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Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California

Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California

The Resources Agency California Michael Chrisman, Secretary for Resources Dr. John G. Parrish, State

Engineering and for Public Schools and Hospitals in California

to accompany California Geological Survey Note 48 Checklist

by Robert H. Sydnor, Senior Geologist California Geological Survey

www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs

July 1, 2005

316 pages

Engineering Geology and Seismology performance–based analysis, diligent subsurface for Public Schools and Hospitals sampling, careful reading of the extensive geologic in California literature, thorough knowledge of the California Building Code, combined with competent professional geological work. by Robert H. Sydnor aspects of hospital and public California Geological Survey school sites include: regional geology, regional July 1, 2005 316 pages maps, site-specific geologic mapping, geologic cross- sections, active faulting, official zones of investigation Abstract for liquefaction and , geotechnical laboratory The 446+ hospitals, 1,400+ skilled nursing facilities testing of samples, expansive soils, soluble sulfate ±9,221 public schools, and 109 community college evaluation for Type II or V Portland-cement selection, campuses in California are regulated under California and flooding. Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Building Code. Seismology aspects include: evaluation of historic These facilities are plan–checked by senior–level seismicity, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Registered Structural Engineers within the Office of ground–motion, use of proper code terms Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) (Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion and Design– for hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, and the Basis ground–motion), classification of the geologic Division of the State Architect (DSA) for public schools, subgrade by shear–wave velocity to select the correct community colleges, and essential services buildings. earthquake attenuation formula, near–source The California Geological Survey (CGS) serves coefficients, peak ground acceleration (PGA), under contract as the advisor to these two sister state normalized spectral acceleration, and determination of agencies for engineering geology and seismology. The Seismic Zone 3 or Zone 4. CGS review work is performed by a Certified Liquefaction analysis for appropriate sites includes: . geologic setting, liquefaction methodology, dynamic To assist consulting geology and geotechnical firms compaction of sands (above and below the water table), with the preparation of their reports, the California lateral spreading, remedial options, and acceptance Geological Survey uses CGS Note 48, Checklist for the criteria for liquefaction remediation. Review of Engineering Geology and Seismology Reports Exceptional or complicated site for California Public Schools, Hospitals, and Essential conditions may possibly include: Phase I & II Services Buildings. This two–page checklist is meant to Environmental Site Assessment work for toxics, be used by the consulting Certified Engineering hazardous petroleum materials, , Geologist and Registered Geotechnical Engineer. ground–water quality of drinking–water supplies, The purpose of this publication is to explain each of septic systems for suburban or rural campuses, the 52 sections within Note 48 checklist. It provides coseismic deformation and non-tectonic faulting, citations to the California Building Code, makes anthropic rise in surface, regional suggestions how to approach various geologic hazards, , volcanic eruptions, & , and provides practical references in engineering asbestos & tremolite, and Radon–222. geology, seismology, and . Review of the grading plans includes evaluation of The goal of this publication and Note 48 is to problems such as: cut/fill areas, over–excavation increase seismic safety for 35+ million Californians requirements, oversize boulders and rocky fills, orchard while streamlining the plan–check process to focus on rip–outs, subdrainage, surface drainage, seismic the relevant geologic hazards at a particular site. impedance across cut/fill lines, deep foundations, Construction schedules can be maintained and overall retaining walls, engineered fill buttresses, soil–nailed construction costs can be kept in line if consulting walls, geosynthetics, and gabions. geology and geotechnical firms prepare adequate and Current scientific publications in geology, appropriate reports that pass through DSA and OSHPD seismology, and geotechnical engineering are needed for plan–check on the first screening. CCR Title 24 projects. The geology of California is highly varied from the For hospitals and public schools, the consultants Nevada border to the Pacific Ocean, and from the must be properly licensed as Certified Engineering border to the Mexico border. One simple and Registered Geotechnical Engineers. checklist cannot cover every geologic hazard on each campus. An optimum approach includes: California Geological Survey ― Note 48 Checklist for the Review of Engineering Geology and Seismology Reports for California Public Schools, Hospitals, and Essential Services Buildings January 1, 2004

Note 48 is used by the California Geological Survey (CGS) to determine adequacy and completeness of consulting engineering geology, seismology, and geotechnical reports that are prepared under California Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Building Code. CCR Title 24 applies to California Public Schools, Hospitals, Skilled Nursing Facilities, and Essential Services Buildings. The Building Official for public schools is the Division of the State Architect (DSA). Hospitals and Skilled Nursing Facilities in California are under the jurisdiction of the Office of Statewide Health Planning & Development (OSHPD). The California Geological Survey serves under contract to these two state agencies for engineering geology and seismology review purposes. www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs

Project Name: ______Location: ______

OSHPD or DSA File # ______Review by: ______

Date Reviewed: ______California Certified Engineering Geologist # ______

Adequately Additional Checklist Item or Parameter within Consulting Report Described; Data Needed; N/A = not applicable N/R = not reviewed; not evaluated at this time Satisfactory Not Satisfactory

Project Location 1. Site Location Map, Street Address, County Name, Plot Plan with Building Footprint 2. Adequate Number of Boreholes or Trenches - one per 5,000 ft², with minimum of 2 for any one building 3. Site Coordinates (latitude & longitude) -correctly plotted on a 7½-minute USGS quadrangle base-map

Engineering Geology 4. Regional Geology and Regional Fault Maps — concise page-sized illustrations with site plotted 5. of Site — detailed (large-scale) geologic map with proper symbols and geologic legend 6. Subsurface Geology at Site — engineering geology description summarized from boreholes or trench logs 7. Geologic Cross-Sections ― several detailed geologic sections showing pertinent foundations & site grading 8. Active Faulting and Coseismic Deformation Across Site — Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones for active faults; excavation of fault trenches; 50-foot setbacks from fault plane 9. Geologic Hazard Zones ― Seismic Hazard Zone Maps (liquefaction & landslides) Provide page-sized extract of official map showing liquefaction and zones from California Geological Survey (as applicable) and any pertinent geologic map from the Safety Element of the local agency (city or county). 10. Landslides ― both on-site & on adjacent hillslope property (above or below); debris flows & 11. Geotechnical Testing of Representative Samples ― broad suite of appropriate geotechnical tests 12. Expansive Soils -- Clay of the Geologic Subgrade Classify by Table 18-1-B & remediate 13. of Geologic Subgrade - Soluble Sulfates and Corrosive Soils Specify either Type II or Type V portland cement. Typical soluble sulfates include gypsum and jarosite. 14. Flooding & Severe - discuss FEMA Zones; show site plotted on official map (if applicable)

Seismology & Calculation of Earthquake Ground-Motion 15. Evaluation of Historic Seismicity ― significant that affected the site in the past 200 years 16. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis ( PSHA ) Evaluation of Earthquake Ground-Motion 17. Upper-Bound Earthquake Ground-Motion ― 10% chance of exceedance in 100 years: cite & use 18. Design-Basis Earthquake Ground-Motion ― 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years: cite & use 19. Characterize and Classify the Geologic Subgrade from Table 16A-J of Code; shear-wave velocity 20. Near-Source Coefficients and Distance to Nearest Active Fault ― if applicable: Na, Nv, Ca, Cv 21. Peak Ground Acceleration for UBE and DBE levels of ground-motion - summary PGA values 22. Normalized Spectral Acceleration - Site-specific spectral acceleration is required for dynamic analysis for irregular and tall buildings. Use ζ ≡ 5 percent viscous damping for both UBE and DBE ground-motion. 23. Seismic Zone 3 or 4 ― determine appropriate zone from Figure 16A-2 and Section 1629A.4.1 24. Scaled Time-Histories of Earthquake Ground-Motion - as applicable for base-isolated structures 2 Adequately Additional Checklist Item or Parameter within Consulting Report Described; Data Needed; N/A = not applicable N/R = not reviewed; not evaluated at this time Satisfactory Not Satisfactory

Liquefaction Analysis 25. Geologic Setting for Occurrence of Seismically-Induced Liquefaction: ♦ applicable to any ground-water surface <50 ft. depth; for calculations use historic-highest ground-water ♦ low-density alluvium, typically SPT N<35, composed of sands or silty sands with non-plastic fines ♦ moderate earthquake ground-motion, typically PGA UBE >0.1g. 26. Liquefaction Methodology — NSF/MCEER treatise on liquefaction by Youd, Idriss, and 19 others, Oct. 2001 issue of ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental. Engineering & CGS Special Publication 117 27. Liquefaction Calculations — based on detailed geologic cross-section and Safety Factor SF <1.3 28. Seismic Settlement of entire Soil Column at relevant Boreholes (both unsaturated & saturated) total & differential as */L Provide complete calculations (no estimates). Input PGA = UBE ground-motion 29. Lateral Spreading due to Liquefaction — when near a free-face (river bank, , cut-slope) 30. Remedial Options for Liquefaction ― several appropriate options to remediate liquefaction effects 31. Acceptance Criteria for Liquefaction Remediation ― needed for subsequent remediation contract

Exceptional Geologic Hazards and Complicated Site Conditions These exceptional items are not typically applicable statewide, but may be pertinent to a complicated site. Use prudent and careful analysis for all CCR Title 24 sites to avoid predicaments and expensive delays in construction of public school and hospital sites. This list of exceptional geologic hazards will help to avoid misunderstandings and back-checks when additional information is required by the reviewing agency. N/R = not reviewed; not evaluated at this time. 32. Phase I & II Environmental Site Assessment Work ― ASTM Test E-1527 & Test E-1903 for toxics 33. Hazardous Materials ― methane gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, tar seeps, high-pressure gas pipelines, etc. 34. Calif. Environmental Quality Act ― applicable Environmental Impact Report data, , etc. 35. Ground-Water Quality ― safe drinking water supplies for rural or suburban campuses (if applicable) 36. On-Site Septic Systems ― for rural or suburban campuses, evaluate septic leach-field system 37. Non-Tectonic Faulting and Hydrocollapse of Alluvial Fan Soils ― due to anthropic use of water 38. Regional Subsidence ― due to sustained withdrawal of fluids (ground-water extraction & petroleum) 39. Volcanic Eruption ― only near active volcanic centers; refer to USGS Bulletin 1847 (Miller, 1979) 40. or ― only for low-lying sites close to California coastline or large lakes and 41. Asbestos ― in formations associated with serpentine and tremolite. Refer to CGS Special Publication 124. 42. Radon-222 Gas ― typically within organic-rich marine shales of the California Coast Ranges. 43. Other Geologic Hazards ― use professional judgment for complicated or unusual geologic hazards

Grading-Plan Review and Foundation-Plan Review 44. Areas of Cut & Fill, Preparation of Ground, Depth of Removals and Recompaction 45. Geologic & Geotechnical Inspections and Problems Anticipated During Grading — called inspections for CEG or RGE (removal & recompaction; canyon clean-out; shear-key for buttress fill) 46. Subdrainage Plans for Ground Water and Surface Water ― show details of planned subdrains 47. Cut-Fill Prisms ― seismic compression and incoherent ground-motion across the cut-fill line of hillside pads 48. Deep Foundations, Structural Mat Foundations (only as applicable) — piles, belled caissons, etc. 49. Retaining Walls, Engineered Fill Buttresses, Soil-Nailed Walls, Geosynthetics, Gabions, etc.

Report Documentation 50. Geology, Seismology, and Geotechnical References ― current & adequate published citations 51. Engineering Geology report signed by Certified Engineering Geologist with CEG or number 52. Geotechnical Engineering report signed by Registered Geotechnical Engineer with RGE seal

Robert H. Sydnor, RG 3267, CHG 6, CPG 4496, CEG 968 California Geological Survey, Note 48 January 1, 2004 www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs Engineering Geology and Seismology for ii Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Table of Contents

Introduction

Purpose of CGS Note 48…………………………………………………………………………… 1 California Geological Survey ― Address and Website……………………………………………. 1 California Geological Survey Publications in Engineering Geology and Seismology……………. 2 California Building Code (CBC)…………………………………………………………………. 3 California Building Standards Commission………………………………………………………. 3 International Code Council (formerly ICBO) ………………………………………………… 3 2001 CBC and 1997 UBC………………………………………………………………………… 4 Essential Services Buildings……………………………………………………………………… 4 University of California and the State University System………………………………………. 4 Private Schools…………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Comparison of UBC and CBC…………………………………………………………………… 4 Code is Not a Design Manual…………………….……………………………………………… 5 Matrix Adoption Tables for Different State Agencies…………………………………………… 5 Use of this Checklist During Report Writing………………………………………….…………. 6 Three Stages of Scientific Analysis……………………………………………………………… 7 Earthquake Attenuation Formulas Change in the Aftermath of Significant Earthquakes……….. 8 CGS 2002 State–wide PSHA Model…………………………………………………………….. 9 Upper–Bound Earthquake Ground–Motion………………………………………………………. 9 Higher Specialty Licenses: CEG and RGE as Project Managers in Charge of Work…………… 10 Seismology Reports……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Geology and Seismology References Cited ……………………………………………………… 10 Avoid Misuse of Old Reports……………………………………………………………………. 12 Change of Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Consultant…………………………………. 12 Interactions between the Engineering Geologist, Structural Engineer, and Architect…………… 13 Number of Copies to Duplicate for Your Client…………………………………….…………… 13 Back–Check Reports……………………………………………….………………….………… 14 Backlog Time for Review……………………………………………………………………….. 14 Acknowledgments and Appreciation……………………………………………….……………. 15 Future Updates of Note 48 and Overall Goal……………………………………………………. 16

Hospitals Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), the Building Officials .……. 17 Earthquake Evaluation and of Hospitals ― Senate Bill 1953………………… 17

Public Schools, Community Colleges, and Essential Services Buildings Geological Aspects of CCR Title 5, Education Code for School Site Acquisition..……………. 19 Petroleum Pipelines……………………………………………………………………………… 20 School Site Acquisition and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)……………… 21 Eminent Domain Proceedings………………………………………………………………….. 21 Geologic Investigations = Capital Expenditures………………………………………………… 22 Feasibility–for–Purchase Geology Reports…………………………………………………….. 22 School–Site Risk Assessment…………………………………………………………………… 22 Proximity of Schools to Airports and High-Voltage Powerlines…..…………………………….. 23 Key to Proper DSA Procedures ― “Request for Inspection” Form……………………………. 23 Short―Term Temporary Buildings for Public Schools…………………………..…………….. 24 Modular Classrooms…………………………………………………………………………….. 24 Construction Cost Considerations………………………………………………………………. 25 Phase I and Phase II Investigations for Toxics………………………………………………….. 25 List of State School Agencies…………………………………………………………………… 25 Seismic Safety of Schools………………………………………………………………………. 26 Division of the State Architect………………………………………………………………….. 27 DSA Interpretation of Regulations # A–4, dated February 3, 2004, Geologic Hazard Reports … 28

Engineering Geology and Seismology for iii Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Explanations Keyed to Numbered Sections within Note 48

Project Location

1. Site Location Map, Street Address, Plot Plan with Building Footprint….…………….…. 29 2. Adequate Number of Boreholes or Backhoe Trenches…………………………….….…. 30 3. Site Coordinates (latitude and longitude)…………………………………………..….…. 32

Engineering Geology

4. Regional Geology Map and Regional Fault Map… ……………………………………… 33 State–wide References (also refer to Appendix A for separate regions)……..…. . 38 5. Engineering Geologic Map of the Site……………………………………………………. 40 6. Subsurface Geology of the Site…………………………………………………………… 47 7. Geologic Cross–Sections through the Structures……………………………….…………. 50 8. Active Faulting & Coseismic Deformation Across the Site (Alquist–Priolo Zones)…….. 52 9. Geologic Hazard Zones (liquefaction and landslide official zone maps)…….……….….. 67 10. Landslides………………………………………………………………………….……… 69 11. Geotechnical Laboratory Testing of Representative Samples………………………….…. 82 12. Expansive Soils ― Clay Mineralogy of the Geologic Subgrade…………………..……… 85 13. Geochemistry of the Subgrade ― Soluble Sulfate , Corrosive Soils, and Reactive Aggregates………..……. 87 14. Flooding and Severe Erosion……………………………………………………..……….. 91

Seismology and Calculation of Earthquake Ground–Motion

15. Evaluation of Historical Seismicity……………………………………………….……..… 98 16. PSHA Evaluation of Earthquake Ground–Motion………………………………………… 102 17. Upper–Bound Earthquake Ground–Motion………………………………………………. 109 18. Design–Basis Earthquake Ground–Motion……………………………………………….. 112 19. Characterize and Classify the Geologic Subgrade………………………………………… 114 20. Near–Source Coefficients and Distance to Nearest Active Fault………………………..… 118 21. Peak Ground Acceleration for UBE and DBE Levels of Ground Motion………………… 120 22. Normalized Spectral Acceleration………………………………………………………… 122 23. California Seismic Zone 3 or 4……………………………………………………………. 124 24. Scaled Time–Histories of Earthquake Ground–Motion…………………………………… 125

Liquefaction Analysis

Introduction and Explanation of Liquefaction Review Process……………………………… 132 25. Geologic Setting for Occurrence of Seismically–Induced Liquefaction, with Geologic Cross–Sections for Liquefaction Analysis ..………………..…………. 133 26. Liquefaction Methodology…………………………………………………………….… 136 27. Liquefaction Calculations………………………………………………………………... 140 28. Seismic Settlement of entire Soil Column at relevant Boreholes (both differential & total settlement, including overlying unsaturated )…….. 142 29. Lateral Spreading due to Liquefaction …………………………..……………….…….… 146 30. Remedial Options for Liquefaction…………………………………………………….…. 148 31. Acceptable Criteria for Liquefaction Remediation……………………………………….. 151 Engineering Geology and Seismology for iv Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Exceptional Geologic Hazards and Complicated Site Conditions

32. Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Work ……………….…………..… 153 33. Hazardous Materials: Methane Gas, Hydrogen Sulfide Gas, Tar Seeps, Organic Stockpiles, and High–Pressure Petroleum Pipelines…….….… 157 34. California Environmental Quality Act (if applicable); paleontology, etc. ……………... 163 35. Groundwater Quality and Safe Drinking Water Supplies for Rural Campuses…………... 170 36. On–Site Septic Systems…………………………………………………………………… 175 37. Non–Tectonic Faulting and Hydrocollapse of Alluvial Fan Soils.…………………...…… 177 38. Regional Subsidence…………………………………………………………………….... 180 39. Volcanic Eruptions……………………………………………………………………..…. 182 40. Tsunami or Seiche………………………………………………………………….…..…. 186 41. Naturally Occurring Asbestos………………………….……………………………….… 189 42. Radon–222 Gas………………………………………………………………………….… 198 43. Unusual Geologic Hazards………………………………………………………..…….… 201

Grading–Plan Review and Foundation–Plan Review

44. Grading Plan Review, Areas of Cut & Fill, Preparation of the Ground, Depths of Removals & Recompaction ……………………………………….……. 206 45. Geologic & Geotechnical Inspections and Problems Anticipated During Grading……….. 215 46. Subdrainage Plans for Ground Water and Surface Water………………………….……… 216 47. Cut–Fill Prisms: Seismic Compression and Incoherent Ground Motion…………………. 218 48. Deep Foundations, Structural Mat Foundations ― piles or caissons……………….…….. 220 49. Retaining Walls, Engineered Fill Buttresses, Soil–Nailed Walls, Geosynthetics, and Gabions……..…..…………………………………………..….. 225

Consulting Report Documentation

50. Geology, Seismology, and Geotechnical References……………………………….…….. 229 51. Engineering Geology Report Signed by Certified Engineering Geologist………….….…. 232 52. Geotechnical Engineering Report Signed by Registered Geotechnical Engineer………… 233

Epilogue and Addresses of Regional Offices of the California Geological Survey…………… 234

(Appendix A, B, C continued on next page) Engineering Geology and Seismology for v Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Appendix A. Geologic References for California by Regions………………………. 235 San Diego Metropolitan Area…………………………………………………… 235 Peninsular Ranges Province (exclusive of the San Diego metropolitan area) …. 238 Imperial Valley and Salton Trough.…………….……………………………….. 240 Coachella Valley…………………………………………………………………. 242 Los Angeles Basin (central metropolitan area) ……………………………….. 244 Palos Verdes Peninsula…………………………………………………………. 248 San Gabriel Basin ― Pasadena – El Monte – Sierra Madre – Azusa – Baldwin Park………… 250 Orange County, Puente Hills, Santa Ana Mountains, San Joaquin Hills………. 252 San Fernando Valley and Santa Monica Mountains area ……………………… 257 Eastern Transverse Ranges & San Bernardino Valley area….…………….…… 259 Western Transverse Ranges & Ridge Basin….…………………………….…… 263 Mojave Desert……………………………………………………………….…… 266 Basin & Range Province…………………………………………………….…… 268 Southern Coast Ranges………………………………………………….…..…… 271 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay ― Regional Studies…………………………..……….. 274 San Francisco Peninsula, Santa Clara Valley, & South Bay Area .……….. 277 San Francisco ― East Bay Area………………………………….….…..… 280 San Francisco ― North Bay Area……………………………………..…… 283 San Joaquin Valley……………………………………………….……………..… 285 The Delta of the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers…………. 287 Sacramento Valley…………………………………………………………..…….. 289 Southern Sierra Nevada…………………………………………………………… 291 Central Sierra Nevada…………………………………………………………….. 293 Lake Tahoe and the Northern Sierra Nevada……………………………………. 295 Northern Coast Ranges…………………………………………………………… 298 Klamath Mountains……………………………………………………………….. 302 Modoc Plateau…………………………………………………………………….. 303

Appendix B. Concise Bibliography of Engineering Geology & Seismology………… 304

Appendix C. Concise Bibliography for California Public–School Site Construction 308

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 1 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Introduction California Geological Survey ─ Address

The Sacramento headquarters of the California Purpose of CGS Note 48 th Geological Survey is located on the 12 floor California Geological Survey Note 48 is an within the 27-story Renaissance Building on the th advisory checklist that cites relevant sections of northeast corner of 8 Street and the K-Street the California Building Code (= California Code walking mall: of Regulations, Title 24). California Geological Survey This publication of the California Geological 801 K Street, Mail Stop 12–32 Survey (CGS) provides detailed explanations for Sacramento, CA 95814–3531 the numbered sections of the concise 2–page Because we share the same five-digit ZIP code checklist. Note 48 itemizes engineering geology, as the State Capitol (just three blocks away), seismology, and geotechnical engineering topics we ask that you use the full nine-digit ZIP code that should be addressed for a complete and that is unique to our building. It is also expedient adequate consulting report for hospitals, public to use our Mail Stop 12-32, because about one- schools, community colleges, skilled nursing thousand persons from a variety of agencies work facilities, and essential services buildings. in the Renaissance Building. The information in this publication is meant to The California Geological Survey (CGS) is a be explanatory and useful, rather than regulatory. division of the California Department of If there is an inadvertent discrepancy with the text Conservation. The cabinet–level branch of of California Building Code, then the legal status government is the Resources Agency of of code prevails over this advisory publication and California. Note 48. The Sacramento telephone numbers of the two The text of this publication and Note 48 will be Senior Engineering Geologists for the California periodically updated to reflect future code Geological Survey are: changes, new liquefaction methods, updated hospital reviews: ℡ 916-323-4399 earthquake ground–motion attenuation formulas, public-school reviews: ℡ 916-445-5488 current geology and seismology publications, and new web–site addresses. A majority of the CCR Title 24 reviews for

Note 48 is posted on the California Geological hospitals are performed out of Sacramento on a Survey (CGS) website, so check for updates and centralized basis. Many of the public–school subsequent revisions. The URL for the California reviews are also performed in Sacramento, but a Geological Survey website is: growing volume of public–school reviews will be performed by engineering geologists within the < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > Seismic Hazards Mapping Program in our Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Santa Rosa offices. This checklist was formerly known as This is a favorable situation, since the CGS “CDMG Note 48” throughout the late 1970s, 80s, engineering geologist who originally zoned a and 90s, until January 16, 2002 when the agency particular quadrangle for liquefaction may be the name changed from the California Division of CGS reviewer for a new public–school campus Mines & Geology to the California Geological within that same quadrangle. Survey. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 2 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

The California Geological Survey also has Digital products on CD–ROMs include: regional offices where CGS publications may be purchased: Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Los Angeles ℡ 213–239–0878 Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake San Francisco ℡ 415–904–7707 Fault Zoning Act, Region 1– Central California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–01. It is recommended to telephone ahead to ascertain current office hours for publication sales; Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake office hours are subject to change. Fault Zoning Act, Region 2– Southern California:

California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–02. Please book–mark our URL and periodically check for updates in seismology, engineering Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation geology, new Seismic Hazard Zone Maps, new Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, new Fault Zoning Act, Region 3– Northern and Eastern publications, and new regional geologic mapping. California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–03. The California Geological Survey is making increased use of our website to post digital Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official products, along with a comprehensive catalog of Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Central Coastal our geology publications. Region, Calif.: California Geological Survey CD 2001– 04, 211 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab files, ESRI shape files, and .dxf export files.

