of Woodland Creatures trasting him to his father, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Melanie Brown and while they’ve noticed some striking similar- Web Developers ities, a number of differences have also become Kobra Amirsardari Jean-Francoise Lavoie obvious to pundits. P&I chronicles the two General Manager, CFO Trudeaus in a photo essay with pictures from Andrew Morrow the archives of ’s photographer, Director of Advertising & Marketing Jean-Marc Carisse (page 48). Chris Peixoto And, as usual after the freshman year in pow- Director of Reader Sales Ryan O’Neill er, there are a large number of major issues that Trudeau will have to now make tough decisions Reader Sales and Marketing Manager Christopher Rivoire on, causing some to wonder if his seemingly Reader Development Account Executive impenetrable popularity will finally start to Sean Hansel show signs of wear-and-tear. On the horizon: Publishers major tasks like electoral reform and marijuana Anne Marie Creskey Jim Creskey legalization (in our zero-to-expert feature, find Ross Dickson out everything you need to know about how Published by Hill Times Publishing Canada will ‘go green’: page 76). 2016 Hill Times Publishing The economic news in Canada has been All Rights Reserved. Power & Influence is published four times a year. bleak, also requiring aggressive action from 69 Sparks Street, Ottawa, ON K1P 5A5 Team Trudeau. There have been steep monthly 613-232-5952 hilltimes.com declines in GDP, partly due to ongoing troubles in Alberta, which includes low oil prices and the tragic Fort McMurray wildfire. But, as P&I

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 1 contributors rachEl aiEllo shruti shEKar martha ilboudo reporter for The Hill Times Editor of The Lobby Monitor Martha is a freelance journalist in Ottawa. Associate editor, P&I magazine Shruti received her Originally from Ghana, she rachel predominately MA in journalism from was five years old when covers legislation and Western university. She her family moved to Canada the latest in House and was born in India, grew and settled in , Que. When Senate committees by up mostly in Singapore, she’s not chasing her next big story day, and the Hill social and currently resides in Canada. she doesn’t mind getting lost in a good circuit at night as a Party Central When she isn’t writing about the book or two. columnist. rachel also loves getting lobbying industry, she creates to work on a good glossy feature lifestyle-related videos and has her and snappy sidebar. One of her own mini talk show series on her charEllE EvElYn favourite times of the week is the youTube channel. reporter at The Wire report Thursday Question in the House, Forged from a single block and thinks a well- organized Excel asha hingorani spreadsheet is a thing of beauty. of sarcasm, Charelle has Outside of work she’s the Canadian Asha, a certified been making a go of this Association of journalist’s National sommelier, is the journalism game since Capital region representative and former editor of wrangling a Bachelor of community manager. Also, she has Parliament Now and journalism degree from Carleton a cat named Basil. wine writer for then- university in 2008. Always up for an Embassy News. Asha teaches adventure, Charelle has done a range regulatory communications at of unusual things for stories, including christophEr gulY Algonquin College and is the jumping into a frozen lake, auditioning Contributing writer for P&I magazine Human resources Manager and for Canadian Idol, going speed-dating Staff Ombudsperson at Hill Times at an amusement park, and travelling Chris is a contributing Publishing. Asha can sometimes be to disney World and back in one day. writer to The Hill found hosting wine events in the Times and has been Byward Market and never turns a member of the dali carmichaEl down a glass of good vino! Canadian Parliamentary dali Carmichael is a Press Gallery since 1993. journalist living in northern chElsEa nash Alberta, just south of the anthonY mars jEnKins reporter for The Hill Times oil sands of Fort McMurray. She first found her footing Illustrator Chelsea is a recent as a reporter in the Northwest graduate from Carleton Anthony was born in Territories, and it was there she fell in university’s journalism where he love with the bush. She regularly covers program, where she delivered The Globe and Alberta politics, and natural resources, specialized in international Mail in his youth, then indigenous, and environmental issues. affairs. She now covers foreign affairs worked at the newspaper and diplomacy. She is an enthusiastic as a cartoonist for nearly 40 years. follower of the political process both jEan-marc carissE, ba He now lives in bucolic Mono, Ont. at home and abroad, and caught the www.jenkinsdraws.com. Photographer and author travel bug at a young age. jean-Marc was hired as jaKE Wright official photographer carl mEYEr by PM Pierre Trudeau’s The Hill Times Photographer Contributing Writer for National Liberal Caucus in jake joined The Hill P&I magazine the mid 1970s, and went Times in 2002 and has on to serve john Turner’s and Carl Meyer is a freelance covered five federal jean Chrétien’s PMO. He continues journalist based in elections, and most, if to work as a freelance and portrait Ottawa, and the former not all, of Ottawa’s political photographer from his café and studio. managing editor of elite through his lens. In 2010, he His website is www.carissephoto.com spent three months in Afghanistan what was The Hill Times’ embedded with the u.S. military. sister publication, Embassy newspaper.

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test.indd 1 16-06-23 1:33 PM Off Script 8 Canadian author Shilpi Somaya Gowda talks immigration, and why it’s a recurring theme in her popular novels. When in 10 We take a break from ridings and tour ’s home away from home—her eclectic Parliament Hill office. Kingston Pen 14 What do you do with an almost- 200-year-old decommissioned fortress that has to be maintained to the tune of $1.1-million a year? Ctlima e change 17 A debate rages in environment circles about who should pay the piper when the weather wreaks irreparable havoc. The Great Debates 20 Experts discuss if there are too many Trudeau advisory groups, and whether renegotiating NAFTA would be so bad after all. De fending the damned 24 An interview with Correctional Investigator Howard Sapers. legislative rebrand 28 Inside the Liberal’s new parliamentary strategy. Alberta 32 How the province plans to get its groove back (and keep it). Patrick Brown 38 The Leader of the Ontario Conservatives talks policy, personal life, and counters claims that he’s a flip-flopping cyborg.

4 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 Fall 2016 Vol. 5 No. 4

45 WhErE arE thEY noW? Catching up with the familiar-face MPs who lost out in the last election. 48 thE tWo trudEaus A photo essay on the uncanny similarities and stark differences between father and son prime ministers. 58 bardish chaggEr She is the first female and visible minority to be named Government House Leader. And she relishes the challenge. 62 viKram vij His journey from India, to Canadian celebrity chef, to Senate advisor. 68 thE EssaY The deadly problem with a Pearsonian foreign policy. 72 livEstocK antibiotics What Canada’s policy plan should be for a post-antibiotic era. 73 commons uncorKEd Ontario’s next wine region is … in Ottawa?! 76 zEro-to-ExpErt Everything you need to know about marijuana legalization in Canada. 80 natan obEd The president of the Inuit Tapiriit kanatami answers 17 personal questions.

On the cover: Howard Sapers (pg. 24) P&I Photograph by Jake Wright

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 5 thrEE Words-CANAdA’S 150TH

“In three words, how would you describe the fi rst 150 years of Canadian history?”

The year 2017 marks Canada’s 150th birthday, or its sesquicentennial, if one uses the technical term. The hotel prices in Ottawa have already skyrocketed, and Toronto has announced a birthday- themed New years Eve bash for the occasion. But beyond the pomp, patriotic merchandise, and a controversial logo design, what does this landmark occasion really represent? P&I’s Laura ryckewaert asked some prominent Canadians for their thoughts.

“Resourcefulness. “Smart. Resilient. Growth. Inclusive.” Optimism.” —David Johnston, Governor General of Canada. — Mélanie Joly, Minister of Canadian Heritage.

“Only the “Surprising. beginning.” Inclusive. Bilingual.” — , — Thomas Axworthy, former former Liberal adviser to Pierre Trudeau and a prime minister. creator of the ‘Heritage Minute’ commercial series.

“Survived “Home. every storm.” Rights. — James Moore, former Nature.” Conservative MP and past — Thomas Mulcair, heritage minister. NDP Leader.

“We’re “Pride. still here.” Victory. — Perry Bellegarde, Opportunity.” National Chief, — , Assembly of First Nations Conservative interim leader.

6—Power & Influence Fall 2016 PDF/X-1a:2003PDF/X-1a:2003 PDF/X-1a:2003

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2100,2100, rue rue Drummond Drummond 2100, rue Drummond MontréalMontréal (Québec) (Québec) H3G H3G 1X1 1X1 11/04/16_12:14 11/04/16_12:14 Montréal (Québec) H3G 1X1 11/04/16_12:14 ClientClient : : VIAVIA Rail Rail Nº Nº111140654-17 111140654-17 FormatFormat du PAPdu PAP : : 100%100% Client : VIA Rail Nº 111140654-17 Format du PAP : 100% DescriptionDescription : : JournalJournal Nº VIANº VIA 6088-166088-16 TrimTrim : : 7,25”7,25” x 10,125” x 10,125” Description : Journal Nº VIA 6088-16 Trim : 7,25” x 10,125” PublicationPublication : : PowerPower and and Influence Influence Summer Summer ( An ( An) ) TypeType : : — — Publication : Power and Influence Summer ( An ) Type : — ConseillièreConseillière : : MélissaMélissa G. G. BleedBleed : : — — Conseillière : Mélissa G. Bleed : — InfographisteInfographiste : :VL VL/ Eric / Eric L. L. VisibleVisible : : — — Infographiste : VL / Eric L. Visible : — NomNom du fichierdu fichier : 111141241-1_VIA_GovAd_Power_Influence-En.indd: 111141241-1_VIA_GovAd_Power_Influence-En.indd Nom du fichier : 111141241-1_VIA_GovAd_Power_Influence-En.indd Les Lessorties sorties laser laser ne reflètent ne reflètent pas pasfidèlement fidèlement les couleursles couleurs telles telles qu’elles qu’elles paraîtront paraîtront CouleurCouleur : : CMJNCMJN Les sorties laser ne reflètent pas fidèlement les couleurs telles qu’elles paraîtront Couleur : CMJN sur surle produit le produit fini. fini. Cette Cette épreuve épreuve est utiliséeest utilisée à des à desfins fins de mise de mise en page en page seulement seulement sur le produit fini. Cette épreuve est utilisée à des fins de mise en page seulement people-off script Off Script

Shilpi Somaya Gowda on the beauty of Canada’s immigration attitude, and the tug that comes from feeling like you’re from more than one place.

By Ally Foster

8 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 off script-people

hilpi Somaya Gowda took I repeated the pattern that my parents welcoming immigrants and honouring their publishing circles by storm, both had started of leaving my homeland and unique contributions is one of the most in Canada and abroad, with her trying to make my way in another country. beautiful things about Canada, and one of debut novel Secret Daughter, which Immigration is just very present in my own the things I remain most proud [of].” Ssold more than a million copies and has life, and [something] that I think about a been translated into 23 languages. lot when I’m writing: the tug that comes How do you feel about the changes to Now, she discusses how her family’s from feeling like you’re from more than Canada’s immigration system over the own experiences with immigration—and one place.” past several years? There was the creation the resulting struggles around cultural of the ‘safe countries’ list for refugees, identity—became key ingredients in her Have you experienced feelings of cultural and immigrants with economic benefits, storytelling successes. dissonance? rather than family-class immigrants, were Gowda was born and raised in Toronto, “I think I felt pulled between the made a priority. where her parents settled after immigrating two cultures because my parents were so “Generally speaking, I think that there from India. Gowda has travelled back to comfortable in Indian culture and they— can be a refugee situation in any country; India many times. The stark differences and it—were so out of place in Canadian depending on the political climate, and similarities she noticed between the culture. But of course that’s what I was depending on the gender. There are many West and her family’s homeland are woven countries that are safe for men, but not for through both Secret Daughter and her latest women, and some that are safe for adults, novel, The Golden Son. and not for children. I think it makes sense Considering that the Canadian to extend the idea of refugees coming from government set a target of welcoming not just a list of certain countries. 300,000 immigrants to Canada in 2016, “I do think part of what makes with the goal of opening the door to immigration to be successful is allowing and more refugees and assisting in family enabling new immigrants to have a family reunification, Gowda’s insights into feeling No matter where you structure behind them, like all of us thrive caught in a tug-of-war between two very come from, someone with a family structure behind us. I do think different cultures, and the journey to in your family picked that making that possible and enabling that finding a balance between honouring for new immigrants is a good idea.” tradition and pursuing new possibilities, up and left a place are increasingly relevant. that was comfortable You’re currently living in California. Aside from tackling the complex to them and Are there different discussions on emotions of cultural identity in her immigration happening there than you’ve novels, she also focuses on the great joys moved somewhere been hearing in Canada? and specific pressures placed on us by challenging in the “Historically in the U.S. there has been family members; a truth that transcends much more support for immigration and geographic borders. hopes of a better life.” much more of an open feeling towards a Gowda spoke with P&I in a telephone multicultural society than there is now. It’s interview from California, where she now disturbing to me that people are quick to resides with her family. forget that we’re all immigrants, you just This interview has been edited for length, born into, and where I went to school, and might have to go back several generations style, and clarity. had friends, and listened to the music and to find your [roots].” ate the food—it was all Western culture. So Immigration is “one of the things that Immigration is a common theme in your I felt the tug that way: between home and resonates with people about my novels, work. Where did this interest originate? my school life. and that I hear from readers in radically “I’m the child of immigrants myself. “Going back to India for me was less different cultures, like people in Saudi My parents moved from India by way of about feeling like finishing the puzzle … Arabia and Iceland and New Zealand. I a few other countries and ended up in and was more about understanding my couldn’t quite understand why this story, Canada in the late 1960s. So I grew up as parents and that bridge a little bit more. which is very much about two particular a first generation Canadian with all of the “There’s just something very deep- cultures—North America and India—was challenges that it presented—especially at rooted in culture. When people migrate, resonating with people in Scotland and that time—when there weren’t as many that’s an element that sometimes either gets Iceland. But I think it’s because everyone has aspects of Canadian culture that had been lost or assimilated, or is allowed to thrive. a migration story in their past. No matter integrated from other cultures. I think today, a first generation Canadian where you come from, someone in your “Today it feels like you can go to any growing up in Toronto like I did 40 years family picked up and left a place that was kind of restaurant, any kind of beauty ago would have a very different experience, comfortable to them and moved somewhere parlour, any kind of clothing store, but at where they would feel a lot more supported challenging in the hopes of a better life. the time I still had the feeling of being an and integrated. Whether it’s moving from the countryside outsider. “It’s a wonderful thing about Canada; I of England to the city of London, or like “Then I left Canada and came to live know it’s not a perfect immigration policy, my parents moving from India to Canada, in the U.S., so in a less dramatic way, but I do think the general ethos around everybody has a story like that.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 9 placEs-WHEN IN

When In … Elizabeth May’s Hill offi ce

By ALLy FOSTEr | IMAGES By SAM GArCIA

lizabeth May, the leader of the Green She explains that in making do with tight Party of Canada, doesn’t have her own quarters, she prefers her staff to have the Edesk in her Parliament Hill offi ce. comfortable workspaces. Instead, the MP for Saanich-Gulf Islands, The offi ce, located on the fi fth fl oor of B.C. enters through the door of the small, the Confederation Building on Wellington three-room space, arms laden with fi les— Street, is comprised of three long, narrow which she miraculously manages not to offi ces, each capped with tall windows. Aside spill her mug of coffee on—and pulls up a from May, the bright offi ce is currently home straight-back offi ce chair to the desk of her to six full-time staff, two full-time paid chief of staff, Debra Eindiguer. “This is where interns, and as many as 25 volunteers cycling I work,” says May, indicating the section in and out. And, as one might expect, it’s of the desk that she’s just commandeered. rather eclectic in its décor.

At the main door, May proudly points out her fl ag of the planet Earth, which stands The taupe-painted walls are covered next to a Canadian fl ag. “Every other MP, they have the fl ag of their province, but with brightly-coloured rally posters being the leader of the Green Party I fi gured it was more appropriate to have the fl ag from the 1990s, with calls to action of planet Earth, because I’m representing a lot more than my constituents.” on topics ranging from climate Next, May sails into the room on the far right, which has multiple desks placed awareness to human rights and in a Tetris-like fashion, groaning under organized piles of papers, books, and fi le nuclear disarmament. folders. This room is primarily used for research and responding to the more than 400,000 pieces of correspondence the offi ce receives each year, she explains.

10 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 when in-places

There’s also artwork depicting the late Petra Kelly, founder of the German Green Party, who was shot and killed in 1992 in circumstances that many still consider suspicious. “She’s someone I really admire a lot—a real inspiration,” says May, hesitating for a moment to stare at the piece, done by a B.C. artist, before snapping back to the present and continuing on our tour.

Hanging above a platter of homemade, oatmeal chocolate chip cookies is a photograph of a massive tree, reminiscent of British Columbia’s Douglas- firs, and a carving of a spirit by a local Ottawa artist.

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Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 11 ERFisherHalfpage.indd 1 2016-09-12 10:40 AM Moving into the third and final room, things get a little wilder. There’s an Amazonian bow and arrow on the wall, mounted next to photos of a young May, beaming at the camera, in a Brazilian village with Canadian music legend Gordon Lightfoot. This photograph accompanies another of her with British musician Sting. The framed photos show a version of May in her pre-Sierra Club days, when she was an activist working in partnership with David Suzuki to organize and fundraise for a protest against a dam project on behalf of indigenous groups. Both Lightfoot and Sting were involved in the cause, and performed to help raise funds.

Overall, there’s a genuine modesty to May’s office. The well-used coffee cups are first-come-first- serve, her ‘Parliamentarian of the Year’ Award was tucked inconspicuously on a lower shelf, and she says there’s often discussion of slinging up a hammock across one of the narrow rooms.

12 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 when in-places

Casually placed on her trinket and book-filled shelves are two small jars with a black substance sitting in the bottom. She picks up one of the jars and holds it up to the light. “A lot of people think Bitumen is crude oil,” she says. “Nope,” she adds, turning the jar upside down, where the black mass remains stubbornly stuck to the bottom. “It’s a solid,” she explains. “You can’t put this in a pipeline unless you stir in another toxic material, called diluent.” She holds up the second glass container, containing the mixed substance, dilbit, and flips it as the molasses-like liquid rolls down the inside. She holds the two jars and says, “I need them every now and then to explain to people that it’s a solid.”

There is also a peppering of editorial cartoons, snipped out of newspapers, framed and hung around the space—most of which poke fun at May in a variety of scenarios. “I’ve lost a lot of weight, you know, and I wish cartoonists would catch up” she says in mock offense, followed by a big laugh, adding, “you can’t take yourself too seriously.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 13 places-kingston penitentiary The crown jewel of prisons: in search of a new purpose Having swapped guarded inmates for guided tours, the future of Kingston’s historic penitentiary remains unknown, though full of potential.

By Martha Ilboudo

he Kingston Penitentiary stands idle and empty; an unlikely marker of time, no longer a guardian of secrets but now a custodian of Thistory. There’s a nervousness in the air now— an uncertainty so pervading that even the cool summer breeze of Lake Ontario cannot calm it. Change is coming. As Canada’s oldest and most infamous prison, Kingston Penitentiary, originally called the “Provincial Penitentiary of the Province of Upper Canada,” or the “Provincial Penitentiary,” sits on 8.6 hectares of land located on King Street West in Ontario’s historic City of Kingston. With a sordid past as long as its roll call of famous former inmates, ‘Kingston Pen’ or ‘KP’ as it’s become known to Kingstonians has housed some of the country’s most notorious criminals. For 178 years, this fortress played host to countless thieves, murderers, rapists and the like, ranging from women and children to the infamous Paul Bernardo and ex-Col. Russell Williams. In 2012, the federal government announced that it would be closing the aging maximum- security prison due to its “crumbling infrastructure and costly upkeep.” In 2013, after nearly 200 years in operation, Kingston Penitentiary officially closed its doors, leaving behind much speculation and uncertainty about its future. “I would say that Kingston Penitentiary is one of the most interesting and most valuable pieces of waterfront properties we have here in Kingston,” says the town’s Mayor Bryan Paterson. “Obviously, it being the oldest and most famous penitentiary in Canada, it’s something that is interwoven with the identity and history of our community. So when I ran for mayor back in 2014 the number one question that I got at the door was: ‘what’s going to happen to Kingston Pen?’ So it was very clear that there is an overwhelming interest and desire in the The halls of Kingston Pen. are now quiet and still. community to have a say in what that future might P&I photograph courtesy of Mayor Bryan Paterson look like,” he says.

