DOCSLIB.ORG

Earthquake — a Moment of Magnitude for America and for Science ■ Facing the Great Disaster — How the Men and Women of the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Earthquake — a Moment of Magnitude for America and for Science ■ Facing the Great Disaster — How the Men and Women of the U.S THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR People, Land & WaterApril 2006 • Vol. 12 No. 13 ■ The Great 1906 Earthquake — A Moment of Magnitude for America and for Science ■ Facing the Great Disaster — How the Men and Women of the U.S. Geological Survey Responded to the 1906 Earthquake ■ Taking Seismic Science into the Third Dimension ■ Did You Feel It? — Citizen Science Goes Seismic This Dynamic Planet — Special Poster Pullout Letter from Lynn Scarlett Message from Acting Secretary Lynn Scarlett agencies to assist in emergency response efforts when catastro- One hundred years ago, a devastating earthquake changed the way the phes strike. USGS science pro- San Francisco Bay Area, Calif., and the United States think about the power vides information needed by and unpredictability of the planet on which we live. Although much of what the public to understand the we now know about earthquakes was learned after April 18, 1906, the U.S. hazards that may exist in their Geological Survey was pondering seismic issues for over 25 years before the communities and to help miti- great quake. gate losses and damages when In fact, since its creation in 1879, the USGS has grown to become the na- they occur. tion’s largest water, earth, biological science and civilian mapping agency. USGS is now a world leader The USGS collects, monitors, analyzes and provides scientifi c understand- in the natural sciences thanks ing about natural resource conditions, issues and problems. to its scientifi c excellence and As part of these duties, the USGS plays a vital role in researching natural responsiveness to society’s hazards and minimizing loss of life and property from the disasters they can needs. Throughout this pub- lead to — from earthquakes to volcanic eruptions; from landslides and other lication, you will see how one forms of ground failure to geomagnetic storms; from fl oods, droughts, and remarkable and terrible event coastal storms to wildfi res; from fi sh and wildlife diseases to invasive species. in U.S. history did so much to bring the USGS to the forefront of earth science USGS science assesses where natural hazards may occur and what the risks exploration and to bring natural hazard concerns to the forefront of the American consciousness. are to those who live near these hazards. Lynn Scarlett The USGS also works cooperatively with federal, state, tribal and local Acting Secretary Letter from P. Patrick Leahy Message from P. Patrick Leahy instrumentation deep into the San Andreas Fault itself. Earthquake moni- toring has grown from days of analyzing reports of earthquake activity using This special edition of People, Land calculations on globes with tape measures and compasses to a 24/7, global & Water commemorates the 100th seismic network of seismographs, satellites and computers that capture and anniversary of the April 18, 1906, report earthquake events anywhere in the world almost instantaneously. Great San Francisco Earthquake, Scientifi c research, monitoring and assessment have provided the frame- which is deemed by many as the birth work for improving building codes to construct earthquake-resilient build- of earthquake science. Throughout ings and infrastructure. ShakeMaps, which graphically show the differing the edition, you can enjoy stories degrees of shaking from an earthquake, can be available online within min- about the history of seismology, sur- utes for use by emergency-response teams in deploying resources to areas vivor accounts, state-of-the-art devel- hardest hit. opments in earthquake science, and We have built strong partnerships with government and non-government profi les of USGS past and current scientists, academia and other organizations throughout the world to delve premier earthquake scientists. deeper into the causes of earthquakes. The public, too, has contributed by The 1906 earthquake and subse- answering the question posed on our Web site, www.usgs.gov, “Did You Feel quent fi re caused the loss of hundreds It?” — a citizen-based approach to defi ning the magnitude of shaking in of lives, destroyed property and left areas that lack dense instrumentation. approximately 225,000 people homeless. Now, 100 years after the 1906 Earthquake, science and technology mark From that moment, scientists and the public realized a compelling need a milepost on a journey that has brought us far and will take us still fur- to better understand the dynamic — and potentially hazardous — nature ther. Seismology is an example of science in the public service, relevant of Earth’s seismic processes. Research began immediately, with scientists and keyed to making our lives safer. We are proud to provide you with this tackling what they saw before them — displacement of the ground along publication that shows where we’ve been and where we hope to go. We the San Andreas Fault. hope you enjoy it. From those seminal efforts, science has evolved from studying the effects P. Patrick Leahy of earthquakes to discovering the dynamics of plate tectonics, developing U.S. Geological Survey probabilistic earthquake hazard assessments, and installing sophisticated 2 PEOPLE, LAND & WATER ★ April 2006 The 1906 Earthquake — The Birth of