California Geological Survey Publications Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official in Engineering Geology and Seismology Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Southern Region, Calif.: California Geological Survey For the Sacramento Publication Sales Office, CD 2001–05, 235 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab files, ESRI shape files, and .dxf export files. please call ℡ 916–445–5716. For a useful on– line list of publications and current prices, please Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official refer to: Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Northern and < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > Eastern Region, Calif.: California Geological Survey CD 2001–06, 170 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo A growing number of California Geological tab files, ESRI shape files, and .dxf export files. Survey reports and documents are posted on the Bryant, William A., compiler, 2003, Fault Investigation Reports homepage (in .pdf format) for expedient download for development sites within Alquist–Priolo Earthquake using Adobe Acrobat Reader®. Two examples of Fault Zones, 1974―2000: California Geological Survey, on–line publications are: CD–ROM 2003–01 and 2003–2. This statewide collection of A–P sites reports consists of 4,220 consulting geology reports for 3,185 developments sites filed with the California Geological Survey through December 31, 2000. California Geological Survey Special Publication 117, CD 2003–01 covers Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic CD 2003–02 covers southern California Hazards in California, 74 p. Jennings, C.W., Wagner, D.L, Saucedo, G.J., compilers, Hart, Earl W., and Bryant, William A., 1999, 2000, GIS Data for the Geologic Map of California: Fault–Rupture Hazard Zones in California: California Geological Survey CD 2000–07, MapInfo file California Geological Survey Special Publication 42, format, PostScript format, and ArcInfo plot files. 38 p.

SP–42 explains the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Besides SP–42 and SP–117 previously Fault Zoning Program. It contains index maps for mentioned, the following reports by the California the 547+ quadrangles that are zoned for active Geological Survey will provide reliable guidance faults. in preparation of engineering geology, seismology, and geotechnical consulting work: Engineering Geology and Seismology for 3 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48, California Building Code Seismic Shaking Hazard Maps of California, Petersen and others, 1999. This version of Note 48 checklist is based on the California Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Geological Survey Map Sheet 49, 2001 California Building Code. As of July 2005, Epicenters of and Areas Damaged by the text of the California Building Code is not M≥5 California Earthquakes, 1800-1999, posted on the web. Several other building codes by Toppozada and others, 2000. are downloadable (on a fee basis) at this site: Map Sheet 49 contains a comprehensive table < www.ecodes.biz > This website also has nine of all earthquakes, epicentral coordinates, and FEMA reports in that are magnitudes (Mw), both measured and estimated. freely downloadable (FEMA 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 354A-B-C-D -F). Many consultants use an extract of Map Sheet 49 as a page-size illustration for the earthquake Adequately qualified geotechnical consultants history of the project site. need to purchase their own copies of California Building Code (CBC) prior to preparing proposals and executing contracts for geotechnical work. Maps of Known Active Fault Near-Source Become familiar with CBC before undertaking Zones in California and adjacent portions of complex geology, seismology, and geotechnical Nevada, 1998, state-wide atlas, 215 p., large work on hospitals and public schools. format (11×17 inches) and spiral–bound. The 1998 Near–Source Atlas was authored by California Building Standards Commission seismologists and geologists of California Geological Survey, but is printed, published, and The state agency that legally adopts CBC is the sold by the International Code Council, ICC: California Building Standards Commission, < www.iccsafe.org > 2525 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 130, Sacramento, Notice carefully that this is not a fault atlas, but CA 95833, ℡ 916–263–0916. The California is strictly a zone atlas. The 1998 zone atlas is to Building Standards Commission meets under the be used with CBC Table 16-S (to determine near- authority of the Health and Safety Code, §18901 source factor Na), and Table 16-T (to determine to §18948.6. near-source factor Nv). For current fault The 2001 edition of the California Building information (revised Mmax and fault slip-rates), Code was adopted in 2001, and became effective please refer to the 2003 California Geological Survey Statewide Fault Model (Cao and others, ( ≈ enforced) on November 1, 2002. Refer to the 2003) that is described in detail on page 8 of this California Building Standards Commission publication. From 1998 until 2003, there were website for the precise schedule and timely dozens of minor revisions to the CGS Statewide updates in the triennial code–adoption cycle: < www.bsc.ca.gov > Fault Model, with adjustments to Mmax and fault slip-rates. Check for subsequent future revisions International Code Council (formerly ICBO) in the years ahead. New insights are gained with each California earthquake and each new fault The publisher and distributor of the California trench. Building Code is the International Code Council For more information on near-source in Whittier, California. ICC resulted from the coefficients, please refer to §20 of this publication. February 2003 merger of ICBO, BOCA, and TM SBCCI. ICC publishes the International Codes or I–Codes® series of code books and a wide variety of technical manuals. With 50,000 members, the International Code Council is Engineering Geology and Seismology for 4 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 chartered in California. The California office is Essential Services Buildings may be either located in Whittier: state–owned or locally owned. If an Essential Services Building is owned by the local agency International Code Council (city, county, or local fire district) then it is also 5360 Workman Mill Road plan–checked and reviewed by the building Whittier, California 90601–2298 official of the local agency. (Reference: §4–243,

homepage: < www.iccsafe.org > Article 3, Local Buildings, within Chapter 4, CBSAC, Part 1 of CCR Title 24.) toll–free: ℡ 800-786–4452

publication sales: ℡ 562-699–0541 The definition of Essential Services Buildings Technical comments and suggestions for is within §4–207 of Chapter 4 of California structural code revisions and seismology may be Building Standards Administrative Code sent to Alan Carr, Senior Structural Engineer, (CBSAC), which is Part 1 of California Code of International Code Council, ℡ 800-231–4776, Regulations, Title 24. ext. 114.

University of California and 2001 CBC and 1997 UBC the State University System

The present edition of 2001 CBC is based on The ten–campus University of California the 1997 Uniform Building Code, plus California system and the State University system use the amendments. About a third of the text within California Building Code, but are independent of CBC has been upgraded and tailored especially for plan–check and oversight by the Division of the California earthquake conditions. Upgrades are State Architect. The only exception for the editorially marked in the text margins with the University of California is that its general acute– symbol “CA” to designate California–specific care hospitals are under OSHPD jurisdiction. amendments. CBC follows a triennial code– adoption cycle, so subsequent editions of code will be adopted by the California Building Standards Private Schools Commission. Accordingly, it is planned that this Private schools and parochial schools are plan– publication will then be updated. checked by the local building official (not DSA) The California Building Code, CCR Title 24, as "regular" commercial buildings. Refer to applies to hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, §17320 to §17336 of the Education Code public schools (K–12), the community college regarding the “Private Schools Building Safety system, and Essential Services Buildings. Act of 1986.” Notable private universities not under the California Building Code include Commercial and residential buildings are plan– Stanford, Caltech, and USC. However, the checked by the local building officials of hospitals at Stanford and USC are under OSHPD California’s 478 cities and 58 counties (not by jurisdiction. state agencies).

Comparison of UBC and CBC Essential Services Buildings Examples of differences between the Uniform Essential Services Buildings include: sheriff Building Code (UBC) and the California Building stations, fire stations, California Highway Patrol, Code (CBC) include: emergency communications centers, and Caltrans command–control centers (for freeway ♦ The UBC specifies an engineering geologist, operations). while CBC upgrades this to a California Certified Engineering Geologist.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 5 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

♦ A Registered Civil Engineer (P.E.) can along in the San Joaquin and perform geotechnical work under the Sacramento Valleys, and along several county generalized Uniform Building Code or boundaries and meridians. Carefully refer to International Building Code. However, the the seismic zone map and accompanying text CBC specifies a higher license as a California within 2001 CBC §1629A.4.1 and the Registered Geotechnical Engineer. As of accompanying Figure 16A–2, Seismic Hazard this date, no other state has this higher Zone Map for Hospitals and Public Schools in specialty license, so the title of "Geotechnical California. Engineer" could not be used in 1997 UBC or the International Building Code, IBC 2003. Code is Not a Design Manual ♦ Likewise, all structural engineering calculations must be performed and signed by California Building Code has never been a California Registered Structural intended to be a modern “design manual” or Engineer, not just a generalized "P.E.," as in textbook with newest formulas in seismology, many other states. geology, or geotechnical engineering. The building code represents the minimum acceptable ♦ The term “Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault standard expected by the Building Official. Zone” is unique to California, so those words cannot be used within 1997 UBC or IBC 2003. Likewise, this publication is not intended to be The California Geological Survey's a design manual or collegiate textbook in 547 quadrangles zoned for active faults are engineering geology and seismology. Practicing unique to California. engineering geologists, seismologists, and geotechnical engineers are expected to stay abreast ♦ The Upper–Bound Earthquake ground– on a sustained basis of new developments in these motion, defined as having a 10 percent chance three applied fields. of exceedance in 100 years, is cited within CBC §1631A.2.6, but not found within 1997 Matrix Adoption Tables UBC or IBC 2003. for Different State Agencies

♦ 1997 UBC and 2003 IBC discuss Seismic There are some slight differences in code Zones 0, 1, 2A, 2B that pertain to the eastern application for hospitals (Office of Statewide and central portions of the . Our Health Planning and Development, OSHPD) and CBC eliminates these sections of text because public schools and community colleges all of California is either within Seismic (Division of the State Architect, DSA). For most Zone 3 or Zone 4. engineering geology, seismology, and geotechnical engineering aspects, the majority of ♦ California Building Code legally identifies the the code terminology will be the same for precise boundaries between Seismic Zone 3 hospitals, public schools, and essential services and 4, whereas the Uniform Building Code buildings. The 2004 edition of California and the International Building Code 2003 only Geological Survey Note 48 covers code tracks for have small zone maps (Figure 16–2, Seismic both hospitals and public schools. Zone Map of the United States). For a definitive answer about code applications, ♦ There is a notable difference for Del Norte please refer to the special “Matrix Adoption County that is within Seismic Zone 4 Tables” within the preface materials of California (due to the ) in Building Code. These Matrix Adoption Tables list CBC, but in Zone 3 of 1997 UBC. The each state agency and adoption (or non–adoption) boundary between Zones 3 and 4 is taken of specific code chapters. Focus on Chapters 16 Engineering Geology and Seismology for 6 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 and 16A (earthquakes), Chapters 18 and 18A (Foundations and Retaining Walls), and Appendix Suggestion: To minimize excessive Chapter 33 (Excavation and Grading) when text, consider using page–sized geologic studying the Matrix Adoption Tables for either maps (11×17–inches fold– OSHPD or DSA. out, and/or 8½×11–inches), spectral diagrams of ground motion, and summary tables. Use of This Checklist During Report Writing Suggestion for the Conservation of Paper: There is no obligation or implication to follow Avoid assembling an overly thick report with the precise sequence of this publication and unusable bulky data, such as dozens of pages Note 48 when preparing a consulting report. This of epicenters of thousands of small magnitude is not written as a comprehensive outline for a earthquakes within a 100–km radius of the combined geotechnical report. Rather, it is a site. broad checklist, intended to help authors avoid overlooking pertinent geology and seismology Suggestion: Consultants are welcome to details for sites in a variety of geomorphic provide a digital album of site photos in settings. .jpg format, colored geologic maps, oversized trench logs, any other appendix materials on a It is recommended that Note 48 be used during CD–ROM or diskette in a map–pocket in the the initial scoping of the project (at the contract report. stage), and after the penultimate draft is written to check for completeness and adequacy. Suggestion: To protect your integrity and the

Strive for a concise report focused on the completeness of the report, always prepare a relevant geologic issues for this site. Make it comprehensive table of contents that discloses understandable to the Structural Engineer and the all plates, figures, diagrams, logs, and items Architect, as well as the client (e.g., hospital in the appendix or map pockets. That way, if owner or superintendent of schools). anything is subsequently missing or improperly copied years later, the original Suggestion: Consider use of an executive CEG and RGE authors are protected. A summary with bulleted items ( ● ) for ground surprising number of geologic and motion, liquefaction, seismic settlement, geotechnical reports are incomplete when faulting, landslides, foundations, and grading. submitted for a building permit. This helps convey the results of the entire geology and geotechnical report on just one Suggestion: Include your company e–mail or two pages. Code does not require an address on your letterhead along with the executive summary, but it is an effective usual street address and telephone number. method of communication. An executive While not required by Code, your e–mail summary helps to avoid misunderstandings of address will help with effective key issues (present or absent on a particular communications during the plan–check and site) in engineering geology, seismology, and review process. Misunderstandings about geotechnical engineering. missing geologic maps and similar foibles can be quickly resolved during the geotechnical Suggestion: Geology and geotechnical report review process if the company e–mail consultants are making increased use of address is provided. An increasing number of panoramic digital photographs of the site consulting geotechnical firms provide a (scanned, cropped, and labeled) for use in the Internet homepage address on their letterhead.

report to minimize descriptive text. “One picture is worth a thousand words” is an appropriate aphorism. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 7 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

As CEG and RGE–licensed professionals, Three Stages of Scientific Analysis consultants are encouraged to practice ahead of

Engineering geology and strong–motion California Building Code, and exceed the seismology are scientific disciplines within the minimum default standards. realm of geology. Geotechnical engineering is a branch of civil engineering. As applied sciences Suggestion: Use the scientific method to used for construction purposes, it is useful to explain geologic site conditions and geologic consider engineering geology and seismology as hazards with reliable field evidence to fit the applied sciences under the three stages of geologic model(s). California Building scientific analysis: Code does not require the scientific method, but you are encouraged to use inductive 1 State–of–the–Art, reasoning wherever appropriate. When geologic site conditions are 2 Standard–of–Practice, and complicated or uncertain, it is suggested to

3 Code Requirements. use the classic "method of multiple working hypotheses” (Chamberlin, 1890, 1897) . These are described in the following Explain how your engineering geology paragraphs: recommendations are appropriate and suitable for geologic site conditions, and State–the–Art generally refers to new and most commensurate with the California Building theoretical concepts developed at universities and Code and its focus on public safety. Candidly research institutions. These ideas have generally explain levels of geological uncertainty so not been put into practice, but in whole or part that the clients (e.g., school officials or may have been published in some scientific hospital owners) understand the relative risks journals, and are still subject to peer scrutiny. and make prudent choices. It is useful to apply the Method of Jahns Standard–of–Practice is the normal procedure (refer to §43 of this report) for the decision– used by the majority of professionals in their making process in engineering geology. respective fields. The Standard–of–Practice constantly changes upward, based on presentations References for the at professional meetings and publications in Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses technical journals. Experience also changes the and the Scientific Method ― with Application to the Practice of Engineering Geology Standard–of–Practice, sometimes dramatically in the aftermath of a large earthquake, appellate court decision, new Seismic Hazard Mapping Act, or Allen, John E., 1991, How geologists think: the method expert–panel review of a large structural facility. of multiple working hypotheses: Journal of Geological Education, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 67–68. Code Requirements represent the minimum Blewett, William L., 1993, Description, analysis, and critique of the method of multiple working allowable practice, and these may not be adequate hypotheses: Journal of Geological Education, to protect public health and safety. This has been vol. 41, no. 3, p. 254–259. confirmed by many court decisions. Because of Chamberlin, Thomas C., 1890, The method of multiple the triennial code adoption cycle, the minimum working hypotheses: Science, vol. 15, no. 366, requirements of code are necessarily 3 to 6+ years p. 92-96, published on-line at: www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/chamberlin.html behind the Standard–of–Practice, especially in neotectonics and applied seismology. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 8 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Chamberlin, Thomas C., 1897, The method of multiple Earthquake Attenuation Formulas Change working hypotheses: Journal of Geology, vol. 5, p. in the Aftermath of Significant Earthquakes 837–848. This seminal paper by Chamberlin has been republished twice in the past century in the The state–of–the–art in strong ground–motion Journal of Geology: 1931, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 155–165; and recently in 1995, vol. 103, no. 3, p. 349–354, changed significantly with the January 1997 with an introduction by University of Chicago special theme issue of Seismological Research professor emeritus David C. Raup. Letters with new earthquake attenuation formulas Chamberlin, Thomas C., reprinted 1975, The method of from USGS, consultants, and academia. A back– multiple working hypotheses, in Albritton, C.C., Jr., copy of this special theme issue of SRL (vol. 68, editor, Benchmark Papers in Geology: Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross, Publishers, vol. 13, p. 126–131. no. 1, January 1997 issue) can be obtained from Cohen, Morris R., and Nagel, Ernest, 2002, the Seismological Society of America An introduction to logic and scientific method: < www.seismosoc.org > Simon Publications, 480 p. Gauch, Hugh G., Jr., 2002, Scientific method in practice: Most attenuation relationships published prior Cambridge University Press, 448 p. to 1997 are out–of–date. Only current seismology Hacking, Ian, 2001, An introduction to probability and information and attenuation formulas should be inductive logic: Cambridge University Press, 320 p. used for hospitals and public schools under CBC Jahns, Richard H., 1990, Geologic hazards, associated Chapter 16. Fault maps and seismology reports risk, and the decision–making process: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 27, no. 2, from two decades ago may not reflect current p. 215–230. knowledge of strong–motion seismology in light Lipton, Peter, 2000, Inference to the best explanation, of extensive data collected by the California 2nd edition: Routledge Publishers, 240 p. Strong–Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) Martin, Eric, and Osherson, Daniel N., 1998, Elements of of the California Geological Survey. scientific inquiry: MIT Press, 320 p.

van Bemmelen, R.W., 1961, The scientific character of geology: Journal of Geology, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 453– A partial list of significant earthquakes 463. includes: 1987 Mw6.0 Whittier Narrows, Varnes, David J., 1974, The logic of geological maps, 1989 Mw6.9 Loma Prieta, 1992 Mw7.0 Cape with reference to their interpretation and use for Mendocino, 1992 Mw7.3 Landers, 1992 Mw6.2 engineering purposes: U.S. Geological Survey Big Bear, 1994 Mw6.7 Northridge, 1999 Mw7.1 Professional Paper 837, 48 p. Hector Mine, 2003 Mw6.5 San Simeon earthquake that damaged Paso Robles, and the 2004 Mw6.0 Parkfield earthquake with a robust data-set of four

Suggestion: Summarize important dozen CSMIP strong-motion records in the near- conclusions and recommendations at the end field, <10 km. of the report, or provide a concise executive summary with numbered paragraphs or The California Strong–Motion Instrumentation bulleted items at the front of the report. Program has collected thousands of strong–motion Provide a clear summary for the level of records from these earthquakes, and the database will continue to grow with each new earthquake. ground–motion (PGA in percent gravity) for the Upper–Bound Earthquake ground– In future years, look for new reports with new motion and the Design–Basis Earthquake attenuation formulæ, revised fault slip–rates and ground–motion. Mmax for various seismogenic faults. The National Seismic Hazard Maps will be updated in 2006 and following years using the "Next Generation Attenuation" formulæ (informally called NGA) that is currently under preparation (July 2005) by the seismology profession. The NGA work will eventually be published on the PEER website, http://peer.berkeley.edu Engineering Geology and Seismology for 9 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

seismogenic faults (particularly slip–rates, Mmax, Pertinent reports by the Working Group on recurrence intervals, and fault segmentation). The California Earthquake Probabilities include: most significant changes from 1996 to 2002 Seismic Hazards in Southern California: probable seismogenic models are explained in detail in earthquakes, 1994 to 2024, published in the footnotes within the tables. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1995 special issue of BSSA; USGS Open– Please note that within the 2002 Statewide Model File Report 03–214 entitled Earthquake of the California Geological Survey, the Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region: classification of Fault Types A, B, and C is not 2002 to 2031, which has 8 lengthy chapters in a the same as the classification within 2001 California 56–MB pdf file. Building Code Table 16–U with Seismic Source Types A, B, and C.

CGS 2002 State–wide PSHA Model Upper–Bound Earthquake Ground–Motion Hospitals and public schools will be evaluated by the California Geological Survey using the new 2001 CBC §1631A.2.6 (Ground Motion), and 2002 State–wide PSHA model. This model and §1804.8 (Engineering Geology Reports) requires its fault database were revised slightly in the the Upper–Bound Earthquake (UBE) ground– Spring 2003 and the final report was posted on the motion to be reported by the Certified Engineering CGS website in June 2003: Geologist. Notice that this is not optional. UBE ground–motion must be reported Cao, Tianqing, Bryant, William A., Rowshandel, B., regardless of subsequent structural design Branum, David, and Wills, Christopher J., 2003, methodology. UBE ground–motion is used to The revised 2002 California probabilistic check for structural collapse, seismic compression seismic hazards maps: California Geological of alluvial soils, and for liquefaction analysis.

Survey: www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/psha 2001 California Building Standards Administrative Code §7–111 (on page 95) defines the Upper–Bound ♦ Report, 11 p., with Appendix A: Earthquake ground–motion as 10 percent chance of ♦ Table of Type A Faults, 2 p. ♦ Table of Type B Faults, 15 p. exceedance in 100 years. The UBE level of ground– ♦ Table of Type C Faults (= area sources), 1 p. motion has a statistical return–period of ≈949 years. ♦ References for 2002 Calif. Fault Parameters, 9 p. 2001 CBC §1804.8 states that the Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion “must be fully supported It is recommended that consulting Certified by satisfactory data and analysis.” Full analysis by Engineering Geologists, Registered Geophysicists, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is and Registered Geotechnical Engineers refer to this expected. It is good practice to round–off ground 2003 CGS fault database when performing motion values to two decimal places to reflect the seismology calculations when performing projects in appropriate precision (i.e., the concept of precision California (both CCR Title 24 projects, and regular versus accuracy). commercial and residential projects). As interpreted by the Building Safety Board in This freely–dowloadable CGS report by Cao and 1989, engineering geology and geotechnical issues others (2003) updates and supersedes Petersen and (e.g., dynamic analysis of the structure, others (1996), CGS Open–File Report 96–08, which liquefaction, seismic settlement) shall be evaluated was the 1996 statewide consensus model. by the UBE level of ground–motion.

CGS OFR 96–08 contains 33 pages of text that remains pertinent because it is a detailed explanation of PSHA methodology for California. The notable upgrade from 1996 to 2002 is the revised database of Engineering Geology and Seismology for 10 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

may be inclined to ask for tutoring on basic Caution: Notice that the probabilistic concepts in seismology and engineering geology. seismology term UBE ground–motion (reported in percent gravity) is not synonymous Seismology Reports with the concept of Mmax. The acronym Mmax A supplemental ground–motion report means the average maximum magnitude (e.g., scaled time–histories for a base–isolated earthquake that is considered in analysis for any structure or unbonded brace–frame building) may one particular fault segment. Mmax is reported be prepared and signed by a California Registered using the ; Geophysicist who specializes in seismology, or symbol: Mw. either a Certified Engineering Geologist or For example, a hypothetical statement using Registered Civil Engineer (reference: 2001 CBC the term “maximum magnitude” might be: §1634A.2.2.1).

"Mmax = 7.1 Mw for the Peninsula segment Caution: Within the context of CCR of the San Andreas Fault." Title 24 work for hospitals and public schools, Registered Civil Engineers should refrain from using self–assertive titles like Notice carefully that PGA, peak ground “project manager” because the required acceleration (in percent “g”), for the Upper– specialty license is California Registered Bound Earthquake ground–motion is not in the Geotechnical Engineer (reference: CCR preceeding sentence. In symbolic notation: Title 24, California Building Standards

Administrative Code §4–314, and California

Building Code §1634A.2.1 and §1804A.1). PGA Mmax Likewise, only a California Certified ≠ Engineering Geologist can prepare an

engineering geology report (reference: CCR Title 24, California Building Standards These two seismology parameters are Administrative Code §7–111, §7–117.b.1, entirely different and should not be confused or and California Building Code §1634A.1.2). blithely transposed in a consulting report.