14 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 CSC staff are responsible for the continued maintenance of the Tickets for the highly sought-after tour quickly sold out, leaving many institution and its grounds, as well as ensuring the facility is cleaned. to wonder if (given the demand) Kingston Penitentiary could become P&I photograph by Martha Ilboudo a viable and sustainable tourism draw. P&I photograph courtesy of Mayor Bryan Paterson

The following year, in 2014, Correctional Service Canada (CSC) 2015 to March 31, 2016) were approximately $1.1-million. successfully decommissioned Kingston Penitentiary and began Kingston Penitentiary was designated a National Historic Site the process of removing it from its federal inventory. As it stands, of Canada in 1990 due to “the sophistication of its plan, its size, its CSC staff are responsible for the continued maintenance of the age and the number of its physical facilities of special architectural institution and its grounds, as well as ensuring the facility is cleaned, merit that survive from the 19th century.” explains a CSC spokesperson. In addition, the annual expenditures According to Parks Canada, Federal Heritage Buildings to maintain Kingston Penitentiary for fiscal year 2015-16 (April 1, are subject to the Treasury Board Policy on Management of Real Properties and as per policy “where their minister has administration of heritage buildings: conservation advice is sought for recognized heritage buildings; consultations with Parks Canada are undertaken before demolishing, dismantling or selling a recognized building and before taking any action that could affect the heritage character of a classified building; and that best efforts for the recognized building be made to arrange for appropriate alternative uses of under-utilized or excess classified and recognized heritage buildings, first in the federal government and then outside the federal government.” Shortly after it closed its doors, new life was breathed into the aging facility in the form of guided tours to raise money for the local United Way charity. The monotonous footsteps of inmates threading though the long narrow hallways have been replaced with the hurried sound of excited visitors looking to get a glimpse behind the prison’s famed walls. In an outpouring of response from the community, CSC partnered with Habitat for Humanity to offer another series of guided tours. During both fundraising campaigns, tickets for the highly sought-after tour quickly sold Kingston Penitentiary was designated a National Historic Site of out, leaving many to wonder if (given the demand) Kingston Canada in 1990. Penitentiary could become a viable and sustainable tourism draw. P&I Photograph courtesy of of the book, Souvenir views of the city of Kingston “The tourism community hopes that whatever the outcome Ontario, Canada, and the Thousand Islands, River St. Lawrence. for the Kingston Penitentiary site, a major tourism component be

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 15 placEs-kINGSTON PENITENTIAry included in the project. There are many in Kingston’s history and shoreline,” says development of the Kingston Penitentiary important buildings within the site that Hiebert. and Portsmouth Olympic Harbour was lend themselves well to several tourism The tours’ popularity brought with it launched. Through the exercise, interested opportunities,” says Violette Hiebert, more than just a fl urry of eager guests—it stakeholders have been voicing their ideas Director of Tourism Marketing and also brought many possibilities. Earlier this of what they would like to see happen to Development at Tourism Kingston. “I’ve year, the St. Lawrence Parks commission the lakeside property. heard discussed a desire to see a National announced that it would once again be “It’s an enormous opportunity for Film Centre within the walls – allowing opening the famed gates of the 560 King the city and I think that’s very exciting. I productions to be fi lmed in the historic St. W. landmark as part of a partnership think that it is a complex fi le and will take buildings, and the development of a between the City of Kingston, the provincial some time to see this vision realized,” says robust fi lm academy (perhaps an offshoot and federal governments. The tours, which Paterson. “I think myself and everybody else of Queen’s Film department) within the are said to have pumped approximately would like to see the future right now. It’s site. Having a sailing component within $6-million into the local economy, were going to take some time and it’s a process, the site also makes sense – especially at a short-term remedy for the cherished but it will be worth it. I really believe that Portsmouth Olympic Harbour adjacent landmark. Once the tours have concluded it’s the right way to do it—that we’re going to the Penitentiary. Of course, the tours in the fall, however, there are no immediate to get community support for this concept themselves are a major attraction for plans for its future, which begs the question: and that we’re going to get the right people visitors to Kingston, so we want to see that Who will write the next chapter in the at the table. I think that it has the potential evolve in a big way as well,” says Hiebert. narrative of Kingston Penitentiary? to be an enormous tourism draw for our Its size, continues Hiebert, only adds In December 2015, the City of city and an enormous addition to our to the site’s added potential which “means Kingston, Correctional Service Canada, waterfront that’s something visitors and there are several possibilities” for future the Department of Fisheries and Oceans residents alike can enjoy,” says Paterson. re-development and growth. Amongst and Canada Lands Company announced Although the tides of change are coming, some of the options discussed is the that they would hold a public visioning Kingston Penitentiary remains, as it always “idea of creating a Distillery District- exercise to discuss long-term plans of has, a quiet observer— juxtaposed between like experience at the Pen, and that, to the iconic Kingston landmark as well as the here and the now, the past and the me, speaks to the need to make the site its neighboring properties. In May 2016, future, quietly watching and waiting for its accessible to the public. It is such an icon the community visioning exercise for the next chapter to begin.

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16 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 climate change-Feature Paying the piper P&I photograph courtesy of Jules Bosco, USAID

Islands are being swallowed by rising sea levels; unprecedented droughts are cracking open the earth; wildfires are wreaking more havoc, more often. Debate is heating up over who should be financially and legally responsible when climate change causes irreparable loss and damage.

By Charelle Evelyn

hen Saleemul Huq gets into a It’s a reality that Huq hopes never precipitation with associated increased room with negotiators to hash comes to pass, and is an argument designed risk of flooding” as examples of extreme Wout climate change agreements, to draw attention to an issue he has spent weather events brought about by climate he prefers not to mince words in making the better part of two decades exploring: change. his point about compensating developing who is financially and legally responsible Some experts, including Huq, have countries for loss and damage. when climate change causes irreparable loss pointed to this spring’s wildfires that “If you thought 9/11 in New York was or damage in developing countries? prompted the evacuation of thousands bad you ain’t seen nothing yet, because of Fort McMurray, Alta., residents as a this is the most atrocious injustice that TWO-PRONGED ARGUMENT prime example. Add to that the dramatic has been done by the rich on the poor and There are two elements to the June 2013 flooding in the province that the people who die will have relatives and conversation about loss and damage: took the lives of at least five people, and friends and people that will sympathize scientific and political. dry conditions that prompted some and will want retribution,” says the On the science side, there isn’t much rural counties to proclaim a local state of London-based Huq, an environmental disagreement. If no one does anything agricultural disaster in the summer of 2015, scientist by training who splits his time about climate change, whether through a and you’ve ticked a few boxes in barely between England and his home country of commitment to keep the global warming three years. Bangladesh. “You will not face negotiation trend capped at two degrees celsius “So what we are seeing now any more, you have to face retribution.” above pre-industrial levels or stemming everywhere, including in Canada and the It’s extreme language, but it outlines greenhouse gas emissions, the planet Earth United States, is the impacts of climatic a future that Huq—a senior fellow and and its inhabitants are in for a rough ride. changes that we have failed to prevent founder of the climate program at London’s Finding examples of climate change- and failed to adapt to,” Huq says, also International Institute for Environment induced loss and damage doesn’t even pointing to this summer’s flooding in the and Development as well as director of the require looking beyond North America’s southern U.S. International Centre for Climate Change borders. “Look at the people that died in and Development at the Independent The Alberta government’s website lists Louisiana and the tens of thousands of University of Bangladesh—is eager to avoid. increased forest fires, droughts, and “heavy people who have become homeless right

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 17 “It’s a symbolic win, but it’s an important symbolic win,” Huq says. As stated in Article 8.1 of the agreement: “Parties recognize the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage.” Part of that recognition was to make permanent a temporary working group established two years prior at COP19 in Warsaw, Poland. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage is supposed to facilitate and disseminate research and best practices A wildfire rages near Fort McMurray, Alberta, in the summer of 2016. by different bodies under the UNFCCC in P&I photograph courtesy of Chris Schwarz support of developing countries that are the most vulnerable to climate change. now in Baton Rouge—it’s a one-in- In a statement released at the start of a While the mechanism initially only had thousand-year flood that occurred twice in United Nations climate change conference a lifespan until COP22, scheduled for Nov. the same year. There’s no way this can be in Bonn, Germany, in May, the chair of the 7-18, 2016 in Marrakech, Morocco, its work attributed to natural events. This is a man- Alliance of Small Island States outlined can now continue indefinitely. made event.” some of the recent hardships faced by some Where things get tricky is the politics But unlike the residents of Fort of the coalition’s 44 members. of the underlying question: should rich McMurray, who were eventually able “Cyclones Ula, Winston, and Zena countries be held liable for the effects of to return to their community, residents wreaked havoc in the South Pacific earlier climate change on those nations less well off? in smaller, developing countries face this year; Severe droughts in parts of permanent displacement. the Caribbean and the Western Pacific ADAPTATION IS KEY “Coastal areas have high vulnerability continue to cause water and food security The Canadian government, which to the projected climate change-related crises; A massive coral-bleaching event has as of publication, had yet to ratify the increased severity of coastal hazards turned reefs bone white across the tropics; Paris Agreement, says it’s a proponent of and the degradation of ocean-based And scientists have confirmed the loss of supporting efforts to minimize loss and livelihoods,” says a 2014 United Nations 5 islands to sea level rise in the Solomon damage. report on Climate Change and Migration archipelago—showing climate change is “Canada was pleased that the Paris Issues in the Pacific. now infringing on sovereign territory,” says Agreement recognized the need to “River deltas are highly vulnerable to Thoriq Ibrahim, minister of Environment enhance cooperation to address the flooding which is likely to increase due and Energy for the Maldives. losses and damages associated with to climate change. Additionally, there are “It is no accident that several of our the adverse impacts of climate change many drought prone areas in the Pacific members were among the first to complete through the strengthening of the existing where increased drought may result in their domestic ratification processes for the Warsaw International Mechanism—this increased migration demand.” Paris Agreement and we urge all countries work will include enhancing knowledge The report says that in looking ahead to to follow suit so that we see its early entry on comprehensive risk management potential loss of land, “some Pacific island into force.” approaches, and strengthening countries have access agreements with coordination among relevant stakeholders,” Australia, New Zealand and the United ‘IMPORTANT SYMBOLIC WIN’ according to an email response from States of America, which already host large The Paris Agreement, borne out of the Environment and Climate Change Canada. diasporas.” United Nations Framework Convention on Environment and Climate Change It adds that Oceanic countries such as Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) 21st annual Minister Catherine McKenna was not made Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Nauru, which “may Conference of Parties (COP21) held in the available for an interview. have the greatest potential migration eponymous French city last December is The Warsaw International Mechanism pressures,” are doubly affected, as they also tangible evidence of the scientific consensus is the best forum to continue making “have the fewest international destination and it enshrines the much-publicized progress in understanding the issues and options.” commitment to that 2 C benchmark. challenges “arising from the most extreme “But nobody really wants to leave Where fewer headlines focused was impacts of climate change,” the department their land,” Huq says. “These are desperate on the loss and damage aspect of the said, noting “we also continue to provide measures they have to contemplate now— agreement, which featured the splintering support to the most vulnerable and poorest they really do need to think about losing off of the concept from its former home countries, so that they may undertake their entire country.” with the section on adaptation efforts. adaptation action domestically.”

18 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 climate change-Feature

Canada is part of the self-proclaimed in less-wealthy countries, and create a High Ambition Coalition, a group of formula for working out some form of countries that came together at the Paris compensation. summit to push for an ambitious climate And it’s a lot of money. In 2013, the change agreement. Nobody really wants United States government signed off on a The government has also pledged to leave their land … $50-billion relief bill for assistance to areas $2.65-billion over five years “to help the of the country hit by Hurricane Sandy. poorest and most vulnerable countries These are desperate “That’s just for a few hundred thousand adapt to climate change, deploy renewable measures they have people in northeastern United States who energy technologies, and manage were affected. On the global scale, they’ve risks related to severe weather events,” to contemplate now— given nothing to the people around the Environment Canada says. they really do need to world who’ve been affected,” Huq says. “So But the Canadian government draws think about losing their they will look after their own citizens; the the line at shouldering the blame. question is: will they be responsible global “Canada encourages and supports all entire country.” citizens and look after the damage that they countries to put in place frameworks or are doing to other people across the world?” strategies that will allow them to undertake —Saleemul Huq Huq says his argument with negotiators effective adaptation actions that would also from rich countries is that finding a increase resilience to prevent or minimize National Adaptation Plans Global Network compromise and negotiating a limited loss or damage,” the email says. “These “in order to enhance the effectiveness of liability claim before any catastrophic strategies may be developed at the country adaptation assistance by coordinating damage linked to climate change occurs is or community-level. Linking loss and support for adaptation planning and in their own interest. damage to liability could inhibit a country- action.” “If they fail to do that, then they driven approach to adaptation. That’s not good enough for critics like will have caused damage quite clearly “For Canada, it is important that loss Huq, who say the rich—and emission- attributable to their actions and their and damage be anchored in adaptation.” heavy— countries should be considering inactions,” Huq says. “And they’ll have to To that end, in addition to the the merits of a compromise where they live with the consequences because you $2.65-billion, Canada is supporting the accept limited liability for loss and damage can’t negotiate with the dead.”

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Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 19 Building NEW MAGA.indd 1 2016-09-27 2:36 PM The GREAT DEBATES Q: Would a renegotiation of NAFTA be a blow to Canada’s economy or an opportunity to make improvements?

egardless of who becomes Rthe next president of the United States after the Nov. 8 election, the North American Free Trade Agreement, as it currently stands, faces an uncertain future. Neither Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton nor Republican contender Donald Trump are fans of the 22-year-old treaty, which lays out the rules of trade and investment between Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. Bellicose Trump boasted that he would rip up the historic document, P&I illustration by Anthony Jenkins and Clinton is considering Why not give it a shot? renegotiating the deal her husband ratifi ed while in the Oval Offi ce. Two experts By PATrICk LEBLONd than 20 years ago. Since the 9/11 attacks, share their views on what a The idea of free trade is certainly get- there have been calls in Canada to deepen reassessment of NAFTA could ting a good beating during the U.S. election NAFTA through a grand bargain: deeper mean for Canada. campaign. The main target by both pres- trade integration with the U.S. in return for idential candidates has been the Transpa- more security in Canada. cifi c Partnership (TPP), which cannot go This logic led to the Security and ahead if the United States does not ratify it. Prosperity Partnership (SPP), agreed to in For Canada, this means that our opportu- Waco, Texas in 2005. Unfortunately, the nity to modernize the North American Free SPP was quietly abandoned fi ve years later, Trade Agreement (NAFTA) through the owing in large part to insuffi cient political TPP is unlikely to occur, regardless of who support from then-prime minister Stephen wins the presidency in November. Harper and U.S. President Barack Obama. Canada should in principle welcome Instead of a trilateral approach to North the opportunity to renegotiate NAFTA, a American economic and security collabo- free trade deal that was negotiated more ration, a double bilateral one was adopted.

20 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 NAFTA-thE grEat dEbatEs

For instance, in 2011, Canada and the U.S. limited, which might explain why the take harmonized, then production costs would negotiated a Beyond the Border agreement up of NAFTA visas has been low. In a world come down. In the end, it is consumers that aimed to make the border more secure where trade in services is growing, it is who should benefi t. and more fl uid in order to facilitate trade important for businesses to be able to send Regulatory cooperation was how the between the two countries. Mexico and the their professionals and technicians abroad SPP was supposed to enhance “prosperity” U.S. negotiated a similar agreement. to provide such services. It is also more and in North America, so the SPP’s provisions Although welcome, given that the more important when it comes to selling could form the basis for a NAFTA regula- border has become “thicker” since the 9/11 high-end products, which require extensive tory cooperation regime. The existing Can- attacks, these new measures were much less after-sale servicing. The Canada-Europe- ada-U.S. Regulatory Cooperation Council ambitious than the SPP. Moreover, they did an Union Comprehensive Economic and and U.S.-Mexico High Level Regulatory not amount to a modernization of NAFTA. Trade Agreement (CETA) could provide Cooperation Council would have to be There are two key areas where the three the basis for modernizing NAFTA on this incorporated into a single NAFTA-based North American governments can probably important issue. framework. Again, trade negotiators could fi nd to upgrade NAFTA: On the environment, a potential also draw inspiration from CETA, since labour and the environment. After NAFTA Trudeau-Clinton duo might be what is regulatory cooperation is a key component was negotiated, U.S. President Bill Clinton needed to restore—if not enhance— of the agreement (TPP is considered weak got Canada and the Mexicans to accept side NAFTA’s Environmental Commission’s on this front). agreements on labour and the environment original heft, badly damaged during George In spite of the scaremongering and in order to make it easier to pass the agree- W. Bush’s presidency and subsequently nasty rhetoric during the U.S. election ment in the U.S. Congress, which was con- ignored by Harper and Obama. campaign, there might actually be a cerned about jobs and investments moving A third area that would make sense for a window of opportunity to renegotiate to Mexico as a result of lower labour and renewed NAFTA is regulatory cooperation. NAFTA in a way that brings it into the environmental standards and, therefore, In the 21st century, the most important 21st century. Canada should, therefore, lower costs of production. obstacles to trade are not so much tariffs play an active role in pushing for such Given that labour concerns are still but standards, rules, and regulations. Dif- renegotiation and try to make good on the very present in the U.S. with regards to free ferences in these areas represent important next American president’s commitment to trade, NAFTA’s labour agreement may be additional costs for producers, which have revisiting NAFTA. the most promising area for an update in to adapt their products and sometimes ser- Patrick Leblond is a Senior Fellow at terms of ensuring high-quality standards. vices to satisfy the rules and norms in each the Centre for International Governance Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. could also country where they do business. If such Innovation (CIGI) and CN-Paul M. Tellier improve labour mobility for business and rules and regulations could be mutually Chair on Business and Public Policy in the investment purposes within North Ameri- recognized (i.e., “if it is good enough for Graduate School of Public and International ca. NAFTA provisions on this issue are too me, then it is good enough for you”), if not Affairs, University of Ottawa.

First, trade tends to improve effi ciency — Absent a coherent economic agenda, the The economics of which tends to be job-destroying rather than U.S. trade bureaucracy would interpret the renegotiating NAFTA job-creating. Politicians may talk “jobs, jobs, mandate to renegotiate NAFTA in terms of jobs” when it comes to trade, but trade econ- addressing the laundry list of outstanding omists don’t—they tend to avoid the subject. complaints against Canada generated by By dAN CIurIAk Secondly, insofar as the NAFTA rene- the well-oiled U.S. trade lobby machine. From a pure economic perspective, gotiation were to increase protection in net In the crosshairs would be the following NAFTA could be improved. There are terms for U.S. producers with the intent of targets: some remaining trade barriers to goods increasing American jobs, this would serve trade, services trade is subject to uncer- as a tax on U.S. exports and destroy about intEllEctual propErtY tain market access, the rules of accessing as many jobs as it creates. • Canada’s intellectual property enforcement: NAFTA’s preferential trade windows are Simply put, renegotiating NAFTA, the U.S. wants Canadian customs offi cials to restrictive, and small business would ben- with the protectionist objectives implicit detain pirated and counterfeit goods that are efi t from a more liberal regime for small in the politics of restoring decent jobs for in transit or are transhipped through Can- shipments. Americans, would be like rearranging deck ada; and Canada to take measures against However, a NAFTA renegotiation chairs on America’s sinking ship of eco- online marketplaces “reportedly” engaging initiated by a new U.S. Administration nomic discontent: useless. Actually, worse in commercial-scale piracy online, includ- would not be framed to liberalize trade, but than useless. As in the 1930s, just as in the ing sites hosted in, operated by, or directed instead a response to populist demands to aftermath of Brexit, the injection of new re- toward parties located in Canada; recapture jobs for Americans. That demand strictions and heightened uncertainty into • Canada’s administrative procedures for does not translate into a coherent econom- trade would result in a welfare-diminishing approval of pharmaceuticals: the U.S. ic agenda for the United States trade repre- mutual reduction of exports and imports, wants Canada to eliminate rights of appeal sentative to press in talks with Canada. and investment. in Canada’s administrative process for

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 21 thE grEat dEbatEs-NAFTA reviewing regulatory approval of phar- Bill C-48, “Modernization of Canada’s Grain more effi cient allocation of resources, high- maceutical products and to restrict the Industry Act”, which would have overhauled er incomes, and generally greater economic Health minister’s discretion in disclosing the Canadian Grain Commission practices welfare for both parties—even if only one confi dential business information; but was shelved with the change in Canadian side liberalizes. • Utility requirements for patents: the government, would be a U.S. target. The items on the U.S. negotiating list, U.S. is pressing for a “clarifi cation” of the however, are not necessarily trade liberal- ’s decision con- govErnmEnt izing. The fi rst specifi c item in the current cerning heightened utility requirements for procurEmEnt softwood lumber review, for example, is patents to meet American stakeholder asks; • Canada extended unprecedented access to a commitment “to maintain Canadian • Canada’s geographical indications commit- sub-national procurement to the EU under exports at or below an agreed U.S. market ments under the Canada-EU Economic and CETA; the U.S. will want the same; access share to be negotiated.” Trade Agreement (CETA): the U.S. wants to to an expanded list of Crown Corporations The U.S. is not being hypocritical; it is ensure that Canada’s concessions to the EU is featured in the U.S. Market Access Barri- just doing business. There is a difference. to protect names like parmesan and feta do ers report on Canada; Hypocrisy is about principles. Business is not restrict U.S. exports to Canada. • National security-based restrictions on about self-interest—in this case, the self-in- cross-border data fl ows for management of terest of stakeholders. agricultural marKEt Canada’s federal email system; The rub is that self-interest of individ- accEss • Quebec Hydro local content requirements ual stakeholders does not translate into • Dairy market access: a small fl ash point is (which are not covered by government national interest. imports of milk proteins that are coming into procurement agreements). The hard cases—dairy, telecommuni- Canada through a duty free window (“diafi l- cations ownership, aerospace support, and tered”). The U.S. will contest a Canadian re- canada’s industrial Canadian content in media—would not sponse that lowers milk prices for producers policY likely crack. The other items would not of manufactured dairy products to patch this • Softwood lumber – again; register on the GDP Richter scale. So how- hole in the supply management program. A • Canadian support to the aerospace sector; ever one characterizes a U.S. approach to bigger issue is the interpretation of the TPP’s • Telecommunications restrictions on NAFTA renegotiation, Canada would not dairy market access provision: the U.S. Inter- foreign direct invest; feel the earth move as a result. The exercise national Trade Commission study of the TPP • Canadian content in broadcasting re- would be one of damage control for negoti- projects $1.2-billion (US) of dairy exports to quirements; ators and fi nding a reason to be somewhere Canada, substantially more than the Canadi- • Canada’s net benefi t test under the Invest- else when ministers announce with forced an government concedes it negotiated away ment Canada Act. smiles how they have improved NAFTA. in the CETA and TPP combined; If NAFTA renegotiation actually re- Dan Ciuriak is a Director and Principal, • Wheat market access: the Canada Grains Act sulted in genuine liberalization by Canada, Ciuriak Consulting Inc. (Ottawa), Senior and Varietal Registration System is a point of it should be a good thing for the country. Fellow with the Centre for International friction for U.S. wheat exporters as it does not Conventional economic theory—which is Governance Innovation (Waterloo) focusing allow American wheat that has not been tested refl ected in empirical models that seek to on the interface between innovation and for compliance with Canadian regulations to quantify the impact of trade agreements trade, and Fellow in Residence with the C.D. be graded according to Canadian standards. —says that liberalizing markets enables a Howe Institute.