Earthquake Science Table of Contents 26 4 A Moment of Magnitude for America and for Science This special edition of People, Land & Water commemorates the 1906 Earthquake, documents 7 USGS Responds to the 1906 the birth and growth of earthquake science in the United States and demonstrates how this Earthquake science is used to help safeguard communities. For more information about the U.S. Geological Survey, please visit http://www.usgs.gov. 7-10 A Letter Home and a Look Back To go straight to our earthquake science page, visit http://earthquake.usgs.gov/. in Time: Firsthand accounts from survivors 7-11 America’s Shaky Past: The Top 18 Earthquakes Since 1700 7 11 11 Seismic Technology Evolves into the 21st Century: From dragon- 26 Building Safer heads and toads to geophones 30 Not Just A California Thing: The and electronic amplifiers, seismic eastern and central United States science has come a long way. USGS stenographer Adelena M. Fontaine. Photo: George R. Davis family. may be more vulnerable to earth- 12 History of the USGS Earthquake quake damage than the West. Hazards Program 31 Taking Seismic Science into 32 the Third Dimension The People Who Make 32 A Guidebook of San Andreas Earthquake Science Interesting Fault Fieldtrips: USGS geologist Philip W. Stoffer beat the odds 13 “Mr. Earthquake” Takes a Bow: against cancer while writing a Waverly Person retires after 51 guidebook. years of service. 33 Did You Feel It? Citizen Science 15 Thinking Globally: Mary Lou Goes Seismic: Help the USGS and Zoback guides the 1906 its partners save lives by logging Earthquake commemoration. in and reporting your earthquake experience. 28 Working for a Safer Southern California: Lucy Jones 35 A Profusion of Products: Experience a virtual tour of the 1906 Earthquake. Meet the Hayward Fault face to face. View the ground shaking of the 1906 Earthquake. The USGS has a number of exciting events and products that commemorate the 100th anniversary of the 1906 People, Land, & Water Special Issue Earthquake. The Interior Department manages 1 out of every 5 acres of land in the nation; provides resourc- es for a third of U.S. domestic energy; works with 562 Indian tribes; provides water to 31 million Other Stories residents through 824 dams and reservoirs; receives 450 million annual visits to 390 National 21 Park System units, 544 wildlife refuges and vast areas of multiple use lands; provides opportuni- 16 Earthquakes that Trigger other ties for hunters and anglers; and works to improve habitat on public and private lands. Natural Hazards 21 What it’s like to be an Earth- 20 Earthquake Basics quake Scientist: Ross Stein This publication is the employee news magazine of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Its news content is developed by Interior bureaus and offices and coordinated by the Office of 24 How the Trans-Alaska Pipeline 22-30 A Nationwide Notion of Pride: Communications (Office of the Secretary). The magazine is distributed through the U.S. Postal Survived a Big One Service. For subscriptions, editorial contributions, Letters to the Editor, and other information: USGS earthquake scientists share 25 Measuring Magnitude their proudest, most exciting or 1849 C St. NW, ms6013-MIB, Washington, DC, 20240; (ph) 202-208-7291; (fax) 202-208-7854; most noteworthy career moments. e-mail: [email protected] 29 Top 10 Tips to Earthquake Preparedness 17-20 Special Pullout: This Dynamic Brian Waidmann, Publisher Planet Map — World Map of Volca- 30 Aftershock Forecast noes, Earthquakes, Impact Craters Clarice Nassif Ransom, Editor-in-Chief P.K. Cascio, Front and Back Cover Design 34 “Putting Down Roots in Earthquake and Plate Tectonics Tania Larson, Managing Editor Will Stettner, This Dynamic Planet Country” Doug Spencer, Creative Direction David Hebert and Susan Wells, The Present and Future Beth Stettner, Creative Direction and Editorial Contributors of Earthquake Science Editorial Assistant Electronic Ink, Production & Graphics Cher Cunningham, Copy Editor The historical photos on the cover of 14 NEIC: The world’s source for this special edition are courtesy of the earthquake information A special thank you to the following individuals for supporting this publication: California Historical Society. The news- 22 The Advanced National Seismic Frank Quimby, Joan Moody, Teresa Rusnak and Donna Margelos of the U.S. Department System: A Sure Bet for a Shaky of the Interior; and Barbara Wainman, Scott Harris, David Applegate and the Earthquake paper photo is courtesy of the Library Nation Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. of Congress. April 2006 ★ PEOPLE, LAND & WATER 3 At 5:12 in the morning on April 18, 1906, the Bay Area was literally thrown from bed by what was dubbed “The Great San Francisco Earthquake” and has become the most famous earthquake in U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changes in Geyser Eruption Behavior and Remotely Triggered Seismicity in Yellowstone National Park Produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake, Alaska
    Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone National Park produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska S. Husen* Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA R. Taylor National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190, USA R.B. Smith Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA H. Healser National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190, USA ABSTRACT STUDY AREA Following the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, clear changes in geyser activity and The Yellowstone volcanic field, Wyoming, a series of local earthquake swarms were observed in the Yellowstone National Park area, centered in Yellowstone National Park (here- despite the large distance of 3100 km from the epicenter. Several geysers altered their after called ‘‘Yellowstone’’), is one of the larg- eruption frequency within hours after the arrival of large-amplitude surface waves from est silicic volcanic systems in the world the Denali fault earthquake. In addition, earthquake swarms occurred close to major (Christiansen, 2001; Smith and Siegel, 2000). geyser basins. These swarms were unusual compared to past seismicity in that they oc- Three major caldera-forming eruptions oc- curred simultaneously at different geyser basins. We interpret these observations as being curred within the past 2 m.y., the most recent induced by dynamic stresses associated with the arrival of large-amplitude surface waves. 0.6 m.y. ago. The current Yellowstone caldera We suggest that in a hydrothermal system dynamic stresses can locally alter permeability spans 75 km by 45 km (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Race to Seismic Safety Protecting California’S Transportation System
    THE RACE TO SEISMIC SAFETY PROTECTING CALIFORNIA’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Submitted to the Director, California Department of Transportation by the Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board Joseph Penzien, Chairman December 2003 The Board of Inquiry has identified three essential challenges that must be addressed by the citizens of California, if they expect a future adequately safe from earthquakes: 1. Ensure that earthquake risks posed by new construction are acceptable. 2. Identify and correct unacceptable seismic safety conditions in existing structures. 3. Develop and implement actions that foster the rapid, effective, and economic response to and recovery from damaging earthquakes. Competing Against Time Governor’s Board of Inquiry on the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake It is the policy of the State of California that seismic safety shall be given priority consideration in the allo- cation of resources for transportation construction projects, and in the design and construction of all state structures, including transportation structures and public buildings. Governor George Deukmejian Executive Order D-86-90, June 2, 1990 The safety of every Californian, as well as the economy of our state, dictates that our highway system be seismically sound. That is why I have assigned top priority to seismic retrofit projects ahead of all other highway spending. Governor Pete Wilson Remarks on opening of the repaired Santa Monica Freeway damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, April 11, 1994 The Seismic Advisory Board believes that the issues of seismic safety and performance of the state’s bridges require Legislative direction that is not subject to administrative change. The risk is not in doubt. Engineering, common sense, and knowledge from prior earthquakes tells us that the consequences of the 1989 and 1994 earthquakes, as devastating as they were, were small when compared to what is likely when a large earthquake strikes directly under an urban area, not at its periphery.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from Oil Pipeline Natech Accidents and Recommendations for Natech Scenario Development
    Lessons learned from oil pipeline natech accidents and recommendations for natech scenario development Final Report Serkan Girgin, Elisabeth Krausmann 2015 Report EUR 26913 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen Contact information Elisabeth Krausmann Address: Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] https://ec.europa.eu/jrc Legal Notice This publication is a Science and Policy Report by the Joint Research Centre, the European Commission’s in-house science service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policy-making process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Image credits: Trans-Alaska Pipeline on slider supports at the Denali Fault crossing: ©T Dawson, USGS JRC92700 EUR 26913 EN ISBN 978-92-79-43970-4 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2788/20737 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 © European Union, 2015 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Abstract Natural hazards can impact oil transmission pipelines with potentially adverse consequences on the population and the environment. They can also cause significant economic impacts to pipeline operators. Currently, there is only limited historical information available on the dynamics of natural hazard impact on pipelines and Action A6 of the EPCIP 2012 Programme aimed at shedding light on this issue. This report presents the findings of the second year of the study that focused on the analysis of onshore hazardous liquid transmission pipeline natechs, with special emphasis on natural hazard impact and damage modes, incident consequences, and lessons learned for scenario building.