Higher Specialty Licenses: CEG & RGE Geology and Seismology References Cited as Project Managers in Charge of Work Only appropriate and current geology and The lower level of professional licensure (either seismology references should be cited at the back Registered Geologist or Registered Civil of the consulting report. Carefully parse the Engineer) is not legally permitted to practice engineering geology and geotechnical engineering bibliography. If you specifically cite a reference (respectively) on hospitals or public schools. in the text of the consulting report, indicate the California Building Code (§1634A.1.2 and page number or figure number in the reference. §1634A.2.1) specifies that the higher specialty Do not pad or inflate the geology bibliography licenses (Certified Engineering Geologist and with citations that are not actually used in the text. Registered Geotechnical Engineer) are required for hospital or public school projects. Follow the citation formats used by the U.S. Geological Survey, the California Geological The project manager in responsible charge of a CCR Title 24 project must hold an advanced Survey, and the Geological Society of America. license as a CEG or RGE. Communication The recommended standard for writing geology (telephone inquiries and memos) with the reports is: Hansen, William R., 1991, Suggestions California Geological Survey is expected at this to authors of the reports of the United States higher level of licensure, not with junior staff who Geological Survey, 7th edition, 289 p. This Engineering Geology and Seismology for 11 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 authoritative treatise provides broad guidance on With the passage of time after the date of this citation format, correctness of expression, syntax, report, new books and reports will be published word usage of geologic terms, and layout of that consultants should seek and use. The geologic figures. California Geological Survey plans to periodically update the list of references, but the final legal Within the pages that follow, the California responsibility for professional work remains on Geological Survey has provided useful and current the shoulders of the licensed consultants (Certified references that will assist consultants. The most Engineering Geologists and Registered pertinent and frequently used references are Geotechnical Engineers). marked with a star symbol ( ) to assist the reader when scanning the bibliographic lists. It is Examples of professional societies that publish a very broad guide to pertinent references, ranging relevant journals are: AEG, SSA, GSA, AGU, widely in geology, geotechnical engineering, EERI, ASCE, AAAS, ICC, SEAOC, ASTM, seismology, earthquake engineering, ATC, as well as the California Geological Survey, , and grading. Inclusion of a the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. National technical reference does not imply official Academy of Sciences. Most of these societies and endorsement by the State of California and the many commercial publishers of geotechnical California Geological Survey; neither does journals provide a convenient free Internet service omission imply unsuitability. whereby the reader is alerted to the table of contents for a journal on a monthly basis. This is Many out–of–print geology publications were an effective and efficient way to scan the new necessarily omitted from the references because table of contents for dozens of journals in a timely they cannot be easily obtained, the rare–book cost manner. It is recommended to sign–up for these is high, and some of the information may be out– Internet notifications and acquire the habit of dated. scanning tables of contents of pertinent journals prior to periodic trips to the library. An example of an omitted reference is a comprehensive and classic treatise, Bulletin 170, An increasing number of geology and Geology of Southern California, edited by geotechnical societies are posting back–issues of Richard Henry Jahns, and published in 1954 by their journals (in .pdf format) on the Internet. the California Division of Mines {one of our Some are free, while others require payment for an several former names}. Much of the site–specific individual article. This is an effective method for geology in Bulletin 170 remains excellent, while engineering geologists, seismologists, and the seismotectonic framework of southern geotechnical engineers to build their technical California is clearly changed by new insights of libraries over a period of time. blind thrust faults from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Engineering Geologists are welcome The National Academy of Sciences / National to use professional discernment and cite particular Research Council publishes its books and reports information from Bulletin 170 that is still valid. through the National Academy Press. Most of However, we do not want other professionals these authoritative committee reports are readable (e.g., Architects, Structural Engineers, and on–line for free. The NAS has a public policy for Geotechnical Engineers) to be misled into “open–book” dissemination of scientific believing that Bulletin 170 (published in 1954) knowledge. Paper copies of NAS books can be is considered a “current” geology reference. purchased for a nominal price. < www.nap.edu > Therefore our CGS classic Bulletin 170 is omitted from our bibliography of “current” geologic literature.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 12 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Avoid Misuse of Old Reports spreading had occurred where consulting geotechnical reports had dismissed the possibility Many geotechnical consultants protect of liquefaction. themselves from subsequent misuse of their reports by stating a reasonable expiration date for its validity (often 2 or 3 years). This effectively Change of Engineering Geology and precludes someone else from submitting an old Geotechnical Consultant copy without the knowledge of the CEGs and In some instances, the owner (hospital or public RGEs who signed the report. No one wants to use school) may wish to change geotechnical seismology formulas that are out–dated. consultants for various reasons. In other cases, the

It is acceptable to submit an older report Engineering Geologist or the Geotechnical provided it is accompanied by a new cover–letter Engineer may want to resign. Reference is made signed by the Certified Engineering Geologist and to “Transfer of Responsibility” §3317.8 of 2001 Registered Geotechnical Engineer. This update California Building Code, within Chapter 33, letter should clearly state that they have reviewed Excavation and Grading. the earlier report and the current (new) project The state building official (OSHPD or DSA) plans, and state what is applicable and valid (or no and the California Geological Survey need to be longer applicable, or not valid) in their earlier promptly informed in writing that there is a formal geotechnical report. The updated letter is typically change of consultant. Reasons for the change–of– about 4+ pages long. It often has a new grading consultant do not have to be explained. However, plan attached, or numbered features on page-size written documentation is needed that includes the extracts from the larger full-sized grading plans. following: project name & full address, OSHPD

This validation of the earlier geotechnical or DSA permit number, signature(s) with license report can be adroitly termed a “Grading–Plan numbers, date of the notification, and effective Review and Update.” Refer to §44 through §49 dates of stop & start. within Note 48 and this publication. Refer to If a new Certified Engineering Geologist or §1637A.1.1.2 of 2001 California Building Code Registered Geotechnical Engineer is taking over that states: “A previous (engineering geology) the professional work of another, then the previous report may be resubmitted, provided that a licensed person has to be informed by a succinct reevaluation is made and the report is found to be one–paragraph document. The change–of– currently appropriate.” consultant notice must be properly signed,

Insightful Example: In December 1993, dozens stamped, and dated by the new RGE and CEG. of geology and seismology reports were prepared Quite simply, there can be only one Certified for various hospitals and schools in the San Engineering Geologist in responsible charge of the Fernando Valley. These final reports were already engineering geology and seismology work on any in the hands of the owners/clients when the one project during any one time–period. January 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake occurred. Likewise, there can be only one Registered Surprisingly, many owners/clients went right Geotechnical Engineer who is legally in ahead and boldly submitted these reports for new responsible charge of geotechnical engineering on buildings. A few months later (Spring 1994), the project during any one time–period. these consulting reports reached the desk of the California Geological Survey. All reports were If there is a change of geotechnical consultants sent back for "updates," which was a euphemism during grading or foundation operations, then all for inappropriate or invalid work. The reason was earthwork must be suspended. Earthwork may simple enough: the recorded ground motion for resume after new geotechnical professionals many sites was far higher than estimated by these (licensed RGE and CEG) formally declare in consulting reports. In other locations (such as writing (signed, sealed, dated) that they are in Simi Valley), widespread liquefaction and lateral responsible charge of the work. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 13 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Katzenbach, Rolf, and Turek, Jens, editors, Interactions between the Engineering Geologist, 2004, Interaction between structural and Structural Engineer, and Architect geotechnical engineers: American Society of Civil Engineers & Thomas Telford The consulting Certified Engineering Ltd., 106 p. www.asce.org Geologist and Registered Geotechnical Engineer is often retained by the Structural Engineering A classic paper on geologic communication within firm or the Architect. a geotechnical organization was prepared in the Berkey Volume published in 1950 by the It is optimum if these professionals work Geological Society of America: together in a cooperative team and Burwell, Edward B., Jr., and Roberts, George D., interdisciplinary partnership. It should be realized 1950, The geologist in the engineering that every member of the team is a valued and organization, in Paige, Sidney, chairman, needed component for over-all success of the Application of Geology to Engineering project. Practice: Geological Society of America, The Berkey Volume, p. 1―9. Clear communication on a sustained basis is needed. Or to put it differently: no one should be left out-of-the-loop as technical information is Number of Copies to Duplicate developed and the project moves forward. It is for Your Client helpful if Gantt charts and other project schedules and milestones are provided to the Engineering The California Geological Survey needs only Geologist and Geotechnical Engineer, so that they one copy for review purpose that is sent to us by perceive the overall schedule. Sometimes this either OSHPD or DSA. affects drilling schedules (unable to drill in heavy winter rains), and backhoe trenches that cannot be CCR Title 24, Part 1, California Building left open over holiday weekends. Reliable Standards Administrative Code §7–117 states that watertable information is not usually attainable in “four copies of the site data shall be furnished” to October and November due to seasonal depletion OSHPD for hospital sites. of groundwater. However, for public school sites the Division of

Conceptual information about the size and the State Architect (DSA) typically needs only foundations of buildings needs to be freely two copies of the engineering geology and exchanged in a timely manner prior to geologic geotechnical report for its own internal use. If a field work. For example, if a hospital building is geology review by the California Geological abruptly changed by the Architect from a Survey is anticipated (e.g., liquefaction, one-story structure with conventional spread landslides, ground motion, and faulting), then footings to a six-story tower with a basement for sufficient copies should be initially submitted parking, then the engineering geologist can through DSA. adroitly switch to drilling much deeper boreholes. Other parties should receive one copy each: Because of logistical mobilization costs, once a Architect, Structural Engineer, Design Civil drill-rig is on-site, it is much cheaper to drill Engineer (for layout of the buildings on the deeper now ― than to come back several months campus), the Grading Contractor, and usually later with additional costs for mobilization of the three or more copies to your client (the hospital drill-rig. owners or the school district).

A 2004 publication from ASCE addresses this This totals 7; plus 4 copies for the OSHPD interdisciplinary topic: reviews; and this equals a minimum of 11 copies to be duplicated and collated. Often the client needs several more copies of the geotechnical Engineering Geology and Seismology for 14 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 report if competitive sealed bids are solicited for the back–check report to your original client the grading and foundation work. (usually the owner), and not to the California Geological Survey. Consulting geotechnical and engineering geology reports should be bound or stapled Most of the back–check work can be handled together in a secure manner. Map pockets should by mail or telephone; it is rare that meetings are be used for any CD–ROMs with site photos or held in Sacramento to discuss the review process. graphics, oversized geologic cross–sections, geologic maps, liquefaction spreadsheets, or It is not necessary to use overnight delivery or grading plans with the geology overlain. hand–delivery by courier. Back–check reports do not revert to the rear of the line; instead they have Either DSA or OSHPD will date–stamp the priority and move ahead of new projects. report and add a permit number. The California

Geological Survey will also stamp–in the consulting engineering geology and seismology Backlog Time for Review report(s) according to the date received in our Sacramento office. Consulting geologists and project managers typically want to know “how long it takes” for the Make sure that your consulting firm’s street California Geological Survey to perform an address, full ZIP code, telephone number, and engineering geology and seismology review for e–mail is legibly and prominently shown on the OSHPD and DSA. title page of the report, preferably within the interior of the letterhead. There is no precise answer to this question, but some background information may yield general insights. The backlog time is influenced by the

Suggestion: Several geotechnical firms are economic climate, interest rates, deadlines for new conserving paper by newspaper–column regulations (e.g., Senate Bill 1953 reviews), and formats, two–sided printing, and slightly response to large earthquakes in California smaller fonts for the text. Nothing in code (e.g., 1994 Northridge earthquake).

requires large 12–point fonts and double– The California Geological Survey is not in spaced text for the geotechnical report. control of the workload coming in simultaneously Concise formatting of the text is welcome. from OSHPD and DSA. The backlog is typically longer in the spring and autumn, and shorter in the summer and winter. Because of summer vacation Back–Check Reports by the geologic staff, a 4–week backlog can

If your report does not comply with code abruptly increase to a 6–week backlog. requirements, as determined by CGS review, then a second report (termed “back–check”) needs to The best strategy is to pay minimal attention to be submitted through proper channels (DSA or backlog times, and instead, focus on scientific OSHPD), with appropriate copies to the Architect adequacy of the engineering geology and and Structural Engineer. seismology report. When the consulting report is ready, then have the project architect obtain a new In some cases, the consultants can use a building permit from OSHPD or DSA, even if the “second edition” or “revised edition” date on the structural plans are not yet completed. This “starts front cover, then make extensive changes the clock” in the review process of the engineering throughout the entire report to bring it up to Code geology and seismology report. standards. In the plan–check process, early submittal of a Include the permit number on the title page of well–prepared engineering geology and the back–check report. Address the salutation of geotechnical report is the optimum strategy for Engineering Geology and Seismology for 15 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 timely approvals. The old way of submitting a Michael Rymer, Jerome Nelson, Timothy Horner, “complete bundle” of architectural plans, Lawrence Gilpin, Jay Martin, Tom Blake, structural calculations, and a geotechnical report is Mark D. Petersen, Chris Cramer, Clarence Allen, somewhat of a gambit. To minimize plan–check Lloyd Cluff, Eldon Gath, Tania Gonzalez, time, an adroit strategy is early application for a Thomas Evans, Christian Muller, building permit by the Architect. This begins William Holmes, James Slosson, Farzad Naeim parallel processing instead of a slow linear process William Staehlin, Chris Tokas, Patrick Rodgers, of sequential steps (e.g., disapproval, redesign to a John Tehaney, Dennis Bellet, Nat Chauhan, higher level of earthquake ground–motion, and Mahendra Mehta, Daniel Lavernier, Philip Tom, back–check). John Barneich, Burt Slemmons, Keith Knudsen, Marc Delattre, Michael Wopat, Glenn Borchardt,

It is an optimum situation when the Structural Allan Barrows, Pamela Irvine, Earl Hart, Engineer proceeds with approved ground motion Donald Hoirup, Tianqing Cao, Badie Rowshandel, and approved liquefaction calculations. Compare Rick Wilson, Kevin Clahan, Michael Manson, this to the time–consuming and expensive Jack McMillan, Charles Real, Don Schwartzkopf, recalculations based on concerns expressed by the William Stevens, Kit Custis, Susan Chang, California Geological Survey during the J.P. Singh, Jean–Marie Chevallier, Mary Esper, geotechnical review process. Robert Matthews, Lawrence Cann, Robert Sharp, Beach Leighton, Richard Lung, James Fisher, Iraj Poormand, Ali Bastani, Roy Goodman,

Gareth Mills, Diane Murbach, Reid Fisher, Acknowledgements and Appreciation David Hoexter, Robert Anderson, Alvin Franks, Scott Burns, Terry West, Robert Schuster, Many engineering geologists, geotechnical David Varnes, Ray Seiple, William Cotton, engineers, seismologists, and structural engineers William Cole, Seena Hoose, Julian Isham, generously gave of their time to review earlier John LaViolette, Richard Proctor, Glenn Brown, drafts of this publication. Their suggestions and Jeffrey Keaton, Jeffrey Johnson, David Bieber, insights were valuable. Roy Kroll, Scott Lindvall, Elizabeth Mathieson,

Gerald Weber, Joseph Cota, Michael Hart, Special appreciation is due to: Douglas Hamilton, Chris J. Wills, Kenneth Wilson, Jay Smith, Carl Kim, Maria Flessas, Jonathan Stewart, Timothy McCrink, Drew Kennedy, and Scott Winslow. Roy Shlemon, Ann Marie Kammerer, Thomas Holzer, Robert Larson, Jeffrey Howard, Their assistance is gratefully appreciated. These Ralph Loyd, Jennifer Thornburg, Fred Turner, reviewers are not responsible for any errors or Donald Wells, Zia Zafir, Lisa Grant Ludwig, omissions in this text. The author will be grateful Chris Higgins, Lewis Rosenberg, for any mistakes or editorial suggestions that are Ronald Churchill, John Clinkenbeard, Ivan Wong, called to his attention. It is planned to update this Paul Somerville, C.B. Crouse, Donald Coduto, publication with subsequent editions. Jonathan Bray, Raymond Seed, Ross Boulanger, Izzat M. Idriss, Robb Moss, Marshall Lew, Daniel Pradel, Alan Kropp, J. David Rogers, David Pearson, Robert Yeats, Bruce Bolt, Norman Abrahamson, Walter Silva, Robert Pyke, William Lettis, David Schwartz, Kenneth Hudnut, Gerry Wieczorek, Stephen Ellen, Carl Wentworth, David Keefer, John Tinsley, Raymond Wilson, Mark Reid, Earl Brabb, Douglas Morton, Roger Borcherdt, David Hill, Thomas Hanks, William Ellsworth, Carol Prentice, Engineering Geology and Seismology for 16 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Future Updates of Note 48 and Overall Goal

As a member of the engineering geology, seismology, and geotechnical profession, you are welcome to provide written suggestions for subsequent editions of Note 48 and this publication.

The California Geological Survey strives to effectively communicate scientific information about engineering geology and seismic hazards for all Californians. This will help to achieve our mutual goal of seismic safety for:

♦ 6.3+ million California children that depend on seismic safety of their structures on ± 9,221 public school campuses organized within ± 1,056 school districts. In 2003–2004, California spent about $3,542,000,000 for public school construction, which represents about 3½ percent of the total state budget.

♦ 2.9+ million community college students at 109 separate college campuses within 72 community college districts.

♦ 35+ million California citizens who rely on medical care from: ± 446 General Acute Care Hospital campuses (with a total of about ± 2,702 separate hospital buildings); and ±1,400 Skilled Nursing Facilities that provide vital medical care for the infirm, disabled, and the elderly.

Please note these are approximate demographic numbers that are subject to continual change. The number of schools increases each month with population growth and demographic flux. Hospitals facilities change due to a variety of economic factors, including new construction, Senate Bill 1953 seismic retrofit of older structures, and older facilities that are demolished and rebuilt. A few hospital campuses may be sold and converted for non– hospital commercial use. For reliable and current statistics, please refer to updated census information and annual reports of state government agencies. www.ca.gov

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 17 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Hospitals

Earthquake Evaluation & Seismic Retrofit Office of Statewide Health Planning & of General Acute–Care Hospitals  Development (OSHPD), the Building Officials Senate Bill 1953 (Health & Safety Code, §130000–130070) General Acute–Care hospitals and Skilled The Alfred Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act Nursing Facilities are under permit and structural was amended in 1994 by Senator Alquist so that plan–check with OSHPD, who serve as the all 446+ General Acute–Care hospitals in building officials under CCR Title 24. California are to be evaluated for seismic safety.

Refer to 2001 CBC §1640A through §1649A.6 – Consulting engineering geologists and Earthquake Evaluation and Design for Retrofit of geotechnical engineers are encouraged to visit the Existing State–Owned Buildings (for DSA) and OSHPD website to download information, seismic Existing Hospitals (for OSHPD). These 21 pages retrofit regulations for hospitals, and obtain of text provide the special details and exceptions OSHPD permit numbers. (Please do not contact for seismic retrofit projects. the California Geological Survey for building permit numbers; these are assigned by OSHPD For general acute–care hospitals under at the time the owner or architect applies for the “Senate Bill 1953” requirements, refer to 2001 permit and pays the initial fees.) California Buildings Standards Administrative

Code (CBSAC) Chapter 6, Seismic Evaluation Procedures for Hospital Buildings. There are Facilities Development Division 41 pages of detailed requirements in Chapter 6. Office of Statewide Health Planning & Development Of particular interest to engineering geologists and 1600 Ninth Street, Suite 420 geotechnical engineers is Article 9 within Sacramento, CA 95814–6414 Chapter 6 entitled: Procedures for Foundations and Geologic Site Hazards. Within Article 9, the ℡ 916–654–3362 general OSHPD information emphasis is on earthquake ground motion, sloping www.oshpd.state.ca.us/fdd sites, geologic site hazards, liquefaction, slope failure (landslides), and surface fault rupture.

As of April 2005, the OSHPD official The appropriate earthquake ground motion for currently assigned to coordinate the engineering liquefaction analysis is the Design–Basis geology, seismology, and geotechical engineering Earthquake ground–motion, 10% chance of consulting reports is: exceedance in 50 years, for existing hospitals under “Senate Bill 1953” analysis. Patrick J. Rodgers, SE 3057

Senior Structural Engineer, OSHPD Note that for new hospital buildings, the ground ℡ 916–653–0826 [email protected] motion is higher since the Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion applies (10% chance The Supervising Structural Engineer within the of exceedance in 100 years). Consultants are Facilities Development Division of OSHPD is encouraged to supply both DBE and UBE levels Chris V. Tokas, SE 3607, ℡ 916–654–8779. of ground–motion if the report will be used for The Facilities Development Division is located on both existing retrofit and new construction. the Fourth floor of the OSHPD building at the northwest corner of Ninth Street and 16th Street in The evaluation statement for Foundations and Sacramento. Geologic Site Hazards is on page 90 in the appendix of Chapter 6 of CBSAC.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 18 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

For background information on “Senate Bill FEMA Report 356 on Seismic Retrofit 1953” by Senator Alfred Alquist, refer to Information on seismic retrofit can be found in California Health & Safety Code, this report which was prepared under contract by §130000 ― §130025. < www.leginfo.ca.gov > ASCE for FEMA:

In 2004, four geotechnical engineers prepared FEMA Report 356, Pre–standard and an analysis of geotechnical aspects of Senate Bill Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of 1953 that was published by the Multidisciplinary Buildings: Federal Emergency Management Center for Earthquake Engineering Research. Agency, November 2000, 11 chapters, 489 p. This preliminary evaluation included only 153 of free from: < www.fema.gov > the 470 hospitals. Less than half were compliant in 2001 with Senate Bill 1953 requirements. In addition to structural considerations, there About 40% were determined to be at significant special non-structural issues for hospitals risk for structural collapse and a danger to public regarding seismic-safety planning: safety in the event of a strong earthquake. Over 70% had basic non-structural systems essential to Pickett, Mark, 1995, Hospitals with emphasis on life-safety and patient-care that were inadequately lifelines, in Schiff, A.J., editor, Northridge anchored to resist earthquake forces. The survey Earthquake ― lifeline performance and also indicated that about 20% of the hospital sites post-earthquake response: American Society had the potential for liquefaction, based on Senate of Civil Engineers, Technical Council on Bill 1953 design ground-motions. Lifeline Engineering, Monograph no. 8, p. 288 ― 319. www.asce.org

Lew, Marshall, O’Rourke, Thomas D., Whitney, David J., Dickerson, Andra, and Dobry, Ricardo, and Koch, Meghan M., 2004, Lindell, Michael K., 2001, Nonstructural Assessment of geotechnical issues in seismic preparedness of southern California acute-care facilities in California: hospitals: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 17, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake no. 1, February 2001 issue, p. 153-171. Engineering Research, MCEER Technical Report 04-0009, 124 p., $25.00 http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications An insightful review of hospital repair and retrofit in California has been prepared by EERI

A mid–stream analysis paper on “Senate Bill past-president Chris D. Poland, SE, and it covers 1953” seismic retrofit of California hospitals has the formative decades 1973-1993 (post San been published in May 2004 by the American Fernando and pre-Northridge). This EERI paper Society of Civil Engineers: was coincidently published during the same month as the 1994 Northridge Earthquake ― a milestone in seismic- safety for hospitals in California. Alesch, Daniel J., and Petak, William J., 2004, Seismic retrofit of California hospitals: Poland, Chris D., 1994, Repair and retrofit of implementing regulatory policy in a complex health care facilities: EERI Earthquake and dynamic context: ASCE Natural Hazards Spectra, vol. 10, no. 1, February 1994, Review, vol. 5, no. 2, May 2004 issue, p. 113-125. p. 89–96.

Dr. William J. Petak, M–EERI, is professor of policy planning and development at the University of Southern California. He has worked in California seismic safety issues for over three decades and has served on the California State Seismic Safety Commission. < [email protected] > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 19 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Public Schools, Article 4. Fees Community Colleges, and §4-320 ― §4-325 Consulting Engineering Geologists and Geotechnical Essential Services Buildings Engineers need to realize that preliminary site inspections for geologic hazards (see Article 7 below) Public schools, California Community are paid in advance by the school district to DSA. The Colleges, and state–owned Essential Services California Geological Survey will not perform geologic Buildings are plan–checked under the California inspections at various school campuses without proper Building Code (CCR Title 24) by senior–level advance paperwork by the school district officials that is coordinated with one of the four regional offices of DSA. structrual engineers within the Division of the Article 5. Certification of Construction State Architect (DSA) of the California §4-330 ― §4-339 Department of General Services. Includes relevant sections on compaction testing of fills during grading operations, testing of concrete used in Concise Outline of Code foundations of public schools, and the need for final as- California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 1, built geotechnical reports at the completion of grading California Building Standards Administrative operations. Code, Chapter 4, Administrative Regulations for Article 6. Duties under the Act the Division of the State Architect ― Structural §4-341 ― §4-344 Safety, is organized in the following manner: This obliquely refers to the Field Act of 1933 ― as amended subsequently over the past seven decades. Article 1. Essential Services Buildings The actual text of the Field Act is within CCR Title 5, Education Code, §81130 through §81149. §4-201 ― §4-222 Article 7. Examination and Report Article 2. State Buildings of Existing Buildings §4-223 ― §4-242 §4-345 ― §4-346 Article 3. Local Buildings Site inspections of geologic hazards, such as landslides §4-243 ― §4-249 and active faulting, may be performed by the California Geological Survey. However, the school district first Group 1. Safety of Construction of Public Schools needs to file a “Request for Inspection” form with DSA. §4-301 ― §4-355 Article 8. Documents and Records These are the sections of Code that provide for §4-350 ― §4-352 the legal authority of the Division of the State Article 9. State Advisory Board to the Architect to perform reviews prior to issuance of Division of the State Architect for grading and building permits, collect permit fees, the Field Act issue building permits, and perform quality §4-355 assurance inspections during construction. The The California State Geologist is an ex-officio sections within Group 1 are briefly outlined below: representative to this DSA Advisory Board. Article 1. General Provisions Also included are two Structural Engineers, one Geotechnical Engineer, two Architects, plus other §4-301 ― §4-312 professionals, for a total of 16 on the DSA Advisory Article 2. Definitions Board. Geotechnical consultants who specialize in §4-313 ― §4-314 public school construction are encouraged to apply to Includes licensure definitions of the Registered the State Architect for a seat on the DSA Advisory Geotechnical Engineer and Structural Engineer. Board. There is no salary compensation (only travel Article 3. Approval of Drawings & Specifications expenses), but it is an excellent professional opportunity §4-315 ― §4-319 for public service.