Q: Justin Trudeau is naming advisory groups left, right, and centre. Is this a good strategy for high-level decision-making?

winning narrative. Conveniently, that brings tations. His government, like this govern- All consultations must us to the Trudeau government. ment, ran extensive budget consultations end with decisions, not Since being elected in 2015 there really among numerous other outreach efforts. isn’t anything the Trudeau government has The Harperites even had a comprehensive more consultations announced that they won’t be consulting public engagement strategy around the on: military procurement, the legalization of imposition of physician assisted dying. By TIM POWErS marijuana, democratic reform, etc. When Trudeau defeated Harper in Any good governance model, be it last year’s election he seized on the public Ah, consultations—the great tool of public or private, should have consultations mood and story of the day that Harper governments seeking to engage their citizens and/or stakeholder engagement as part of didn’t want to listen to Canadians. He was and make them feel like they are part of the the deliberation process. It may shock read- an isolated dictator and the only voice he public policy-making process. Initiated in ers to know that the supposedly tone deaf preferred hearing was his own. the right environment, they can be a power- , the previous prime min- Remember that ad of Harper sitting ful political weapon to shape a government’s ister, did not have a fatwa against consul- in his offi ce, all alone, apparently mak-

22 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 CONSuLTATIONS-thE grEat dEbatEs ing decisions? Trudeau sure did and ran In large measure the prime minister as immediately likeable as you once were with the contrast—he was going to be the is now moving into his Speak-and-Spell after you make a call. listener. If his hearing failed he’d employ phase. It promises to shape the rest of his Can the prime minister live with less love? a “Whisper 2000” because he’d rather go term and his re-election prospects. What We shall soon see. Stephen Harper never deaf from hearing from you, than listening started as a plan to showcase the differ- cared for public affection, so decisions both to the sound of his own voice. The PM’s ence between the old government and the good and bad seemed easy for him. Trudeau aural capacity aside, it was smart political new one has now run its course.Under- seems different than Harper in that regard. branding on the part of the Liberals. estimating Trudeau is a fool’s errand as Trudeau still has stratospheric polling num- The challenge with consultations is they his opponents should know by now (if bers and no real opposition. There will likely must end at some point. The decisions must they don’t, I recommend a consultation). be no better time for him to make choices, be made. The listener must transform into If he wants to make history and have a tough or otherwise. We will soon see what the the decider. The clever political strategist lasting impact, he needs to make choices next chapter of this government looks like. then crafts a path of transition and expecta- while still striking a balance with listening. Tim Powers is vice-chairman of Summa tion management because while the rhetoric Trudeau, like most every prime minister Strategies and managing director of Abacus says every voice will be heard, not every before him, if he wants to be successful, Data. He is a former adviser to Conservative word uttered will become an action item. will have to accept that you may not be political leaders.

Effective ministers have often reached competitive process for appointing new Leadership requires out to the experts beyond the monolithic board members. listening government buildings dotted around Gone are the days of a surprise list the National Capital Region. Like his coming out from PMO. Yes, the fi nal predecessors at Finance, Minister Morneau names still come from PMO, but this time By SuSAN SMITH has tapped the sector’s best minds for around your name could be on it, if you are advice as he implements his game plan qualifi ed. Submit your application; have it Listen. Learn. Lead. for kick-starting the anemic Canadian reviewed by an independent committee. In many respects, these three words economy. Heritage Minister Mélanie Joly Political hacks need not apply. characterize the Trudeau government’s has brought the same approach to the Can policy-making be slowed down approach to governing. When they came cultural policy review as has Innovation, with advisory boards and consultations? into power, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Science and Economic Development It’s defi nitely slower than policy by diktat, signalled that it was his intent to do Minister Navdeep Bains to the critical dreamed up by political staffers who have government differently. More open, more innovation fi le. And given the past never left the Langevin Block. We’ve been transparent, consulting with the provinces, and pending court decisions regarding there, done that for the last decade, and listening to First Nations, using evidence First Nations communities and natural were left with voters asking for a new vision and not just politics as the basis for de- resource development, as well as the recent for Canada. cision-making. One way of doing this is controversy around the National Energy And does every policy decision require reaching out via consultations and advisory Board Energy East hearings, it would be external consultation? The answer is a fi rm boards for the advice of experts, whose hard to argue against the need for Natural no. Three hundred and thirty eight MPs, experience brings fresh insight and ideas, Resource Minister Jim Carr’s Expert Panel the Cabinet, and the prime minister have which can inform better policy and better on NEB modernization. been granted permission by Canadians to decisions. Cabinet is listening, learning and gath- make laws and decisions on behalf of Cana- No one should be surprised that asking ering the evidence they need to make the dians for three more years. for advice from experts has been Trudeau’s most informed policy decisions they can. Through our votes, we’ve entrusted our approach. It’s always been his approach. Part of doing government differently political leaders with the task of making the When he was a new MP, he arrived in actually means doing some things different- tough decisions that will shape our society, Ottawa, took his seat on the backbench, ly. Supreme Court appointments, Senate our economy, our courts, our environment, listened and learned. As the new leader appointments—we’ve heard the yelping for and our participation in global affairs. But of the Liberal party, he crisscrossed the years about “political appointees” in these history has shown us that if governments country and listened to Canadians, from important chairs. Former Conservative stay hunkered down in their political Alert Bay to Baie Verte to Bay Street. In the prime minister Kim Campbell heads the towers with the blinds down and blinders lead-up to the election, he created a key committee for Supreme Court appointees. on, they will make many more mistakes economic advisory committee that brought Public policy expert Donald J. Savoie, than if they reach out and tap the ideas and Bill Morneau, Scott Brison, Ralph Goodale, whose academic career has been spent insights that the country has to offer. Chrystia Freeland and others to the table critiquing governments of every stripe, is Susan Smith is the Principal at Bluesky together to map out the Liberal economic on the independent Senate appointments Strategy Group. She has more than two vision for Canada. With the advice from committee. And following the NEB mod- decades of experience in government relations this team, he led the campaign with his ernization process, applications for future and strategic communications, including time vision for the country. NEB appointments will follow an open and as a Liberal communications adviser.

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 23 DEFENDING THE DAMNED canada’s prison watchdog has six months left in the job. he still has plenty on his prison reform plate, but when asked about the future, he emphasizes optimism.

By CArL MEyEr

or Howard Sapers, one of the disciplinary measures and more likely to be service develop diversity awareness training, most striking moments of the put in maximum security prisons, despite and hire ethnicity liaison offi cers to focus on Flast decade came soon after he being at lower risk of reoffending. They the needs of visible minority inmates. released a damning report on racism and reported feeling alternately ignored or discrimination in Canada’s prisons. targeted by staff, who called them names mEt With mocKErY and By any reasonable standard, the 2013 like ‘gang member’ and ‘drug dealer’, dismissal report by Sapers, the country’s correctional despite 80 per cent not being members of Instead, the response from the Investigator, should have given pause to gangs. Conservative government and its members every Canadian. It found that black and Most tellingly, in an education program of Parliament landed somewhere between indigenous people were being thrown at one institution, black inmates were made mockery and dismissal. in jail at alarmingly accelerated rates, far to read passages from The Adventures of “The only identifi able group that our out of proportion with their numbers Huckleberry Finn, a text that is full of the justice system is targeting is criminals,” said in Canadian society. Moreover, once n-word. They described the experience as Steven Blaney, then-public safety minister, inside, their treatment seemed to suggest “degrading” and “demeaning,” the report when the report came up during Question particular scorn. noted. One man refused to read it, and was Period on Nov. 26, 2013. His caucus Nearly all black inmates, whose kicked out of class. colleague at the time, an ex-cop named numbers grew in the prison population “It seemed to me that this was an Rick Norlock said Sapers was acting “as if every year from 2003-13 at a rate of nearly opportunity for the Correctional Service prisons were hotels” and “as if encouraging 90 per cent, reported discrimination by of Canada to do better, and to recognize criminals to read more were a bad thing.” correctional offi cials, the report revealed. that they need to do better,” Sapers recalls Sapers, who has spent 12 years as Black inmates were overrepresented in thinking. In the report, he recommended the Canada’s federal prison watchdog, says it was

24 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 HOWArd SAPErS-pEoplE

But really he’s been pursuing the same thing most of his life: peace within his own conscience. “I am very committed to this work,” he intones. “This work meshes perfectly with my values of the criminal justice system, and my beliefs about how governments should behave, in terms of accountability and transparency.” DEFENDING Born in Toronto in 1957, Sapers earned a degree in criminology at Simon Fraser University, before heading up the John Howard Society in Alberta. Sapers was fi rst THE director for the criminal justice advocacy nonprofi t’s Grand Prairie branch, and then executive director province-wide. He then went into politics, getting elected to the Legislative Assembly in Alberta in 1993. He served two terms through 2001 as the member for Edmonton-Glenora. In his second term, he served as offi cial DAMNED opposition leader and House leader. After failing to win re-election a third time, he left the political arena. He became canada’s prison watchdog has six months left in the the director of the Crime Prevention job. he still has plenty on his prison reform plate, but Investment Fund at the National Crime Prevention Centre, which is part of when asked about the future, he emphasizes optimism. Public Safety Canada. The fund, he said, “brought me back to my research days as a criminology graduate student”—back in his element, in other words. Following that, he became vice- chairperson for the Parole Board of Canada prairie region, and in 2004 was fi rst appointed to his current job as correctional investigator. P&I photograph by of Sam Garcia He looks back at his days as a politician, working in communities, as good preparation for his role. “I’ve seen moments like this that came to exemplify you could justify that is if you actually the business from different sides,” he says. a “climate” of denial in Ottawa about the concluded that those members of our “I’ve been in and around corrections and problems inside Canada’s prisons. community are predisposed to commit law enforcement and crime prevention and “We got into a decade of tough-on- more crime.” policy for a long time, for more than 30 crime rhetoric,” he says in a sit-down Yet, when asked how he dealt with the years.” interview with P&I in his offi ce on Aug. 17, government slamming the door in his face, Sapers is like an exotic bird rarely “and it was diffi cult to talk about empathy, Sapers strikes an upbeat, even mischievous seen in Ottawa politics: a blunt-talking, compassion and dignity. But those are really tone. feather-ruffl ing watchdog who nevertheless the cornerstones of a good justice system.” “I’m a very slow learner,” he says, holds on to his job through multiple The moment also gives a peek behind grinning. “I once had a minister ask me federal elections. He is only the third such the curtain at how this 58-year-old man, when I was going to stop repeating myself, investigator that’s ever been appointed— who has studied and advocated for prison and I said, ‘when you listen.’” after an initial fi ve-year appointment, he’s reform for decades, actually ticks. Sapers been reappointed four more times: in 2009, has an incredible intellectual intensity ‘this WorK mEshEs 2012, 2015 and this year. packaged with a disarming, straightforward pErfEctlY’ demeanour. He is a crusader, and he knows Sapers talks about his career in three a short-livEd it, but he’s not one to brag. distinct stages: a decade of work with the ‘farEWEll tour’ “We are now at the point where one John Howard Society, another decade That’s not to say the government hasn’t in four federally-sentenced offenders is of spent in provincial politics, and since then, tried to dislodge him. In May 2015, a notice indigenous heritage; one in 10 is black,” working within and around the federal of vacancy went out for Sapers’ job in the he says, leaning in. “The only way that criminal justice system. government’s offi cial publication. The press

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 25 people-howard sapers picked up on it. Sapers said at the time that another suicide by Terry Baker in Kitchener, errors, the gaps, and sometimes people he hadn’t been given any explanation. Ont., the same institution Smith was in. making really, really bad decisions.” “The government had told me that Roy’s inquest this summer revealed that A typical day starts with reading what’s they were not going to re-appoint me. he had been held in solitary confinement called the Sitrep, or situational report. Unfortunately, they didn’t share that for two months, up to 23 hours a day. The Sapers gets an early edition of that from information until literally the eleventh institutional probation officer overseeing him CSC, as part of his office’s mandate granting hour,” he tells P&I. told a jury that Roy was banned from reading access to all Correctional Services Canada He was given a last-minute and writing materials, the CBC reported, and (CSC) records, documents, personnel, and reappointment for up to a year, that would when he saw Roy’s mental health deteriorate places. The Sitrep gives an indication of last until a replacement was found, he says. he had asked for a TV set, but was denied. what happened over the last 24 hours inside At that point, he started packing boxes. Sapers says he’s “cautiously optimistic” correctional facilities. “I was looking for another job,” he said, about the prospect of prison reform in “There will be anywhere between 20 and “and had begun what my staff called my Canada under the Liberals. The public 40 incidents that were significant enough to farewell tour: resigning from committees mandate letter was important to get on the be in the situation report. And they could be and going to meetings for the last time.” record, he says. riots, they could be assaults, they could be Soon after, the Conservatives called an “When I see that those are actually a homicide, it could be a use of force with election, and lost power. This spring, the new messages from the prime minister to his correctional officers, it could be an escape, it Liberal government gave him another year. could be an overdose,” he says. Sapers says rather than seeing it as a Sadly, he says, it’s often full of self- second chance, he just sees a continuation injury incidents. of the work that needs to be done. After the Sitrep, the office follows up on the reports or starts to piece together ‘We’re still talking I’m a very slow learner evidence of a systemic or thematic about her death’ … I once had a minister situation: is there a policy shift behind the And there’s a lot of that work to do. ask me when I was going rise in self-injury, for example. Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould’s The office also has a team of mandate letter from Prime Minister Justin to stop repeating myself, investigators that travel to the 53 custody Trudeau, for example, specifically calls for the and I said, ‘When centres across the country; meeting with implementation of recommendations from inmates and staff to try to resolve issues. the inquest into the death of Ashley Smith. you listen.’” “We give our investigative staff a lot The mentally ill 19-year-old Smith died of latitude. They’re well-trained and very of self-strangulation on Oct. 19, 2007 in a —Howard Sapers professional … Thousands and thousands, segregation cell at a Kitchener, Ont., jail. literally, of issues are resolved every year at Guards, under orders not to enter her cell Cabinet, that these are political priorities that level: by the staff in the field.” as long as she was breathing, looked on. and something needs to be done about Issues that aren’t resolved are escalated The title of the June 2008 report by Sapers them, that gives me some hope. I am not to Sapers’ level; he might meet with the said it all: A Preventable Death. used to seeing that,” he says. commissioner of corrections, or prepare a Smith had spent almost a year in federal briefing for the minister, or be called into a custody in segregation the entire time, ‘sAn inten ely human Parliamentary committee. There is never a sometimes in “oppressive and inhumane” business’ typical week, he says. conditions, Sapers wrote. “She was often Despite dealing with these kinds of The most intense job, he notes, might be given no clothing other than a smock—no frustrations day after day, Sapers doesn’t the team of four intake officers. Among other shoes, no mattress and no blanket. During think Correctional Services Canada is duties, the team answers the office’s toll free the last weeks of her life she slept on the inherently a callous institution. line for federally-sentenced inmates. floor of her segregation cell.” He points out how large the federal “They got over 22,500 phone calls last Six years after her death, a 2013 prison system is, with 19,000 workers at 53 year, and between the four of them, spent coroner’s inquest ruled it a homicide and custody sites, not to mention 700 parole over 150,000 minutes last year answering made more than 100 recommendations. officers at 92 offices and 15 community those phone calls,” said Sapers. “And you can To this day, Sapers talks about Smith’s correctional centres. It’s all managing a assume that none of those are happy calls.” death as “shameful.” But he sees a silver prison population of about 15,000, he Inmates, he says, are anxious, emotional lining in the fact that her death created said, with another 8,000 in some form of and upset, and they’re calling because they a dialogue. “It’s so tragic that it took her conditional release or parole. have a problem. It’s particularly hard for death,” he says, but “we’re still talking about “This is an intensely human business,” the intake officers, he says, “when they get her death, we’re still talking about the says Sapers. The hundreds of thousands of a call from somebody that says ‘I’m ready circumstances, we’re still talking about how interactions between staff, inmates and others to end my life, and I just thought I’d call to to prevent similar deaths from occurring.” in conditional release are mostly “confident, tell you that.’ And that can happen any day.” This summer, Sapers called for more professional, helpful, appropriate— He manages workplace mental health legal limits on solitary confinement after an sometimes even heroic,” he says. initiatives, like training and reminding inquest into the suicide death of Christopher “None of that comes to my attention. people of employee assistance programs. Roy in a British Columbia institution, and My office focuses on the mistakes, the “We encourage people to use their leave

26 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 Sapers, while visiting a concentration camp prison in the Czech Republic. P&I photograph courtesy of Howard Sapers

time. Take your holidays...we look at things like alternative work arrangements.” ‘I visit jails when I’m on HOW DO YOU KEEP REAL ESTATE VALUES holidays’ Sapers himself has a variety of techniques he uses to try to decompress, although you GROUNDED IN REALITY? wouldn’t know it by the way he describes it. “I’ve spent a lot of time in jail,” he says, Reliable property values based on professional laughing. “I’ve been going in and out of valuation practices are essential to the stability of jails and prisons since the early 1980s. I Canada’s real estate market and nancial system. Since visit jails when I’m on holidays.” 1938, the Appraisal Institute of Canada’s designated Sapers says he has “actually had the appraisers – AACITM and CRATM – have provided real experience of going up to the front door of a prison and saying ‘Hi, I work in corrections estate expertise to Canadian homeowners, lenders, in Canada, can I come and have a look?’” businesses and governments–helping them make He also goes for walks, or deliberately informed decisions about their property. We are ignores the phone for a while. “I find it hard to Canada’s professional appraisers of choice, and put down the BlackBerry, but I do sometimes. ensure property values remain grounded in reality. Not often. My wife will tell you never, but that’s a bit of an exaggeration,” he says. He has a camera that he admittedly doesn’t use much, although he says photography was “a big part of my life up until I ran for office, so I’d like to get back to that.” But with such a demanding job, and four kids “just now out of the house,” there isn’t a lot of free time. But Sapers is not a power-hungry workaholic-type, either. While always keen to talk policy, he shies away from drawing direct connections to himself, even when asked. “I think that anybody who’s in a job like this puts their own stamp on it,” he says. “Whoever’s in the role, I think their personality and their bias and their perspective will no doubt come through. But more important than that...people come to an ombuds office to get clarity. Valuations | Appraisal review | Consulting “When I edit a draft report, most of my Feasibility Studies | Due Diligence editing is taking out adjectives. Let’s just get to the point. We don’t have to editorialize. Learn more about AIC-designated appraisers by visiting Stick with the facts…our conclusions will AICanada.ca be stronger, I think, because of that.” Newfoundland Power & Influenceand Labrador Fall 2016 . 27 Inside the Liberal’s parliamentary rebrand P&I photograph By Jake Wright Out with the old style of politicking, in with the people

By rACHEL AIELLO

ast fall, Canadians overwhelmingly voted for positivity, “Loptimism and collaboration, and that is the tone that I will continue to bring to Parliament.” Those were the fi rst words uttered by new Leader of the Government in the House of Commons, Bardish Chagger, just a few weeks before Parliament returned from summer break. To some, the government was effectively hitting a reset button, wiping New Government House Leader Bardish Chagger, with Liberal MP away the scorched earth left between the parties after a fi rst sitting Matt DeCourcey. P&I photograph by of Cynthia Münster fi lled with growing pains. But Liberal insiders say the decision to replace now-Fisheries Minister Dominic LeBlanc with the fi rst female House Leader elevates their plans already underway: to chaggEr and a brEaK from rebrand Parliament. old-school politics Every political party does three things when they take offi ce: “Bardish Chagger, she embodies everything that’s new and fresh they try to eviscerate the existing brand, they try to reclaim it, and about where the government wants to bring this. She’s a woman they also rebrand the state, according to Alex Marland, Memorial in her 30s, she’s a visible minority, she hasn’t been beholden to the University professor and author of Brand Command: Canadian culture of Parliament,” says an insider source with knowledge of Politics and Democracy in the Age of Message Control. Chagger’s appointment. “She wants to come in and ensure that the “When a political party forms government, what they want government gets its legislation through, but also bring a new tone to do… is mould it in their image,” Marland tells P&I. He says of hopefully shared cooperation.” the Liberals are succeeding at setting themselves apart “quite impressively, in all the right ways,” from the last government, lifting the dark cloud of cynicism people associated with politics in Canada, and in its place inviting them in, from opening up their Open House swearing in ceremony at Rideau Hall, to holding an unprecedented Thursdays in October number of public consultations. from 4 to 7pm “If I was to assess ‘what have we actually done, outside of the FeaturingOpen House legislation?’ I would suggest to you the greatest thing that we’ve JewelleryThursdays by in Tazim October accomplished is the sense of a prime minister that genuinely and from 4 to 7pm truly cares about people,” says longtime Liberal MP and right-hand- Featuring Jewellery by Tazim man to the House leader, parliamentary secretary Kevin Lamoureux. He says one of the strongest things Trudeau has impressed on his caucus is his desire to make Parliament feel like it belongs to everyone, and the best way he sees this done is by changing the way it works. While that line has likely just received an eye roll from the press gallery and opposition benches, there’s a sense inside the House that the government genuinely means it. It hasn’t been a fl awless execution. Liberal insiders acknowledge the contradiction that kicked off their reign of the House with the party’s outward branding of themselves as open and transparent, while inside the walls of Centre Block, draconian motions loomed overhead and parliamentary secretaries found seats at committee. “The old style of politics made their way into the last THETHE PERFECT PERFECT FITFIT parliament at a time where the public aura or public image that we as a party wanted to project was very different in the House of Commons,” says one Liberal insider. But much of the rebranding is happening where most Canadians don’t really see it: within the walls of Centre Block. Design by Thea Yeatman Some are small, but all are signifi cant. From their choice to be the Made to Measure Design by Thea Yeatman Made to Measure WOVEN STREAMS COUTURE face of the government in the House of Commons; the refocusing WOVEN STREAMS COUTURE for the 819.771.1660 .163 rue Champlain . PQ for the . . of Cabinet committees, to departing from the micro-targeting of Woman of Influence 819.771.1660www.wovenstreams.com 163 rue Champlain PQ legislative language in favour of broad appeal. Woman of Influence www.wovenstreams.com