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title An Improved Framework for the Analysis and Dissemination of Seismic Site Characterization Data at Varying Resolutions Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6p35w167 Author Ahdi, Sean Kamran Publication Date 2018 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6p35w167#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles An Improved Framework for the Analysis and Dissemination of Seismic Site Characterization Data at Varying Resolutions A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by Sean Kamran Ahdi 2018 © Copyright by Sean Kamran Ahdi 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION An Improved Framework for the Analysis and Dissemination of Seismic Site Characterization Data at Varying Resolutions by Sean Kamran Ahdi Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Jonathan Paul Stewart, Chair The most commonly used parameter for representing site conditions for ground motion studies is the time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m, or VS30. While it is preferred to compute VS30 from a directly measured shear-wave velocity (VS) profile using in situ geophysical methods, this information is not always available. One major application of VS30 is the development of ergodic site amplification models, for example as part of ground motion model (GMM) development projects, which require VS30 values for all sites. The first part of this dissertation (Chapters 2-4) addresses the development of proxy-based models for estimation of VS30 for application in subduction zone regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California
    The Resources Agency California Geological Survey Michael Chrisman, Secretary for Resources Dr. John G. Parrish, State Geologist Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California to accompany California Geological Survey Note 48 Checklist by Robert H. Sydnor, Senior Engineering Geologist California Geological Survey www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs July 1, 2005 316 pages Engineering Geology and Seismology performance–based analysis, diligent subsurface for Public Schools and Hospitals sampling, careful reading of the extensive geologic in California literature, thorough knowledge of the California Building Code, combined with competent professional geological work. by Robert H. Sydnor Engineering geology aspects of hospital and public California Geological Survey school sites include: regional geology, regional fault July 1, 2005 316 pages maps, site-specific geologic mapping, geologic cross- sections, active faulting, official zones of investigation Abstract for liquefaction and landslides, geotechnical laboratory The 446+ hospitals, 1,400+ skilled nursing facilities testing of samples, expansive soils, soluble sulfate ±9,221 public schools, and 109 community college evaluation for Type II or V Portland-cement selection, campuses in California are regulated under California and flooding. Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Building Code. Seismology aspects include: evaluation of historic These facilities are plan–checked by senior–level seismicity, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Registered Structural Engineers within the Office of earthquake ground–motion, use of proper code terms Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) (Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion and Design– for hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, and the Basis ground–motion), classification of the geologic Division of the State Architect (DSA) for public schools, subgrade by shear–wave velocity to select the correct community colleges, and essential services buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Mapping and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Using Geologic Maps to Protect Infrastructure and the Environment
    Case Study Geologic Mapping and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Using geologic maps to protect infrastructure and the environment Overview The 800-mile-long Trans-Alaska Pipeline, which starts at examining the fault closely and analyzing its rate of Prudhoe Bay on Alaska’s North Slope, can carry 2 million movement, geologists determined that the area around barrels of oil per day south to the port of Valdez for export, the pipeline crossing—had the potential to generate a equal to roughly 10% of the daily consumption in the United very significant earthquake greater than magnitude 8. States in 2017. The pipeline crosses the Denali fault some 90 miles south of Fairbanks. A major earthquake along the fault could cause the pipeline to rupture, spilling crude oil into the surrounding environment. Denali Fault Trace In 2002, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck the Denali fault, one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded in North America, which caused violent shaking and large ground movement where the pipeline crossed the fault. However, the pipeline did not spill a drop of oil, and only saw a 3-day shutdown for inspections. Geologic mapping of the pipeline area prior to its construction allowed geologists and engineers to identify and plan for earthquake hazards in the pipeline design, which mitigated damage to pipeline infrastructure and helped prevent a potentially major oil spill during the 2002 earthquake. Geologic Mapping The Trans-Alaska Pipeline after the 2002 earthquake on the Denali Mapping the bedrock geology along the 1,000-mile-long fault. The fault rupture occurred between the second and third Denali fault revealed information on past movement on the beams fault and the likely direction of motion on the fault in future Image credit: Tim Dawson, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary 2021 National Seismic Hazard Model for Hawaii