Of particular revelance to engineering geology is CCR, Title 24, CBSAC §4-317e “Site Data” that includes requirements for consulting work by a California Certified Engineering Geologist, earthquake ground motion, landslide analysis, liquefaction analysis, flooding, and geologic investigations within an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone, and a 50-foot setback from an active fault. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 20 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

The full text of CCR Title 5 is posted on the Advance Planning with DoE & OPSC web < www.leginfo.ca.gov > and is searchable Early in the planning and site selection process by keywords (e.g., liquefaction, serpentine, fault). for new campus facilities, the California Department of Education and the Office of Public CCR Title 5 is administered by the California School Construction are the lead agencies that Department of Education, and the Office of Public work in cooperation with the local school districts. School Construction (OPSC) within the California For background purposes, it is useful to Department of General Services. The money for summarize information from the Education Code, acquisition of new school property usually comes CCR Title 5, that is applicable about a year before from the California State Allocation Board, before the actual building plan–check process although local bond issues are sometimes used. begins under CCR Title 24, the California CCR Title 5 contains relevant language to Building Code. preclude or dissuade public school districts from

acquiring property in geologic hazard zones,

particularly Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Geological Aspects of CCR Title 5, Zones (active faults) and areas subject to Education Code, for School Site Acquisition seismically–induced liquefaction. There are CCR Besides CCR Title 24, acquisition and Title 5 citations regarding landslides, expansive development of public school property is initially soils, toxics, serpentine terrain, and "pressure– subject to another part of state law: California ridge" areas subject to coseismic deformation Code of Regulations, Title 5, Education Code. along blind–thrust faults.

The Field Act within CCR Title 5, Education Engineering geologists who wish to undertake Code, is found in §81130 through §81149. The reconnaissance work for public school districts Field Act was carried by California Assemblyman should be fully aware of California Code of Don C. Field and passed by the legislature and Regulations, Title 5, Education Code, in regard to signed by the Governor on April 10, 1933, just geologic hazards.

30 days after the March 10, 1933 Long Beach If a public school district is considering Earthquake that severely damaged public schools acquisition of school property within an Alquist– in Long Beach and Compton. Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone, then refer to CCR Title 5, Division 1, Chapter 13, Article 2, For historical background on the Field Act, School Sites, §14011(g)1(D). refer to these publications: State law precludes real estate acquisition for California Seismic Safety Commission, 2004, Seismic safety in California’s Schools ― findings and public schools within active fault zones. For recommendations on seismic safety policies and community colleges, there is similar language requirements for public, private, and charter schools: regarding active faulting in §81033 of CCR SSC Publication 2004-04, 15 p. www.seismic.ca.gov Title 5, Education Code. Jephcott, Donald K., 1986, Fifty-year record of Field Act seismic building standards for California schools: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 621 – 629. Mujumdar, Vilas, and McGavin, Gary, 1999, Field Act public Petroleum Pipelines schools – a need for safety reviews: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 15, no. 3, August 1999 issue, pages 585 – 595. For any high–pressure natural–gas pipelines or www.eeri.org liquid–fuel pipelines that transect the campus (or Olson, Robert A., 2003, Legislative politics and seismic are adjacent to it), plot the pipeline alignment on safety: California’s early years and the “Field Act,” the geologic map. Obtain reliable pipeline 1925–1933: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 111–131. location maps from the owners of gas transmission lines.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 21 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

School Site Acquisition and CEQA Petroleum Pipeline Criteria for California Public Schools The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Public Resources Code §21151.2 ♦ < 1,500-foot radius, and contains this text (added in 1987): ♦ > 80 psi pressure “School Site Proposed Acquisition or Addition; Notice to Planning Commission; Investigation; If the petroleum pipeline is within 1,500 feet Report to Governing Board: radius of the school campus, and carries a pressure "To promote the safety of pupils and greater than 80 psi, then an evaluation is required. comprehensive community planning the governing Refer to California Department of Education board of each school district before acquiring title to reports for guidance (SFPD-DOE, 2000), and property for a new school site or for an addition to a especially the URS (2002) report on pipeline risk present school site, shall give the planning commission assessment. having jurisdiction notice in writing of the proposed acquisition. The planning commission shall investigate SFPD–DOE, 2000, School site selection and approval guide: the proposed site and within 30 days after receipt of California Department of Education, School Facilities the notice shall submit to the governing board a Planning Division, 48 pages. Available for download from written report of the investigation and its Department of Education website recommendations concerning acquisition of the site.” www.cde.ca.gov/facilities/field/publications.htm “The governing board shall not acquire title to the URS, 2002, Proposed standard protocol for pipeline risk property until the report of the planning commission analysis: unpublished consulting report has been received. If the report does not favor the (working draft dated May 13, 2002) for California acquisition of the property for a school site, or for an Department of Education, School Facilities Planning Division, Sacramento, 6 chapters, appendix A to F. addition to a present school site, the governing board of the school district shall not acquire title to the CCR Title 5, EducationCode, §17213 prohibits property until 30 days after the commission’s report is received.” the acquisition of a school site by a school district if the site "contains one or more pipelines, situated underground or above ground, which carried hazardous substances, acutely hazardous materials, or hazardous wastes, unless the pipeline is a natural gas line which is used only to supply natural gas to that school or neighborhood." Eminent Domain Proceedings

The California Public Resources Code Public school districts sometimes acquire §21151.8 uses the same language with reference to property by eminent domain proceedings in approval of environmental impact reports or accordance with the Government Code §7267. negative declarations. (See CCR Title 5, The California Geological Survey does not §14010h.) provide information on this topic. Engineering geologists should consult with real–property attorneys, qualified real–estate appraisers and Realtors who work on behalf of the school district. Background information on eminent domain can be obtained from this comprehensive book:

Richard G. Rypinski, 2003, Eminent Domain a step–by–step guide to the acquisition of real property, 2nd edition: Solano Press, 236 p. www.solano.com

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 22 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Geologic Investigations = Capital Expenditure To protect yourself and your consulting firm from possible misuse of the report, make a clear Title 5 specifies that the cost of the engineering statement that the “feasibility–for–purchase” geology and geotechnical study may be treated as report should not be submitted to the Division of a “capital expenditure,” the same basis as the State Architect and the California Geological architectural fees for a new building. This can be Survey for a grading permit. a significant financial advantage for the consulting geology firm and the school district when Minor additions to a public school campus do planning the geologic investigation budget. The not require an Environmental Impact Report. money for a thorough subsurface geologic CEQA Class 14 exemption consists of “minor investigation does not have to come out of current additions to existing schools within existing operating funds, such as the campus maintenance school grounds where the addition does not budget (e.g., repairs, painting, plumbing, increase original student capacity by more than gardening), but instead can come out of school– 25% or ten classrooms, whichever is less. The bond money for seismic retrofit and new addition of portable classrooms is included in this construction. exemption.” CCR Title 14, Chapter 3, Guidelines for Implementation of CEQA, §15314. This financial insight will tend to foster a thorough and complete subsurface geologic investigation (sufficient boreholes and trenches at School–Site Risk Assessment full depths), and will tend to preclude inadequate geologic work (e.g., minimum number of A new guidance report for assessing school boreholes that are also too–shallow). site risk was prepared in October 2003 by Cal EPA in response to a new requirement in California Health & Safety Code §901(f). The Feasibility–for–Purchase Geology Reports Cal EPA report provides assessment information about chemical exposures and health risks at A Certified Engineering Geologist may prepare existing and proposed school sites. a “feasibility–for–purchase” report for a school site to satisfy the above CEQA requirements, but Cal EPA, 2003, Guidance for school site risk this reconnaissance–level geology report would assessment pursuant to Health & Safety typically not contain the complete subsurface Code §901(f): California Environmental investigation that is expected for the subsequent Protection Agency, Office of Environmental building permit from DSA. Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated Risk Assessment Section, 67 p. download from: An engineering geology report intended for www.oehha.ca.gov/public_info/public/kids/schools1103.htm “feasibility–for–purchase” purposes should state ℡ 916–324–2829 that is not sufficient in scope for a subsequent grading permit. Proximity of Schools to Airports If is not sufficient to meet this Note 48 checklist, then include a copy of the blank Based on historical problems and tragedies, checklist in the appendix of the feasibility–for– the legislature has passed several specific laws purchase report so that the school district (client) about proximity of public schools and community is fully aware of the subsequent phases of colleges to airports and high–voltage power subsurface geologic work (boreholes and transmission lines. Even though these are not trenching). The subsequent phases of engineering geological rules, the consulting geologist needs to geology, seismology, and geotechnical work be aware of these laws while performing should be itemized. reconnaissance work.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 23 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

A proposed public school campus should not Proximity of Schools to High-Voltage Powerlines be within two nautical miles of airport runways. If less, then refer to California Code of Regulations, School children should not be in close Title 5, Education Code §14011 and §17215 proximity to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from (public schools) and §81033 (community colleges) high–voltage power transmission lines. The for specific Caltrans evaluation requirements. specific criteria of the California Department of Two nautical miles equals 12,152 feet. Education, School Facilities Planning Division are summarized in this table: If the public school or community college is within two nautical miles radius of airport runways, then the Division of Aeronautics of the Minimum Distance High–Voltage California Department of Transportation performs from edge of easement Transmission Line the detailed risk evaluation on behalf of the ≥ 100 feet 50 - 133 kV California Department of Education. Reference is made to the Government Code §66455.9 for the ≥ 150 feet 220 - 230 kV involvement of Caltrans with proximity of airports to planned school sites. For further information ≥ 350 feet 500 - 550 kV contact:

Gary Cathey, Senior Aviation Consultant Request for Inspection – Involvement of the [email protected] 916-654-5183 California Geological Survey on School Sites

Office of Airports The California Geological Survey often Division of Aeronautics receives telephone calls and e–mail from California Department of Transportation consulting engineering geologists and geotechical 1120 N Street, Room 3300 engineers who are deeply involved with an acute Sacramento, CA 95814 predicament on a public school campus. Specific general information ℡ 916-654-4959 technical advice is typically sought by the consultants. However, it is not appropriate for us to attempt to provide reliable advice about a In 2002, Caltrans Division of Aeronautics school campus whereby we not not know its published a comprehensive 416-page handbook location, the planned development is not clear, the for airport-planning purposes: California Airport extent of the geologic hazard is not known, the Land-Use Planning Handbook. School proximity relation to other geologic hazards is unclear, and is discussed in Appendix A, where the full text of the application of code is not evident. The CCR Title 5, Education Code, §17215 (public geologic hazard is often acute but vital details may schools) and §81033 (community colleges) are be lacking. extracted. This handbook may be downloaded from: www.dot.ca.gov/hq/planning/aeronaut Key to the Proper DSA Procedure The Certified Engineering Geologist and/or A seven-page booklet entitled School Site Registered Geotechnical Engineer should Evaluation Criteria, effective March 5, 2003, is have the school officials obtain a formal also conveniently posted on the Caltrans Division "Request for Inspection" from one of the of Aeronautics website. This summarizes four regional offices of the Division of the California Code of Regulations, Title 21, §3570, State Architect. School Site Evaluation Criteria.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 24 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Please obtain the “Request for Inspection” No Minimum Number of Boreholes before contacting the California Geological Survey, then be prepared to provide us with the The California Geological Survey occasionally proper the DSA information. The formal receives telephone questions from geotechnical “Request for Inspection” establishes an consultants regarding the mininum number of Application Number and a File Number issued by boreholes on a school site. However, definitive DSA. The rechargable costs for the geologic answers to generalized questions are not possible review by the California Geological Survey is over the telephone for many prudent reasons. thereby established with formal accounting Instead, rely on good professional judgment to procedures. adequately characterize the geologic subgrade.

Consulting geotechical firms can understand Future Campus Expansion that their own project number is tangible evidence Inquire whether the school administration plans of viable work that is formally underway. In the future permanent structures in "temporary" areas. same manner, the California Geological Survey It is usually cost–effective to drill them now needs a DSA Application Number (= the building (while the is on–site), and use the permit number) to perform geologic review work. borehole logs for a subsequent phase of There is an existing contract between the two development. agencies, but our accountants need specific DSA Application Numbers and DSA File Numbers. If temporary relocatable buildings are planned to be within new engineered fill pads, then for future reference, designate the areal extent of Short–Term Temporary Buildings certified fills on the final as–built grading plans. for Public Schools Label and date any unsuitable areas as "non– certified grading" to preclude future The minimum number of geological boreholes misunderstandings. It may be prudent to write a or backhoe trenches for relocatable classrooms on suitable disclaimer that these areas will need school campuses is not fully explained in Code. subsequent geotechnical analysis. Use professional judgment regarding the geologic complexity of the campus subgrade and inferred presence or absence of geologic hazards. Modular Classrooms Refer to the code text within §4–302b of California Building Standards Administrative There is no difference in the scope of Code which is Part 1 of Title 24. These "short– subsurface geologic drilling or the diligence of an term temporary buildings" must be ≤ 2,160 square engineering geologic report between classrooms feet in size (therefore roughly ±36 × 60 feet), that are framed on-site, and those that are modular limited to 24 months of use, and must be certified and assembled on the school campus (as far as by the consulting Structural Engineer to ≥ 1976 CCR Title 24 Chapters 16 & 18 are concerned). Uniform Building Code standards for structural The geology and seismology are basically the safety. However, recall that a modular building same for both kinds of construction. can be a permanent structure, while §4–302b only An increasing number of school architects are applies to "short–term temporary buildings." making use of modular classrooms combined with

For relocatable or temporary–use facilities regular framing for larger structures. For within the community college system, refer to example, the larger campus buildings (multi- §18521–18532 of Title 5, Education Code. purpose auditorium, gymnasium, library) are typically constructed of reinforced concrete, while the outlying classrooms are typically modular. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 25 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Construction Cost Considerations List of State School Agencies

There are cost-considerations in public school construction. As of Spring 2005, approximate School Property Evaluation & Cleanup Division typical construction costs for California schools Department of Toxic Substances Control are: California Environmental Protection Agency

Modular Classrooms The DTSC Division of School Property Evaluation and ≈ $120± per square foot Clean–up was created in in 1999 in response to Assembly Wood Framed Construction - Classrooms Bill 387 & Senate Bill 162. The general website is: ≈ $215± per square foot < www.dtsc.ca.gov/schools > There are two DTSC branches in Glendale and Sacramento: Wood-Framed & Concrete Construction ― entire campus DTSC Northern California Clean–up Operations Branch ≈ $260± per square foot 8800 Cal Center Drive The scope of the engineering geology and Sacramento, CA 95826 seismology report will be the same throughout, Rick L. Fears, R.G. 6728 regardless of construction mode. Harzardous Substances Engineering Geologist ℡ 916–255–3802 [email protected] Rick Fears has been especially involved with asbestos and tremolite at public school sites in El Dorado County. Phase I & Phase II Investigations for Toxics Cross-reference to § 41, Asbestos, in this report.

The California Legislature frequently adds new DTSC Southern California Clean–up Operations Branch procedures regarding Phase I and Phase II 1011 North Grand Ave. investigations to school–site acquisitions to solve Glendale, CA 91201–2205 case–by–case predicaments (e.g., toxics) that are Ken Chiang widely publicized in the newspapers. Cross– ℡ 818–551–2860 [email protected] reference is made to §32 and §33 in this checklist for Office of Public School Construction school sites and toxics. (An example is the abortive California Department of General Services $400 million Belmont Learning Center in downtown 1130 K Street, Suite 400 Los Angeles within a former oil field with methane– Sacramento 95814 gas seepage and concerns about Quaternary faulting.) ℡ 916-445-3160 < www.opsc.dgs.ca.gov > Evaluation of potential toxics on public school Carol Shellenberger sites is reviewed by the California Department of Operations Manager for Program Services Toxic Substances Control (DTSC). It is not practical ℡ 916-323-4941 [email protected] for this publication to summarize current legislative revisions to CCR Title 5 in a real–time manner, and School Facilities Planning Division this is not the mission of the California Geological California Department of Education Survey. 1430 "N" Street, Suite 3207 Sacramento, CA 95814–5901 The best advice is to study the (current) web < www.cde.ca.gov/facilities/field > version CCR Title 5, §14011 and §17213.1 on a ℡ 916–322–2470 periodic basis regarding school sites and toxics. Kathleen Moore, Director Then check for current information from the state ℡ 916-445-2144 [email protected] agencies listed below. Fred Yeager, Assistant Director: ℡ 916–327–7148 [email protected] Michael O'Neill, Consultant ℡ 916–322–1463 [email protected] Engineering Geology and Seismology for 26 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

College Finance & Facilities Planning Section Seismic Safety of Schools Community Colleges – Chancellor’s Office Homepage: www.cccco.edu/divisions/cffp A relevant seismic–safety report for schools prepared in January 2003 by an interdisciplinary Robert Turnage ………..…. 916–322–4005 team of four state agencies is: Vice Chancellor

Frederick E. Harris……….. 916–324–9508 Barnecut, Carrie, Eisner, Richard, Bellet, Dennis E., Assistant Vice Chancellor Smith, Howard, Fong, Terence, Turner, Fred, and < [email protected] > ten others, 2003, Guide and checklist for

1102 “Q” Street, Suite 400 non–structural earthquake hazards in Sacramento, CA 95814–6539 California schools: California Department of General Services, 49 p. (download pdf from DGS website) a joint project of the Division of the State The California Community College system has Architect, the Governor's Office of Emergency a total of 109 campuses with a $4.9 billion budget. Services, the California Seismic Safety Commission, The total statewide enrollment is about 2.9 million and the California Department of Education. college students, making it the largest publically– funded higher education system in the United For post–earthquake evaluations of schools, this States. A majority of the 109 community college report from the Division of the State Architect will campuses are within Seismic Zone 4 because of be useful:

California population demographics. Therefore, Bellet, Dennis E., and Ranous, Richard A., 1993, a significant number of California community Post–earthquake damage evaluation and college campuses are affected by typical geologic reporting procedures – a guidebook for hazards (high ground–motion, liquefaction, California schools: Division of the State landslides, and active faulting). Architect, 13 p.

The Office of Public School Construction This concise DSA publication is consistent with (within DGS), and the School Facilities Planning more lengthy procedures established in ATC – 20, Division (of CDE) work together with local school Procedures for Post–earthquake Safety districts in the initial evaluation of potential toxics Elevaluation of Buildings. on school campuses (e.g., Phase I Environmental Site Assessment; refer to §32 of this report). Small School Districts Association of California These state agencies publish informative Within the 1,056 public school districts, about booklets, fact–sheets, summaries of new laws and 600 belong to the Small School Districts regulations, and related materials on their Association. These small districts are typically in websites. Title 5 Education Code is implemented rural areas of California with just a few campuses about a year (or more) ahead of the Title 24 that form the entire school district. SSDA offers California Building Code process. help with coordination of funding and planning for new school facilities.

Small School Districts Association of California 1130 K Street, Suite 210 Sacramento, CA 95814 David Walrath, Executive Director www.ssda.org ℡ 916-444-9335 Meagan Poulos, Administrative Assistant

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 27 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Division of the State Architect DSA Region 2 ─ Sacramento < www.dsa.dgs.ca.gov > Covers 31 counties in northeastern California up to the Oregon border, the Sacramento Valley, the San Joaquin Valley except for Within the California Department of General Kern County, and all of central and northern Sierra Nevada. Services is the Division of the State Architect. Division of the State Architect DSA serves as the Building Official for all 9,000+ 1102 Q Street, Suite 5200 public schools and 109 community colleges in Sacramento, CA 95814–6548 California. They also plan–check certain DSA Region #2 ℡ 916–445–8730 "Essential Services Buildings," such as Caltrans DSA Region #2 fax ¬ 916-323-5589 Command–Control Centers in metropolitian areas (freeway traffic plus CHP headquarters). Daniel E. Levernier, SE 2803, Principal Structural Engr. Region #2 Manager: ℡ 916–323–3013 DSA Headquarters ─ Sacramento [email protected] 1102 Q Street, Suite 5100 Sacramento, CA 95814–6548. James P. Hackett, SE 2949, Supervising Structural Engineer North Team: ℡ 916–327–9699 Dennis E. Bellet, SE 2503 [email protected] Chief Structural Engineer ℡ 916–445–0783 William E. Staehlin, SE 2845, Supervising Structural Engr. [email protected] South Team: ℡ 916–324–5792 [email protected] Terence Fong, SE 2527

District Structural Engineer Shung–Teh (Dan) Chu DSA Senior Architect special assignments & code research Architect License no. C–26876 ℡ 916–324–7099 Project Intake Specialist: ℡ 916–323–9625 [email protected] [email protected]

The Division of the State Architect is then divided into four regional offices, as follows: DSA Region 3 ─ Los Angeles Basin DSA Region 1 – San Francisco Bay Area Covers these conties: San Luis Obispo, Mono, Kern, Inyo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles. Covers these 15 counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, Del Norte,

Humboldt, Lake, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma. Division of the State Architect 311 South Spring Street, Suite 1301 Division of the State Architect Los Angeles, CA 90013–1212 1515 Clay Street, Suite 1201 DSA Region #3 ℡ 213–897–3995 Oakland, CA 94612–1413 DSA Region #1 ℡ 510–622–3101 Jack E. Bruce, SE 2040, Principal Structural Engineer Region #3 Manager: ℡ 213–897–4092 Nat M. Chauhan, SE 1744, Principal Structural Engineer [email protected] Region #1 Manager: ℡ 510–622–3109 [email protected] Shafqat Ullah, SE 2477, Supervising Structural Engineer North Team: ℡ 213–897–0950 Sukomal Chakraborty, SE 2617 [email protected] Supervising Structural Engineer North Team: ℡ 510–622–3113 Suradej Leeruangsri, SE 1990, Supervising Structural Engineer [email protected] South Team: ℡ 213–897–0888 [email protected] Leroy H.W. Tam, SE 2849, Supervising Structural Engineer South Team: ℡ 510–622–3121 [email protected] Firas H. Karim DSA Senior Architect Architect License no. C–14838

Gwendolyn B. (Wendy) Proctor, Project Intake Specialist: ℡ 213–897–0902 Architect License no. C–28260 DSA Senior Architect [email protected] Project Intake Specialist: ℡ 510–622–3126 [email protected] Engineering Geology and Seismology for 28 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

DSA Region 4 ─ San Diego Covers these four counties: Orange, San Diego, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Please note that the addresses, telephone numbers, e–mail, and DSA managerial staff is Division of the State Architect current as of July 2005. However, please check 16680 West Bernardo Drive the DSA website for current updates and San Diego, CA 92127 subsequent information. < www.dsa.dgs.ca.gov > DSA Region 4 ℡ 858–674–5400 fax: 858–674–5471

Mahendra B. Mehta, SE 2075 Principal Structural Engineer Geologic Hazard Reports for Schools, IR A–4, Region #4 Manager: ℡ 858–674–5413 edition of July 21, 2005 [email protected]

Nathan T. Larson, SE 2967 IR A–4 has been updated by the Chief Supervising Structural Engineer―Region 4 Structural Engineer of the Division of the State Field Inspections of School Site Construction: Architect four times in the past several years to ℡ 858–674–5427 incorporate new engineering geology information.

(temporarily vacant, July 2005) On the following three pages, DSA Interpretation Supervising Structural Engineer of Regulations, A–4, edition of July 21, 2005, is North Team: ℡ 858–674–5428 attached as a pdf. It is suggested that consultants Orange and San Bernardino Counties check with the DSA website (listed above) for Jack Cohen, SE 4067 Senior Structural Engineer, ℡ 858–674–5435 current information in geologic hazards. Besides Geologic Hazard Reports for Schools, many other Chris S. Christakos, SE 3359 Interpretation of Regulations (IR's) are also posted Supervising Structural Engineer South Team: ℡ 858–674–5422 there. San Diego, Riverside, & Imperial Counties [email protected]

Douglas G. Humphrey, DSA Senior Architect Architect License no. C–13396 Project Intake Reviewer: ℡ 858–674–5411 [email protected]

California Department of General Services . Division of the State Architect . Interpretation of Regulations Document GEOLOGIC HAZARD REPORT REQUIREMENTS IR A-4 Reference: The 2001 California Building Standards Administrative Code, Revised 07-21-05 Section 4-317(e), Revised 02-03-04 2001 California Building Code (CBC) Sections 1629A.4 and 1804A.1, and Issued 09-01-99 Education Code Section 17212.5. Supersedes IR 100-1 (3/90) Discipline: Structural

This Interpretation of Regulation (IR) is intended for use by the Division of the State Architect (DSA) staff, and as a resource for design professionals, to promote more uniform statewide criteria for plan review and construction inspection of projects within the jurisdiction of DSA, which include State of California public elementary and secondary schools (grades K-12), community colleges, and state-owned or state-leased essential services buildings. This IR indicates an acceptable method for achieving compliance with applicable codes and regulations, although other methods proposed by design professionals may be considered by DSA.

This IR is reviewed on a regular basis and is subject to revision at any time. Please check the DSA web site for currently effective IR’s. Only IR’s listed in the document at http://www.dsa.dgs.ca.gov/Publications/default.htm (click on “DSA Interpretations of Regulations Manual”) at the time of plan submittal to DSA are considered applicable.

Purpose: The purpose of this Interpretation of Regulations (IR) is to describe the requirements for the submission of a geologic hazard report to the Division of the State Architect (DSA) for projects within the jurisdiction of DSA.

1. GENERAL: A geologic hazard is any geologic condition that is a potential danger to life or property. Geologic hazards include, but are not limited to, earthquake shaking, , liquefaction, and landslides.