. 53/8 x 63/4 Power & Influence Fall 2016 29

53/8 x WovenStreamsquarterpage.indd63/4 1 2016-09-12 10:38 AM All these second-inning changes send the message that the government is still shaping its focus, says Marland. From a brand perspective they’re a mouthful to say, but, bigger-picture, the naming gives cues to the government’s priorities. This is an extension of the fi rst round of big name changes the government Kevin Lamoureux Mark Kennedy did at the time of swearing in the fi rst Liberal Cabinet: renaming government As many have pointed out, historically, Committee on Parliamentary Affairs, departments and the coinciding minister’s experienced, middle-aged male politicians and re-named the Cabinet Committee titles: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern have held the role of House leader. Visually, on Open Transparent Government and Development became Indigenous and putting Chagger in the role is an about- Parliament. Northern Affairs; Environment Canada face. It’s a reclamation and has possibly LaRocque says a year into the mandate became Environment and Climate Change blown open all parties’ considerations for is a logical time to look at what’s working, Canada, and so on. future House leaders. and to decide that a more shared table was Marland says this “rocketed to the top Marland sees it as a continued softening appropriate to further their plans. of the agenda” a number of issues, and the of Parliament’s image, but more so it’s “I think that what they are realizing is that politics of language being what it is, resulted a rebrand of the Liberals themselves, the democratic part of it and the openness in a societal vocabulary change, reclaiming changing the narrative of what they stand and transparency need to be one in the same. the brands. “Instantly people have moved for and who they represent. I think it’s an operational change, but also a away from using the word aboriginal and “Her demeanor really exudes a sense very symbolic one,” LaRocque says. moved on to indigenous,” he says. of collegiality, a sense of togetherness,” says As well, the Cabinet Committee on Jacquie LaRocque, principal of Compass Inclusive Growth, Opportunities and no catch-phrasing Rose Group, and past Liberal Cabinet Innovation became the Cabinet Committee bills… for noW minister staffer. on Growing the Middle Class “to refl ect the This is the eviscerate piece of the It’s a role that requires procedural committee’s central role in advancing this three-step branding process. Not only wrangling and negotiating, and the self- key objective,” the press release reads. are the Liberals repealing a bunch of the proclaimed life-long politico Chagger says she “A lot is in a name, wording is very Conservative’s legislation, but also they’re wants to work together with the opposition, important,” says Lamoureux, adding that moving away from how those bills are named. but has also emphasized that “democracy the focuses on open government and They’ve avoided putting short titles on bills should be engaging with Canadians.” the middle class are central, and wholly and in almost every case are letting them She’ll have to continue the rollout of the intentional, part of a “well-coordinated” stand as the long technical titles, spelling out government’s promised parliamentary and long-term vision that Trudeau and all the acts the bill aims to amend. The past democratic reforms, from Senate reform his transition team put in motion. In Conservative government was notorious for to amending Parliament’s Standing Orders discussing the Cabinet shifts, Lamoureux their catch-phrasing of bills, such as the “Life to end the practice of omnibus bills, and to reminds P&I that Cabinet is where the Means Life Act,” for example. give House committees more resources. legislative and broader House strategy is Keith Beardsley, former deputy chief of Helping make sure the government decided, and then executed by the House staff to Stephen Harper when he was prime remembers the mandate it was given is leadership team. minister, admits it was a niche marketing Mark Kennedy, a long-time Hill journalist Liberal insiders see the reconfi guring technique targeting supporters. “They tend who is now working in the Prime Minister’s both as a symbolic message, but also a to be more broadly-oriented,” he says of the Offi ce as a communications adviser for signal that the internal priorities of the new government. parliamentary affairs and democratic committees have changed. To the Liberals, it seems a bill is a bill reform. The position itself an interesting Ahead of the most recent change, the again, and the “harsh political statement” piece of the overall rebrand puzzle. government had renamed the Cabinet that a short title can make, as Lamoureux Committee on Agenda and Results to be put it, does nothing for their attempts to rEnaming cabinEt the Cabinet Committee on Agenda, Results, build consensus. That’s their view so far. committEEs and and Communication. “Over time, governments do learn the ministriEs “Little pieces of the puzzle have been put importance of coordination,” says Marland, Days after Chagger moved into the into place over the past number of months,” pointing out it can be a risk to let others sumptuous offi ce inside the House says Lindsay Doyle, consultant at Summa coin the bill and its policy aims for you. of Commons foyer, the government Strategies and former Liberal political “How are you supposed to operate in a announced a restructuring of its Cabinet operations staffer. “When you talk about world of social media, 140 characters, if committees that provides another glimpse the communications of this government, you don’t have a short version?” into the Liberal’s approach to Parliament. it’s exceptionally important for them to Realizing this, the government is not The most relevant: the Cabinet communicate to people—to Canadians— ruling out their appearance down the line. Committee on Open and Transparent exactly what’s happening… they’re putting a “If there is some minister that’s coming Government was merged with the Cabinet huge priority on that,” she says. forward saying ‘here’s what I want for a

30 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 parliamentary rebrand-feature short title,’ they might have to sell it to Doyle says election buzzwords like the Prime Minister’s Office and House ‘fairness’ and ‘opportunity’ haven’t left leadership team,” says Lamoureux. the government, but others that could become the basis of its identity include From promising ‘innovation’, ‘the middle class’, and different, to ‘Indigenous affairs’. She says although delivering the brand isn’t etched in stone yet, different they’re putting out the image they The real test of all this is still want to be at this stage in their to come, starting in earnest with term. the government’s next budget “From day one, branding is and passing the next round of obviously exceptionally important government legislation. Building to this government,” she says. consensus in trying to get their They’re also getting some help ambitious and varied agenda through from across the aisle, where the absence is only one part. of strong opposition on either side means Lamoureux says time management no one is really pushing the Liberals into will be key, “less time on bells, more time taking a shape, many point out. on debates,” is what he’d like to see. “The reality for the Liberals is that The other part of the brand that their extended honeymoon is a result of will also start to take shape will be the Beardsley. “They’re still in the early stages… delivering on change of tone and policy Liberals’ record. As time passes it’ll grow the main thing right now is we’re not and the weakness of the opposition,” continuously harder to rest on promises of Harper, that’s really, when you get down to writes pollster Nik Nanos in an Aug. 23 change– it’ll have to be realized. it, the branding that they’re doing,” he says. column in The Globe and Mail. “Expect “By the time you get in to your second The line between the Conservatives the advantage to continue until the year, people are waiting for you to make and the economy was drawn in thick, black opposition parties select leaders and hard decisions and this is where we’ll see indelible marker. For the Liberals, that one present a potential solid counterpoint to exactly how their brand shapes up,” says identifier has yet to rise to the surface. the Trudeau Liberals.”

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AlBERTA: the province that is down, but not out

The skyline of Calgary’s downtown core shows office towers that many report are now a sea of empty cubicles. Photograph courtesy of Chuck Szmurlo

Industry and political leaders are banking on innovation to move beyond an oil-reliant economy and to jumpstart the province

By Dali Carmichael

ake no mistake, it is bad for sure.” hit pretty hard, pretty quickly,” Moran says. probably not being captured because it just “M Mary Moran, president and “Following the layoffs like you see in Fort hasn’t been subleased,” she says. CEO for Calgary Economic Development McMurray [where] you start to see them (CED), doesn’t bother to sugar coat her in the field—you start to see them in the By the numbers city’s current economic situation. downtown core of Calgary.” However, Moran is still optimistic about As Alberta slogs through its second year In the last two years or so, Moran some economic indicators in her city. of recession following an oil price slump, estimates approximately 25,000 people have “There was no net [population] loss Moran—who has spent the last seven years lost their jobs in energy-related industries from July 2014 to July 2015,” Moran working her way up the city-run not- in the hub of Calgary, a metropolitan area says. “And then from July 2015 to 2016, our for-profit corporation’s chain, witnessing of roughly 1.1 million residents. out migration was about 6,000 people.” periods of both boom and bust—paints a The consequences of that, she says, She adds: “6,000 people isn’t really that picture of Calgary, a city that is down, but can be seen in the cubicle ghost towns in bad, considering we had about 160,000 not out. downtown office spaces. “They’re reporting people come here over the last five years.” “I would just say that typically, in a it in kind of the low 20 per cent, but Still, the statistics across the province downturn in Alberta, Calgary actually gets there’s a whole bunch of other space that’s aren’t pretty.

32 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 ALBErTA-placEs

According to information on municipalities released by the provincial government on Sept. 8, the recession has caused Alberta’s unemployment rate to rise from 4.4 per cent in December 2014 to 8.6 per cent in July of this year. Payroll jobs in the oil and gas services sector have dropped between May 2015 and 2016 by 26 per cent, from 53,098 in June 2015 to 39,503 in June 2016. Not to mention, Alberta is currently seeing the highest unemployment rate in the province since 1994. Employment has fallen between 11 per cent and 14 per cent in the manufacturing, construction, and engineering and architectural services sectors between June 2015 and 2016. What will it take to stop out migration “not supporting from the province, to halt the recession, to get the economy jumpstarted again; and pipelines for maybe—just maybe—break the boom and bust cycle that has beleaguered the province Canadians is for decades? Sometimes, it just comes down to a very short- thinking outside the box.

innovation is KEY sighted view Energy and industry leaders met in because they’re going to Calgary on Aug. 30 to attend a panel titled Energy policy and the economy for need fossil fuels. It’s still “As companies tomorrow, hosted by the Calgary Chamber of Commerce and The Pearson Centre. going to be probably innovate, we There, federal Minister of Natural 75 per cent of their Resources Jim Carr spoke to the also need to be importance of innovation in the country’s consumption for the energy future. next 15 years.” looking to new “The way in which Alberta will fi nd itself turning its economy around will —Mary Moran really not be waiting for the price to markets... increase again, but will be to be driving We can’t keep selling to the innovation—innovation with the notion of energy that may be both renewable and same customer all the time.” non-renewable,” says Calgary Chamber of Commerce president and CEO Adam —Adam Legge Legge, citing Carr’s presentation. “He was really encouraging companies to ... think about how can you bring about innovation within your own company, to make sure that you can take advantage of the way in which the world is needing its resources and the way in which the world is developing and consuming its energy products.” Legge says that Carr emphasized the importance of new pipelines for the growth of the oil and gas industry— a sentiment echoed by Moran. “It’s a much more efficient and much safer way to transport the products that we have here,” she says. “If we can’t

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 33 places-alberta “Edmonton is actually showing tremendous resilience through this commodity down cycle and that’s partly because Edmonton’s part of the energy economy is quite different than Calgary’s.” —Don Iveson

‘Edmonton handles a different piece of the energy business, namely following through on projects,’ says Edmonton Mayor Don Iveson. P&I Photograph by Jake Wright get that, then there’s high risk that we’ll warns that discussions of diversification “Renewables are coming, there’s no leave 95 per cent of the carbon in the needed to be nuanced, and more than a question about it,” Moran says. “The ground. Yet, world demand will still be buzzword to be less volatile. question really, or the unknown, or the very high so … not supporting pipelines “What we see is many of the attempts to wildcard, is what percentage of energy for Canadians is a very short-sighted diversify the economy, in fact, don’t really supply will they service or generate? You get view because they’re going to need fossil diversify the economy,” he says. “When estimates anywhere from 15 to 25 per cent fuels. It’s still going to be probably 75 per you build an upgrader or a refinery, you’re by 2040.” cent of their consumption for the next 15 adding more activity that is highly related Two of the CED’s top priorities are years.” to oil and gas prices and you’re adding to to develop both long and short-term Legge notes that in the panel discussion, construction, which is also a very volatile strategies to employ Calgarians, and to fill one upgrader company said Alberta has industry.” empty commercial spaces. a great economic opportunity to provide One way to achieve those goals value-added product, diversifying the oil ‘Renewables are coming’ includes supporting and growing Calgary’s and gas industry by refining products In addition to expanding fossil fuels, renewable energy industry. within Canadian borders. Moran says she recognizes Calgary’s “We have the best science-based Beverly Dahlby, a distinguished fellow potential to truly diversify its energy sector, population in the country,” says Moran. in Tax and Economic Growth at the and to become an international leader in “We’ve got to make sure we’ve got the best School of Public Policy and Professor of the development and distribution of clean policies, both at the provincial and federal Economics at the University of Calgary, energy. government, to induce investment into

34 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 alberta-places clean energy tech, and we need to make Moran would like to see this initiative sure we’ve got the places and spaces for move ahead, not only to boost the people to create, build develop.” province’s energy industry, but also to She adds that Alberta’s climate and improve other thriving sectors, including infrastructure made the province “well- finance, film, and agriculture. positioned” to develop renewables. “We’ve got a very strong knowledge base “If you look to our province and here on financial services,” she says. “We do you look to the north, we have carbon 10 to 15 per cent of world energy deal flow underneath us and to the south we have out of Calgary, which is kind of a big gap places for strong wind and solar farms,” she from what we produce as a head office. We explains. “We’re so well-positioned to be produce 35 per cent of world energy.” the global energy centre for Canada that we To encourage this use of human have to figure out what our position is on capital, she would like to see partners in renewables.” Calgary coming together to find innovative Further, to move ahead, industry and solutions to the recession crisis. policy leaders will need to find ways to sell “I think private sector, government that energy on a global scale. organizations—including our “As companies innovate, we also need organization … and postsecondary to be looking to new markets,” Legge says, need to work together,” Moran says, paraphrasing some of the discussion at the citing booming tech economies out of energy panel. “We can’t keep selling to the Silicon Valley, Waterloo, and Toronto same customer all the time, whether that’s as successful co-operative models. “If domestically within Alberta or in Canada. I had another criticism of Calgary, it’s We do need to be looking at international that we’re probably a little bit behind the markets to sell our products because we eight-ball with respect to triangulating Natural Resources Minister Jim Carr is are, even as a nation, too small a domestic that effort.” challenging Alberta resource firms to be more innovative of commerce. Photograph economy to really drive significant courtesy of Calgary Chamber investment and corporate growth within Edmonton’s resilience Canada.” This economic diversification is To that end, the CED is striving to something that Edmonton Mayor Don ensure its workforce is ready to participate Iveson says has “mercifully” helped keep his in the global economy. city afloat during the recession. Payroll “From a talent retention or workforce “Edmonton is actually showing retention perspective, we’re doing a number tremendous resilience through this jobs in the of things, including trying to get people to commodity down cycle and that’s partly retrain, potentially re-engage, or even just because Edmonton’s part of the energy oil and gas pivot their careers into other high-potential economy is quite different than Calgary’s,” growth areas,” Moran says. “A great example he explains. “The way I describe it is, services would be, if you had been working in kind Calgary is in the deal-flow business and of conventional oil and gas that you might there’s not a lot of deal-flow right now, sector have want to consider moving into renewables, obviously, because of the low energy price.” because … there’s some growth area in that Meanwhile, Edmonton handles a dropped subsector of the energy industry.” different piece of the energy business, The CED currently has several studies namely following through on projects from between May 2015 and underway to identify the people who are the design stage to the decommission and unemployed in Calgary, their professions, rehabilitation stages, he adds. 2016 by 26 per cent, and where—globally—there is need for “Cumulatively, across northern Alberta, from 53,098 in June 2015 those sectors. Following these studies, there’s still generations of work to do, the organization plans to approach those regardless of today’s oil price,” Iveson says. to 39,503 in June 2016. jurisdictions and pitch Calgary as an “Some of that work actually makes sense international talent hub. to do when commodity prices are low, “One thing about Calgarians is … 30- because that’s when you’d want to shut some per cent of people do flexible and/or off production to do a major upgrade remote work styles,” Moran says. “We have or overhaul or maintenance cycle. It’s office space vacancy.” Edmontonians and northern Albertans that She adds, “The initiative is called do that kind of work.” the Global Talent Hub. It helps us retain Iveson wouldn’t go as far as to say people, it helps us retain some of the Edmonton has been immune to the office space, and it also help us potentially downturn, but he did say that jobs have diversify the economy.” been added, and the city’s economy has

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 35 places-alberta

grown, albeit much more slowly than in the last few years. “We have other industries in health, in ICT [information and communications technologies], in finance insurance, real estate, engineering, and design,” he points out. “[They] aren’t necessarily publicly- traded Fortune 500 companies, but when you add them all up, it’s actually an incredibly diversified economy here.” A province on fire On Aug. 23, the provincial government released its first quarter financial report for 2016-17. Alberta’s Minister of Finance, Joe Ceci, forecasted a provincial deficit $10.9-billion, $527-million higher than estimated when the budget was released in April. He attributed a majority of this increase to the net fiscal impact of the Wood Buffalo-region wildfire, a devastating event that caused almost 90,000 people to flee Fort McMurray and the surrounding area in the course of a few days–and stay away for almost two months. Current estimates for the cost of the fire sits around $500-million for 2016-17. This accounts for almost $275-million doled out in financial aid to evacuated families, and the cost of losing out on almost 40-million barrels of oil deferred over two-month period. On the other hand, the revenue forecast saw an increase of $708-million, up to $42.1-billion, mostly due to a small increase in oil prices per barrel. When the NDP came to power in 2015, they had promised tax increases, a review of the energy royalty system, and changes to the electricity system, Dahlby says. These all factors that he says have added to uncertainty, and may have made it more difficult to supply investments in Alberta. “These current policies are not going to make the economy more diversified in the sense of less volatility,” Dahlby says. “What we need is a return to policies that attract investment—which is low—lower corporate tax rate, lower personal income tax, and then markets will determine what activities can take place here that would be not so closely related to the oil and gas industry.” 2017: A rebound year However, the first quarter report also suggested Alberta’s economy is expected to begin recovering in 2017. The province also forecasted real GDP Oil Sands photos by Jake Wright would grow by 2.4 per cent in 2017, with

36 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 support from wildfi re reconstruction, a of the things that’s going to buoy current rebound in oil production, additional housing prices.” investments in public-sector infrastructure, As for the commercial spaces, Moran and some modest improvements in oil prices. says the CED is working with Calgary’s real “I kind of feel like we have about estate community to make better use of the another 12, 18 months to really advance empty buildings. some of these things that we’re talking “You’ve seen this in kind of older about to better position us for the modest cities, in particular U.S. cities—Pittsburgh, growth that we will experience,” Moran Portland, Seattle, and even Rochester— says. “I’m not a believer that we will return where they’ve converted offi ce spaces to $80, $100 oil. I think the energy industry into residential hotels,” she says. “More will become much more competitive and recently—and you see this in Toronto— it needs to be much more effi cient and the traditional offi ce space with the fl oor productive, but it also needs to be much plates are being converted into things like more innovative.” incubators, accelerators, co-shared space, so Dahlby remembers times being much “I’m not a we’re looking at all of those.” worse, noting that the decline in housing At the end of the day, Moran realizes prices has been “quite moderate overall,” believer that that it won’t be easy for Alberta to rise to its especially when compared with the previous levels of economic success, but she recession of the 1980s. we will return remains optimistic about the future. “I think it’s partly because this “People can’t lose sight, as bad as things downturn is occurring in the era of low to $80, $100 oil feel,” Moran says. “You have to remember interest rates, so people can hang on to that these two years of recession are coming properties for longer periods of time,” I think the energy industry will after a very overheated period, but if you he says. “There’s a market out there for look at the 10-year horizon, we’re still new properties, both domestic but also become much more competitive.” doing much better than most jurisdictions international. I think that’s probably one —Mary Moran in the country.”

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Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 37 NO MORE TREADING WATER bY allY fostEr

P&I Photograph courtesy of Tavis Nembhard patrick brown-people

The leader of the Ontario Tories has shaken up the sinking ship his party had become. But there are just as many people questioning the real direction of the Brown bandwagon, as there are those who have happily hopped aboard.

atrick Brown has heard it all before. to do. He recalls that when he was in the cent, with the Liberals trailing behind at Assertions that the Ontario third grade, he had to write a report on acid 25 per cent support. The Ontario NDP has PProgressive Conservative leader’s rain. He wrote a letter to then-Progressive the favour of 23 per cent of participants, most defined personality trait is that he’s Conservative prime minister Brian Mulroney while the Green Party had the support of not Kathleen Wynne; that he’s flip-flopped asking what the government was going to do six per cent of those surveyed. Two per on policies as starkly as Donald Trump to tackle the environmental challenge. cent said they would vote for any other has on immigration; and even that he’s a He received a hand-written response, party. dead-eyed, brainwashed robot that runs on which caused him to become “interested talking points uploaded to his hard drive by in the environment, and interested in the Flip-flopping, or Bay Street CEOs. Conservatives,” he says, despite coming newfound freedom? And he seems overwhelmingly unfazed. from a household that had strong ties to Brown has appeared to backtrack During a telephone interview with P&I, the . on a few significant stances since taking the thick-skinned Brown—who may very His father, Edmond, ran unsuccessfully leadership—the most recent example being well become the next premier of Canada’s for the federal NDP in 1979 and 1980. the confusion over a letter from his office biggest economic heavyweight—defends Brown recalls when he told his father he to Scarborough-Rouge River voters on Aug. his perceived shifts on major issues, lays out was leaning blue instead of orange, his 26 saying that if he were elected premier, some of his policy priorities, and details his father applauded him for taking an interest he would “scrap” the Liberals’ updated grueling work schedule. and told him to research the different curriculum on sex education. Since winning the Ontario Progressive parties thoroughly before choosing one. After several days of mixed messages, he Conservative leadership race in May 2015, “It was a unique conversation to have released an open letter on Aug. 29 saying most of Brown’s days are the same: wake up when you’re 10 years old, but my dad would that the letter featured a “mistake” in its use after three or four hours of sleep; leave the read the paper over breakfast, and I would of language, and although he would like house by 6:30 a.m.; down a Red Bull and read the paper next to him,” he recalls. “We to do more consulting with parents and a protein bar on the way to the morning’s would talk about current events.” review changes to the curriculum if elected, first event; push through carefully His dad has since become a Progressive he would not axe the plan altogether. scheduled back-to-back meetings; sneak Conservative, supporting his son’s new After stating he wanted to correct the in a mandatory one-hour workout; attend direction with the party. And he’s not the record before the by-election, regardless of more events and meetings—usually until only convert. the political consequences, he wrote: “I also midnight or later, then rest and repeat. Brown has grown the party want to be very clear about something else. But the 38-year-old, who has lived membership to more than 80,000 Consultation doesn’t mean opening the and breathed politics since he was young, members—a number which had dwindled door to intolerance. I will never support says the long hours and all-consuming to around 11,000 before his nomination, removing LGBT sensitivity or combating workload are worth it. reflecting a demoralized party that has homophobia from schools. I will always “I’m comfortable dedicating myself gone without power for more than a support consulting with parents and giving right now to Ontario, and this project of decade in a province where it dominated them a voice, but I will never support seeing if I can form a government and for most of the last century. intolerance in our society.” turn Ontario around,” he says. “That He says he and his team have felt “a He tells P&I that his “position has excites me; it drives me … you don’t pay lot of wind in our sails” due to the rise in been consistent on this issue since the attention to the hours, or the work that is donations, the steady lead in the polls for leadership race. While I support an updated required.” most of the past 18 months, a growing curriculum that takes into account changing membership and successful by-elections. attitudes and the world in which children True blue A Forum Research poll published Sept. now live, any updates to the sex-education Those who know him well would likely 15 shows Brown is up in the polls. The curriculum should include extensive and say this is what Brown was always meant Progressive Conservatives lead with 45 per thorough parental consultation.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 39 people-patrick brown

He adds, “I quickly corrected the record The notion of flip-flopping is a criticism Liberals, and has said his version would be despite the political implications. I was very Brown has faced before. revenue-neutral. clear. I did not want anybody voting for [the] While a backbencher in the federal But, speaking to P&I, Brown insists these candidate under the false pretenses that I Liberal Caucus under then-prime minister examples don’t reflect a change in his views, would scrap the sex-education curriculum.” Stephen Harper, Brown’s votes leaned but rather are indicative of the newfound But in a letter to the editor sent to pretty far to the right, causing some to label opportunity he has to voice how he truly feels. P&I’s sister publication, The Hill Times, him a social conservative. When he was a low-profile MP in the the faith-based, far right organization, For example, he voted to repeal same- Harper caucus, Brown says he was expected The Institute for Canadian Values—which sex marriage laws, wanted to reopen the to toe the party line. “There’s only so far has 110,000 members—wrote, “Patrick debate on rights to abortion, and went you could go without getting into trouble Brown campaigned to become leader on a against medically assisted dying during his with the PMO,” he says, adding there were pro-family platform, promising to protect time on Parliament Hill. several times that he felt the displeased children from the radical sex education Yet, one of his first acts as Ontario sting of a crack of the whip. curriculum of Kathleen Wynne. Thousands PC leader was to take a delegation to the Brown references how, in 2009, he believed him, signed up as members, paid Toronto pride parade, becoming the first became one of the first MPs to help the fee and voted for him in May last year. PC leader to take part. He has said on many the Canadian-Tamil community by The very next month Mr. Brown reversed occasions that if he were to take the helm raising awareness about human rights his position and marched in the Pride at Queen’s Park, he would not seek changes abuses allegedly made by the Sri Lankan Parade supporting the curriculum. With in the legality, funding, or availability of government. He adds that he was the first another election looming September 1st, abortion in Ontario. MP to use the word ‘genocide’ in the House Leader Brown switched again, writing a He’s also appeared to change his when discussing this issue. letter to constituents affirming his original tune on the environment, referring to In response, the Sri Lankan government position of ‘scrapping’ the controversial climate change as “man-made” damage, denied him a visa in 2009. curriculum. The wind started blowing in and advocating for something he had “I pushed the line a fair bit,” he says. his face so Leader Brown now says his letter previously spoken out against: putting a Now, he adds, “the beautiful thing” is was a mistake and he in fact does support price on carbon. He has remained opposed that he’s a party leader and can say what’s Wynne’s Curriculum.” to the cap-and-trade plan favoured by the “in his heart.”