    Preliminary 2021 National Seismic Hazard Model for Hawaii M. Petersen, A. Shumway, P. Powers, M. Moschetti, A. Llenos, A. Michael, C. Mueller, D. McNamara, A. Frankel, P. Okubo, Y. Zeng, S. Rezaeian, K. Jaiswal, J. Altekruse, S. Ahdi, and K. Rukstales USGS Update of the Hawaii Seismic Hazard Model Workshop #2 Virtual Workshop (Microsoft Teams) – November 18, 2020 U.S. Department of the Interior These data are preliminary or provisional and are subject to revision. They are being provided to meet the need for U.S. Geological Survey timely best science. The data have not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and are provided Geologic Hazard Science Center (Golden, CO) on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the data ■ USGS https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/ sciencefor a changingworld Microsoft Teams Control Bar • When not speaking, please mute your microphone (or please do not be offended if the moderator does it for you!) • When not speaking, please turn off your camera. This also helps save bandwidth, which can help with picture and audio quality issues. • If you have a question, please "raise your hand" or type your question or comment into the meeting chat. Click on the hand when you are done to "unraise your hand". ■ • Troubleshooting: Try leaving and re-entering the meeting. Share your screen Web App Desktop App 00 - co L.....J8 r;ni_,J ••• ■ ◄ ~I [_+Jt ,_ leave v See participants ~USGS USGS Update
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefaction Limits in Earthquake And
    Floods on Mars Released from Groundwater by Impact Chi-yuen Wang, Michael Manga and Alex Wong Department of Earth and Planetary Science University of California, Berkeley CA 94720 On earth, large earthquakes commonly cause saturated soils to liquefy and streamflow to increase. We suggest that meteoritic impacts on Mars may have repeatedly caused similar liquefaction to enable violent eruption of groundwater. The amount of erupted water may be comparable to that required to produce catastrophic floods and to form outflow channels. Key words: liquefaction, impacts, chaos 1. Introduction Liquefaction frequently occurs on Earth during or immediately after large earthquakes, when saturated soils lose their shear resistance, become fluid-like, and are ejected to the surface, causing lateral spreading of ground and foundering of engineered foundations (e.g., Terzaghi et al., 1996). During the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, for example, ejection of fluidized sediments occurred at distances more than 400 km from the epicenter (Waller, 1968). Increased streamflow is also commonly observed after earthquakes (Montgomery and Manga, 2003). Suggested causes include coseismic liquefaction (Manga et al., 2003), coseismic strain (Muir-Wood and King, 1993), enhanced permeability (Rojstaczer et al., 1995) and rupturing of hydrothermal reservoirs (Wang et al., 2004a). Extensive laboratory and field studies (e.g., Terzaghi et al., 1996) show that saturated soils liquefy during ground shaking as a result of pore-pressure buildup that in turn is due to the compaction of soils in an undrained condition. Furthermore, laboratory experiments (Dobry, 1985; Vucetic, 1994) showed that the threshold of pore-pressure buildup is insensitive to the type of soils (from clays to loose sand) and the environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Race to Seismic Safety Protecting California’S Transportation System
    THE RACE TO SEISMIC SAFETY PROTECTING CALIFORNIA’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Submitted to the Director, California Department of Transportation by the Caltrans Seismic Advisory Board Joseph Penzien, Chairman December 2003 The Board of Inquiry has identified three essential challenges that must be addressed by the citizens of California, if they expect a future adequately safe from earthquakes: 1. Ensure that earthquake risks posed by new construction are acceptable. 2. Identify and correct unacceptable seismic safety conditions in existing structures. 3. Develop and implement actions that foster the rapid, effective, and economic response to and recovery from damaging earthquakes. Competing Against Time Governor’s Board of Inquiry on the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake It is the policy of the State of California that seismic safety shall be given priority consideration in the allo- cation of resources for transportation construction projects, and in the design and construction of all state structures, including transportation structures and public buildings. Governor George Deukmejian Executive Order D-86-90, June 2, 1990 The safety of every Californian, as well as the economy of our state, dictates that our highway system be seismically sound. That is why I have assigned top priority to seismic retrofit projects ahead of all other highway spending. Governor Pete Wilson Remarks on opening of the repaired Santa Monica Freeway damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, April 11, 1994 The Seismic Advisory Board believes that the issues of seismic safety and performance of the state’s bridges require Legislative direction that is not subject to administrative change. The risk is not in doubt. Engineering, common sense, and knowledge from prior earthquakes tells us that the consequences of the 1989 and 1994 earthquakes, as devastating as they were, were small when compared to what is likely when a large earthquake strikes directly under an urban area, not at its periphery.