The 2001 California Building Code (CBC), Section 4-317(e) includes requirements for the performance of soils investigation studies and geologic hazard studies for all construction, including additions and alterations. Note that “Geotechnical Reports” (or soils investigation reports) often include soils studies only and may not include complete geologic hazard studies

2. PROJECTS REQUIRING GEOLOGIC HAZARD REPORTS: Except as noted in Section 3, a geologic hazard report shall be submitted to DSA with the project application for projects located in any of the areas described in paragraph 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, or 2.4. 2.1 On any new site. 2.2 Within any “state mandated geologic hazard zone” which includes: • Earthquake Fault Zones (Public Resources Code (PRC) Div. 2, Ch. 7.5, Sec. 2621 et seq.) • Seismic Hazard Zones for Landslides and Liquefaction (PRC Div 2, Ch. 7.8, Sec. 2690 et. seq.) 2.3 Within an area identified as a geologic hazard in the Safety Element of the Local General Plan. 2.4 On other existing sites when required by DSA, where a potential geologic hazard has been previously identified.

Geologic Hazard DSA (SS) IR A-4 (rev 07-21-05) Report Requirements Page 1 of 3

Geologic Hazard DSA (SS) IR A-4 (rev 07-21-05) Report Requirements Page 2 of 3

3. PROJECTS NOT REQUIRING GEOLOGIC HAZARD REPORTS: Except as noted in paragraph 2.4, a geologic hazard report will not be necessary for projects on existing sites in any of the situations described in paragraph 3.1, 3.2, or 3.3: 3.1 When the design professional in general responsible charge of the project signs a “Geo-Hazards Statement” on the Application for Approval of Plans and Specifications (Form DSA-1) certifying that the following three conditions are satisfied: • The project is not located within a state mandated geologic hazard zone, and • The project is not located within an area identified as a geologic hazard in the safety element of the local general plan, and • The project is not located within an area where a potential geologic hazard has been previously identified. 3.2 Regardless of location, if the project includes only: • incidental structural or non-structural alterations (as defined in Title 24, Part 2, Section 1627A) which do not cost more than 50% of the replacement cost of the structure, and/or • one-story wood or light metal frame relocatable buildings on an existing school site that have a floor area of less than 2,160 square feet. 3.3 The project is located on a site for which adequate studies (refer to CGS Note 48 for guidance) have already been made. Documentation of prior studies must be included with the project submittal to DSA.

4. SCOPE OF GEOLOGIC HAZARD STUDIES: For guidance in conducting a study and reporting evaluations and recommendations, refer to: • Special Publication 117, Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California (1997) • Special Publication 42 Fault-Rupture Hazard Zones in California (1997 revised edition, including supplements 1 and 2 added in 1999) both published by the Department of Conservation and available to order from http://www.consrv.ca.gov/CGS/information/publications/index.htm

5. REPORTING PROCEDURES: Two copies of the geologic hazard report must be submitted to DSA along with the initial project application. If a project is submitted without a geologic hazard report DSA may or may not elect to start the plan review process pending receipt of the report. 5.1 DSA will forward geologic hazard reports to the California Geological Survey (CGS) for review for projects within state mandated geologic hazard zones and for other projects as deemed required by DSA. 5.2 CGS will indicate either that a report is acceptable, or describe the reasons why a report is not acceptable, in a letter addressed to DSA and copied to the architect in charge of the project. Projects for which a geologic hazard report is required will not be approved by DSA until CGS accepts the geologic hazard report. Geologic Hazard DSA (SS) IR A-4 (rev 07-21-05) Report Requirements Page 3 of 3

6. REPORT REQUIREMENTS: Geologic hazard reports must satisfy the following requirements: 6.1 The report must adequately describe the site to which it applies. The site described must include the locations of all structures to be constructed as part of the project. 6.2 The report must specifically address all of the potential hazards listed in paragraph 1. 6.3 The report must be based on adequate investigation and study of the project site. 6.4 Proper seismic shaking (e.g. upper bound and design basis earthquake ground motion) values must be used in project characterization. 6.5 Adequate documentation must be provided to support conclusions. 6.6 The report must be signed by a California registered geotechnical engineer and a California certified engineering geologist. 6.7 When geologic hazards are identified, the report must provide recommendations for the mitigation of those hazards. If any changes to written recommendations are proposed after evaluation by CGS, then such changes must be submitted immediately to DSA in writing and forwarded to CGS for review. 6.8 CGS Note 48 will be used as a guide for review. http://www.consrv.ca.gov/CGS/information/publications/cgs_notes/note_48/note_48.pdf

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 29 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Project Location Explanations Keyed to

Numbered Sections within 1. Site Location Map, California Geological Survey Street Address, County Name, Note 48 Plot Plan with Building Footprint

Indicate the precise location of the site in the report title and on a map. Include the street address (if known) or intersection of two streets, or future roads.

Please use the county name within the title of the report. Both OSHPD and DSA classify projects by the 58–county alpha–numeric system. (Example: Alameda County is #01, Los Angeles County is #19, and Yuba County is #58.)

Describe the planned project and grading concept. Include these parameters: building size, type of construction, number of stories, basement or subsurface parking garage, intended foundation system, grade elevations, heights of cut–slopes, depths of embankment fills, retaining wall heights, approximate total acreage, maximum relief, description of existing drainage (both natural and improved), typical slope angle(s) within the building pad and property, and existing vegetation cover.

Suggestion: Digital images or tiled photographs are encouraged for panoramic views of the existing site from several vantage points.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 30 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

2. Adequate Number of Boreholes and Backhoe Trenches Selected References for Subsurface Sampling Provide the approximate square footage of the (abbreviated list; especially useful references are first–floor footprint of the building structure to marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) determine 2001 CBC §1804A.2 requirement of ASCE, 2000, Soil sampling: American Society of Civil “one borehole per 5,000 square feet of building Engineers, 224 p. (ASCE technical engineering and footprint, with a minimum of two boreholes for design guide, as adapted from the U.S. Army Corps of any one building.” Engineers, no. 30) www.asce.org ASTM, 2000, Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Boreholes should be of sufficient depth to Sampling by Auger Borings: American Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test D–1452–80 retrieve meaningful subsurface data. Boreholes in (reapproved 2000). < www.astm.org > alluvium should generally be on the order of ASTM, 2001, Standard practice for thick wall, ring–lined, 50 feet in depth. split–barrel, drive sampling of soils: ASTM Test D– 3550–01, 5 p. For hillside sites with shallow or ASTM, 2000, Standard practice for description and identification of soils (visual–manual procedure): outcrops, one geologic trench may count as the ASTM Test D–2488–00, 11 p. equivalent of one borehole. However, the ASTM, 2000, Standard practice for thin–walled tube backhoe trench must be properly logged sampling of soils for geotechnical purposes: ASTM Test (, geologic structure, ) by a D–1587–00, 4 p. {Shelby tube} professional geologist. Appropriate geotechnical ASTM, 1999, Standard test method for Penetration Test and split–barrel sampling of soils: ASTM D–1586–99, samples should be retrieved from the backhoe 5 p. { SPT test } trench and adequately tested in the geotechnical ASTM, 1998, Standard guide for selection of soil and laboratory. sampling devices used with drill rigs for environmental investigations: ASTM Test D–6169–98, 19 p. Caution: In many localities, the local water < www.astm.org > ASTM, 1997, Standard practice for using hollow–stem district and/or the local government agency augers for geotechnical exploration and soil sampling: requires that the boreholes and CPT holes ASTM D–6151–97, 13 p. < www.astm.org > be grouted shut after sampling. While this is ADITC, 1996, Drilling: the manual of methods, not a requirement within CCR Title 24 applications, and management, 4th edition: Lewis California Building Code, grouting of Publishers, Inc., 624 p. Also available from the National Ground Water Association bookstore: www.ngwa.org for $77 (NGWA completed boreholes is vital for water–quality member price) or from www.crcpress.com for $109 (list price). control in many urban areas. Refer to Noce This comprehensive drilling manual was developed by the Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee, Ltd. (ADITC). The 4th edition of and Holzer (2003) regarding grouting of CPT this drilling manual was published in the United States by Lewis holes. Check for compliance with local Publishers, a division of CRC Press of the Taylor & Francis Group Publishers. agencies (both water districts, city/county Belluomini, Steven, Owen, William, and Woodling, John, health departments, and the Regional Water 1995, Drilling, coring, sampling, and logging at Quality Control Board) before starting a hazardous substance release sites ― guidance manual for drilling program. Carefully follow local ground-water investigations: California State regulations and obtain any required drilling Environmental Protection Agency, 7 chapters, 27 p. Download entire pdf from: www.epa.ca.gov permits from local agencies. Binns, A., 1998, Rotary coring in soils and soft rocks for geotechnical engineering: Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 131, no. 4, April 1998 issue, p. 63–74, ICE paper # 11149, download from: www.t–telford.co.uk Clemence, Samuel P., editor, 1986, Use of insitu tests in geotechnical engineering: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 6, 77 papers, 1,284 p. www.asce.org Engineering Geology and Seismology for 31 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Collins, J.D., and Daniels, R.D., 1979, Budget planning in Lutenegger, Alan J., 2004, In–situ techniques in site investigations, in Dowding, Charles H., editor, geotechnical engineering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Site Characterization and Exploration, American Society 600 p., circa April 2004. of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering Division, Mayne, Paul W., and Hryciw, Roman, editors, 2000, p. 258–265. www.asce.org Innovations and applications in geotechnical site Daniel, Chris R., Howie, John A., and Sy, Alexander, 2003, characterization: American Society Civil Engineers, A method for correlating large penetration test (LPT) to Geotechnical Special Publication no. 97, 256 p. standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts: Canadian McCray, Kevin, editor, 1997, Guidelines for the Geotechnical Journal, vol. 40, p. 66–77. construction of vertical boreholes for closed–loop heat– Fuenkajorn, K., and Daemen, J.J.K., editors, 1996, pump systems: National Ground Water Association, Sealing of boreholes and underground excavations in 43 p. www. ngwa.org rock: Chapman & Hall Publishers, 12 chapters, 329 p. Meigh, A.C., 1987, Cone penetration testing – methods and Hatem, David J., editor, 1998, Subsurface conditions: risk interpretation: Butterworths Publishing Co., 144 p. management for design and construction management Noce, Thomas E., and Holzer, Thomas L., 2003, Subsurface professionals: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 465 p. exploration with the cone penetration testing truck: Johnson, Philip L., and Cole, William F., 2002, Use of U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, FS–0028–03, 2 p.; large–diameter boreholes and downhole logging methods available on the web from: in landslide investigations, in Ferriz, H., and http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact–sheet/fs028–03 Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice in Noce, Thomas E., and Holzer, Thomas L., 2003, CPT–hole northern California: California Geological Survey closure: Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, Bulletin 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists vol. 23, no. 1, p. 93–96. Presents field evidence by Special Publication 12, p. 95–106. USGS Menlo Park geologists that deep 30–meter CPT This paper describes the standard–of–care and typical holes in alluvium can remain open for multiple years, safety methods for downhole logging of large–diameter with the potential for rapid migration of contaminants. boreholes whereby the engineering geologist descends Recommends that CPT holes should be grouted shut down the24–inch borehole using a safety harness to where protection of shallow ground water is important. measure strike & dip with a Brunton compass, observe Olsen, Richard S., and Farr, John V., 1986, Site the slide plane, collect insitu samples of clay seams, and characterization using the cone penetrometer test, in check for other potential rupture surfaces. Refer to Clemence, S.P., editor, Use of insitu tests in geotechnical California Construction Safetuy Orders, CCR Title 8, engineering: American Society of Civil Engineers, §1542, Shafts, for the text of California law that permits Geotechnical Special Publication 6, p. 854–868. geotechnical specialists to enter exploration shafts using Pine, R.J., and Harrison, J.P., 2003, Rock mass properties proper safety equipment. for engineering design: Quarterly Journal of Hatheway, Allen W., editor, 1988, Manual on subsurface Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 36, no. 1, investigation: AASHTO, 410 p. < www.aashto. org > p. 5–16. Hatheway, Allen W., 2005, Site classification, in Selley, Poletto, F.B., and Miranda, F., 2004, Seismic while drilling: Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 400 p. Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 2, p. 1-8. Scullin, C. Michael, 1994, Subsurface exploration using Last, William M., and Smol, John P., editors, 2002, Tracking bucket–auger borings and down–hole geologic environmental change using lake sediments – volume 1: inspection: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering basin analysis, coring, chronological: Kluwer Academic Geologists, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 91–105. Publishers, 576 p. USBR, 1998, Earth Manual, 3rd edition: U.S. Dept. Liu, C., and Evett, Jack B., 2002, Soil properties: testing, Interior, Bureau of Reclamation; part 1 (properties of measurement, and evaluation, 5th edition: Prentice Hall soils, field investigation, control of earth construction ― Publishers, 432 p., with software diskette, 23 chapters on 329 p.); and part 2 (tests and procedures ― 1,270 p.) geotechnical lab testing methods. Lowe, John, and Zaccheo, Philip F., 1975, Subsurface explorations and sampling, in Winterkorn H.F., and Fang, H.Y, editors, Foundation Engineering Handbook: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., chapter 1, p. 1–66. Lu, Q., Randolph, M.F., Hu, Y., and Bugarski, I.C., 2004, A numerical study of cone penetration in clay: Géotechnique, vol. 54, no. 4, p. 257-267. Lunne, Thomas, Powell, J.J.M., and Robertson, Peter K., 1997, Cone Penetration Testing in geotechnical practice: Spon Press, 352 p., 11 chapters. Professor Robertson is a leading geotechnical engineering proponent of the CPT method. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 32 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

3. Site Coordinates (latitude & longitude) purposes by the California Geological Survey, the site needs to be plotted on a Provide precisely marked site ⊕ on a page– USGS 7½–minute topographic base map. sized map using a USGS 7½–minute topographic map base. Suggestion: There are a number of software

Provide the latitude and longitude of the site to packages that include topographic mapping of 4 decimal places. Do not use notation in degrees, the entire state of California. This makes it minutes, and seconds because the computer needs convenient and economical for a consulting decimal degrees to perform PSHA computations. geotechnical firm to have comprehensive coverage without having to maintain flat–files example: 34.1602° North; ―118.5338° West of paper copies of USGS 7½–minute topographic maps. The latitude and longitude are needed for audit and review of strong–motion computations by the Suggestion: Many engineering geologists, California Geological Survey. This is a necessary seismologists, and geotechnical engineers use and essential step for probabilistic seismic hazard websites to quickly determine the latitude and analysis (PSHA). longitude. Two useful websites that combine

The state of California has complete coverage topographic maps and aerial photographs, by 7½–minute USGS topographic maps, so do not plus latitude and longitude are: < www.topozone.com > use other topographic scales. GPS methods may < http://terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com > also be used to directly measure latitude and longitude in the field, but the site plot is still Digital mapping is a rapidly changing realm. needed on a 7½–minute USGS base–map. There are a growing number of other cartographic websites that include latitude If there is a cluster of new buildings on a and longitude capability. Examples include: proposed campus, then select either the largest www.mapquest.com principal building or a reasonable locus of http://tiger.census.gov buildings for the site coordinates. Suggestion: Note that longitude must There is no need for a high–precision survey for be entered with a “minus” sign (for example this step – accuracy to within a few hundred ―118.5338° West Longitude) because that is meters is quite sufficient for the purposes of the appropriate mathematical notation for computation of the earthquake ground–motion. “west” of Greenwich. (This is not a cadastral survey.) Suggestion for Distance Calculations: If one sector of a large campus is underlain by For some projects, the geologist needs to rock and another sector is underlain by alluvium, determine the precise distance from Point A then provide separate latitutude and longitude (the project site) to Point B using latitude and coordinates for the two separate PSHA longitude for Cartesian coordinates. Relevant calculations. examples include: the distance from the site

If your regional geological map is also plotted to a former epicenter, distance to the nearest on a 7½–minute topographic base map, then use of active fault, or <2 nautical-mile distance from the geologic map is sufficient, provided the site is a school campus to a nearby airport runway. legibly marked. An academic website to calculate distance along a great circle is: Caution: For this task, do not use street maps http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html or highway maps instead of the USGS topographic base–map. An extract of a road atlas may also be included as a general index map. However, for independent audit Engineering Geology and Seismology for 33 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Engineering Geology As of May 2005, there are >78,000 references to the geology of California and hundreds are

added each week. The U.S. Geological Survey

has published >14,600 reports on California. The

California Geological Survey has published

several thousand. The remainder of the 4. Regional Geology Map and publications are from academic thesis work and Regional Fault Map professional geological societies. Within the

context of this special publication, it is not simply

practical to list them all. Provide a regional geologic map using an appropriate intermediate scale, in addition to the large–scale (detailed) geologic map of the site. www.GeoScienceWorld.org

Provide a regional fault map and distance to A useful new bibliographic tool is the faults contributing the most significant ground– American Geological Institute’s new motion hazard to the site. Adequately characterize www.GeoScienceWorld.org website that is the seismotectonic setting of the project with a powered by the AGI GeoRef search–engine. regional geologic map. Tabulate fault distances in This will help find the optimum geology kilometers and report by increasing distance from references for your particular project. the site.

Use the moment magnitude scale The following concise list is necessarily (symbol: Mw) for the average Maximum incomplete and limited to selected geology and Magnitude of each fault. Avoid using the local seismotectonic publications on a state–wide basis. magnitude scale, ML, commonly known as the New geology books and reports for California are Richter scale, because it is known to saturate at published each month. Out–of–print geology higher magnitudes (>M6½). The local magnitude publications can usually be obtained at university scale does not correlate well with other fault libraries. parameters (fault length and slip–rate). A complete explanation of the relationships between various magnitude scales is given by T. Utsu, California Geological Survey 2002, International Handbook of Earthquake and Begin with the Geologic Map of California Engineering Seismology: Academic Press, with its 27 map atlas sheets at 1:250,000 scale, chapter 44, p. 733–746. and the newer Regional Geologic Map series For convenient tables of Mmax for Type A and (since 1981) with its 6 map folios. The Type B faults, refer to the California Geological bibliographic index within these map sheets by the Survey website < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/rghm.psha > California Geological Survey will serve as a then download the appendix to the 11–page report. helpful point of departure to finding the best Type A faults (2 pages), Type B faults (15 pages), large–scale geologic map of the hospital or school and Type C faults(1 page) are all part of the site. CGS statewide seismotectonic model (June 2003 edition). Mmax is the average maximum Make use of geologic maps from the U.S. magnitude on a particular fault or area-source Geological Survey (GQ, MF, and I–series), model, typically derived from use of Wells and Dibblee Foundation geologic quadrangles at Coppersmith (1994, BSSA). There is uncertainty 1:24,000–scale, and geologic maps published by on this value, generally ±0.24 magnitude units for the California Geological Survey. one standard deviation.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 34 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

for liquefaction analysis; see §17 and §27 for Dibblee Geological Foundation magnitude scaling factor, MSF coefficient. The Dibblee Geological Foundation has published >93 colored geologic maps by Thomas The comprehensive geology bibliography for Wilson Dibblee Jr. (1911-2004) that cover a large each quadrangle is highly pertinent. It can be region of southern and coastal California. The downloaded as a .pdf file from this special Dibblee geologic maps at 1:24,000–scale are broadband website for the Seismic Hazard conveniently indexed at the homepage of the Mapping Program (SHMP) within the California Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Geological Survey: < www.sbnature.org/dibblee > < http:// gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp >

Note that the three letters in the domain name Dibblee Geological Center “gmw” stand for GeoMedia Webmap®. This Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History special website is designed to accommodate large 3559 Puesta del Sol Road files of spatial information. (Do not prefix the Santa Barbara, CA 93105–2936 domain name with World Wide Web “www” in Museum store: 805–682–4711, ext. 310 front of the address.) Dibblee Foundation: 805–987–5846 Dr. John A. Minch, Map Editor

℡ [email protected] 805–569–1800 Remote Sensing from USGS 1100 Mission Canyon Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Since 1879, the nation’s premier mapping John R. Powell, Foundation President agency is the U.S. Geological Survey. It is recommended to develop a sustained habit of Chico State  Meriam Library visiting the USGS website at least once–per– month to view new developments in geologic The Meriam Library at California State mapping, seismology, and remote sensing. University at Chico maintains a very useful index < www.usgs.gov > This is the proper place to of all USGS geologic mapping of California. begin your search for aerial photographs and other CSUC Map Librarian Joseph Crotts has formats of remote sensing for your project in conveniently indexed each 7½–minute quadrangle California. Book–mark specific locations within in California with the applicable USGS map, the USGS website so that you can revisit them bulletin or professional paper. frequently. Consulting engineering geologists are < www.csuchico.edu/lbib/maps/cal_geo > encouraged to visit the website for self–help information on a wide variety of geologic hazard issues. However, sometimes a complicated technical question needs to be answered in person, Seismic Hazard Zone Maps from CGS so telephone: ℡ 888–ASK–USGS toll free. The California Geological Survey has legally zoned over 124+ quadrangles for liquefaction and landslides under the Seismic Hazards Mapping National Digital Orthophoto Program ― USGS Act, SHMA. (Refer to §9 of this report.) Each one of these seismic hazard maps contains a Information about the USGS digital custom bibliography, geologic map, orthophoto quadrangle (DOQ) mapping program hydrogeologic map of the groundwater surface, is available from this website which is based in the nine points with earthquake ground–motion, and Western Region offices at USGS Menlo Park: the deaggregated ground–motion with moment– < www–wmc.wr.usgs.gov/doq > magnitude of the predominate earthquake. The predominate earthquake is subsequently needed Engineering Geology and Seismology for 35 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

TerraFly virtual fly–over the entire US Geospatial One-Stop TerraFly® is a public service of Florida www.geodata.gov

International University that is sponsored by the Geography Network National Science Foundation, NASA, the U.S. www.geographynetwork.com Geological Survey, and IBM.

< www.terrafly.fiu.edu > WinSAR

This website has aerial photography of WinSAR is an acronym for Western North California, with the added advantage of providing America interferometric synthetic aperture radar. latitude & longitude to six decimal places. The It is a consortium of universities and research TerraFly website is particularly useful because it laboratories established by a group of practicing has demographic information and street names scientists and engineers to facilitate collaboration cross–indexed to the photographs. in, and the advancement of, research using radar remote sensing. Interferometric Radial distances are also furnished by synthetic aperture radar is an emerging and highly TerraFly. Thus it is possible to quickly determine useful method for analysis of ground deformation if a proposed public school campus is within (tectonism, volcanism, etc.), landslides, faulting, two nautical miles of airport runways. (Two and regional erosional rates. Full details are nautical miles equals 12,152 feet.) If so, then see available at their website: California Code of Regulations, Title 5, Education Code §14011 and §17215 for special rules and WinSAR specific requirements. Refer to page 22 of this http://winsar.caltech.edu/mail.php publication for additional information about school proximity to airport runways.

Fairchild Aerial Photograph Collection Terraserver–USA Earth Sciences Department of Whittier College Aerial photographs of California are available from a wide variety of vendors, both government http://web.whittier.edu/fairchild/home.html and private. Many consultants make use of this ℡ 562–907–4220 free service of the U.S. Geological Survey: Monday–Friday, 8:00 am – 5:00 pm http://terraserver–usa.com Fax: 562–693–6117 (Use fax to send Thomas Brothers index maps or The Terraserver–USA website will help the USGS topographic maps with search requests) consultant to obtain a good index photograph of a Stephanie Breaux, Director school or hospital site, plus determine the latitude and longitude. An alternate path into this website This unique archive of about 500,000 historic Fairchild aerial photographs and negatives was is: http://terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com saved for geological research in 1965 by Professor F. Beach Leighton. A pioneer in engineering Geodata Portals on the Internet geology of southern California, Dr. Leighton was There are several “one-stop” portals for remote then chairman of the Geology Department at sensing information. A clear goal is to have Whittier College where he taught engineering national, state, and local databases and imagery geology circa 1952 to 1972. The collection is available as an integrated package. These two housed in the Stauffer Science Center on the websites have a growing number of useful Whittier College campus. hyperlinks for consultants, so surf around and The Fairchild Collection of stereoscopic bookmark useful pages before you might need photographs covers most of the Los Angeles Basin imagery for a particular project: and parts of coastal California. Early flights

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 36 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 began in 1927, and there are many unusually low– Doel, R.E., and Henson, P.M., 2005 in press, Reading level flights in the mid–1930s which have photographs: photographs as evidence in writing the history of modern science, in Doel, R.E., and surprising detail that is quite helpful to geologists. Soderqvist, T., editors, The historiography of recent After a hiatus during the Second World War, there science, medicine and technology ― writing recent are many flight–lines in the late 1940s and 1950s, science: Routledge Publishers. ending in 1965. Harrison, A.E., 1974, Reoccupying unmarked camera stations for geological observations: Geology, vol. 2, These 500,000 archival stereoscopic aerial p. 469-471. Hart, R.H., and Laycock, W.A., 1996, Repeat photography photographs are particularly relevant when used in on range and forest lands in the western United States: combination with modern aerial photographs for Journal of Range Management, vol. 49, p. 60-67. forensic evaluation of landslide terrain and Hooke, Roger LeBaron, 1994, On the efficacy of humans “Phase I” assessments of fomer land use. as geomorphic agents: GSA Today, vol. 4, no. 9, p. 217, 224-225. There are library rental fees (on a per–hour Rogers, G.F., Malde, Harold E., and Turner, R.M., 1984, Bibliography of repeat photography for evaluating basis) to maintain the Whittier College Fairchild change: University of Utah Press, 179 p. Collection, so consulting geologists should build these nominal costs into the budget proposal before visiting the archive on the Whittier College campus (by prior appointment). California Coastal Commission

Any and all projects within the California

coastline are subject to special regulation and Archival Photographs – a Geomorphic Record additional (higher–level) permits by the California Coastal Commission. Consulting engineering Older photographs taken over the past century geologists should coordinate their work with the have good opportunity as a reliable record of Commission and be aware of unique rules. geomorphic change. In many instances, Certified Engineering Geologists and Registered anthropomorphic changes (cuts, fills, dredging, Geotechnical Engineer with specific geologic embankments, drainage or infilling of swamps, questions regarding a CCR Title 24 project may concentration of river channels by levees, logging, contact: chaparral conversion to farmland, grazing, or orchards, prescribed burns, and wildland fires) can Dr. Mark J. Johnsson, CEG 2217 be interpreted or discerned that are separate from Senior Engineering Geologist natural geomorphic changes (landslides, debris California Coastal Commission flows, fault scarps, seismically induced 45 Fremont Street, Suite 2000 liquefaction, expansive soils, shattered ground San Francisco, CA 94105 from intense seismic shaking, coastal cliff retreat, e–mail: [email protected] marine shoreline erosion, hillside erosion, office: ℡ 415–904–5245 seasonal flooding, catastrophic flooding, and homepage: www.coastal.ca.gov > natural forest fires).