THE EDGE IS HERE In the talent that drives powerful ideas In the urgency to innovate for a healthy, sustainable world In creativity and breakthroughs today for a better tomorrow

In solutions that matter to people, places and the planet you’ll find it—the UVic Edge.

Education grad student Mike Irvine presented his master’s project underwater and started the Fish Eye Project, an organization that brings marine research to classrooms and the world through interactive livestream shows. uvic.ca/PartnerWithUs

40 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 patrick brown-people

For some critics, though, those communiqués aren’t heart-felt enough. A column from Bob Hepburn in the claims that more than a year after winning leadership, Brown still hasn’t made much of an impression, and that his biggest personality trait is that he’s different from Ontario Liberal Premier Kathleen Wynne. Hepburn referenced an April 2016 Forum Research Poll which indicated that 48 per cent of people surveyed said they don’t know Brown well enough to form an opinion of him. ‘Work hard, and be on the right side of the issues’ When asked if this robotic reputation bothers him, Brown says that he has received good advice on the matter from a former premier: “His name recognition a month before he was elected premier was eight per cent,” recalls Brown. “He said ‘the Toronto Star may criticize you on name One of his first acts as Ontario PC leader was to take a delegation to the Toronto pride parade. recognition, but that’s the last thing Photograph courtesy Rona Ambrose’s Facebook Page

THE EDGE IS HERE In the talent that drives powerful ideas In the urgency to innovate for a healthy, sustainable world In creativity and breakthroughs today for a better tomorrow

In solutions that matter to people, places and the planet you’ll find it—the UVic Edge.

Education grad student Mike Irvine presented his master’s project underwater and started the Fish Eye Project, an organization that brings marine research to classrooms and the world through interactive livestream shows. uvic.ca/PartnerWithUs

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 41 xxx-xxx

Scarborough, which happened just days after the sex-ed curriculum scandal. Progressive Conservative candidate Raymond Cho took the riding, which had been held by the Liberals since its formation in 1999. Brown is now focusing on his plan for improving Ontario’s economic output: reducing red tape; investing in infrastructure, especially in transportation; having affordable energy prices; and evolving Ontario’s education system to meet the changing job market. Four-pillar economic plan Throughout his more than 30-minute interview with P&I, Brown has maintained a nonchalant tone. Until now. When he starts talking about his “four- pillar plan” for Ontario, his voice rises in pitch and volume. He talks faster, and is obviously excited. Maybe it’s practice, or maybe he had just cracked a Red Bull. Or maybe—just maybe—he’s genuinely excited to try to create change. When addressing the amount of figurative red tape found in Ontario, and the barrier it creates for business, he says, “We have 380,000 regulations. We are seen by foreigners and by ourselves as a slow place to do business. Whether it’s a transit project that’s going to take five years for approval; or an aggregate development that’s going to take nine years; an environmental assessment for a mining project that’s supposed to take 45 days, and takes two years; we have become the capital of red tape in North America and you can’t succeed in that way.” He says he wants to improve the province’s transportation infrastructure, and that under his leadership, projects wouldn’t be announced until they are ready to begin. “I would love to be known as a premier In high school, Brown says he was known for that significantly invested in transportation hockey and politics. P&I Photo by Jake Wright to get product and people to marketplace,” he says, adding that he wouldn’t follow in the world you need to worry about, our party has done that before, and it let Wynne’s practice of growing fuel especially when the Liberals are going to the Liberals off the hook.” surcharges on air travel. run millions of dollars on attack ads against Perhaps the closest he’s come to a real Brown refers to hydro and energy prices you. The only think you need to focus on controversy has been his aforementioned in Ontario as an “unmitigated disaster” is just to continue to work hard, and be on letter on scrapping the new sex-education with “signed renewable contracts that we the right side of the issues.’” curriculum. don’t need, and a master surplus. We sign He adds: “The best way to get name But, like any good politician, Brown contracts to give that same energy away recognition is to say something stupid, and is quickly moving forward. The blunder because we can’t store it.” I’ve got no interest in doing that. Frankly, didn’t cost the PCs the by-election in Some of Wynne’s heaviest criticism

42 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 PATrICk BrOWN-pEoplE stems from her plans to What’s one thing privatize Hydro One and most people don’t to move away from know about you? natural gas heating to electric, solar, or “I’m a bit of a fi sh. geo-thermal sources Whenever I’m travelling in commercial around the province in and residential the summer and I see buildings. a lake, I will go for a A December swim for fi ve minutes 2015 report from and then come back Auditor General in the car.” Bonnie Lysyk also found that Who has Ontario is likely inspired you losing money the most? from the Liberal government’s energy “I had a late grandfather conservation efforts, in , Ont., Joe as the province’s Tascona Sr., who had a car electricity surplus is lot and worked until he was being sold off at a loss. 94. I used to have dinner with “In the last two years Teetotaler Brown holds up a glass of pop him every Sunday, and his work they’ve given away $3.5-billion at a party in Ottawa while he was an MP. ethic I always found inspiring. He in energy,” says Brown. “I would stop P&I Photo by Jake Wright always told me, ‘there’s no shortcuts the privatization of Hydro One, I would in life.’ I was very, very close with stop signing contracts for surplus energy, him, and he had a lot of infl uence and I would fi nally start listening to the computer literacy knowing that there are on me and still does today even Independent Electricity System Operator tech jobs available.” though he’s no longer around.” and actually let energy experts rather than He points out that British Columbia is ministerial directives direct our energy in the process of adding computer coding Name something policy.” courses to its curriculum. you’re really bad at. Lastly, Brown talks about education. “We are not doing that in Ontario,” His mother was a principal, and he says Brown says. “We’re treading water in “I am a bad clapper. I don’t clap in he’s particularly passionate about the topic. education and we’re not meeting the sync. I’m a bad singer. My tune is “When it comes to education, it’s all labour market demands.” horrible, and I’m horrible at musical about graduating young people for the instruments … My sisters tease me right jobs,” he says. “Right now, we’re thE road to 2018 that I even get the tune wrong in graduating young people for jobs that It’s still a long slog until the 2018 Happy Birthday.” existed 20 years ago. The Conference Board Ontario provincial elections, and it remains of Canada says we lose $3.7-billion a year to be seen whether Brown can convince What were you know for jobs that are available in Ontario that doubters that he is as genuine in his beliefs for in high school? we can’t fi ll. It’s just backwards.” as he is disciplined in his modus operandi. According to the Conference Board of In the mean time, he’ll continue his “Politics and hockey... I brought Canada website, Ontario’s skills shortages 20-hour workdays, squeezing in his version Jean Charest to my high school and cost the economy around $24-billion—or of ‘family life’ when possible. “I have a I think that was signifi cant.” four per cent of the province’s total Gross 102-year-old grandmother, so I try to set Domestic Product—in forgone GDP, and aside time each week to visit her or talk You’re known for $3.7-billion in provincial tax revenues each with her, and I’ve got three young nephews wearing impeccable year. who I like to spoil,” he says. suits. Do you “Last year, we graduated 9,000 teachers When asked about the toll his career wear them on the for 5,000 teaching positions,” he says. “We has taken on prospects of starting his own weekends? graduated young people for jobs that do family—it’s been pointed out that Brown not exist. And yet, in engineering fi rms, 50 is still single, a rarity for middle-aged “No, I defi nitely dress down. If I per cent of positions don’t get fi lled.” conservative politicians—he says, “I do want show up to a hockey rink in a suit, I Brown continues: “I would like to to have a family one day. I get a lot of pressure would be mocked by my friends ... I bring pride back to the skilled trades, from my grandmother and mother that they would be just as often to show up in start properly funding the industrial arts want more grandkids and great-grandkids, so a backwards hat and a jersey to visit in school. I would like to have enhanced I do face that weekly scrutiny.” my nephews or my grandmother.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 43 $2,975,000$2,975,000

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test.indd 1 16-09-20 3:19 PM where are they now?-feature Where are they now? P&I caught up with some former MPs who lost their seats in the last election, and found out what they’re doing with their newfound free time.

By Chelsea Nash

he 2015 election that saw Justin meant that the New Democratic Party worse off compared to their two terms TTrudeau’s Liberals thrust into power took a hard hit to the number of seats of majority governments. P&I spoke to meant there were several major electoral it held, and the Conservatives, while several prominent politicians who lost their upsets across the country. Strategic voting moving into the official opposition, were ridings despite the predictions of many.

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Peter Stoffer Political affiliation: NDP Former riding: Sackville- Eastern Shore, N.S. Years spent in office: 18 On the day Stoffer spoke with P&I, he had just gotten his car repaired and had picked up some bottles and cans off the side of the road for charity. He also had a few phone calls from military and RCMP veterans and their families across the country, looking for his help. That’s because the former NDP MP of 18 years is currently volunteering for seven different veterans associations across the country—that’s right, seven—as well as

donating some of his time to the lobbying P&I Photograph by Jake Wright firm Capitol Hill group, and of course, enjoying retired life. Stoffer says he’ll “never say never” control eventually, and I don’t want to see “It’s hard to say no to these good when asked if he thinks he’ll return to happen to the country what’s happening in people,” says Stoffer, when asked what politics, but it’s 99 per cent unlikely. For Newfoundland right now, where they had made him want to tackle so many volunteer now, he is happy pursuing his passion for to take drastic, drastic, measures to get their roles. “I give them what I think is the right volunteering and fundraising, and “living books in order,” he says. advice. In many cases I refer them directly the dream” of retired life. Stoffer says he plans to write a book one to their member of Parliament, you know.” “The wife and I are just enjoying each day about his extensive life in Parliament, The former veterans affairs critic for other’s time, and getting to know my and “how a backbench NDP MP managed the NDP says he played a role in “the neighbours more, and just really enjoying to get 16 Private Member’s Bills through Petter Blindheim situation.” Blindheim Nova Scotia and Canada. I’ve been doing a Parliament, but not one of them has his is a 94-year-old Norwegian war veteran lot of work around the house,” he says. name on it.” who was denied access to the Camp Hill Stoffer says he still plans to remain Oh, and he’s still got some hats for sale. Memorial Veterans hospital in Halifax, involved in the New Democratic Party. Stoffer was well-known on Parliament Hill N.S. on the grounds that he was not an As far as the ongoing NDP leadership for his collection of thousands of hats that Allied veteran. Veterans Affairs Minister race, he says whoever the next leader adorned his Ottawa office. Since losing the Kent Hehr finally granted the Blindheim is, they need to be bold and fiscally- election, he has been selling them off and family’s request that he be admitted responsible. “Both parties right now, both donating the proceeds to charity. He said to the care facility after months of the Conservatives and the Liberals, aren’t he’s raised close to $4,000 already, and has struggling. doing that. Our debt is getting out of 500 hats left to go. Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 45 feature-where are they now?

Megan Leslie Political affiliation: NDP Former riding: Halifax, N.S. Years spent in office:S even The former NDP MP from Halifax is taking some much-needed time to learn about life outside of politics. “I used to think, what do people do in the evenings? There’s all this time. There’s, like, hours and hours of time. What could they possibly do to fill at that time? Well, now I know,” she muses. Leslie says she is grateful for every minute, evening, and weekend that she gets to spend living out her own agenda, without needing the “permission” of a whip’s office, a caucus, or other colleagues. “You can’t really say what’s less stressful, or what’s the biggest lifestyle change, because it’s a completely different life. I loved being in politics, I loved being elected. I worked really hard to get re- elected, but didn’t.” Now she says she’s been “thrust into this new life, and I have to admit, I really friggin’ love it.” Shortly after the election, Leslie started working for World Wildlife Foundation Canada in their Ottawa office, though her condition for accepting the job was that it was a short-term contract, because she wasn’t in a place to make a long-term P&I Photograph by Chelsea Nash commitment about her future. Leslie has had a busy summer. With her When she returns in November, Leslie “I’ve shut the door on the leadership contract up at WWF, she moved back to will take up the position of vice-president right now. I don’t know how I’m going Halifax with her partner, and just booked a Oceans at WWF, this time in Halifax. to feel in three years. Right now I see it one-way ticket to Europe. Leslie says despite thoroughly enjoying as a question mark,” she says, reminding After going from a “hyper-scheduled, her new free time, going back to politics is P&I that she’s still young. And she is: at hyper-structured life,” the act of buying a definitely an option. She says she holds no only 42, Leslie says she could easily take one-way ticket for a solo adventure through resentment for the lifestyle she led, but that 10 years to do something else, and return Europe, “and not knowing what the hell if she were to do it again, she would likely to politics at 52, spend 10 years as an I’m going to do, sounds amazing to me,” do it in a more balanced way so that she elected official, and still be under the age she tells P&I. didn’t get to a point of being “tapped out.” of retirement.

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Joe Oliver Political affiliation: Conservative Former riding: Eglinton- Lawrence, Ont. Years spent in office:F our Former finance minister Joe Oliver has been busy putting together a “portfolio” of different roles since he lost his seat to rookie Liberal Marco Mendocino. He’s currently the chair of the advisory board

P&I Photograph by Jake Wright at Origin Merchant Partners, is a senior

46 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 Where are they now?-feature scholar with the Montreal Economic changes to the National Energy Board’s up north, while Alexander is set to run Institute, is on the board of the Manning review process for energy projects to be for Conservative leadership. According Institute, and writes a column fairly particularly frustrating. to the London Free Press, Holder has regularly for the Financial Post. But, despite “I’m hoping that at the end of the since taken on a new gig, heading a trade all of that, Oliver says “it’s still not nearly as day, they’ll approve some of the pipelines, group promoting trade between Canada intense, obviously, as it was before.” because they’re so critical,” he said. “[Justin and Saudi Arabia. Shea, according to He says he misses political life, as most Trudeau]’s going to have to make a decision the CBC, is enjoying retirement and is people would miss something they enjoyed and some people will not like it.” considering opening a small business, doing, but is also grateful to be doing Oliver says he doesn’t have plans to and Calandra has announced his intent things in a more relaxed environment. return to politics for the next election, to enter provincial politics, seeking the “We had been in power for nine and saying that’s something that should be left nomination to become the Ontario PC half years. It’s always difficult to extend for the next generation. candidate in Markham-Stouffville in the that, historically, that’s been the case, unless Despite that, he says he will stay actively next Provincial election scheduled for there are unusual circumstances in play. involved in the party, and he will be 2018. I don’t think we ran a good campaign. supporting someone in the Conservative Paul Dewar also lost the only New You know, we didn’t. The Liberals ran a leadership race, though he says he hasn’t Democrat seat in Ottawa—a surprise for very good one,” he says, reflecting on the yet made up his mind. many who considered the son of former election campaign which resulted in him /////////////////////////////////// Ottawa mayor Marion Dewar to be a shoe- and many other former cabinet ministers In addition to Oliver, a number of in. Dewar was high-profile as the NDP’s losing their seats. high-profile Conservatives were unseated foreign affairs critic in the shadow Cabinet, Watching from the sidelines versus in 2015 including Chris Alexander, Leona and had held Ottawa Centre since 2006 having direct influence in government Aglukkaq, , Julian Fantino, before losing it to Liberal MP Catherine has been a unique experience, he says, Gail Shea, and Paul Calandra. While they McKenna. Dewar was quoted on Sept. 21, and it’s “disappointing” to see the Liberal did not return requests for comment on speaking with CBC Ottawa, that he has government “seemingly obsessed with their newfound lives post-elected politics, not yet ruled out running for mayor of overturning everything we did, irrespective according to her social media presence, Ottawa. “I don’t know what’s next, but who of its merits.” Oliver says he finds Aglukkaq, for one, is keeping a low profile knows.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 47 test.indd 1 16-04-04 3:42 PM The Two

Trudeausin photos

By ALLy FOSTEr

t’s been almost a year since Canada was swept into its second bout of . Many like to compare the Ifanfare caused by the Liberal party’s young, charismatic leader, Justin Trudeau, when he won the Oct. 19, 2015 election to the hype created by his late father almost 50 years ago, when Pierre Elliott Trudeau also won a majority Liberal government. But now, after a year with Pierre’s eldest son at the helm— with bills passed, a Cabinet shuffl ed, meetings conducted with foreign leaders, tempers lost in the House of Commons, and promises both kept and still waiting to be fulfi lled—political observers and historians weigh in on both the uncanny similarities and stark differences between the two Trudeaus. With photos from the archives of Pierre’s photographer, Jean-Marc Carisse, and Justin’s photographer, Adam Scotti.

Photos by Jean-Marc Carisse THE TWO TrudEAuS-fEaturE

Opposites in politics

Jean-Marc Carisse Justin, pre-politics in 2002. Jean-Marc Carisse Pierre was “not a natural politician” says Neither Pierre nor Justin set out to be career politicians, explains Norman Hillmer, Hillmer. “Which is odd to say about a politician a political historian and professor at Carleton University. Pierre was a lawyer by who ended up as prime minister for 15 years.” trade, and later a law professor. Justin was a teacher, and for years insisted that he Despite having major reservations about the had no desire to follow in his father’s political footsteps—which he ultimately did, Pearson Liberal government, he came into winning the riding of Papineau, Quebec in 2008, and the Liberal party leadership politics to fi ght and build a in April 2013. country that respects both languages.

Meanwhile, “Justin obviously enjoys politics enormously,” says John English, a political historian who wrote a two-volume biography on Pierre. “He works a crowd like a Clinton.” Pierre “was absolutely the opposite. He openly would say that he didn’t like politics. He loved his job, he loved being prime minister and he found it diffi cult after he left offi ce, but he was not, in the political sense, a ‘people person.’

Justin, campaigning in 2015. Jean-Marc Carisse Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 49 Disciplined, deliberate, dramatic

Pierre, clowning around, 1981. Jean-Marc Carisse

Azzi says that at heart “Justin is an extrovert, and Pierre was an introvert.” Azzi and Hillmer both describe Justin and Pierre as “athletic,” and Hillmer draws parallels in the way both men made use of theatrics; strategically, but also simply because they can’t seem to help themselves. “The pirouettes, the one-armed pushups ... they are both performers,” he says.

Justin, throwing his son, Xavier, 2008. Jean-Marc Carisse

Welcome to the 1980s. Jean-Marc Carisse

Stephen Azzi, a political science and history professor at Carleton University, says that while both Trudeaus are known for being activists, Pierre was known for certain “missions” which came to define him. Hillmer lists these Jean-Marc Carisse missions as the creation of the constitution, encouraging language equality, and subduing nationalism. “With English says that Pierre was Pierre, there’s a definable sense of ideas that you can “magnificent, when the occasion associate with him, from the time he was a professor in demanded him to be a speaker,” Montréal through his period as prime minister,” adds adding that he “gave very Azzi. “That doesn’t exist with Justin. Certainly he has a memorable speeches on many sense of values that he brings to the job, but I don’t think occasions, and had a different he has the same sense of mission that his father had.” Jake Wright kind of eloquence than Justin.”

50 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 Jean-Marc Carisse photos

Physically, Pierre wasn’t a large man, but “Justin, as we know, is an athlete. Pierre’s walk and posture, everything about English says that he “oozed athleticism.” him had a deliberate quality,” says English. Father and son have always acted with Carisse, who photographed Pierre for more immense self-awareness, and carry themselves with confidence and self-assurance, than 25 years, says Pierre’s modest physical size he adds. Justin’s athletic side has been photographed many times, sometimes was compensated by the larger-than-life way garnering criticism that he’s a showoff. There was the high profile charity boxing he carried himself; tilting his chin upwards, match in March 2012 against then-Conservative Senator Patrick Brazeau. He was squaring his shoulders, puffing his chest, and also photographed boxing in Gleason’s gym while in New York City for climate often tucking his thumbs into the waist of his change talks, doing one-armed pushups on a Parliament Hill desk, and going trousers like a gun-slinging sheriff in a Wild for an early morning run in Ottawa with Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto West film. during the North American Leaders’ Summit in June, 2016.

Jean-Marc Carisse

Canada’s #1 industrial employer of Aboriginal people Freddie & Michelle Throassie Black Lake, SK

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Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 51 feature-the two trudeaus

Azzi notes that both Pierre and Justin are “very much into self improvement. They care for their bodies, they’re both constantly challenging themselves physically, they’re both very well-read—I Pierre, playing don’t think Justin gets the credit for this in the water at that he should—he’s constantly reading.” Harrington Lake. Jean-Marc Carisse

Justin and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto in June 2016.