    [Show full text]
  • Database of Potential Sources for Earthquakes Larger Than Magnitude 6 in Northern California
    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DATABASE OF POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR EARTHQUAKES LARGER THAN MAGNITUDE 6 IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA By The Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential Open-File Report 96-705 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American stratigraphic code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1996 Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential William Bakun U.S. Geological Survey Edward Bortugno California Office of Emergency Services William Bryant California Division of Mines & Geology Gary Carver Humboldt State University Kevin Coppersmith Geomatrix N. T. Hall Geomatrix James Hengesh Dames & Moore Angela Jayko U.S. Geological Survey Keith Kelson William Lettis Associates Kenneth Lajoie U.S. Geological Survey William R. Lettis William Lettis Associates James Lienkaemper* U.S. Geological Survey Michael Lisowski Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Patricia McCrory U.S. Geological Survey Mark Murray Stanford University David Oppenheimer U.S. Geological Survey William D. Page Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Mark Petersen California Division of Mines & Geology Carol S. Prentice U.S. Geological Survey William Prescott U.S. Geological Survey Thomas Sawyer William Lettis Associates David P. Schwartz* U.S. Geological Survey Jeff Unruh William Lettis Associates Dave Wagner California Division of Mines & Geology
    [Show full text]
  • A PALEOSEISMIC STUDY ALONG the CENTRAL DENALI FAULT, CHISTOCHINA GLACIER AREA, SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA by R.D
    Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys REPORT OF INVESTIGATION 2011-1 A PALEOSEISMIC STUDY ALONG THE CENTRAL DENALI FAULT, CHISTOCHINA GLACIER AREA, SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA by R.D. Koehler, S.F. Personius, D.P. Schwarz, P.J. Haeussler, and G.G. Seitz Photograph of surface rupture scarps related to the 2002 Denali fault earthquake near Chistochina Glacier, Alaska. Scarps are shadowed and extend across the center of the photo. March 2011 Released by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys 3354 College Rd. Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3707 $2.00 STATE OF ALASKA Sean Parnell, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Daniel S. Sullivan, Commissioner DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Robert F. Swenson, State Geologist and Director Publications produced by the Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys can be examined at the following locations. To order publications, contact the Fairbanks office. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys 3354 College Rd., Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3707 Phone: (907) 451-5020 Fax (907) 451-5050 [email protected] www.dggs.alaska.gov Alaska State Library Alaska Resource Library & Information State Office Building, 8th Floor Services (ARLIS) 3354 College Road 3150 C Street, Suite 100 Juneau, Alaska 99811-0571 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Elmer E. Rasmuson Library University of Alaska Anchorage Library University of Alaska Fairbanks 3211 Providence Drive Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-1005 Anchorage, Alaska 99508 This publication released by the Division
    [Show full text]
  • A Mechanism for Sustained Groundwater Pressure Changes Induced by Distant Earthquakes Emily E
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. B8, 2390, doi:10.1029/2002JB002321, 2003 A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes Emily E. Brodsky,1 Evelyn Roeloffs,2 Douglas Woodcock,3 Ivan Gall,4 and Michael Manga5 Received 25 November 2002; revised 8 March 2003; accepted 3 April 2003; published 22 August 2003. [1] Large, sustained well water level changes (>10 cm) in response to distant (more than hundreds of kilometers) earthquakes have proven enigmatic for over 30 years. Here we use high sampling rates at a well near Grants Pass, Oregon, to perform the first simultaneous analysis of both the dynamic response of water level and sustained changes, or steps. We observe a factor of 40 increase in the ratio of water level amplitude to seismic wave ground velocity during a sudden coseismic step. On the basis of this observation we propose a new model for coseismic pore pressure steps in which a temporary barrier deposited by groundwater flow is entrained and removed by the more rapid flow induced by the seismic waves. In hydrothermal areas, this mechanism could lead to 4 Â 10À2 MPa pressure changes and triggered seismicity. INDEX TERMS: 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; 7209 Seismology: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics; 7212 Seismology: Earthquake ground motions and engineering; 7260 Seismology: Theory and modeling; 7294 Seismology: Instruments and techniques; KEYWORDS: earthquakes, triggering, time-dependent hydrology, fractures Citation: Brodsky, E. E., E. Roeloffs, D. Woodcock, I. Gall, and M. Manga, A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B8), 2390, doi:10.1029/2002JB002321, 2003.
    [Show full text]