The following references will serve as a point- of-departure in the use of archival photographs by geologists:

Bierman, Paul R., 2005, Howe, Jehanna, Stanley-Mann, Elizabeth, Peabody, Michala, Hilke, Jens, and Massey, Christine A., 2005, Old images record landscape change through time: GSA Today, vol. 15, no. 4, April/May 2005 issue, p. 4-10. www.geosociety.org

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 37 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Coastal Aerial Photographs

There a number of public schools, some skilled nursing facilities, and a few hospitals that are located along the 1,000 miles of the California coastline.

A unique free website for 12,000 photographs of the entire coastline is: < www.CaliforniaCoastline.org >

These are low–level, oblique photographs taken by helicopter by Kenneth Adelman in 2002. This website receives over 2 million hits per year, so it is quite popular with the general public, as well as professional geologists, engineers, and environmental planners. If your CCR Title 24 project is within the coastline, especially along a coastal cliff, then this is a valuable photographic resource to use within the consulting report

Obtain Geology Reports on a Sustained Basis

The consulting Certified Engineering Geologist who undertakes work on hospitals and public schools should systematically acquire, read, use, and cite geology publications that pertain to the region of California where consulting practice is undertaken. On a sustained basis, obtain new geology publications and geologic mapping in advance of needing them for individual projects.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 38 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Dupré, William R., and 13 others, 1991, Quaternary geology of Geologic Maps of California the Pacific margin, in Morrison, Roger B., editor, The Geology of North America, Quaternary Non–Glacial The following concise statewide bibliographic Geology, Conterminous U.S., the Decade of North American Geology treatise, vol. K–2, chap. 7, p. 141–214. list is necessarily incomplete for sake of brevity. Easterbrook, Don J., editor, 2003, Quaternary geology of the Only a selected number of statewide references United States: Geological Society of America, have been included, with emphasis on populated INQUA 2003 Field Guide, vol. 1, 438 p., 97 authors, areas. Regional geology references are provided 17 separate field guides, including several that pertain to in Appendix A. California. www.geosociety.org Ernst, W. Gary, 2001, The increasing severity of circumpacific natural disasters: : International Geology Review, vol. 43, no. 5, May 2001 issue, p. 380-390. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Selected Statewide References Ernst, W. Gary, and Coleman, Robert G., editors, 2000, for the Geology of California Tectonic studies of Asia and the Pacific Rim: a tribute to with emphasis on seismotectonics in populated areas, Benjamin A. Page: Geological Society of America, with application to public schools, hospitals, and International Book Series, vol. 3, 336 p. essential services buildings Ernst, W. Gary, editor, 1981, The geotectonic development of California: Prentice–Hall, Inc., Rubey Volume 1, 19 chapters, 706 p. Ernst, W. Gary, and Nelson, Clemens A., editors, 1998, Please refer to Appendix A for specific regions of Integrated earth and environmental evolution of the California. This is an abbreviated list; southwestern United States: Geological Society of especially useful references are marked America, International Book Series, vol. 1, 502 p. (contains with a star symbol to assist the reader. 24 separate papers on the regional geology of California) Fletcher, C.H., and Wehmiller, J.F., editors, 1992, Quaternary coasts of the United States – marine and lacustrine systems,

Part 4, Pacific Coastal Systems: SEPM Special Albers, John P. and Fraticelli, L.A., 1984, Preliminary Publication 48, p. 267–382. (contains eight separate papers on resources assessment map of California: California coastal and coastal sedimentation) U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Investigations Griggs, Gary B., and Savoy, L.E., 1985, Living with the Resources Map MR-88, scale 1:1,000,000. California coast: Duke University Press, 393 p. Dr. Griggs Baldridge, W. Scott, 2004, Geology of the American is professor of geology at the University of California, Santa Cruz; Southwest: Cambridge University Press, 296 p. this textbook summarizes the geology of the California coastline. Bedford, David R., Ludington, Steve, Nutt, C.M., Stone, P.A., A new edition is planned for 2006, so check with the publisher. Miller, D.M., Miller, R.J., Wagner, David L., and Habel, John S., and Armstrong, George A., 1977, Assessment Saucedo, George J., 2003, Geological database for digital and atlas of shoreline erosion along the California coast: geology of California, Nevada, and Utah; an application of California Department of Boating & Waterways, 277 p. the North American data model: U.S Geological Survey atlas, map scale 1:50,000. Open–File Report, OFR–03–135, 35 p. Harden, Deborah R., 2004, California geology, 2nd edition: rd CDOGGR, 2000, Energy map of California, 3 edition: Prentice–Hall, Inc., 479 p. California Division of Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources, Hill, Mason Lowell, editor, 1987, Centennial field guide – Map # S–2, map scale: 1:1 million Cordilleran section of the Geological Society of America: < www.conservation.ca.gov > Geological Society of America, Decade of North American CDF&G, 2003, Atlas of the biodiversity of California: Geology, field guide vol. 1, 490 p. (contains 43 classic California Department of Fish & Game, The Resources geology localities in California). Agency of California, 102 p., 36 sections by individual Hodgson, Susan F., and Youngs, Leslie G., 2002, experts within 6 chapters, 48 colored maps, 87 photos by Geothermal map of California: California Division of 52 photographers, 10 illustrations, published July 2003, Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources, Map # S–11, map scale $20.00, available from: www.atlas.dfg.ca.gov 1:1½–million. California Resources Agency, 2004, California Digital Ingersoll, Raymond V., and Ernst, W. Gary, editors, 1987, Conservation Atlas: www.legacy.ca.gov/new_atlas Cenozoic basin development of coastal California: an ArcIMS–4 implementation that allows users to download Prentice–Hall, Inc., Rubey Volume 6, 17 review chapters on statewide natural resource & conservation data. regional geology of coastal California, 496 p. Cleveland, George B., 1975, Landsliding in marine terrace Jennings, Charles W., 1994, Fault activity map of California terrain, California: California Geological Survey, and adjacent areas: California Geological Survey, Geologic Special Report 119, 24 p. Data Map # 6, scale 1:750,000, with 92–page booklet. Dickinson, William R., 2004, Evolution of the North American Cordillera: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 32, January 2004, p. 13–45. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 39 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Jennings, Charles W., 1985, An explanatory text to Oliver, Howard W., editor, 1980, Interpretation of the gravity accompany the 1:750,000–scale fault and geologic maps of map of California and its continental margin: California California: California Geological Survey Bulletin 201, Geological Survey Bulletin 205, 52 p. 9 figures, 11 tables. 197 p. Norris, Robert M., and Webb, Robert W., 1990, Geology of Jennings, Charles W., 1977 and reprinted 2000, Geologic California: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 560 p. map of California: California Geological Survey, Geologic Schoenherr, Allan A., 1992, A natural history of California: Data Map #2, scale 1:750,000. University of California Press, California Natural History Jennings, Charles W., and Saucedo, George J., 2002, Simplified Guides no. 56, 772 p., 12 chapters. (comprehensive treatise) fault activity map of California: California Geological Smith, Merritt B., 1964, Map showing distribution and Survey, Map Sheet 54, map scale 1:2½ million. (published configuration of basement rocks in California: U.S. October 8, 2002) A small rectangle (± 5×7–inches) extracted Geological Survey Oil & Gas Map OM-215, two map from this simplified fault map makes a convenient page–sized (8½ × 11– sheets, 44×63 inches in size, scale 1:500,000. This petroleum inch) fault index–map for consulting reports. Approximate epicenters of exploration map of California may be useful to seismologists who are 67 significant earthquakes (≥ 6½ Mw) since 1812 are shown. studying how deep sedimentary basins amplify earthquake ground motion. Johnson, Karen E., and Loux, Jeffrey D., 2004, Water and Unfortunately, OM-215 is 40+ years old, so you will need to check for land use ― planning wisely for California’s future: Solano newer detailed maps in specific sedimentary basins. However, an advantage of OM-215 is its comprehensive statewide coverage Press Books, 308 p. Dr. Loux is director of the Land Use and with the extent of crystalline basement rocks clearly shown. It would be very Natural Resources Program at University of California Extension, useful to see a new updated edition of this map with current 2005+ UC Davis. subsurface data. Jones, David W., 2000, Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and zones; California Irrigation Management Information Yun, Joseph, 2003, California’s groundwater: California Systems (CIMIS): California Department of Water Department of Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., Resources, Water Conservation Office, map scale 7 chapters, Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures. 1:1,805,000. To obtain copies, telephone Kent Frame at 916-651- Thompson, George A., 1999, California Coast Range tectonics 7030 or Bekele Temesgen at 916-651-9679, or write to DWR Water Conservation Office, 901 P Street, Third Floor, Sacramento, CA 95814. in light of geophysical constraints: a tribute to Ben Page: The ETo map may be viewed and downloaded from this website: International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 5, May 1999 http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/images/etomap.jpg issue, p. 383-390. < www.bellpub.com/igr > This 22×25-inch colored map is printed on heavy enamel paper. It divides Wallace, Robert E., editor, 1990, The San Andreas fault California into 18 separate zones, with the wettest Zone #1 along the Humboldt County coastline, and the driest Zone #18 in Death Valley and the system, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Imperial Valley. Each zone is tabulated by monthly ETo data (inches per Paper 1515, 283 p. day). This map conveniently serves as a proxy for shallow groundwater and Yeats, Robert S., 2001, Living with earthquakes in California: soil moisture conditions. It is helpful to hydrogeologists, engineering Press, 406 p. geologists, geotechnical engineers, hydrologists, and environmental planners for water conservation on a statewide basis. Zucca, Alfred J., 2000, Energy map of California, third edition: Klemperer, Simon L., and Ernst, Wallace Gary, editors, 2003, California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal The lithosphere of western North America and its Resources, Department of Conservation, Map S–2, map geophysical characterization ― The George A. Thompson scale 1:one million www.conservation.ca.gov/doggr Excellent California summary of gas pipelines, liquid fuels pipelines, and Volume: Geological Society of America, International electrical transmission lifelines. Where lifelines cross active faults, then Book Series, vol. 7, 544 p. there is an opportunity for seismic safety planning of lifeline corridors. Moores, Eldridge M., Wakabayashi, John, and Unruh, Jeffrey R., 2002, Crustal-scale cross-section of the U.S. Cordillera, California and beyond, its tectonic significance, and speculations on the Andean orogeny: International Geology Review, vol. 44, no. 6, June 2002 issue, p. 479-500. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Moores, Eldridge M., Sloan, Doris, and Stout, Dorothy L., editors, 1999, Classic Cordilleran concepts: a view from California: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 338, 22 chapters, 489 p., and CD–ROM. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 40 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

5. Engineering Geologic Map of Site Caution: A simple plot–plan of borehole locations is not an adequate geologic map of Provide an engineering geologic map, with the site. Avoid this common misconception. geologic cross–sections, description of Geologic formations, contacts, geologic stratigraphy (bedrock, regolith, existing fill), structure, and a geologic legend must petrology, geologic structure, and hydrogeology. accompany the locations of boreholes and Describe site geology completely but succinctly. backhoe trenches. Show the locations(s) of buildings and the grading concept on the geologic map.

The degree of geologic detail shown on the Selected References for engineering geologic map should be Engineering Geology (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are commensurate with the geologic complexity of the marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) site, the type of building structure(s), and the intended foundation system (e.g., spread footings, Ariaratnam, Samuel T., Lueke, Jason, S., and Anderson, or caissons, or piles & grade–beams). Edward, 2004, Reducing risk in unfavorable ground conditions during horizontal directional drilling (HDD): The scale of the engineering geologic map ASCE Practice Periodical on Structural Design and should be 1:24,000 or better. The preferred scale Construction, vol. 9, no. 3, August 2004 issue, p. 164–169. Assaad, F.A., Lamoreaux, Philip E., and Hughes, Travis H., for engineering geologic mapping of the school or editors, 2004, Field methods for geologists and hospital campus ranges from about 1:1,200 or hydrogeologists: Springer―Verlag Publishers, 378 p. (1 inch = 100 feet) to about 1:480 or See book review by Dr. Allen Haeheway in the May 2005 (1 inch = 40 feet). The contour interval is issue of Environmental& Engineering Geoscience. typically on the order of 2 feet or 5 feet. Many ASTM Test D653–04, Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids: American Society for Testing engineering geologists use an 11×17–inch fold– & Materials < www.astm.org > out map for this purpose, so they select a map ASTM Test D2487–00, Standard Classification of Soils for scale that is compatible with ledger–size paper. Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System): American Society for Testing & Materials For professional accountability, the name and < www.astm.org > ASTM Test D5730–04, Standard Guide for Environmental license number of the Certified Engineering Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone Geologist who prepared the geologic map should and Ground Water: American Society for Testing & be shown on the legend of the geologic map. A Materials. < www.astm.org > ASTM, 2002, Standards on environmental site professional CEG seal and signature is the best nd way to accomplish this. characterization, 2 edition: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1,827 p., 163 tests methods, practices, guides; available in book format (paper copy, 8½×11 size) or CD– For hillside sites, include a slope–stability ROM. < www.astm.org > evaluation of up–slope adjacent property. Attewell, P.B., and Farmer, I.W., 1976, Principles of Relatively flat alluvial sites still need a geologic engineering geology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1,045 p. map with the appropriate Quaternary formational Bell, F.G., 2004, Engineering geology and construction: Spon Press, 816 p., 11 chapters. units shown. Birkeland, Peter W., 1999, Soils and , 3rd edition: Oxford University Press, 430 p. List photo numbers, flight lines, date, and scale Brookfield, Michael E., 2003, Principles of stratigraphy: of stereoscopic aerial photographs used for Blackwell Publishers, 256 p. landslide and fault analysis. Brunsden, D., 2002, Geomorphological roulette for engineers and planners: some insights into an old game: Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Caution: Avoid using generalized small– the fifth Glossop Lecture, vol. 35, p. 101–142. scale geologic maps (e.g., 1:250,000–scale) that lack sufficient site–specific details.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 41 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Busby, Cathy J., and Ingersoll, Raymond V., 1995, Tectonics of Hoek, Evert, 1998, Putting numbers to geology – an engineer’s sedimentary basins: Blackwell Science Publishers, 579 p. viewpoint: Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, Dr. Busby is professor of geology at Univ. Calif. Santa Barbara, the second Glossop Lecture, vol. 32, p. 1 – 19. and Dr. Ingersoll is professor of geology at UCLA. Their textbook Hutchinson, J.N., 2001, Reading the ground: morphology and contains a number of examples from California how active geology in site appraisal: Quarterly Journal of Engineering tectonics influences sedimentation in structural basins. Geology, the fourth Glossop Lecture, vol. 34, p. 7 to 50. Chandler, R.J., 1999, Clay sediments in depositional basins: Jackson, Julia A., editor, 1997, , the geotechnical cycle: Quarterly Journal of Engineering 4th edition: American Geological Institute, 769 p. Geology, the third Glossop lecture, vol. 33, p. 5–59. < www.agiweb.org > (about 37,000 geologic terms are Compton, Robert R., 1985, Geology in the field: John Wiley & reliably defined by this standard AGI reference) Sons, Inc., 398 p. Johnson, R.B., and DeGraff, Jerome V., 1988, Principles of Costa, John E., and Baker, Victor R., 1981, Surficial geology – engineering geology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 497 p. building with the earth: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 498 p. Jordan, Thomas H., chairman, Beroza, Gregory, Cornell, Dearman, William R., 1991, Engineering geological C. Allin, Crouse, C.B, Dieterich, James, Frankel, Arthur, mapping: Butterworths, Inc., 396 p. Jackson, David D., Johnston, A., Kanamori, H., Langer, Derringh, Edward, 1998, Computational engineering geology: James, McNutt, Marcia, Rice, James R., Romanowicz, Prentice–Hall Publishers, 323 p. Barbara A., Sieh, Kerry E., and Somerville, Paul G, Einstein, Herbert H., and Baecher, Gregory B., 1983, 2003, Living on an active Earth: perspectives on earthquake Probabilistic and statistical methods in engineering geology; science: National Academy of Sciences, 6 chapters, 432 p. 1. Exploration: and Rock Engineering, Kavvadas, Michael J., 2005, Monitoring ground deformation vol. 16, no. 1, p. 39–72. in tunnelling ― current practice in transportation : Evans, David J.A., editor, 2004, Geomorphology ― critical Engineering Geology, vol. 79, p. 93-113. concepts in geography: Routledge, a division of Taylor & Keaton, Jeffrey R., 1984, Genesis–lithology–qualifier (GLQ) Francis Group, 7 volumes, 4,182 p. This is a comprehensive system of engineering geology mapping symbols: Bulletin library collection of the most significant “benchmark” papers in geomorphology published in the past century. Vol. 1: Fluvial of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 21, no. 3, Geomorphology; Vol. 2: Slope Geomorphology; Vol. 3: Coastal p. 355–364. Geomorphology; Vol. 4: Glacial Geomorphology; Vol. 5: Periglacial Keaton, Jeffrey R., 1994, Risk–based probabilistic approach to Geomorphology; Vol. 6: Arid Lands Geomorphology. Most California site selection: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering geologists will be interested in volumes 1, 2, and 6 (available at research university libraries). Geologists, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 217–229. Ferriz, Horatio, and Anderson, Robert L., editors, 2002, Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 2002, Geology and plant life: the Engineering geology practice in northern California: effects of landforms and rock types on plants: University of California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Association Press., 304 p., 98 photos, 47 tables, 21 figures. of Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, Geobotany with application to engineering geology. 54 chapters, 658 p. Lisle, Richard J., and Leyshon, Peter R., 2004, Stereographic Fookes, Peter G., 1997, Geology for engineers: Quarterly projection techniques for geologists and civil engineers, nd Journal of Engineering Geology, the first Glossop Lecture, 2 edition: Cambridge University Press, 120 p. vol. 30, p. 293 – 424. Maples, Christopher G., chairman, Allmon, Warren D., Griffiths, James S., compiler, 2003, Mapping in engineering Biddle, Kevin D., Clarke, Donald D., Driver, Beth, Janecek, geology: Geological Society of London, compilation of Thomas R., Musser, Linda R., Schafer, Robert W., Sneider, 13 classic papers in engineering geology mapping, 294 p. Robert M., Steinmetz, John C., and Zinke, Sally, 2002, Harrison, John, 2005, Rock mechanics, in Selley, Richard C., Geoscience data and collections ― national resources in Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia peril: National Academy Press, National Academy of of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 4, p. 440-451. Sciences, National Research Council, Board on Earth Hatheway, Allen W., 2005, Site classification, in Selley, Sciences and Resources, Committee on the Preservation of Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Geoscience Data and Collections, 107 p. Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 2, p. 1-8. Miall, Andrew D., 1997, The geology of stratigraphic sequence: Hatheway, Allen W., 2005, Building stone, in Selley, Springer-Verlag Publishers, 433 p. Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, NRCS, 1999, Soil taxonomy: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 1, p. 328-333. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agriculture Hatheway, Allen W., 2005, Urban geology, in Selley, Handbook No. 436, 869 p. (the 1999 national treatise on Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, soils) GPO stock # 001–000–04663–2 www. gpo.gov Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 5, p. 557-563. Pipkin, Bernard W., and Trent, Dee, 2005, Geology and the Hedberg, Hollis D, and Salvador, A., editors, 1994, environment: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishers, 473 p. International Stratigraphic Guide, 2nd edition: with CD-ROM. Dr. Pipkin is professor emeritus of engineering Geological Society of America and the International geology at the University of Southern California, and Dr. Dee Trent has taught geology for 30+ years at Citrus College. Union of Geological Sciences, 214 p. Potter, Paul E., Maynard, Barry, and Depetris, P., 2004, Hillel, Daniel, editor-in-chief, 2004, Encyclopedia of soils in Mud and mudstone: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 312 p. the environment: Academic Press, div. of Elsevier, 4 vols., 250 sections, ± 2,200 p. < http://books.elsevier.com/esoils > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 42 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Prost, Gary L., 2003, Remote sensing for geologists: a guide Spencer, Edgar W., 2000, Geologic maps: a practical guide to to image interpretation, 2nd edition: Harwood Academic the preparation and interpretation of geologic maps, Publications, 456 p., 31 color plates. 2 nd edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 184 p. Prothero, Donald R. and Schwab, Frederick L., 2004, Thomas, David S.G., editor, Arid zone geomorphology ― Sedimentary geology: an introduction to sedimentary rocks process, form, and change in drylands, 2nd edition: and stratigraphy, 2nd edition: W.H. Freeman & Company. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 713 p. Pye, Kenneth, 2005 in press, Geological and soil evidence ― U.S. Department of the Interior, 2001 reprint, forensic applications: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Engineering geology field manual: U.S. Government Francis Group. Printing Office, 496 p. ISBN 0–16–161716–2 Rahn, Perry H., 1996, Engineering geology, 2 nd edition: USDI # I–27.19/2:EN 3/2/998/v.1 Prentice–Hall, Inc., 657 p. Varnes, David J., 1974, The logic of geological maps, with Rosenbaum, Michael S., and Turner, A. Keith, editors, 2003, reference to their interpretation and use for engineering New paradigms in subsurface prediction: characterization purposes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 837, of the shallow subsurface; implications for urban 48 p. (a classic treatise on the preparation of engineering geology infrastructure and environmental assessment: Springer– maps) Verlag Publishers, 397 p. Waltham, Anthony C., 2001, Foundations of engineering Sabatini, P.J., Bachus, R.C., Mayne, P.W., Schneider, J.A., geology, 2nd edition: Spon Press, 104 p. and Zettler, T.E., 2002, Evaluation of soil and rock (Concise summary of 40 topics with double–page spread format, properties: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal including notes and diagrams.) Highway Administration, Geotechnical Engineering West, Terry R., 1995, Geology applied to engineering: Circular no. 5; Publication FHWA IF-02-034, 385 p., Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 560 p. (a standard textbook in 8 chapters, appendix A, B, C; 52 tables, 108 figures. engineering geology) downloadable as .pdf. Whalley, Brian, and Warke,P.A., 2005, , in Selley, Santi, Paul M., and Kowalski, Ryan J., 2004, The role of Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, education and experience in developing site investigation Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 5, p. 581-590. skills: AEG & GSA Environmental and Engineering Yeats, Robert S., and Gath, Eldon M., 2004, The role of Geoscience, vol. 10, no. 1, February 2004 issue, p. 45-55. geology in seismic hazard mitigation, chapter 3, Sharp, Robert P., 1982, Landscape evolution ― a review: in Bozorgnia, Y., and Bertero, V.V., editors, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 79, Earthquake Engineering: CRC Press, a division of Taylor July 1982 issue, p. 4477-4486. & Francis Publishers, 952 p. < www.crcpress.com > Zimmerman, R., 2006, Fundamentals of rock mechanics, Shlemon, Roy J., 1985, Application of soil–stratigraphic th techniques to engineering geology: Bulletin of the 4 edition: Blackwell Publishing, 608 p. Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 22, no 2, p. 129–142.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 43 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References in Department of the Army, 1995, Engineering and Design – Engineering geophysical exploration for engineering and environmental (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are applications: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Manual EM 1110–1–1802 (31 August 95) Internet download: www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace– docs/eng–manuals/em1110–1–1802/toc.htm Anderson, Kevin B., Spotila, James A., and Hole, John A., Dixon–Warren, Antigone B., and Stohr, Christopher J., 2003, 2003, Application of geomorphic analysis and Downhole natural gamma–ray logging of Quaternary ground-penetrating radar to characterization of paleoseismic sediments: AIPG The Professional Geologist, April 2003 sites in dynamic alluvial environments ― an example from issue, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 2–5. southern California: , vol. 368, p. 25-32. Dowding, Charles H., 1996, Construction vibrations: Prentice– The field location is located on the northeast Frontal Fault System of the Hall Publishers. San Bernardino Mountains. Eriksen, A., and Gascoyne, J.K., 2005, Geophysics, in ASTM, 2005, Standard guide for using the seismic-reflection Selley, Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., method for shallow subsurface investigation: American editors, Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 2, Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test D-7128-05, p. 482-499. 25 p. www.astm.org Griffiths, D.H., and King, R.F., 1981, Applied geophysics for ASTM, 2004, Standard guide for conducting borehole geologists and engineers, 2nd edition: Pergamon Press, geophysical logging ― mechanical caliper: American 230 p. Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test Hack, Robert, 2000, Geophysics for slope stability: Surveys in D-6167-97(2004), www.astm.org Geophysics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, vol. 21, no. 4, ASTM, 2004, Standard guide for conducting borehole p. 423–448. geophysical logging ― gamma: American Society for Kahraman, S., 2001, A correlation between P–wave velocity, Testing & Materials, ASTM Test D-6274-98(2004), www.astm.org number of joints, and Schmidt hammer rebound number: ASTM, 2002, Standard guide for the use of the time domain International Journal of Rock Mechanics and electromagnetic method for subsurface investigation: Sciences, vol. 38, no. 5, July 2001, p. 729–733. American Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test Keys, W. Scott, 1997, A practical guide to borehole D-6825-02, www.astm.org geophysics in environmental investigations: CRC Press, ASTM, 2000, Standard guide for using the seismic refraction a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 169 p. method for subsurface investigation: American Society for Keys, W. Scott, 1989, Borehole geophysics applied to ground– Testing & Materials, ASTM Test D-5777-00, www.astm.org water investigations: U.S. Geological Survey, Techniques ASTM, 1999, Standard guide for selecting surface geophysical of Water Resources Investigations, Book 2, Chapter E–2, methods: American Society for Testing & Materials, 150 p. ASTM Test D-6429-99, www.astm.org Knight, Rosemary, 2001, Ground penetrating radar for ASTM, 1999, Standard guide for the gravity method for environmental applications: Annual Reviews of Earth and subsurface investigation: American Society for Testing & Planetary Sciences, vol. 29, May 2001, p. 229–255. Materials, ASTM Test D-6430-99, www.astm.org Labo, J., Mentemeier, Samuel H., and Cleneay, Charles A., ASTM, 1999, Standard guide for the direct current method for editors, 1986, A practical guide to borehole geophysics: subsurface investigation: American Society for Testing & an overview of wireline well logging principles for Materials, ASTM Test D-6431-99, www.astm.org geophysicists: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, ASTM, 1999, Standard guide for the surface ground Oaklahoma, 330 p. penetrating radar method for subsurface investigation: Latham, J.P., and Lu, P., 1999, Development of an assessment American Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test system for the blastability of rock masses: International D-6432-99, www.astm.org Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 36, Burger, H.R., 1992, Exploration geophysics of the shallow no. 1, January 1999, p. 41–55. subsurface: Prentice–Hall, Inc. Lowrie, William, 1997, Fundamentals of geophysics: Cai, J., McMechan, George A., and Fisher, Michael A., 1996, Cambridge University Press, 354 p. Application of ground–penetrating radar to investigation of Matthews, M.C., Clayton, C.R.I., and Own, Y., 2000, The use near–surface fault properties in the San Francisco Bay of field geophysical techniques to determine geotechnical region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, stiffness parameters: Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 86, no. 5, October 1996 issue, p. 1459–1470. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 143, Cal EPA, 1994, Application of borehole geophysics at no. 1, January 2000 issue, p. 31–42. www.ice.org.uk or hazardous substance release sites: California www.t–telford.co.uk Environmental Protection Agency, 22 p. Mavko, Gary, Mukerji, T., and Dvorkin, Jack, 1998, Cal EPA, 1994, Application of surface geophysics at The rock physics handbook ― tools for seismic analysis of hazardous substance release sites: California porous media: Cambridge University Press, 329 p. Environmental Protection Agency, 19 p. Campbell, Wallace H., 2003, Introduction to geomagnetic fields, 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 350 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 44 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