Adam Scotti Jean-Marc Carisse

English points out that while both Pierre and Justin are passionate, that passion can flare into anger. “Pierre had a temper that would come out in an unexpected way,” he says, referencing the 1971 incident when Pierre allegedly told Conservative MP John Lundrigan to “F--- off” in the House. Later, Pierre told reports he simply said “.” Justin has had scraps of his own in the House, most notably this past May when he tried to forcibly move Conservative whip Gordon Brown through a throng of NDP MPs so he could vote, accidentally elbowing ‘,’ CPAC Screenshot Jean-Marc Carisse NDP MP Ruth-Ellen Brosseau along the way.

52 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 the two trudeaus-feature

Born leaders

Pierre’s 1980 Cabinet. Jean-Marc Carisse Justin’s 2016 Cabinet. Jean-Marc Carisse

Azzi says that the picture painted of Pierre with his caucus was always one of dominance and even arrogance, but says “I’ve spoken to many of Pierre’s Cabinet ministers, and they all say the same thing: he was willing to listen to people, as long as they were well-prepared, he … largely delegated to ministers—as long as they didn’t foul up.” Jean-Marc Carisse

Pierre’s with then-minister Marc Lalonde. Jean-Marc Carisse English notes that with Justin and his government, the reputation is that he’s “very accessible,” collaborative with his colleagues, and enjoys engaging in constructive debate. “Pierre liked debate, but he could be withering in his treatment of someone he thought was being Jean-Marc Carisse stupid. He was more In forming their Cabinets, they were both mindful of distant,” says English. representation, English points out. Pierre was careful to have bilingual representation, and Justin was set on having gender Pierre, having a strong parity, and an ethnically-diverse Cabinet. “The big thing about word with then- Pierre is that he brought French Cabinet ministers and public minister, Norman servants to Ottawa,” says Hillmer. “I believe if he hadn’t brought Cafik, 1977. the French fact to Ottawa in 1968, and succeeding years, we ‘Elbowgate,’ CPAC Screenshot Jean-Marc Carisse would have lost Canada.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 53 But as Azzi notes, there is also a major difference in Justin’s first Cabinet, and Pierre’s first government, which he largely inherited from Pearson. Pierre’s first Cabinet had a ton of expertise, and was not keen on a lot of change. “They knew what they were doing. They’re into tinkering. Justin comes in with a lot of people without any political experience and the Liberals haven’t been in power for 10 years— he’s got an impressive Cabinet, but it’s not an experienced Cabinet. It’s a more chaotic time.” Says Hillmer, “In the end, Pierre is more small-c conservative than his son. His son is much more daring, although you think of Pierre as the most daring guy in the Justin, fresh off his Oct. 19 election win, with his new Cabinet and family. Jean-Marc Carisse world.” AAA TwoA Two Two Two Minute Minute Minute Minute Walk Walk Walk Walk to to Ato to Parliament TwoParliament Parliament Parliament Minute Hill Hill HillWalk Hill to Parliament Hill

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126 Sparks Street 613.237.6373 126Sparks.com 54 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 test_half.indd 1 16-09-20 3:59 PM the two trudeaus-feature

Star power Jean-Marc Carisse Sam Garcia “In Canada, we don’t really do star power,” says Hillmer, then referring to politicians like Sir Robert Borden, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and Stephen Harper. “But they are both stars,” he says of Pierre and Justin. “They both break the mould.” Jean-Marc Carisse As The Toronto Star columnist Rosie DiManno writes, “Pierre Trudeau made Canada cool and sexy. He put us on the map, with his flamboyant capes and his hippie sandals, roses and his (pre/ post-Maggie) arm-candy. He was a rogue who twirled impishly behind the Queen. He rode motorcycles. He said fuddle-duddle in Parliament. Jean-Marc Carisse Amidst the FLQ crisis, he proved fearless.”

And the Trudeau charm remains in 2016: Justin has been illustrated into a Marvel comic character; celebrated by GQ magazine as one of ‘the most stylish men in the world;’ featured in a photo spread in Vogue; and continues to be swarmed by fans in cities across the world, all stretching for a selfie with him. But with the highs of the honeymoon phase comes the speculation of when it will end. Pundits question how well Justin will fare after a summer of shirtless photos and several weeks of vacation time.

A mock cover GQ made to celebrate Justin’s fashion sense. Image courtesy of GQ Jean-Marc Carisse Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 55 feature-the two trudeaus

Defining issues

Pierre, and then-president of the U.S. Ronald Reagan, 1981. Jean-Marc Carisse UN Photo

Internationally, Pierre faced fallouts from major events like the Cold War, the Vietnam War, the 1973 oil crisis, and the global economic repercussions of the oil embargo. Justin faces an equally tumultuous global economy, and ongoing conflict in the Middle East and eastern Europe. However, Pierre wanted to focus on Canada’s needs and initially begrudged getting involved in global affairs, says Hillmer. He “fundamentally questioned the U.S., and wanted to bring all of our troops home from NATO.” “But by the end of his time, he had become a conventional, Pearsonian prime minister,” adds Hillmer. “He loved the commonwealth, loved NATO—or at least tolerated it—and he was a peacekeeper.” Jean-Marc Carisse Justin has had a notably friendly relationship with U.S. President Barack Obama; causing some observers to dub it “the bromance”—especially after the North American Leaders’ Summit in Ottawa this past June. But, as English points out, that will soon change with the November 8 U.S. presidential elections, regardless of who wins.

Justin greets Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, 2016. Adam Scotti

Pierre greets Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang. Jean-Marc Carisse

Justin’s trip to China in August appears to have gone well, earning him the nickname ‘little potato’ based off the word ‘tudou,’ which means ‘potato.’ Pierre was also known fondly as senior potato in China, a country which he renewed diplomatic ties with in 1973, earning him mutual respect with Chinese leaders.

56 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 the two trudeaus-feature

Ukraine, July 2016. Adam Scotti Jean-Marc Carisse Justin is going to need all the international goodwill he can gather. Meanwhile, English adds that Pierre was very nationally focused. English notes that, “the world is at a tipping point. It’s the most “Quebec confederation was Pierre’s greatest challenge, and it’s dangerous it’s been for generations, and he’s got that challenge to one that he met. Without him becoming prime minister in 1968, face. What happens in the world is going to affect Canada more Canada wouldn’t have stayed together.” than what happens domestically.”

Justin talking trade in Japan alongside Trade Minister Chrystia Freeland. Adam Scotti Adam Scotti Justin’s biggest work is global. Canada’s economy is more closely Justin is “intuitively realizing that we are in a very dangerous place linked with financial systems beyond the border; terrorism is a and is trying to act in a way that minimizes those dangers. What that mysterious and difficult enemy to try to fight; and climate change takes is debatable, but he’s clearly going to be very active … Canada is an enormously complicated problem. will be very active in multilateral organizations, believing that only be working together can we get through this,” says English.

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 57 chagger’s challenge

bY christophEr gulY

aving made Canadian political history this long enough to handle a complex job in the often- summer, Bardish Chagger plans to bring volatile House of Commons. hchange to the capital’s primary institution “The job requires a great deal of expertise that this fall. you only get by experience,” explains Scheer, who Only two weeks into her job as Government served four years as speaker after spending two- House Leader, the fi rst woman and fi rst member of and-a-half years as deputy Speaker and chair of the a visible-minority community to serve in that role, Committees of the Whole. “Even MPs who’ve been reveals in an August interview her high hopes for there for several years aren’t aware of everything that bringing greater collegiality and better decorum to can happen in the House until something does.” the House of Commons. He says that he was caught by surprise at times “Tone is very important,” 36-year-old Chagger on some of the fi ner points of Parliamentary tells P&I. “People are watching us, whether it’s procedure when he occupied the Speaker’s chair. on CPAC or when they’re touring the Parliament Typically, he says, “the type of people put buildings, so it’s important that we have a into these roles [as House Leader] have 10-plus constructive dialogue and be respectful of each years of experience and have to be able to react other’s opinions.” to something on the fl y where things can happen She’s already heard from her Cabinet and caucus quickly and unexpectedly. I could not imagine colleagues during their respective retreats in August doing that in my fi rst year. I wouldn’t know where about their priorities as to how the House should to begin,” explains Scheer. function, and planned to reach out to departmental “The smartest minds, the hardest-working people offi cials and opposition House leaders to get their still need to experience things before they become views and, with the latter, “ensure that they want to experts in the matter because you’re talking about work together” in identifying priorities for the fall shepherding legislation from the Government of Parliamentary session. Canada,” he adds. “That’s a lot of responsibility for an “We need to deliver on the open, transparent MP who hasn’t yet served a full year.” government we committed to,” says Chagger, who He says that Chagger’s predecessor, LeBlanc, an believes she will bring a “fresh” perspective to her MP for nearly 16 years, was blindsided new role in Cabinet, where she has also held the when the government’s Bill C-10, small business and tourism portfolio since the the Air Canada Public Participation Liberals formed government last November. Act, ended in a tie vote and required Former Conservative House Speaker Andrew Speaker Geoff Regan to cast a vote in Scheer is concerned that Chagger, a rookie MP for favour of keeping the legislation the Ontario riding of Waterloo, hasn’t been around alive at third reading. P&I PHOTOGrAPH By AdAM SCOTTI “I can’t remember the last time that happened in a majority government on government legislation,” says Scheer. Scheer expects Chagger will receive and benefit from LeBlanc’s guidance, the “institutional wisdom” within the Liberal P&I photograph courtesy of William Au caucus, and much direction from the Prime Minister’s Office to carry out her task as Government House Leader. “It will [mean] more of the PMO’s Making history involvement in House of Commons business,” says Scheer, the Conservative Chagger is the new face of a ‘Parliament of the people’ Member of Parliament for the Saskatchewan riding of Regina-Qu’Appelle. But Penny Collenette, who served as extremely good stead for this kind of job.” going to university was really important to Jean Chrétien’s director of appointments Her quick rise to assuming a powerful him.” during his first term as prime minister, and influential role in the House was no Nursing would have been a way to “work says the Government House Leader always less surprising to Chagger herself, who with and for people,” says Chagger, “and has to work closely with the PMO, and “never thought” she would run for public I’m in that line of work, in a different way it is because of that fact that Chagger’s office in the first place. though.” promotion to the position is significant. The second of three children born Instead of nursing, she chose politics “What’s key here is that she appears to to Indian immigrants Govinder and and introduced herself to the riding she have the prime minister’s confidence, and Gurminder Chagger, Chagger’s interest in would one day represent by taking a job as that’s huge,” says Collenette, an adjunct politics flowed from her father, Gurminder, executive assistant to the man for whom professor of law at the University of an active Liberal Party member and ardent she once campaigned. Ottawa. “Over the last year, she must have admirer of the current prime minister’s Chagger coordinated Telegdi’s Hill demonstrated competency, energy and the father, Pierre. and Waterloo constituency offices until ability to get along with others.” It was a heart-tugging moment when Conservative defeated him in his daughter ended up in the son of Pierre the 2008 election. Chagger would return ‘perfect for the job’ Trudeau’s Cabinet. It also reminded him the favour in the 2015 federal election Collenette, who ran for the Liberals why he chose to come to Canada; that when she unseated Braid by a vote margin in the 2008 federal election, says that by “anything is possible, and I’m living proof of 50 per cent. committing to be open and transparent that’s the case,” she says. But while Telegdi lost re-election, Chagger and set a “new tone” in Parliament, Justin Like her dad, also known as “Gogi” and maintained her profile in Waterloo when Trudeau was likely looking for “someone who knocked on doors campaigning to she took a job as special projects coordinator who perhaps has not been mired in a lot of get his daughter get elected last October at the Kitchener-Waterloo Multicultural past arguments” and Chagger was “perfect (her mom made home-cooked meals for Centre that helps immigrants adjust to life in for the job” as Government House Leader. campaign workers), Chagger got involved in Canada. She was also as an active volunteer in “A lot of the new ministers are in the politics as a volunteer. Her first outing, at the the community, and helped provide care for same boat as having never before held age of 13, was helping Andrew Telegdi win her ailing paternal grandmother “Suzie,” who elected office, so if we say we want to have the seat she now holds for the Liberals. She died of pulmonary fibrosis in 2010. new people involved in politics and give also “grew up watching Question Period on Looking after her grandma allowed them a chance, we can’t have everybody TV,” but her fascination with Parliament Hill Chagger to partly fulfill her dream of who’s been there forever getting senior did not include becoming an MP. becoming a nurse. It also reinforced for positions.” Chagger wanted to become a nurse, her the importance of family, based not Collenette, who included women in more and chose first to attend the University of only on blood, but also on deep personal than one-third of her 2,554 appointments Waterloo and obtain a Bachelor of Science connections. in the Chrétien PMO, says that she doubts degree in 2004. At her campaign office last year, Chagger’s qualifications would have been “My parents immigrated to Canada Chagger, who is single, occasionally drew questioned had she been a man. in the early ‘70s and believed that if you looks of puzzlement when she referred to “She is going to have her hands full wanted to be successful and get a good a volunteer as her Aunt Donna. “She’s a because it’s a 24/7 job,” says Collenette. job you went to university or college,” she friend of my dad’s and looks nothing like “From everything I’ve heard, she’s a very explains. “My father was pulled out of me, but I believe you become family with open, warm person that will put in her school to help take care of his family, so people because you care about them.” 60 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 That extends to her Liberal family, to whom she has been closely connected since her days, when she served as president of the Young Liberals on campus. Chagger went onto hold senior executive positions in the party, including that of president of the Liberal riding association in Waterloo, and was involved in drafting policies on issues ranging from same-sex marriage and physician- assisted dying to the legalization of marijuana. ‘The right time’ Like her father, Chagger has also been an enthusiastic Trudeau supporter, and helped organize the future second-generation prime minister’s southwestern Ontario Liberal leadership campaign. When Justin Trudeau was preparing to enter his first election race as leader, Chagger’s friends came calling to get her to run as the Liberal candidate in Waterloo. She felt it was the right time, and agreed. “It was an opportunity to give back to this nation that’s given me so much. My family always knew that better was always possible, and we were kind of living it,” says Chagger. Her enthusiasm, along with being young, telegenic, personable, and peppering a conversation with Justin Trudeau quotes, make her, on one level, a good fit on the prime minister’s ministerial team. Chagger is also “well-known in her community as being a hard worker and does not get tired easily,” according to Trudeau Press Secretary Cameron Ahmad. “She has been very involved in advocacy and community work, and obviously that’s very Chagger is ‘a hard worker important to the prime minister in having that local connection and does not get tired easily.’ and those relationships.” P&I photograph courtesy of William Au He explains that Chagger will “build on the work of that of her predecessor [LeBlanc],” but will also have the opportunity to focus on “opening up Parliament and making it more accessible to Canadians.” Says Ahmad: “She has talked about Parliament of the people, and We provide through her experience of working with people on the ground—at the full service community centre and a constituency office—she really knows how fi ne catering - fi n traiteur corporate, politics works. That experience will guide her through the next session government and of Parliament, along with the benefit of having colleagues who’ve had social catering the experience of many years in Parliament.” in the greater The view from the PMO is that Chagger “has, so far, excelled” Ottawa-Gatineau in politics and is “entirely capable of maintaining both roles as the Region. Small Business and Tourism Minister as well as Government House Leader,” says Ahmad. Reserve your When the prime minister called her, Chagger says he asked her next event “to take on some added responsibilities, and he knew I’d be up for today! the challenge—and I am,” she says. Chagger concedes that it is “surprising” that she’s the first 613-741-5643 woman to hold the Government House Leader post, but believes [email protected] her appointment opens another door not just for women but goodiescatering.com for young people to hold high office, and wants to nurture those aspirations. Providing great food, staff, and party planning since 1984! Using the knowledge she first acquired working for Telegdi, she plans to help colleagues who have no previous political experience better navigate Parliament Hill. “I want to work with them so they know how to be part of the debate, understand SOs [standing orders], present petitions, and Our excellent organizational skills, our very capable wait keep their constituents informed as to what’s happening in Ottawa and actually deliver for Canadians,” says Chagger. staff and our chefs’ expert knowledge of appropriate and “My job will be to make sure all MPs—and not just ones in seasonal foods has enabled Goodies Fine Catering to evolve my party—have the opportunity to fulfill their responsibility to as one of Ottawa-Gatineau’s premiere catering company. their constituents,” she says. “We are all part of the Parliamentary goodiescatering.com family.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 61

GOODIES.indd 1 14-12-18 6:20 PM Images by Jean-marc Carisse vikram vij-people Out of the pan into the fire

He explains that it was his grandfather soup. A classic, Hungarian-European style Celebrity chef Vikram who really planted the notion of becoming soup, and put some [spice] in it. Vij’s path from line chef a chef into his head. As a youth, Vij would When Petrak, originally a make snacks for his grandfather who Czechoslovakian who had immigrated to to Senate adviser would typically be found drinking copious Canada, asked to speak with the chef who amounts of whiskey after the sun set. made the dish, Vij recalls how nervous he By Shruti Shekar “After he was slightly inebriated, he was. The brief encounter ended up being a would bring me to his lap and say ‘Come watershed moment that caused Vij’s life to had hardly settled across from Vikram here, come here. When you get big, you change forever. Vij at an Ottawa restaurant, ready to open a restaurant. You do the cooking, and I Ibegin what was about to be a lengthy, will be the bartender. Why? Because you love From line cook to and very candid interview, when he snags to cook and I love drinking,” Vij tells P&I. Canadian culinary the chance to ask the first question: “What “Every evening I would make him magnate do you know about me?” something… so ever since… I had this On a whim, he applied to Petrak’s The tables turned, I begin recounting thing in my head that I needed to open a restaurant at the Banff Springs Hotel in what I have read about the famous restaurant for daddyji,” he says, using the Canada, but didn’t think anything of it until Vancouver restaurateur, former Dragon’s Indian term for respect. he received a letter from Petrak himself that Den investor, and most notably, and the Originally, Vij applied to study included a one-way ticket, and a six-month reason he was in town: his appointment to engineering in India. But, he had a cousin visa to Canada. The year was 1989. the recently-formed Liberal government’s in Salzburg, Austria who convinced him to Once in Canada, it didn’t take long Independent Advisory Board for Senate come join him and study hospitality. before he realized how multicultural and Appointments. It was late summer, just as the “To be honest with you, it was not that I accepting the attitude was. “I felt something board was finalizing its recommendations for was really interested in this career. I mean I in my heart…I could see myself living the next round of Senate appointees. loved it, I loved cooking, I loved eating,” Vij here,” he recalls. I finish, and then with his well-known says, but adds that, “It was a combination He worked at Banff Springs Hotel for dramatic flair, he told me he was going to of things; there was no hope for me [in about three years, starting at an entry-level tell me the better story. Amritsar], there was nothing I could do. It position and rising quickly up the kitchen only made sense to go to Austria.” ladder, until he faced yet another hurdle: the IT all started with a Vij reminisces that Austria was where death of Petrak, who had always taken care little garam masala he truly learned what the word struggle of his visa arrangements and work permits. Vij’s journey to Canadian culinary meant, adding that looking different, and Vij then married his girlfriend from kingpin began in Amritsar, India, almost 52 not being able to speak German made his Cobourg, Ont., which granted him years ago. first experience living abroad very difficult. permanent residency. The marriage lasted “I’m a Punjabi from Amritsar, a Hindu- He felt unsettled. two years before they parted ways, and Vij Punjabi,” explains Vij, who says his career Eventually, he came to work at a ski resort moved to Vancouver. as a chef was borne out of extinguished in the small mountain village of Lech, Austria. He has since built a business that dreams of an acting career. One night, a gentleman—who just reportedly grossed $9-million in 2014-15; Vij says he grew up with a very strict happened to be Ivor Petrak, then-general including a Vancouver restaurant empire father who told him he wasn’t allowed to manager of the Banff Springs Hotel—came with a handful of restaurant locations, pursue his Bollywood ambitions. into the restaurant after skiing all day, and cookbooks, and gourmet packaged food The chef, who is wearing brown- asked for something spicy and hot to eat. products that can be cooked at home. rimmed glasses—which he later reveals Vij’s co-workers pointed to him, as the only He also had a yearlong stint as a star he only wore as a stylish accessory to Indian in the kitchen, to make the dish for on CBC TV’s entrepreneur-focused show accompany his outfits—tells P&I that he the patron. Dragons’ Den between 2014-2015. He was never the brightest student in school, “I had a little garam masala in my room announced in March 2015 he wouldn’t receiving only average marks, but always upstairs in the staff room,” Vij recalls, and be returning so he could focus instead on passed and never failed. after fetching it, “I made him a Goulash growing his business.

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 63 However, the latest step on his career path has been an unconventional one: sitting as an appointed member on the government’s Senate advisory board. From his west coast kitchen to private meetings in the Nation’s Capital Vij says he was approached by the Prime Minister’s Office “at the end of June, beginning of July,” to ask if he would be interested in joining the group that would provide recommendations on Senate nominations to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He was in the process of filming reality TV show MasterChef India when Vij received the notice, but didn’t hesitate in agreeing to come aboard, saying he was honoured to be considered. Minister of Democratic Institutions Maryam Monsef announced his involvement on the board on July 7, the same day she launched the application process, “open to all Canadians,” for the Senate appointments. The board’s mandate “is to provide non- binding merit-based recommendations to the Prime Minister on Senate nominations,” according to Raymond Rivet, director of corporate and media affairs at the Privy Council Office. He adds that in order for members to be able to deliver recommendations, “the Government has appointed accomplished individuals from across the country to bring a broad range of perspectives and experiences to the selection process.” When asked why he thought he was selected to be part of the board, Vij pauses to think and says he believed it was because he brings a non-partisan perspective and is deeply-rooted in the Indian community in Canada—but more specifically, in Vancouver. “I come from the largest democracy in the world, but I live in the best democracy,” he says. Vikram says he was eager to bring to the table his perspective, garnered from the mix of challenges and successes he’s experienced over his life. “I think the PM wanted to have a little bit more of diversity,” he says, and that the desire was to have real people on the advisory board so that average, everyday Canadians felt encouraged to apply to the Senate. “The PM wanted a nurse to be able to apply, somebody who is an RCMP officer to apply, just different walks of lives and I think I brought that perspective,” he explains. “Like, ‘oh ok if a line cook can be on that panel then I can apply.’” His first meeting with his fellow board members was in July on Parliament Hill. vikram vij-people

During this first meeting, Vij says he met with the other members, and the entire team went through the protocols (lots of security) and procedures governing how the new Senators would be selected. We met during his second trip to the Capital for another meeting of the advisory board. During the second meeting, the team went through the list of applicants in order to narrow down what each member had studied and learned, after which Vij says the group submitted their verdicts for the next round of Senators they were recommending to Trudeau. “I think the hardest part was to narrow it down…there were such great candidates, we were surprised by the quality of the candidates that applied,” Vij says. “For us to sit down and deliberate which ones we are going to choose and submit was extremely difficult and challenging task.” F inding a new rhythm The appointment to the advisory board on Senate appointments was one of several changes in Vij’s life this year. He has a one- year term in this new role that will have him back in Ottawa off-and-on through to next summer. This isn’t the only new routine he’s adjusting to, telling P&I he and his second wife, Meeru Dhalwala, recently separated. The pair collaborated on two cookbooks, owned and ran two restaurants, as well as a catering mobile food truck, and are raising two teenagers, Nanaki and Shanik. As the night and conversation comes to an end, Vij yells to the back of the pizzeria that was the backdrop to our conversation: “Good night, chef—the food was delicious!” When I ask him what is next, he responds Recipe provided with the same dramatic flair the interview by Vikram Vij began with. “I continue on my journey.”