McCann, D.M., Fenning, P., and Cripps, J., editors, 1997, Oriard, Lewis L., 1998, Blasting specifications for concrete: Modern geophysics in engineering geology: The Journal of Explosives Engineering, the official Geological Society of London, Engineering Geology publication of the International Society of Explosives Special Publication #12, 442 p. Engineers, vol. 15, no. 4, July/August 1998 issue, p. 40–45. McDowell, P.W., editor, 2002, Geophysics in engineering Oriard, Lewis L., 1994, Vibroseis operations in an urban investigations: Geological Society of London, Engineering environment: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geology Special Publication, EGSP–19, 5 chapters, 252 p. Geologists, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 343–366. Also available from the ASCE bookstore as ASCE stock Oriard, Lewis L., 1972, Blasting operations in the urban no. 7562. www.asce.org environment: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Michaels, Paul, 1998, In–situ determination of soil stiffness Geologists, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 27–46. and damping: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Parasnis, D.S., 1997, Principles of applied geophysics, Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 8, 5th edition: Chapman and Hall, 456 p. August 1998, p. 709–719. Park, Stephen K., and Wernicke, Brian, 2003, Miller, R.D., Steeples, Don W., and Brannan, M., 1989, Electrical conductivity images of Quaternary faults and Mapping a bedrock surface under dry alluvium with shallow Tertiary detachments in the California Basin and Range: seismic reflections: Geophysics, vol. 54, p. 1528–1534. AGU Tectonics, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 4–1 to 4–15. Milsom, John, 2003, Field geophysics, 3rd edition: Pellerin, Louise, 2002, Applications of electrical and John Wiley & Sons, 244 p. electromagnetic methods for environmental and Mussett, Alan E., and Khan, M.A., 2000, Looking into the geotechnical investigations: Surveys in Geophysics, Earth: Cambridge University Press, 496 p. Kluwer Academic Publishers, vol. 23, no. 2–3, p. 101–132. Neal, Adrian, 2004, Ground-penetrating radar and its use in Reynolds, John M., 2004, Introduction to applied and : principles, problems, and progress: environmental geophysics, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 66, issues 3&4, August 2004, Inc., 806+ p. p. 261-330. Romig, Philip R., chair, and 18 others, 2000, Seeing into the Nicholls, H.R., Johnson, C.F., and Duvall, W.I., 1971, Earth ― noninvasive characterization of the shallow Blasting vibrations and their effects on structures: subsurface for environmental and engineering applications: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 656, 73 p. U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 129 p. Olhoeft, G.R., 1992, Geophysics Advisor Expert System < www.nap.edu > (version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report SAGEEP, 1998, Proceedings of the Symposium on the 92–526, 21 p. and diskette. Application of Geophysics to Engineering and O’Connor, Kevin M., and Dowding, Charles H., 1999, Environmental Problems (SAGEEP–98): Environmental Geo–measurements by pulsing TDR cables and probes: and Engineering Geophysical Society, Wheat Ridge, CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, Colorado, 1,305 p. < www.eegs.org > 402 p. (use of time–domain reflectometry {TDR} instrumentation Sharma, P.V., 1997, Environmental and engineering in engineering geology, with many applications in landslides) geophysics: Cambridge Univ. Press, 475 p. Oriard, Lewis L., 2002, Explosives engineering, construction Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., 1990, Applied vibrations, and geotechnology: International Society of geophysics, 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 790 p. Explosives Engineers, 680 p. hardcover, $88.00 www.isee.org Trantina, J.A., 1962, Investigation of landslides by seismic and Lewis Oriard, engineering geologist, is based in Orange County, electrical resistivity methods, in Field Testing of Soils: California. He has over 40 years of experience in engineering ASTM Special Technical Publication 322, p. 120–134. geophysics with emphasis on minimizing effects of blasting of Versteeg, Roelof, 2005 in press, Environmental and basement excavations on adjacent existing structures. engineering field geophysics: CRC Press, a division of Oriard, Lewis L., 1999, The effects of vibrations and Taylor & Francis Group, ± 300 p. < www.crcpress.com > environmental forces: International Society of Explosives Ward, S.H., editor, 1990, Geotechnical and environmental Engineers, 284 p. $49.00 www.isee.org geophysics: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oriard, Lewis L., 1998, Blasting within and adjacent ot Oklahoma; Investigations in Geophysics No. 5, structures without damage ― a case study: ASCE Specialty three volumes. Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Xu, S., and White, R., 1996, A physical model for shear–wave Soil Dynamics, 12 p. velocity prediction: Geophysical Prospecting, vol. 44, p. 687–717

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 45 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References in Dramstad, Wenche E., Olson, James D., Forman, Richard T., Geographic Information Systems, and Gillian, David M., 1997, Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land–use planning: Island Remote Sensing, Image Interpretation, Press, 80 p. and GPS in Engineering Geology Drury, S.A., 2004, Image interpretation in geology, 3rd edition: Routledge, a division of Taylor & Francis Group, 304 p., 56 chapters, with CD-ROM image gallery. Abbreviated list including Geographic Information Systems, convention $66.95 list price. al stereoscopic aerial photographs, InSAR, Lidar, U–2 imagery, satellite Ehlers, Manfred, editor, 2004, Remote sensing for imagery, and GPS. Because of the application to large–scale site environmental montoring GIS applications and geology: mapping, selected books are included from the realm of landscape architecure and site planning. This will help the engineering geologist to SPIE ― the International Society of Optical Engineering, engage in interdisciplinary work with the architect and landscape volume 3. architect in site planning – to fit the campus buildings to the site geology. Ervin, Stephen M., and Hasbrouck, Hope H., 2001, Landscape Especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the modeling digital techniques for landscape visualization: reader. McGraw–Hill Publishers, 352 p. Ford, John P., 1998, Radar geology, in Henderson, Floyd M, and Lewis, Anthony J., editors, Principles and applications Arnold, Robert H., 1996, Interpretation of airphotos and of imaging radar; volume 2 of Manual of Remote Sensing, remotely sensed imagery: Prentice Hall Publishers, 262 p. 3rd edition: American Society for Photogrammetry and Aronoff, Stan, 2004, Remote sensing for GIS managers: Remote Sensing, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Environmental Systems Research Inc., ESRI Press, 350 p. p. 511–566. Avery, T.E., and Berlin, G.L., 1992, Fundamentals of remote Gupta, R.P., 2003, Remote sensing in geology, 2nd edition: sensing and airphoto interpretation, 5th edition: Macmillan Springer–Verlag Publishers, 655 p., 16 chapters. Publishing Co., 472 p. Hanna, Karen C., and Culpepper, R. Brian, 1998, GIS and Bernhardsen, Tor, 2002, Geographic information systems – site design – new tools for design professionals: John Wiley an introduction, 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 448 p. & Sons, Inc., 240 p. Bishop, Michael P., and Shroder, John F., editors, 2004, Harmon, John, and Anderson, Steven, 2003, The design and Geographic information science and mountain implementation of geographic information systems: geomorphology: Springer Verlag Publishers, 512 p. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 272 p. Bossler, John D., Jensen, John R., McMaster, Robert B., and Henderson, Floyd M, and Lewis, Anthony J., editors, 1998, Rizos, C, editors, 2001, Manual of geospatial science and Principles and applications of imaging radar; volume 2 of technology: Taylor & Francis Publishers, 720 p. Manual of Remote Sensing, 3rd edition: American Society Comprehensive integration of GPS with GIS and Geospatial for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, published by analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 866 p. The definitive treatise that Bossomaier, Terry, and Green, David R., editors, 2001, Online is widely cited by other textbook authors. GIS and metadata: Taylor & Francis Publishers, 208 p. Heywood, Ian, Cornelius, Sarah, and Carver, Steven, 2002, Clarke, Keith C., 2001, Getting started with geographic An introduction of geographical information systems, information systems, 3rd edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, 2nd edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 296 p. 352 p., 10 chapters plus CD–ROM. Dr. Clarke is Hutchinson, Scott, and Daniel, Larry, 2003, Inside ArcView professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara, GIS 8.3: OnWord Press, 512 p. book & CD–ROM. and has prepared an excellent tex that will quickly introduce ArcGIS 9.0 was released in Spring 2004, so it is anticipated that GIS concepts to geologists and engineers. these authors will update their volume with a new edition. Daniel, Larry, Loree, Paula, and Whitener, Angela, 2002, Jensen, John, 2000, Remote sensing of the environment: Inside MapInfo Professional – the friendly user guide to an earth resource perspective: Prentice Hall Publishers, MapInfo Professional: Thompson Learning, OnWard 724 p. Press, 569 p. www.OnWordPress.com Johnson, Robert B., and DeGraff, Jerome V., 1988, DeJong, Steven M., and Van der Meer, F.D., 2004, Remote sensing, chapter 7 in Principles of Engineering Remote sensing image analysis: including the spatial Geology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 282–307. domain: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 359 p. Korte, George B, 2001, The GIS book, 5th edition: DeMers, Michael N., 2000, Fundamentals of GIS, 2nd edition: Thompson Learning, OnWard Press, 387 p., 28 chapters. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 498 p. www.OnWordPress.com DeMers, Michael N., 2001, GIS modeling in raster: John LaGro, James A., 2001, Site analysis – linking program and Wiley & Sons, Inc., 320 p. concept in land planning and design: John Wiley & Sons, Djokic, Dean, and Maidment, David R., editors, 2000, Inc., 224 p. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling support with Lattman, Laurence H., and Ray, Richard G., 1965, Aerial geographic information systems: ESRI Press, 232 p. photographs in field geology: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 221 p. Classic handbook for field geologists, now out–of–print, but available in many university libraries at Library of Congress catalog number QE36, L3. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 46 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lewis, Anthony J., 1998, Geomorphic and hydrologic Rees, W.G., 2001, Physical principles of remote sensing, applications of active microwave remote sensing, in 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 372 p., 173 Henderson, Floyd M, and Lewis, Anthony J., editors, drawings, 23 half-tones, 10 color plates, 10 tables. Principles and applications of imaging radar; volume 2 of Rencz, Andrew, editor, 1999, Remote sensing for the earth Manual of Remote Sensing, 3rd edition: American Society sciences, volume 3 of Manual of Remote Sensing, for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, published by 3rd edition: American Society for Photogrammetry and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 567–630. Remote Sensing, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Liang, S.S., 2003, Quantitative remote sensing of land surfaces: 700 p. The definitive treatise by ASPRS that is widely cited by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 534 p. other textbook authors. Lillesand, Thomas M., Kiefer, Ralph W., and Chipman, Sabins, Floyd F., Jr., 1987, Remote sensing – principles and Jonathan W., 2003, Remote sensing and image interpretation, 2nd edition: W.H. Freeman & Co., 449 p. interpretation, 5th edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 784 p. Sabins, Floyd F., 1997 Remote sensing laboratory manual, Longley, Paul A., Goodchild, Michael F., Maguire, David J., 3rd edition: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 213 p. Rhind, David W., 2001, Geographic information systems Schuurman, Nadine, 2004, GIS ― a short introduction: and science: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 472 p. Blackwell Publishers, 192 p. Lunetta, Ross S., and Lyon, J.G., editors, 2004, Remote sensing Siegal, B.S., and Gillespie, A.R., editors, 1980, Remote sensing and GIS accuracy assessment: CRC Press, 304 p. in geology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 702 p. Lowman, Paul D., 2002, Exploring Space; Exploring Earth: Skidmore, Andrew, and Prins, Hendrik, editors, 2002, Cambridge University Press, 362 p. Dr. Lowman has been a Environmental modeling with GIS and remote sensing: geologist at NASA for 40+ years and is a pioneer in remote Taylor & Francis Publishers, 288 p. sensing. Steede–Terry, Karen, 2000, Integrating GIS and the global Maidment, David R., and Morehouse, Scott, editors, 2002, positioning system: ESRI Press, 150 p. ArcHydro: GIS for water resources: ESRI Press, 220 p. Thurston, Jeff, Poiker, Thomas, and Moore, J. Patrick, 2003, book and CD–ROM. Integrated geospatial technology – a guide to GPS, GIS, and Mitchell, Andrew, 1999, The ESRI guide to GIS analysis, data logging: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 280 p. volume 1: Geographic patterns and relationships: Travett, J.W., 1986, Imaging radar for resource surveys: ESRI Press, 186 p. Chapman & Hall Publishers, 313 p. Motloch, John L., 2000, Introduction to landscape design, VanSickel, Jan, 2004, Basic GIS coordinates: CRC Press, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 352 p. 192 p. Onsrud, Harlan J., Adler, P.S., Archer, H.N., Besen, S.M., Verbyla, David L., 2002, Practical GIS analysis: Taylor & Green, K., Holland, W.S., Keating, T.J., Labonté, J., Francis Publishers, 304 p. Lopez, X.R., Maurer, S.M., Poulter, S.R., Reichardt, M.E., Voight, Christine, Palmer, Anita, and Malone, Lyn, 2003, Shawa, T.W., 2004, Licensing geographic data and Mapping our world ― GIS lessons for educators: services: U.S. National Academy of Sciences, National ESRI Press, 564 pages, 7 modules, 19 lessons, one–year Research Council, Committee on Licensing Geographic site license for ArcView 3.x software. For teachers in Data and Services, 298 p. Grades 5 through 12. This GIS book received an award from the Engineering geology consultants, government agencies, and National Council for Geographic Education. academia will be interested in this new book from the National Way, Douglas S., 1973, Terrain analysis, a guide to site Academy of Sciences about policies, fees, and licensess involving selection using aerial photographic interpretation: Dowden, GIS databases, metadata, software, and subsequent use of GIS Hutchinson, & Ross, 392 p. A classic treatise for geologists; materials in consulting geotechnical reports. This book can be out–of–print, but available in universitiy libraries. read in digital pdf format for free on–line, or may be purchased for Wilson, John P., and Fotheringham, Stewart, editors, 2005, $63.90 as a bound volume. O’Sullivan, David, and Unwin, David, 2002, Geographic A handbook of GIS: Blackwell Publishing, 496 p. information analysis: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 448 p. Wright, Dawn J., and Bartlett, Darius J., editors, 2000, Paine, David P., and Kiser, James D., 2003, Aerial Marine and coastal geographic information systems: photography and image interpretation, 2nd edition: Taylor & Francis Publishers, 356 p. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 648 p. Zall, L, and Michael, R., 1980, Space remote sensing systems Pinder, George F., 2002, Groundwater modeling using and their application to engineering geology: Bulletin of the geographic information systems: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 17, p. 101–152. 248 p. Zeiler, Michael, 2000, Modeling our world ― the ESRI guide Price, Martin F., and Heywood, D. Ian, editors, 1994, to geodatabase design: ESRI Press, 199 p. Mountain environments and geographic information systems: Taylor & Francis Publishers, 334 p. Randolph, John, 2004, Environmental land–use planning and management: Island Press, 664 p. www.islandpress.com The second half of this new textbook contains information about using GIS methods for land–use planning.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 47 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

6. Subsurface Geology at the Site amount of white paper on the geologic cross– section (≅ blank data) will provide prescient Provide complete subsurface engineering insight into where the boreholes should be geology information (trench logs, borehole logs, located (roughly in a line), how deep the outcrops) on a large–scale base–map showing boreholes should be drilled, and how often exploration sites. Delineate areas of existing and sampling should be performed. Refer to §7 planned cuts & fills by use of distinct heavy lines below, then it will be clear that detailed on the site grading plans. geologic cross–sections are the key to success Show total depth of the borehole (example: of the entire project.

BH–7 TD= 53 ft.). Show depth(s) of ground– water surface or perched water next to each Change in Building Footprint borehole number (example: T 13 ft.) Many geologists plan their boreholes and trenches to fit onto a geologic cross–section. Boreholes are expected to be drilled on the However, if the architect subsequently shifts the order of ±50 feet deep, but much depends on the building footprint, then it is likely that the building subsurface geologic conditions and the type of site will need to be redrilled by the Certified drill–rig selected by the Certified Engineering Engineering Geologist. Geologist. For large structures with multi–story parking basements, the boreholes should be appropriately deeper. SPT and CPT The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) may be used Sample frequently in the upper 20 feet for liquefaction analysis, provided there is because the structural foundations are most reasonable correlation with adequate samples by affected by the shallow subsurface. SPT for fines corrections. Complete CPT logs should be furnished, along with conversion tables Caution: Do not sample by rote methods to SPT N–blowcounts. at “every five feet” because important

stratigraphic layers can be missed. Instead, Use of Archival Boreholes sample at lithologic changes based on Logs from former boreholes and trenches may stratigraphy. be considered, but only if the former boreholes are Suggestion: For liquefaction analysis, geologically pertinent to the new construction and be diligent with sampling every sandy bed, if the original locations can be reliably replotted to obtain SPT N–blowcounts, on the (current) base map.

fines corrections from grain–size analysis, Existing Fills and unit weight/moisture content. An important task for the engineering geologist The boreholes should be within or close to the is to delineate any existing fills on the property to building footprint, and directly pertain to the ascertain whether they are: current project. Do not drill or trench the precise engineered fills with relative compaction, locations of planned foundations since this might RC ≥ 90%, that are suitable for structural create a latent weakness. Use a short offset from foundations; or the precise foundations. unsuitable fills that were never properly Suggestion: During the early planning stages compacted. These fills would be subject to of the drilling phase, attempt to draw several compression under static and dynamic detailed geologic cross–sections through the structural loads. hospital or school building site (typically on the order of 1 inch = 20 feet). Include sloping Since many hospital sites and some school ground surfaces, basements, retaining walls, campuses contain fills, it is legally important for and foundations of existing structures. The the Certified Engineering Geologist to delineate Engineering Geology and Seismology for 48 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 existing fills on the new geologic map prior to placement of new fills (either lateral fill prisms or surcharged blanket fills).

Selected geological criteria for differentiating artificial fill from natural earth materials is summarized in these four tables, as modified and expanded from Hatheway & Leighton (1979, table 5):

Essentially Conclusive Evidence of Fill Circumstantial Evidence of Fill

1. Fill benches and sub–horizontal lifts of fill about 6–inches 1. Horzontally banded layers, often discontinuous and in thickness, often with variegated colors. about 6 inches in thickness.

2. Distinctive conical imprints from sheepsfoot–rollers or 2. Randomly oriented clasts and fragments within layers. tread marks from caterpillar tractors. Buried tracks of earthmoving equipment. 3. Caliche flecks with random orientation, lacking lattice patchwork and caliche veins. 3. Human artifacts or debris of human origin. 4. Odor of decaying organic debris; trace of methane gas 4. Disoriented, broken, angular bedrock fragments in same or hydrogen–sulfide gas. horizon with well–rounded rock fragments of similar size. 5. Disrupted and scattered blue–gray unoxidized zones. 5. Layered or isotropic earthen prisms overlying buried paleosols (buried A, B, C soil horizons). The paleosol 6. Preferential vegetation line and/or seepage at cut/fill remnants may be scalped of the A and B horizons by boundary. earthmoving equipment; with some intact horizons. During subsequent investigations of previously graded 7. Differential settlement of fill prism during wetting/drying, tracts, these buried but in–place paleosol horizons may or seismic compression of low–density fills. be recognized by the geologist using down–hole logging methods of large–diameter boreholes. 8. Preferential burrowing by favoring softer fill over harder natural earth materials. 6. Clastic sediments not native to watershed; imported fill materials. 9. Ground surface (of possible fill prism) is composed of flat pads or benches with unusually low relief. 7. Plants and buried alive, with recent remains of these (not geologically old enough to be fossilized). 10. Ground surface (of possible fill prism) is often rilled with incised gullies in soft isotropic subgrade during heavy 8. Presence of subdrains with perforated PVC pipe wrapped rainstorms. Lack of a mature regolith that can withstand with filter fabric or annulus of permeable aggregate; or surficial erosion. gallery drains composed of coarse aggregate. 11. Ground surface (of possible fill–prism) has lack of 9. Archival geologic map or surveyor’s map with cut/fill lines mature trees with large–diameter trunks. Large shrubs that delineate fills. Archival assessor’s parcel map with are lacking, although these exist on nearby natural substantially different culture (roads, fence lines, large slopes. Abundant small shrubs of uniform age trees) or topographic drainage features. (subsequent to grading operations). Localized invasion of non–native plants, or lack of botanical diversity 10. Archival USGS topographic maps dating from the late (possibly from hydroseeding many years prior). 1880s and early 1900s that indicate substantially different topography than presently evident.

11. Analysis of archival stereoscopic aerial photographs (dating from the late 1920s and early 1930s in California) showing that fill was placed during grading operations.

12. Archival as–built geotechnical reports with final maps showing areas of engineered fills and tables of compaction tests performed during grading operations.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 49 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Engineering geophysics may be used in Essentially Conclusive Evidence conjunction with boreholes and backhoe trenches of Natural Materials for a wide variety purposes: evaluation of the subsurface geology of the site, planning optimum 1. Undisturbed sedimentary bedding. locations of fault trenches, evaluation of 2. Paleosol(s) with A, B, C horizons intact and close to the rippability of hard bedrock in subsequent grading surface. Extensive development of soil peds. operations, forensic search of brownfields for possible buried drums (Phase I or Phase II 3. Intact seams of caliche, gypsum, or jarosite; extensive horizon of undisturbed secondary veins and lattice work. evaluations), evaluation of ground–water conditions, and determination of the average 4. Graded bedding or fluvial cross–bedding within shear–wave velocity of the geologic subgrade for sedimentary beds. purposes of selecting the appropriate earthquake 5. Steeply tilted beds or uniformly folded beds. attenuation formula.