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Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 65 test.indd 1 16-06-23 1:34 PM people-visual cv Vikram Vij A slice of his life, from west coast restaurateur and dealmaker By Shruti Shekar on CBC’s Dragons’ Den to Senate advisory board member. 8 1. Culture challenges V ij, second right, and his classmates during his time at hospitality school in Salzburg, Austria between 1984-1989. ‘I didn’t speak German at the time…as a foreigner, as a brown Indian, it was very difficult,’ he tells P&I.

P&I photograph courtesy of Vikram Vij

8 3. The start of an empire A look inside of Vij’s, the first restaurant he opened in Vancouver in 1994. He has since gone on to open two other restaurants in the area, as well as a food truck. He has also published cookbooks and released a line of gourmet packaged food products that can be cooked at home. P&I photograph courtesy of Vikram Vij

2. Career in Canada V ij, far right, standing with his entire crew at the Banff Springs Hotel. He started working there after leaving school in 1989. In the same year, shortly after being hired, he was recognized by the general manager of the hotel and was awarded employee of the month. Vij tells P&I that three years after working in Canada, he knew it was where he wanted to live.

P&I photograph courtesy of Vikram Vij

66 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 visual cv-people 8 5. Becoming a Dragon In 2014 Vij joined the cast of the CBC TV show Dragons’ Den and stayed on for one season. He announced in March 2015 he would not be returning as a dragon so he could focus on growing his business. The show has now been running in Canada for a decade and has featured a number of prominent business people over the years, including Kevin O’Leary who left the show ahead of Vij’s arrival.

P&I photograph courtesy of Vikram Vij

8 4. Inked On his left arm is a tattoo of his two daughters, Nanaki and Shanik. He got inked in December 2015 at The Fun House tattoo shop in Vancouver. ‘They’ll always be part of my life… things will come and go, but the kids will always be part of [my] life,’ he tells P&I.

P&I photograph courtesy of Vikram Vij

Letter courtesy of Vikram Vij

8 6. Justin Trudeau’s letterhead Vij tells P&I he was in the process of filming reality TV show MasterChef India when he heard he had been appointed to the Liberal government’s new Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments. He was in Ottawa throughout the summer for meetings discussing the new Senate appointment process. He says he thinks he was picked because of his connections to the Indo-Canadian community, as well as for his non- partisan perspective.

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 67 thE EssaY-FOrEIGN POLICy thE dEadlY problEm With a pEarsonian forEign policY As Canada considers a revitalized role in peacekeeping in the Middle East, eastern Europe, and Africa, it’s crucial to remember the naïve and bloody mistakes of the past.

wenty-two years have passed since the As Rwanda was hastily ushered out the colonial Rwandan genocide began in 1994. Over the nursery in the early 1960s, the Belgian governor Guy T course of about three months, more than Logiest enforced a policy of empowering the Hutu 800,000 people were killed by their own countrymen majority. in that small, poor, densely-populated country in the Speke’s hypothesis about the foreignness and African Rift Valley; many of them were children. superiority of Tutsis was now invoked to justify Hutu Some estimates of the total death toll eclipse dominance of Rwanda. Hutus were indigenous; they two million, but even the lowest estimates make were humble farmers at home in the hills of Rwanda; the Rwandan genocide the swiftest mass murder they were workers, not leisured aristocrats; they were MICHAEL of the 20th century with, by far, the largest popular unsullied by collaboration with white foreigners; and participation. Neighbours killed neighbours, they were entitled to self-determination because they r.j. BONNEr husbands killed wives and children, and the weapons were the majority. were household tools, farm implements, and rough- Belgium and Western powers connived at the Michael is a communications hewn clubs. formation of the Parmehutu party and social consultant and historian. movement founded by Grégoire Kayibanda. The He has a master’s degree It is often claimed that the international and doctorate from the community did little to stop the genocide as it was Parmehutu espoused an ideology of Hutu supremacy University of Oxford, and taking place. This is true, and this claim ignores the and identifi cation with the plight of agrarian workers was senior policy adviser role that foreigners, including Canada, played in according to socialist principles. The result was the to Conservative MP Jason fomenting and encouraging the paranoia and hatred vilifi cation of the Tutsis on the ground that they Kenney, who was then- which animated the genocide long before it occurred, were oppressive feudal overlords, and extraordinarily minister of Citizenship and and it fails to acknowledge that nearly everything the violent pogroms were organized against them. Immigration Canada and West did during the genocide served to prolong and Hundreds of thousands of Tutsis fl ed Rwanda and Employment and Social encourage it. settled in neighbouring countries, mostly in Uganda. Development Canada. A dangerous mixture of white guilt and then- Bonner is also a contributing fashionable ideas of self-determination and socialism editor of the Canadian thE historY historical journal, But fi rst, some history. The usual story is that the meant that the Parmehutu party found a great The Dorchester Review. two main ethnicities in modern Rwanda, Hutu and deal of support from Europeans. UN missions, Tutsi, were not originally ethnicities but castes. Tutsis European clergy, and the people attached to the were supposedly a cattle-herding aristocracy who Belgian colonial government regularly dignifi ed ruled over a much larger group of agrarian Hutus. If and validated the most exaggerated and aggressive a person acquired or lost wealth, his caste rose or fell expressions of the Hutu supremacist movement. accordingly. It is often asserted now that, anciently, a They helped draft manifestos and petitions to the Hutu could become a Tutsi, and a Tutsi a Hutu. UN, and they solicited foreign funding. All of this But John Hanning Speke, the self-proclaimed advanced the cause of Hutu supremacy and linked discoverer of the source of the river Nile, the old Tutsi monarchy to feudal rule by foreigners. propounded the idea that Tutsis were a race superior Europeans must have seen all this as a sort of to the Hutus over whom they ruled, and that the affi rmative action avant la lettre, but they were really Tutsis were not native to Rwanda. encouraging something much more sinister. By the time Belgium came to possess Rwanda The strange brew of ethnic supremacism and (1922-1962), Speke’s race theory was taken as fact socialism, which led to the foundation of the by both Hutu and Tutsi; and the colonial masters Parmehutu party, appeared to give way to reason and had entrenched racial differences by ruling through civility in the 1970s. Juvénal Habyarimana, another the Tutsi king and his court, and by enforcing that Hutu, took power in a military coup in 1973, and Rwandan identity cards include the race of the remained in power until 1994. But this did nothing bearer. Hutu resentment and anxiety led to a revolt to quell the Hutu supremacist movement, which in 1959, which ended in a huge massacre of Tutsis continued to seethe below the surface of Rwandan and the swift reversal of Belgian favouritism. politics and social life.

68 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 FOrEIGN POLICy-thE EssaY

Meanwhile, Tutsi exiles in Uganda became organized in what came to be known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). In 1990, the RPF invaded Rwanda and a civil war began. In the midst of this civil war, before the genocide began, a supposed intellectual of the Hutu supremacy movement called Léon Mugesera, gave an infl ammatory speech which clearly revealed the spirit of his party. Looking back upon Rwandan independence in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Mugesera declared that the Hutu revolution was basically incomplete. The Tutsis were still present in large numbers, defi ling Rwanda; and so, to fi nish the work of the revolution, the Tutsis had to be exterminated. Mugesera then invoked the hideous image of throwing the corpses of Tutsis into the Nyabarongo river, so that the Tutsis could get back to Ethiopia (where they were said to originate) faster. The oncoming genocide had long been taking shape within the minds of extremists in the reigning Hutu party, and Mugesera’s speech gave it impetus, and as it seemed at the time, an historical and intellectual foundation. The masterminds of the genocide, Théoneste Bagosora and his circle, organized the importation of machetes on a gigantic scale, as well as more modern weapons and ammunition. Because of the odious system of identifi cation cards, it was easy to draw up lists of Tutsis to be murdered, and paramilitary bands were recruited and trained. All of this was quite obvious to contemporary observers, such as Canadian general Roméo Dallaire, who warned of the impending genocide. But preparations Rwanda is a densely-populated country in the African Rift Valley. for it were portrayed as spontaneous civil defence against foreign Illustration courtesy of TUBS, Wikimedia Commons invaders and their domestic accomplices.

Dr. Blair Adams Dr. BlairBSc, D.D.S. Adams dip. Ortho WANT TO Dr. BlairDr. Blair Adams Adams BSc,Dr.BSc, D.D.S. BlairD.D.S. dip. Adams Ortho Ortho BSc, D.D.S. dip. Ortho LEARN FRENCH? BSc, D.D.S. dip. Ortho Dr. Blair Adams AdamsAdams First SureSmileFirst SureSmile practice in BSc, D.D.S. dip. Ortho Adamspractice in the National the National Capital Region. First SureSmileCapital Region. practice in Adams WeAdams are dedicated to using the “best the National Capital Region. 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www.adamsorthodontics.com Rwanda at any time; they merely funded the Hutu supremacist movement. By the 1980s Rwanda had become the ‘jewel in the crown’ of CIDA’s foreign aid programmes, according to the book The Path of Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire edited by Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke. By the time Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau had left offi ce, Rwanda received from Canada more aid per capita than any other country. Bizarrely, offi cials at CIDA convinced themselves that all was well, despite ethnic Nyamata memorial site in Rwanda. Photograph courtesy of Inisheer fi ssures, anti-Tutsi pogroms, and Hutu supremacism. Offi cials at what was then- A power-sharing agreement, known as Despite repeated demands by Dallaire External Affairs refused to believe that the Arusha Accord, was drawn up between and others that RTLM’s transmissions anything was amiss, and rejected a report the Habyarimana government and the be jammed, no effort was made to do so. warning of genocide and human rights RPF in 1993. Hutu extremists hated these For some absurd reason, the U.S. State abuses by the Habyarimana government Accords, and believed that they had been Department considered the cost of shutting as ‘partisan, non-objective, and hysterical’, betrayed by their leader Habyarimana. down RTLM too great, and considered as Howard Adelman noted in his article And so, on April 6, 1994, those extremists doing so a violation of freedom of speech. ‘Canadian Policy in Rwanda’ within the fi red missiles at the airplane carrying Moreover, when UN-mandated French collected volume The Path of a Genocide. Habyarimana and the President of Burundi forces created a safe zone in south-western In 1962, Georges Henri Lévesque, dean and their staff. Everyone aboard died, and Rwanda, RTLM was allowed to move its of social sciences at the University of Laval, the plane went down near Kigali. This was radio tower within it and broadcast its founded the National University of Rwanda the signal for the genocide to begin. genocidal instructions in safety from the at Butare. This university immediately The most important and loathsome advancing RPF. became a hotbed of Hutu extremism—which preparation for the genocide was the seems to have passed without comment founding of a Hutu Power radio station canada’s connEctions among the class of Pearsonian nationalists known as Radio Télévision Libre des A few months before the genocide at External Affairs who eagerly funded it Mille Collines (RTLM). This platform’s began, an informant showed Gen. Dallaire throughout the 1960s and onwards. purpose was to broadcast instructions to the stockpiles of machetes and guns in Similarly, Hutu extremists got a paramilitary groups and ordinary citizens Kigali, and Dallaire immediately cabled surprisingly warm welcome in Canada: alike, along with incessant anti-Tutsi to Kofi Annan, who was then-assistant many of the Hutu elite came to Canada for messages, songs, and jingles. Names and secretary general for peacekeeping at the their education, and a large Hutu-Canadian addresses of Tutsis were regularly read over UN. Dallaire had been told of the Hutu network took shape known as the the airwaves, so that listeners knew whom extremists’ plan to kill off the Tutsis, and Rwandan-Canadian Friends. Surprisingly, to kill and where to fi nd them. warned Annan accordingly. Ludicrously, in his famous book Shake Hands with the However, it is an almost unbelievable Annan insisted, to the very last moment Devil, Dallaire claims to have been wholly absurdity that no one on RTLM ever of the genocide, that Dallaire remain unaware of these connections. used the words ‘Tutsi,’ or ‘kill,’ and so on. impartial and not exceed his mandate as a The most important founding member Tutsis were instead described as vermin: UN peacekeeper. of this network was none other than ‘cockroaches’ and ‘snakes’ were the usual When the genocide began, Western Léon Mugesera. This ferocious ideologue words; and instead of killing, listeners were powers’ very fi rst move had been to received a grant from CIDA—according encouraged to ‘work,’ to ‘clean their houses,’ evacuate all foreigners from Rwanda, to his personal website—and completed and to ‘cut down tall trees.’ These tactics leaving the genocidal government and the his doctorate at the University of Laval of glossing over the gruesome instructions RPF to fi ght it out by themselves. between 1982 and 1987. As his personal were effective because anti-Tutsi hysteria It may surprise readers to learn about website states rather absurdly, he became had been nourished for so long, and was Canada’s role in enabling Rwanda’s ‘politically active’ in 1992; a reference, no hidden under the guises of nationalism, génocidaires. Pundits such as Gerald doubt, to his revolting speech advocating self-determination, socialism, and progress. Caplan often assert that Canada ‘had few genocide after returning to Rwanda. Seemingly, every stereotyped phrase interests’ in Rwanda, as if to imply that our Mugesera remained in Rwanda pertaining to international development involvement there was spontaneous and toward the beginning of the genocide, and popular uprising was invoked on without precedent. This is a preposterous but swiftly returned to Canada posing as RTLM. Listeners were told of the virtues assertion. Canada poured a great deal a refugee. He and his family were given of hard work, co-operation, and the of money into Rwanda from the 1960s permanent residency alarmingly quickly, importance of defending their own land; onward. Despite this, our enormous foreign and he obtained a teaching position at the they were assured that the outside world aid payments failed to achieve any leverage University of Laval. I wonder to what extent approved of the progress they were making. with, or power over, the government of Mugesera’s Rwandan-Canadian Friends

70 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 eased his return to Canada, and whether in a schoolyard tussle than to deciding the officials at DFAIT (as it was then called) great contests of the modern world. expedited the process under political The greatest conflicts of human history pressure. involved opponents between whom no Mugesera was successfully deported reconciliation was possible or desirable. from Canada in 2012, and he was sentenced The French wars of religion come to mind, to life imprisonment in Rwanda alarmingly as well as the eastern front in the Second on April 15, 2016. World War, the Russian-engineered famine in Ukraine, and the warfare against the so- The problem with called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. being the ‘honest Canada’s new Liberal foreign broker’ minister, Stéphane Dion, has promised So much for the fashionable to revive Pearsonian foreign policy after a misconception that Canada simply did decade of abeyance. But when we consider nothing about the genocide in Rwanda. how much damage Pearsonianism has Far from it. We funded, educated, and then done, we should hope that Dion does not sheltered the man who gave the genocide its succeed. intellectual impetus. At its worst, Pearsonianism is an But to understand how Canada ideology disconnected from reality, which encouraged that genocide, we must prevents the Canadian elites who believe examine the dominant ideology of in it from understanding the world as it is. Canadian foreign policy. Pearsonian This ideology presupposes that both parties internationalism was the doctrine that in a conflict deserve a fair hearing and have animated our foreign policy throughout equally sound cases to make. At its best, most of the 20th century, and which Pearsonianism is naïve, because it assumes established our programme of foreign aid. that human beings are better than they really The Pearsonian doctrine reposes upon are, and that the basest element of humanity some doubtful assumptions: that Canada can be transmuted into multilateralist gold is the world’s fixer of problems, or ‘honest with a little Canadian influence. broker’ as the usual jargon still has it; Even if it had not managed to that it was Canada’s business to promote committed genocide, the Hutu supremacist ‘reconciliation and peaceful settlement movement should never have been of disputes’ throughout the world, as considered legitimate. But internationalists former Liberal adviser Roland Paris put everywhere were duped by the rhetoric it; that ‘multilateral’ institutions such as of self-determination, democracy, and the United Nations were Canada’s best socialism. When the Rwandan genocide hope for influence in the world; and (as was about to begin, most Canadian foreign- former Prime Minister Joe Clark said) that policy makers clung obstinately to the idea Canadians were ‘multilateralists by talent that Rwanda was a success of humanitarian and by instinct’—a typically pompous aid and development. When the genocide claim. was underway, Canada and the rest of the The centrepiece of Pearsonian foreign so-called international community were policy was peacekeeping. neutral. What is peacekeeping? As Dallaire Often we remind ourselves that we himself puts it, peacekeeping meant that must never again allow a similar genocide ‘lightly-armed, multinational, blue- to occur—especially since we had ample helmeted, impartial and neutral’ soldiers warning that it was about to happen. It would be “interposed between two former is disconcerting that, without appearing warring factions...either to maintain to have learned anything, the Liberal the status quo...or to assist the parties government are once again committing to a implementing a peace accord.” peacekeeping mission In Africa. Pearsonianism assumes that the parties Will another mission attempt to involved are equal and that peace between maintain neutrality between a murderous them is desirable and possible. Moreover, genocidal regime and its opposition? if Canada is a neutral ‘honest broker’ or Finally, I observe with sadness and anger peacekeeper, it must be because Canada that some of the anti-Tutsi rhetoric is indifferent to the outcome of a contest familiar from Rwanda can now be heard between two parties whose positions are of in Burundi, Rwanda’s southern neighbour. Photographs of genocide victims displayed equal value. Such a policy is rather better What will Canada and the international at the Genocide Memorial Centre in Kigali. suited to mediation between antagonists community do this time? Photograph courtesy of Adam Jones idEas-ANTIBIOTICS Our livestock drug addiction Crafting Canada’s policy plans in a post-antibiotic era

here is much to celebrate as we approach 2017, like our 150th anniversary as a nation T and initiatives by our federal government for a more innovative, prosperous, clean and healthy Canada. One such important initiative is the commitment of Health Canada to end our current practice of routinely including antibiotics in chicken, pig, and cattle feeds. To some, this may sound like an industry-specifi c CAMErON issue, but I assure you it is not. Our routine use (or as many say ‘abuse’) of antibiotics to promote growth Health Canada plans to end our current practice of routinely GrOOME or prevent disease in livestock has resulted in what including antibiotics in chicken, pig, and cattle feeds. P&I a growing chorus of health experts are calling “the photograph by Keith Willer, United States Department of Agriculture Cameron Groome is crisis of our generation”. president of Avivagen antibiotics and using them to “prevent disease” on Inc., which develops and Without a doubt, antibiotics have saved commercializes health innumerable lives and play a critical role in your own farm. Nor do we even track the level of products that replace providing health care to humans and other such drug use. It is no wonder we have an emergence antibiotics in livestock feeds. animals. However, we have entered an era where of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. many bacterial infections are resisting antibiotic Our frightening situation is just one of many treatment, to the point that our one-time ‘miracle fueling government action in countries around the drugs’ become useless—no longer able to stave off world and causing consumers to demand change. infection, permanent disability, and death. This spring, a group of 54 large investors The connection between intensive antibiotic use managing more than $1-trillion in assets launched on the farm and the practice of passing antibiotic a campaign to cut the amount of antibiotics used resistant bacteria to consumers is proven science. in the production of meat and poultry consumed Even back in 1988, the U.S. Institute of Medicine in major American and British restaurant chains, had concluded that “data show the fl ow of distinct including McDonald’s. Their call to arms suggests salmonella clones from farm animals medicated with that the health care cost of antibiotic-resistant antibiotics in subtherapeutic concentrations, through bacteria could approach $100-trillion, and that food products, to humans, who thus acquire clinical infection will regain its historic position as the salmonellosis.” leading cause of premature death. We continue to witness these phenomena, both In addition, a leading economist has suggested in Canada and globally. Another example is the that governments collaborate to offer prizes for the evolution of the latest superbug gene, MCR-1, which development of new antibiotics—$1-billion per new creates easily-spread resistance to colistin, a powerful drug class. A recent cover story in The Economist antibiotic used as a last resort to treat life-threatening also spoke to the rise of antibiotic resistance, with infections when other drugs have failed. the headline “When the drugs don’t work.” This is no Initially, the gene was detected widely in China— hyperbole; it’s a stark reality. in animals, meat, and sickened humans. However Thankfully, regulations will soon come into effect once we knew to look for it, MCR-1 was found in to better control the use of antibiotics in Canadian preserved Canadian samples; from people and in livestock agriculture. The planned restrictions are a ground beef. In fact, the dates on the Canadian great step forward in ‘cleaning-up’ our agricultural samples indicated that the emergence of MCR-1 practices. But if we don’t foster innovative in Canada predated its discovery in China. Is the alternatives, we will only encourage cheating or drive safety of Canadian food little more than a dearly- livestock production offshore. held illusion? It would be important to know, but The next policy move must be to promote new information is sparse. techniques and technologies for adoption by Canadian The Public Health Agency of Canada estimates livestock farmers. If our regulations and policies that approximately 80 per cent of all medically- enable our farmers to move away from routine use of important antibiotics sold in Canada are used in antibiotics, we will create the opportunity for Canada livestock. For now, there remain no rules against to lead the world on the critical global issue of how to importing a shipping container of latest generation get animals off drugs.

72 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 commons uncorked

Ontario’s next wine region is… in Ottawa?!

By Asha Hingorani photos by kin vineyards

ttawa is known for many things; Parliament Hill, Canada Day celebrations, the Rideau Canal, and extreme weather. It is not—or at least wasn’t—known for its wine. Until now. KIN Vineyards, in the heart of the Ottawa Valley, is producing some terroir- Odriven, organically-made masterpieces. You’re probably sceptical that a climate known to drop to -40C in the dead of winter is capable of growing vitis vinifera vines. But Chris Van Barr, owner and proprietor of KIN Vineyards, views the Ottawa Valley climate as an asset to vine growth, and a canvas to produce some diverse wines. Van Barr, who has a background in patent law and a family history of farming (his grandparents were farmers in Southwestern Ontario), tells P&I that the idea of growing vines in the National Capital Region came during one of his regular bike rides with his friend Alan Krueger, now the vineyard’s viticulturist. “Was it possible to make really good wine in the Ottawa Valley?” he recalls them wondering as they cycled along. “We had to explore the geology, the makeup of the soils, and the climate in the area. In 2011 it jelled and the ground was turned for planting in 2012,” says Van Barr. KIN Vineyards has two locations in communities that lie in the west of Ottawa: Kinburn (from where it takes its name), and Carp, where they grow mainly Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Frontenac, Marechal Foch, and Vidal. This year, 2016, will be the first vintage of their own: KIN Vineyard Chardonnay. Previously, the Chardonnay was made by sourcing grapes from Niagara, Ont.

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 73 commons uncorked

“Our own grapes that we’ve been selling are Vidal and Marechal Foch, and we also have a Frontenac,” says Van Barr, noting that the end goal is to produce 100 per cent estate-grown wine. Kinburn is where Van Barr has his farm. He bought the land in Carp after looking for something in the Ottawa Valley that faces southwest to take the most from the sun, and be a shield to the wind. “It has this wonderful slope going south-southwest,” says Van Barr. “Underlining that is a massive limestone ridge, called the Ottawa formation.” He adds: “The ground underneath both Carp and Kinburn is limestone and the vines have taken to the limestone exceptionally well.” The classic limestone-loving vines are Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. In France, by comparison, the area from Beaune up to Dijon down to Mâcon is mostly a limestone landscape, and is where some of the most sought-after wines are created. KIN grows mainly Pinot Noir and Chardonnay—classic Burgundian varieties, which are also two of the prominent varietals grown in the wine region of Prince Edward County, Ont. “The county was a big inspiration in a lot of ways because they grow vinifera and are doing it very well. [Winemakers there are] making a bright, cool climate, very fresh style of wine, which I like and I thought: Can that be done here?” explains Van Barr. “The growing season in Ottawa is sunny, hot, and very good. It’s a powerful growing season, and we get what you call Above: KIN’s brightly-hued Pino Noir Rosé and the Marechal Foch, tended at the Kinburn diurnal swings: hot sun in the day and cool estate. Below: 2016 will be the first vintage of their own grapes. in the night. What we found in the Vidal, in the Foch, and in our trial plots of Pinot and Chard, is a great balance of acidity and plenty of ripeness,” he adds. Buried gold Van Barr explains that the challenge in Ottawa is the winter, but notes that the secret is burying the vines. “Interestingly, when you bury the vines, you have better protection than they do in Niagara, which is counterintuitive. But in Niagara they’ve had difficult winters in the last few years. The tense time in Ottawa is late May, when it’s bud break and you can still get a late frost,” says Van Barr. KIN Vineyards’ secret weapon is winemaker Brian Hamilton, who has a wealth of winemaking experience. His CV includes stints as winemaker for Asha’s Wine Picks Niagara-area award winning wineries Southbrook and Tawse. Frankly, not all good things grow in Ontario. you “Our winemaker, Brian, has trained may be romanced and your palate seduced in in California and New Zealand,” boasts the tasting rooms, but when you pop that cork at Van Barr proudly. “One of the reasons home, you might wonder why you spent $25.95 on we gravitated towards Brian is we are what was meant to be a delicious experience. organic and biodynamic farming, which is what Tawse and Southbrook There is bad wine in Ontario, just like there is bad wine in France. The are all about,” he explains. key is research. While in the tasting rooms, ask questions like: are the While he’s never bothered to grapes 100 per cent estate-grown? In what type of soil is your Cabernet certify as organic or biodynamic, Van planted? does the winery have a reputation for making a variety Barr says he knows for a fact KIN is exceptionally well? Ask about the winemaking process; the answers more organic and biodynamic than may help you make better choices and purchase better wine, instead of most vineyards that have the offi cial letting the tasting room ambassador form an opinion for you. designation. Biodynamic viticulture involves unique compost preparations that are placed into cow horns and buried Below are three Ontario gems that not only blew my mind and palate, in the soil, throughout the vineyard. but fuelled my thirst for knowledge in the tasting room: Later in the year, the cow horns are dug up and reused and the compost is nomad at hinterbrook 2013, franc blanc (niagara lake shore vqa) distributed throughout the vineyard. Van Barr offers to dig up the cow New World wines are not bound by tradition, so wineries horns to show the “labour intensive” can experiment with innovative techniques to create approach being used, fi rsthand. masterpieces. The 2013 Franc Blanc is a clear, white In addition to its production wine made from 100 per cent Cabernet Franc grapes. techniques, KIN’s success is also due In the tasting room at NOMAd, the attendant poured the 2014 and 2013 side-by-side. The experience was to the people who are working in the like a tutorial on the effect of climate on a vintage, vineyard. as my taste buds suggested they were completely “We’ve been very fortunate to different wines. While both vintages are unique, the have a very good group of [local] 2013 was my favourite. students that come through. They’re all university and some post-grads who just like the vibe and are good orange wine southbrook 2015, vidal (niagara on the lake vqa) workers,” says Van Barr. “If you want to go out in the Southbrook is 100 per cent organic and biodynamic. vineyard and discuss quantum physics, Their orange wine—yes, orange—is no hippy-dippy, bug our vineyard workers will do that, pee juice, but its taste and appearance will shock the amazingly,” he adds. senses. This wine has an orange-amber colour, and Van Barr tells P&I that they deposits of lees (dead yeast) floating in it. Sounds are building a tasting room that is pretty awful—until you bring it to your nose and aromas of tangerine and floral bring you in for a taste. The wine scheduled to be complete before the is well-structured and complex, with a tropical fruit and end of 2016, and encourages people tannic finish. It would be excellent with sharp cheese, or living in or visiting the Ottawa area to Asian cuisine. come out for a visit. “To people [who are] second- guessing a visit, I would say, 20 years between the lines 2014 chardonnay reserve (forty mile creek vqa) ago people thought Niagara could not produce good wine and now it’s Follow the wine route in Niagara and you may stumble the heart of the International Cool upon a hidden gem. The Between the Lines winery Climate Chardonnay Conference, IC4,” does not sell their wines in the LCBO—in fact, one of the says Van Barr. tasting bar attendants wore a t-shirt with the hashtag “If you want an interesting and #LCB(NO) on it. Wine politics aside, their 2014, 100 per unique vibe, and [to] see an organic cent Chardonnay, is killer. The 2014 vintage was a hard year in Niagara, as conditions went from one extreme production in place and local wine to the next. With 156 cases produced, this Chard is full- being grown in a way that I think is bodied with tropical fruit, vanilla, and hazelnut aromas. really sympathetic to the land, this is Spontaneous fermentation was used to enhance fruit the place,” he adds. “The goal is not to notes, followed by malolactic fermentation in French be a big giant vineyard, the goal is to oak for 12 months. This wine could cellar until 2018. have quality fruit.”

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 75 All you need to know about marijuana legalization in Canada

By Carl Meyer | Images by Jake Wright

icture this: you’re driving back from a they will be using portable marijuana The foundation called the tests “arbitrary Pweekend at the cottage with your friends. breathalyzers to do so; or whether, in a world and unsupported by science.” It’s Sunday at noon, and the countryside of legalized weed, what kind of consequences Canada’s cheeba-crammed future will see is beautiful. Suddenly you see blue and red there will be for testing positive, at any level. many new public policy conundrums just flashing lights ahead; it’s a roadside spot But we do know the RCMP confirmed like this one. Understanding these upcoming check. You kill the music. this spring that it planned on field testing debates is key to understanding how the You tell yourself you’ve got nothing oral fluid screening devices similar legalization process will play out in Canada. to worry about. You’re sober as a gopher. to breathalyzers—which could detect In fact, you’re kind of wired on that large marijuana—at roadside stops. Plus, a Get to know ganja Timmies coffee you stopped for an hour new handheld device has been developed Cannabis is a flowering herb. After ago. You’re fine. at the University of British Columbia harvesting and curing, the dried buds are You pull over and the officer comes that can detect the primary ingredient of either smoked, vaporized, or turned into up to the window. He asks you a few marijuana in the breath up to 12 hours edibles like pot brownies or concentrates questions, and looks around the inside of after consumption. like shatter. the car. Suddenly he seems to get a whiff of Lastly, the Liberals under Prime Cannabis contains hundreds of something. The next thing you know, he’s Minister Justin Trudeau, who have chemical substances. One of those is the asking you to take a breathalyzer test. promised to introduce a bill to legalize and main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, No biggie, you think. You certainly regulate maryjane next spring, said in their tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. That’s the imbibed last night by the campfire, but election platform they would “create new, stuff that gets you high. you got a good night’s sleep, and woke up stronger laws to punish more severely those What does psychoactive mean? feeling refreshed—the booze should be who...operate a motor vehicle while under Smoking pot changes your mood, your long-gone from your system by now. [marijuana’s] influence.” So the elements perception, and your thoughts. Usually you But surprise: this isn’t a test for alcohol, are all there. mellow out, your senses are heightened, it’s a marijuana breathalyzer. And you’ve The potential pitfalls are, too. After your reaction time is slowed and your just tested positive. legalizing the drug in several states, co-ordination is dulled. Put simply, it’s Now you’re panicking. How could that Americans are grappling with the problem mind-altering. But while it does change be? Then you remember someone was of how to properly police smoking and your consciousness, it’s not a psychedelic passing around a joint last night, and you driving. There are laws on the books, like the way acid is. Almost no pot smoker took a few hits. But that was last night—now strict rules on blood-test thresholds, which hallucinates. It’s mind-altering, but so are it’s noon the next day. What’s going on? mimic the ones for booze. But pot and prescription medications like the sedative Welcome to the world of marijuana booze are quite different. Ambien and Ritalin, which is used to treat a spot checks, a hypothetical place that may A new study of police data by the variety of disorders. soon become a reality in Canada. American Automobile Association’s traffic How high does an average user get, and The thought experiment above is pure safety foundation concluded that it’s for how long? Here’s where it gets really conjecture. We don’t know for sure yet, for impossible to determine how impaired tricky. THC acts completely differently on example, whether police will be conducting someone is from the marijuana roadside your body than alcohol, the intoxicant many regular roadside pot checks; whether testing that’s currently allowed in six states. adults are familiar with. Alcohol is water-

76 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 soluble and evenly spreads throughout your blood and lungs. That means a certain amount of booze is much more accurately linked to a certain level of impairment. There are some differences, of course; think of your lightweight friend who can get buzzed off half a glass of wine. But most people are plastered after half a bottle of whiskey, and for a good long while, no matter how often they drink. With weed, the effects are wildly different depending on the person, their history with it, and the context of when and how they got high. Unlike alcohol, there is no predictable relationship between the high and the amount of THC in your system. And tolerance is a major factor in impairment: first-time users can experience hours of side-effects with just one hit, while chronic users can toke up and feel virtually unaffected. There are an unimaginable number of different factors at play. There are also hundreds of different strains of marijuana, all with different potencies and amounts of THC. Fat-soluble flowers This is why determining who is too stoned to drive is no simple feat. A woman in Denver, by way of example, was acquitted last year even though she tested way above the state limit, because the jury wouldn’t buy that she was impaired. Melanie Brinegar, a medical marijuana patient, uses grass to help with back pain, which she experiences when driving, and her lawyer successfully argued that taking her medicine didn’t affect her ability to drive. A participant in Ottawa’s 4/20 celebrations on Parliament Hill.

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Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 77 Hill Times Ad June 9 2016.indd 1 2016-06-09 12:37 PM test.indd 1 16-06-23 1:45 PM zero-to-expert-marijuana

A big reason why the high and the the objective is total and complete zero Maine, Massachusetts and Nevada, substance’s presence in your body aren’t tolerance, which it very well could be. according to The Denver Post. Four more— directly linked is that THC is fat-soluble. Some businesses in the U.S., however, Arkansas, Florida, Montana and North THC embeds itself in a body’s fat tissue refuse to go this route, because of the fear Dakota—will vote on medical marijuana, and is released slowly. It’s also a big that their pool of applicants would shrink the Post reports. molecule that stays in your breath for a to an unacceptably small level, according to One of those states should stand out long time. Occupational Health and Safety magazine. to you. California has close to 39 million That’s how Mina Hoorfar, a professor The question of where marijuana people, more than the entire population in the School of Engineering at the should be allowed to be consumed is even of Canada. The population of all the UBC Okanagan, was able to develop her broader. In Colorado, for example, public recreationally legalized states put together handheld marijuana breathalyzer: it uses consumption is banned. Most hotels ban adds up to less than half of California’s microchannels to segregate all the different the drug, as do car rental outlets and many population. That means if Californians volatile organic compounds in a person’s other businesses, the Associated Press vote to legalize, the state would triple the breath, and uses a sensor to detect the big reports. You can’t smoke up on federal amount of Americans who can legally fat THC molecule. property, either. smoke dope overnight. “How long [THC] stays in the body, In fact, there aren’t many places where Outside the U.S., it’s a similar and how long impairment will last, patchwork of activity. In 2013, depends on many factors,” says Uruguay became the first, and so far Hoorfar in an interview with P&I. only, country in the world to fully “[It depends on] gender, metabolic and completely legalize growing, rate of the body...it depends on the selling, and consuming marijuana on a ethnicity, it depends on the diet,” she national level. says. “It depends when you smoke, it Other countries have legalized, depends not just on smoking but how decriminalized or otherwise loosened you consume.” some aspect of their approach to The function of her device, she marijuana. Jamaica, for example, stresses, should not be confused with has decriminalized small amounts measuring impairment. It’s useful of pot under certain circumstances, for providing law enforcement with a while Spain allows the cultivation and portable, handheld tool to detect THC smoking of marijuana for personal presence, but drawing any conclusions Medical marijuana activist Russell Barth. use, in a private setting. Many people from that presence is beyond the are familiar with the ‘coffeehouses’ in device’s abilities. you can burn one, outside of your own home. Amsterdam. But marijuana does impair several The marijuana movement in Colorado is In all, 22 countries have some form brain functions that should be sharp as currently trying to establish cannabis clubs, of decriminalization, according to the a whip before getting behind the wheel. but they’re running into opposition. Canadian government’s very handy Add to that the fact that marijuana is the discussion paper titled “Toward the second-most-used recreational drug in Around the world in Legalization, Regulation and Restriction of Canada after alcohol, and it’s reasonable to 80 tokes Access to Marijuana.” assume that a lot of Canadians are likely But let’s back up a bit. Where in the world It’s worth noting that this softening in already driving while under the effects of can you smoke pot legally in the first place? drug policy is not a global phenomenon by weed; Canada is going to need a realistic We’ve talked about American states so any means. In many countries, like China, framework for how to deal with that. let’s start there. There are four that have marijuana is still highly illegal. fully-legalized marijuana for recreational Drug-free versus use—Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Flor sa e: Jazz drug spree Washington—and 25 states that have cigarettes A related issue for legalization is deciding legalized medicinal use. Along with where it should be smoked, which places in Canada should be 420 The District of Columbia has legalized there’s also the questions of private friendly, and which should ban the bud. both, although it still bans commercial sales cultivation and commercial sales. Canada’s oil and gas industry, for one, thanks to Congressional action. Marijuana In Canada’s most populous province, wants the federal government to block remains illegal at the federal level in the stars seem to be aligning in favour of marijuana use in workplaces where safety is United States. Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne’s plan. a factor, like, well, oil and gas facilities. Beyond the First Four, the fight for She has been planting the seeds for months, Similar to driving, many Canadians will legal weed in the U.S. is picking up speed. trying to grow the idea in Ontarians’ minds be showing up to work with residual THC When Americans in five other states go to that the LCBO, the Crown corporation that in their bodies, even if they aren’t actually the polls in November to elect their next sells booze across the province, would be showing up stoned. Instituting drug testing president, they will also vote whether to the natural place to sell marijuana. at workplaces with a certain threshold legalize recreational cannabis. Her argument is that the distribution won’t get to the root of the issue, unless Those states are Arizona, California, system is already set up, the carding regime

78 . Power & Influence Fall 2016 already strong, and the warehouse security But it’s hard to tell if this is a harbinger of That could mean the law doesn’t measures already tight. Perhaps most things to come. Trudeau has often talked change and police just look the other way, importantly, the LCBO idea is supported about the end goal of restricting access, and or it could mean marijuana stops being by Bill Blair, the federal justice minister’s Blair has seemed to come out against it, a criminal offense but is still illegal, like Parliamentary secretary and one of the saying “it is not like tomatoes.” getting a parking ticket. Supporters of leading figures in Trudeau’s legalization decriminalization argue that Canadians task force. Blazing a trail shouldn’t continue to be made into Not everyone agrees. The head of the Finally, there is the question of how, criminals for something that soon won’t be largest food retailer in Canada, Loblaw procedurally, marijuana will become a crime. Companies, which also owns Canada’s legalized. But critics say decriminalization doesn’t largest pharmacy chain Shoppers Drug Marijuana has been illegal in Canada solve the problem of the $7-billion weed Mart, wants to sell marijuana through its for close to 100 years. You can’t produce it, black market in Canada. Sure, stoners will pharmacies. sell it, or even have it in your pocket. If you be off the hook, but the organized crime Even Wynne has recently begun to waver do any of these things and you’re caught, that produces and sells weed will continue on her position, suggesting that the LCBO you can face fines, jail time, or both. to operate. Only legalization will destroy would handle more of the “regulation And lots of Canadians do get caught: the black market, they say. and distribution and monitoring.” That in 2014 there were 57,314 police-reported That’s how Prime Minister sounds more like a hybrid system, similar drug offences related to pot posession, Justin Trudeau sees it; he’s ruled out to how British Columbia sells liquor; a mix according to the government’s discussion decriminalization between now and the of private retail stores and government paper. spring of 2017, when the Liberals plan to oversight bodies and purchasers. There is the exception of the 40,000 introduce the new law. Still, others think legalized marijuana people who hold medical weed licenses, the So what will be in that law? If we scan shouldn’t be sold in storefronts at all, rather discussion paper says, and as of this month, the government’s discussion paper for that it should replicate the existing medical 35 licensed dealers nationwide, according clues, there are some likely factors. The marijuana regime by allowing Canadians to Health Canada. paper suggests the following elements are to order their weed directly from licensed Marijuana is illegal because it’s listed “largely self-evident”: legalized possession producers and have it delivered to them under Canada’s Controlled Drugs and of a certain amount of weed; regulations through the mail. That would be the best Substances Act. Legalizing pot, then, means surrounding its production, distribution, way to keep it out of the sight of children, first removing it from that list of illegal quality, safety, potency and access; new they argue. drugs. But legalization also means much criminal laws to punish those who try With any of these systems, there is still the more. As we’ve seen, it means creating new to keep selling illegally; support for question of whether individual Canadians rules for whether and how weed can be prevention, addiction and other services; will be allowed to grow their own. By way of bought, sold, taxed, packaged, distributed, an education and awareness campaign; and comparison, you can brew your own beer, but tested, and the like. data-gathering. you can’t distill your own liquor. Will weed be There are many people who believe The paper also suggests a few broad like the former, or the latter? there should be an intermediate step: elements of regulation: a minimum age; The Trudeau government recently decriminalization. The term means advertising restrictions; setting taxes and changed the rules around medical different things to different people, but prices; banning certain types of products; marijuana, allowing patients to grow generally it means that the cops will stop and limits on possession and sales. a small amount for themselves, or arresting people for just having a baggie of Beyond that, it seems the issue is largely designating someone to grow it for them. weed or a joint on them. still hazy.

Power & Influence Fall 2016 . 79 people-the back page 17 questions Natan Obed Natan Obed is one year into his presidency of the national organization that represents and advocates on behalf of more than 60,000 Inuit living across Canada. Elected at age 39, the energetic head of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) is from Nain, the most northern community in Nunatsiavut, Nfld. His campaign commitment was determinedly focused: create an action plan to prevent suicide in Canada’s Inuit communities. ITK recently released its National Inuit Suicide Prevention Strategy. In this candid response to P&I’s lighter questions, Obed reveals the dreams of his childhood, his not-so-rebellious vice, and the biggest challenge he’s had to overcome.

hat were you known for in high school? I was mostly known as an athlete. I ran and played baseball, tennis, and hockey. 2. Coffee or tea? Never coffee; tea only when I’m cold. 3. What’s the best trip you’ve ever taken? I have W taken a number of boat trips with my good friend Richard Pamak to the Torngat mountains in Nunatsiavut (northern Labrador) that have all been memorable. 4. When you were little, what did you want to be when you “grew up”? I wanted to be in the NHL. I had no other aspirations. 5. If you could have any superpower, what would it be? Flying would be pretty cool, but I think teleporting would be of greater utility in my current job. 6. What is your favourite book? The 1979 edition of Borrowed Black by Ellen Bryan Obed 7. Everyone has a vice—what’s yours? I drink Coca- Cola sometimes. 8. What’s the best advice you’ve ever received? [Inuk leader] Jose Kusugak once told me how important it is to empathize with—but never pity—capable people who are in difficult circumstances. 9. What’s the best thing about your job? My first job out of university was at ITK, and to now holding the title of president at the same organization is a tremendous honour for me. In this job I have the ability to empower and support others to see potential and strength in themselves, which then builds more and more success for Inuit. 10. What is the biggest challenge you’ve had to overcome? It was challenging to find peace with my identity, and to openly acknowledge my personal or professional deficits without undermining my confidence to do whatever job is put in front of me. 11. You’re hosting a dinner party with three wise people; who do you invite (living or dead)? Barack Obama, Pablo Neruda and Julia Child. 12. What’s your favourite ‘tradition’? The Inuit naming tradition is one that I cherish. My son’s name is Panigusiq, which was my wife’s mother name. She died just before my son was born. In our culture it isn’t just a passing on of the name. The namesake takes on many specific connections with the people in the community that knew the person who had the name previously. 13. What’s your proudest accomplishment? Being a good father to my two sons. Panigusiq is 9, and Jushua is 7. 14. If you could get the answer to any question, what would it be? How do we create an education system across Inuit Nunangat that produces Inuktitut /English grade 12 graduates grounded in our culture and ready for any post-secondary program in the world? 15. What is your most treasured possession? My father’s copy of the 1977 Labrador Inuit Association land use and occupancy study, Our Footprints are Everywhere. 16. What is your idea of perfect happiness? Being on the ice in a close game. 17. Who is your real- life hero, and why? Clara Hughes, for her sporting accomplishments, her humility, and her genuine and selfless relationships with northern indigenous communities. P&I illustration by Anthony Jenkins

80 . Power & Influence Fall 2016