6. Imbricate pebbles or clasts with evidence of fluvial deposition. Caution: It is incumbent upon the consultants to furnish complete and legible 7. Faulted or jointed sedimentary beds. copies of archival borehole logs and fault

8. Clastic dikes. trench logs. Each consulting geotechnical report must stand independently, based on 9. Dense, unbroken lattice work of root hairs from complete documentation. overlying trees or large shrubs.

10. Liesegang banding Caution: Shallow boreholes (typically about (diffusion phenomenon or subtle halo from 4–feet deep) located in future parking–lot secondary mineralization and groundwater flux.) areas are typically drilled to obtain R–value samples for pavement design. These shallow boreholes will not count for the requirement of one borehole per 5,000 square feet of Circumstantial Evidence building footprint. Plot borehole depths of Natural Materials (hypothetical example: BH#17 TD@ 3 ft.)

1. Oriented fillings in cavities. next to each borehole number to avoid misunderstandings about which boreholes 2. Scour–and–fill structures. pertain only to R–values, and not to the structural foundations. 3. Caliche patchwork of limited extent.

4. Cemented zones or concretions. Reference Cited: 5. Lack of burrows (krotovina) in hard beds; limited to softer paleosols. Hatheway, Allen W., and Leighton, Freeman Beach, 1979, 6. Fossils of pre–Holocene age in Trenching as an exploratory method, in Hatheway, A.W., biocoenosis or thanotocoensis and McClure, C.R., editors, Geology in the Siting of (death assemblage by sedimentary processes). Nuclear Power Plants: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 4, p. 169–195, 7. Oriented buried ventifacts. especially Table 5 on p. 187.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 50 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

7. Geologic Cross Sections should indicate if the exterior grades differ through the Structures by more than 6 feet on opposite sides of the building. If so, then refer to 2001 CBC Large–scale (detailed) geologic cross–sections §1630A.1.1.5. It may be necessary for the summarizing subsurface geologic conditions Structural Engineer to add seismic load to should be drawn through the building area, static lateral forces where buildings provide including foundations of existing adjacent lateral support for structural walls that retain structures (as applicable) and up–slope areas of earth (soil or rock). Hospitals and public adjacent hillside property. Detailed geologic schools on sloping ground should be cross–sections are typically required for alluvial evaluated for this condition (6–foot elevation sites with the potential for liquefaction (see §16 difference) by the Certified Engineering below) because the stratigraphic column and Geologist and Registered Geotechnical ground–water conditions need to be graphically Engineer in compliance with this section of characterized. code. Prepare supplemental geologic cross– sections at enlarged scale (as appropriate) if A large–scale (detailed) geologic cross–section this helps to explain the geologic field is typically in the realm of 1 inch = 20 feet to conditions. 1 inch = 50 feet. In most cases, it is not appropriate to submit geologic cross–sections at Suggestion: Emulate the detailed geologic small scales (such as 1:24,000, 1:100,000, or cross–sections of Don U. Deere and Frank D. 1:250,000). These do not convey meaningful Patton, as cited in Terzaghi, Peck, and Mesri, geologic insights about the specific foundations of (1996, §47, p. 372–374). These show both the hospital or school buildings. the structural fabric of rock slopes and the implications for foundation stability. The location and azimuth of the geologic cross– Geotechnical Engineers can reliably evaluate sections should be shown on the base–map. The complex subsurface conditions when the geologic cross–sections should usually be drawn Engineering Geologist provides detailed through the building pad and perpendicular to geologic cross–sections at the same scale as contour lines on hillside lots. the building foundations and grading plans.

In general, the geologic cross–sections should be drawn through existing boreholes at true scale Selected References for (vertical = horizontal). There may be occasional Structural Geology, Petrology, Stratigraphy, variances in true scale if ground–water surfaces and Applied Geomorphology (including perched water) need to be shown at (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are exaggerated vertical scale. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.)

An important geotechnical use of the detailed Allen, P.A., and Allen, John R., 2004, Basin analysis: geologic cross–sections is subsequent evaluation principles and applications, 2nd edition: Blackwell of the maximum differential seismic settlement Publishers. that the buildings might experience. The footprint Allison, Robert J., editor, 2002, Applied geomorphology: of the buildings should be shown on the geologic theory and practice: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and the International Association of Geomorphologists, 448 p. cross section. Differential settlement must be Barnes, John W., and Lisle, Richard J., 2004, Basic geological calculated based on subsurface geologic cross– mapping, 4th edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 196 p. sections. Cross–reference is made to §28, §29, Boggs, S., 2000, Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, §37, §38 and §47 within this report. 3rd edition: Prentice Hall, 770 p. Busby, Cathy J. and Ingersoll, Raymond V., 1995, Tectonics Code Insight: The geologic cross–sections of sedimentary basins: Blackwell Science, Inc., 579 p. through existing or planned foundations Engineering Geology and Seismology for 51 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Davis, George H., and Reynolds, Stephen J., 2005, Structural Parry, R.H.G., 1995, Mohr circles, stress paths, and geology of rocks and regions, 3rd edition: John Wiley & geotechnics: Spon Press, 256 p. Sons, Inc., 635 p. Priest, S.D., 1985, Hemispherical projection methods in rock Deere, Don U., and Patton, Franklin D., 1971, Slope stability in mechanics: George Allen & Unwin Publishers, Boston, residual soils: Proceedings of the 4th Panamerican 124 p. Conference on , vol. 1, p. 87–170. Prothero, Donald R., and Schwab, F.L., 2004, Sedimentary Doyle, Peter, and Bennett, Matthew, editors, 1998, Unlocking geology – an introduction to sedimentary rocks and the stratigraphic record: advances in modern stratigraphy: stratigraphy, 2nd edition: W.H. Freeman & Co. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 532 p. Ragan, Donal M., and Schultz, R.A., >2005 in press, Fisher, Richard F., and Binkley, Daniel, 2000, Ecology and Structural geology – an introduction to analytical concepts management of forest soils, 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, and methods: Cambridge University Press. Inc., 512 p. Suppe, John, 1985, Principles of structural geology: Prentice– Goudie, Andrew, editor, 2004, Encyclopedia of Hall, Inc., 537 p. geomorphology: Routledge Publishers, 2 volumes, Tearpock, Daniel J., and Bischke, Richard E., 2002, Applied about 700 entries. subsurface geological mapping with structural methods, Groshong, Richard H., 1999, 3–D structural geology – 2nd edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, 864 p. a practical guide to surface and subsurface map Terzaghi, Karl, Peck, Ralph B., and Mesri, G., 1996, interpretation: Springer–Verlag, 340 p. Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3rd edition: Hatcher, Robert D., 1995, Structural geology: principles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 549 p. concepts, and problems: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 528 p. Thomas, Peter R., 1998, Geological maps and cross sections for Hsu, Kenneth J., 2004, Physics of sedimentology, 2nd edition: civil engineers: Spon Press, 114 p. Springer–Verlag Publishers, 240 p. Twiss, Robert J., and Moores, Eldridge M., 1992, Structural Lisle, Richard J., and Leyshon, Peter R., 2004, Stereographic geology: W.H. Freeman and Company, 532 p. projection techniques for geologists and civil engineers, Vernon, Ron H., 2004, A practical guide to rock microstructure: 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 120 p. Cambridge University Press, 758 p. Nichols, Gary J., 1999, Sedimentology and stratigraphy: Zimmerman, R., 2006, Fundamentals of rock mechanics, Blackwell Science, 355 p. 4th edition: Blackwell Publishing, 608 p.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 52 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

be "sufficiently active and well–defined." The 8. Active Faulting and reasoning behind this conclusion (not to legally Coseismic Deformation Across Site zone a particular fault) would be an immensely

valuable insight to any consulting geologist.

For sites within an Alquist–Priolo Earthquake The FER also contains a summary of all the Fault Zone or new faults that may cause coseismic published fault reports for an area, unpublished deformation, evaluate surface faulting in consulting reports (if available), a list of accordance with Hart and Bryant, 1997, California stereoscopic aerial photographs used by CGS to Geological Survey Special Publication 42 and evaluate the fault segment(s), and hand–annotated California Geological Survey Note 49 (Bryant, maps showing various map interpretations of the 1998). SP–42 and Note 49 are posted on the actual fault scarps by geologists over several website of the California Geological Survey. decades of time.

In 2002, the manager of the Alquist–Priolo Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones Earthquake Fault Evaluation Program was able to get all of these FERs released in digital format on The official quadrangles zoned for active faults CD–ROMs, as follows: under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act are available on a set of three CD–ROMs by Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Bryant and others (2001). This convenient three Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake CD–ROM set includes 543 of the statewide total Fault Zoning Act, Region 1– Central California: 547+ quadrangles, as follows: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–01.

CD–ROM 2001–04 = Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake central coastal region of California; Fault Zoning Act, Region 2– Southern California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–02. CD–ROM 2001–05 = southern region of California, and Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act, Region 3– Northern and Eastern CD–ROM 2001–06 = California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM northern & eastern region of California. 2002–03.

Since there is an on–going zonation program to These three CD–ROMs constitute three decades of evaluate active faults, be sure to check with the knowledge of active faulting in California. They website of the California Geological Survey for are particularly helpful to consulting geologists new additions to the official zone maps. who may be faced with a new project in www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs unfamiliar terrain. It is recommended that

consultants obtain the FER(s) for the areas of California where they anticipate being retained for Fault Evaluation Reports of CGS evaluation of faults.

When faults are evaluated by the California Geological Survey for recency of faulting, a report is prepared. The Fault Evaluation Reports (FERs) are typically listed in thelower right–hand corner of most of the officially zoned quadrangles.

However, in some cases, the FER contains a conclusion that a particular fault lacks evidence to Engineering Geology and Seismology for 53 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

State Law for Active Faults in relation to Geological Survey Special Publication 42 (Hart Public Schools & Hospitals and Bryant, 1997).

There are special sections of state law that The policies and criteria to implement the apply to active faults across the campuses of Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act are public schools and hospitals. found within California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Division 2, §3600 to 3603.

Public school and An “active fault” is “a fault that has had surface hospital structures must be set–back ≥ 50 feet displacement with Holocene time (about the last from an active fault. 11,000 years), hence constituting a potential hazard to structures that might be located across it.”(CCR Title 14, §3601a).

California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 1; 2001 California Building Standards The specific criteria for active fault zones is CCR Title 14, §3603a: Administrative Code, §4–317e:

“No school building shall be constructed, “No structure for human occupancy, rehabilitated, reconstructed, or relocated identified as a project under Section within 50 feet of the trace of a geologic 2621.6 of the Act, shall be permitted to be fault along which surface rupture can placed across the trace of an active fault. reasonably be expected to occur within Furthermore, as the area within fifty (50) the life of the school building.” feet of such active faults shall be presumed to be underlain by active It is clear that §4–317e applies to existing branches of that fault unless proven buildings, not just future structures. If newly otherwise by an appropriate geologic discovered active fault cuts within 50 feet of the investigation and report prepared as foundations of an existing structure, then that specified in Section 3603d of this structure must be demolished and removed in subchapter, no structures shall be accordance with state law. permitted in this area.”

The active fault set–back distance is measured There are several unique situations within perpendicular from the dip of the fault plane California whereby active faults were discovered (not necessarily a vertical fault with set–back by engineering geologists that cut across the measured horizontally). campus of a hospital or public school. Selected examples include: San Bernardino Valley For public school site selection, reference is College astride the San Jacinto Fault, El Portal made to coseismic deformation in California Code Elementary School in San Pablo across the of Regulations, Title 5, Education Code, Hayward Fault, College of the Redwoods in Division 1, Chapter 13, Article 2, School Sites, Eureka bisected by the Little Salmon Fault, and §14011(g)1(D): “Whether the site is situated on one building on the Fairmont Hospital campus or near a pressure ridge, geological fault or fault across the Hayward Fault. trace that may rupture during the life of the school building…” Example: the Monte Vista Fault Reference is also made to the Alquist–Priolo In June 2001, the Quaternary–active Monte Earthquake Fault Zoning Act, California Public Vista Fault in Santa Clara County was found by Resources Code, Division 2, Chapter 7.5, §2621 to consulting engineering geologists to transect the 2630. This state law is reprinted within California campus of Foothill Community College in Los Altos. The geology study used fault trenching Engineering Geology and Seismology for 54 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 combined with down–hole logging of boreholes to accurately locate the inclined plane of this elusive Another example of non–tectonic faulting is the thrust–fault. However, because the soils had been Pond Fault near Delano in the southern San scalped by prior grading of the campus, definitive Joaquin Valley (Holzer, 1980). evidence of Holocene faulting could not be obtained. Carbon–14 age–dates were not Public schools and hospitals should be sited available. appropriately away from the potential effects of non–tectonic faulting. Refer to §37 on this On advice of the consulting geologists, the checklist for specific evaluation of non–tectonic Foothill College trustees prudently elected to faulting. create a green–belt corridor (= no buildings) along the thrust fault. A 50–foot setback was measured perpendicular to the inclined fault plane. A Blind–Thrust Faults reasonable schedule was established so that new In some cases, public schools and hosptials buildings were constructed to replace those that may be sited in proximity to the inferred trace of a were removed. The college administration wanted blind–thrust fault. As of this date, is no definitive to minimize the adverse impact on student specification within the California Building Code instruction. The college appropriately used to deal with blind–thrust faults that are hundreds seismic–retrofit bond money for this project, not of meters to several kilometers below the surface. general fund money. This was considered to be a "win–win" situation in prudently coping with a However in some notable cases, the plane of geologic hazard in a timely manner. the blind–thrust fault is actually discernable as co– seismic deformation by down–hole logging of In summary, where the hospital or school deep boreholes. Refer to Dolan, Christofferson, buildings are found to be within 50 feet of the and Shaw (2003) for an example of the Puente plane of an active fault, the buildings should be Hills Blind Thrust Fault which is mappable in demolished and removed to comply with state law parts of central Orange County. (CCR Title 24, 2001 CBC). The Certified Engineering Geologist should This is different from commercial and diligently utilize the newest (>1994) neotectonic residential buildings under the Uniform Building publications on blind–thrust faults, evaluate the Code that straddle active faults. These private– geologic subgrade when the campus is on top of a sector buildings (homes and businesses) across blind thrust fault, and fully discuss the active faults are exempt from removal for ex post neotectonics of the site with in the consulting facto reasons. However, for public schools and report. As in all geology consulting, use prudent hospitals with concerns for seismic safety of the discernment and reasoned judgment to support public, state law has a higher requirement ― your conclusions about blind–thrust faults. (Cross fault set–backs apply to existing structures. reference to §43 in this publication.)

Non–Tectonic Faulting Caution: The California Geological Survey In some unusual situations, evaluate non– sometimes receives telephone inquries and tectonic faulting due to ground–water withdrawal. e–mail messages from Structural Engineers, Examples of non–tectonic faulting are recent Geotechnical Engineers, and Architects displacements along the Wolf Valley Fault and the regarding specific field trenching of faults, Murrieta Creek Faults, components of the Elsinore geologic mapping of Holocene active faults, fault system in the Murrieta–Temecula area of age–dating of Quaternary sediments, and western Riverside County (Shlemon and library inquiries about any possible new Hakakian, 1997). publications in some area of California. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 55 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

However, this is strictly within the practice Bonilla, Manuel G., and Lienkaemper, James J., 1991, and state licensure of geology, not Factors affecting the recognition of faults exposed in exploratory trenches: U.S. Geological Survey engineering or architecture. A project Bulletin 1947, 54 p. "manager" is frankly not licensed to evaluate Bray, Jonathan D., 2001, Developing mitigation measures for active faults in California. It is our policy the hazards associated with earthquake surface fault rupture, that these well–meaning but misplaced in Konagai, K., editor, Seismic Fault–Induced Failures – Possible Remedies for Damage to Urban Facilites: inquiries from project managers are referred Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, January 2001 back to the professional geologist (who conference at Univ. of Tokyo, p. 55–79. 25–page pdf should already be working on that specialized available from Professor Bray: [email protected] task). The consulting work to evaluate active Bray, Jonathan D., Seed, Raymond B., and Seed, H. Bolton, faults is performed by California Professional 1989, The effects of tectonic movements on stresses and deformations in earth embankments: University of Geologists and California Certified California, Berkeley; Earthquake Engineering Research Engineering Geologists. Thanks for your Center, report no. UCB/EERC 90–13, 421 p. discernment and professional cooperation Bray, Jonathan D., Seed, Raymond B., Cluff, Lloyd S., and about appropriate use of state licensure. Seed, H. Bolton, 1994, Earthquake fault rupture propagation through soil: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 120, no. 3, p. 379–392. Bray, Jonathan D., Ashmawy, A., Mukhopadhyay, G., and Gath, Eldon M., 1993, Use of geosynthetics to mitigate Selected References for earthquake fault rupture propagation through compacted fill: Evaluation of Active Faulting Geosynthetics ’93, , British Columbia, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are symposium proceedings, p. 379–392. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Bryant, William A., 1998, Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture: California Geological Survey, Note 49, four–page booklet. Allen, Clarence R., 1986, Seismological and Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official paleoseismological techniques of research in active tectonics, in Wallace, Robert E., chairman, Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Central Coastal Active Tectonics: National Academy of Sciences, National Region, California: California Geological Survey Academy Press, p. 148 – 154. CD 2001–04, 211 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab Anderson, Kevin B., Spotila, James A., and Hole, John A., files, ESRI shape files, and dxf export files. 2003, Application of geomorphic analysis and Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official ground-penetrating radar to characterization of paleoseismic Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Southern Region, sites in dynamic alluvial environments ― an example from California: California Geological Survey CD 2001–05, southern California: Tectonophysics, vol. 368, p. 25-32. 235 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab files, ESRI shape The field location is located on the northeast Frontal Fault System of the files, and .dxf export files. San Bernardino Mountains. Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official Arrowsmith, J. Ramón, Rhodes, Dallas D., and Pollard, David D., 1998, Morphologic dating of scarps formed by Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Northern and repeated slip events along the San Andreas Fault, Carrizo Eastern Region, California: California Geological Survey Plain, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, CD 2001–06, 170 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab vol. 103, no. B–5, May 10, 1998 issue, p. 10,141 to 10,160. files, ESRI shape files, and .dxf export files. Axen, Gary J., 1992, Pore pressure, stress increase, and fault Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation weakening in low–angle normal faulting: Journal of Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–6, June 10, 1992 Fault Zoning Act, Region 1– Central California: issue, p. 8979–8991. California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–01. Baldwin, John N., Knudsen, Keith L., Lee, Aletha, Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Prentice, Carol S., and Gross, R., 2000, Preliminary estimate Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake of coseismic displacement of the penultimate earthquake on Fault Zoning Act, Region 2– Southern California: the northern San Andreas Fault, Point Arena, California, California Geological Survey, CD–ROM 2002–02. in Bokelmann, G., and Kovach, Robert L., editors, rd Bryant, William A., compiler, 2002, Fault Evaluation Proceedings of the 3 Conference on Tectonic Problems of Reports prepared under the Alquist–Priolo Earthquake the San Andreas Fault: Stanford University, Geological Fault Zoning Act, Region 3– Northern and Eastern Sciences Publication no. XXI, p. 355–369. California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM Bilham, Roger, Suszek, N., and Pinkney, Sean, 2004, California 2002–03. creepmeters: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 75, no. 4, July–August 2004 issue, p. 481―492, Engineering Geology and Seismology for 56 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Bryant, William A., compiler, 2003, Fault Investigation Duddridge, G.A., Grainger, P., and Durrance, E.M., 1991, Reports for development sites within Alquist–Priolo Fault detection using soil gas geochemistry: Quarterly Earthquake Fault Zones, 1974–2000: California Geological Journal of Engineering Geology, vol. 24, p. 427–435. Soil– Survey, CD–ROM 2003–01 and 2003–2. This statewide gas surveys typically include: He, Rn, CO2, and CH4 collection of A–P sites reports consists of 4,220 consulting Engelder, James T., 1974, Microscopic wear grooves on geology reports for 3,185 developments sites filed with the slickensides: indicators of paleoseismicity: Journal of California Geological Survey through December 31, 2000. Geophysical Research, vol. 79, no. 29, October 10, 1974 CD 2003–01 covers northern California issue, p. 4387–4392. CD 2003–02 covers southern California Engelder, Terry, 1993, Stress regimes in the lithosphere: Burbank, Douglas W., and Anderson, Robert S., 2001, Princeton University Press, 457 p. Tectonic geomorphology: Blackwell Science, 274 p. Evans, James P., 1990, Thickness–displacement relationships Caine, J.S. Evans, J.P., and Foster, C.B., 1996, Fault zone for fault zones: Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 12, architecture and permeability structure: Geology, vol. 24, no. 8, p. 1061–1065. p. 1025–1028. Fialko, Y., 2004, Probing the mechanical properties of Carretier, S., Lucazeau, F. Ritz, J.F., and Philip, H., 2002, seismically active crust with space : study of the Comparison of morphological dating models for cumulative coseismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers reverse fault scarps: Journal of Geophysical Research, (southern California) earthquake: AGU Journal of vol. 107, no. 10, published by AGU on Oct. 11, 2002, Geophysical Research, vol. 109, paper B3307, p. 1–19, paper # 10.1029/2000JB000028. published on–line by AGU on March 23, 2004. Chorley, Ronald J., Schumm, Stanley A., and Fumal, Thomas E., Weldon, Ray J., Biasi, Glenn P., Sugden, David E., 1984, Geomorphology, 2nd edition: Dawson, T.E., Seitz, Gordon G., Frost, W.T., and Methuen Publishers, 605 p. Schwartz, David P., 2002, Evidence for large earthquakes Collins, Thomas K., 1990, New faulting and the attenuation of on the San Andreas Fault at the Wrightwood, California, fault displacement: Bulletin of the Association of paleoseismic site: A.D. 500 to present: Bulletin of the Engineering Geologists, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 11–22. Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, Cotton, William R., Fowler, William L., and VanVelsor, October 2002 issue, p. 2726–2760. Joan E., 1990, Coseismic bedding plane faults and Grant, Lisa B., and Donnellan, Andrea, 1994, 1855 and 1991 ground fissures associted with the Loma Prieta Earthquake surveys of the San Andreas Fault: implications for fault of 17 October 1989, in McNutt, Stephen R., and mechanics: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Sydnor, Robert H., editors, The Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz America, vol. 84, no. 2, April 1994 issue, p. 241–246. Mountains), California, Earthquake of 17 October 1989: Grant, Lisa B., 2002, Paleoseismology, Chapter 30, in California Geological Survey Special Publication 104, Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C., and p. 95–103. Kisslinger, C., editors, International Handbook of Crider, J.G., and Pollard, David D., 1998, Fault linkage: three– Earthquake and Engineering Seismology: Academic Press, dimensional mechanical interaction between echelon normal vol. 81A of International Geophysics Series; Chap. 30, faults: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, p. 475–489, plus complete archive of figures as .pdf files on no. B–10, p. 24,373–24,391. CD–ROM. Dackombe, Roger V., and Gardiner, Vincent, 1983, Grant, Lisa B., Waggoner, John T., Rockwell, Thomas K., and Geomorphological field manual: George Allen & Unwin von Stein, Carmen, 1997, Paleoseismicity of the north Publishers, 254 p. branch of the Newport–Inglewood Fault zone in Huntington Dolan, James F., Christofferson, Shari A., and Shaw, John H., Beach, California, from Cone Penetrometer Test data: 2003, Recognition of paleoearthquakes on the Puente Hills Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, Blind Thrust Fault, California: Science, vol. 300, no. 2, April 1997 issue, p. 277–293. 4 April 2003, p. 115–118. Grant, Lisa B., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1993, Stratigraphic evidence Donnellan, Andrea, and Lyzenga, Gregory A., 1998, GPS for seven meters of dextral slip on the San Andreas Fault observations of fault afterslip and upper crustal deformation during the 1857 earthquake in the Carrizo Plain Bulletin of following the Northridge earthquake: Journal of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 83, p. 619–635. Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B–9, September 1998 Grant, Lisa B., and Lettis, William R., editors, 2002, issue, p. 21,285–21,297. Paleoseismology of the San Andreas Fault: Bulletin of the Doolin, David M., Wells, Donald L., and Williams, Patrick L., Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, 2005, Assessment of fault-creep deformation at Memorial October 2002, special theme issue on the San Andreas Fault. Stadium, University of California, Berkeley, California: Gross, R., Green, Alan, Holliger, K., Horstmeyer, H., and AEG & GSA Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Baldwin, John, 2002, Shallow geometry and displacements vol. 11, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 125-139. on the San Andreas Fault near Point Arena based on Doornkamp. J.C., 1986, Geomorphological approaches to the trenching and 3–D georadar surveying: AGU Geophysical study of neotectonics: Journal of the Geologial Society of Research Letters, vol. 29, no. 20, paper # London, vol. 143, p. 335–342. 10.1029/2002GL015534 dated 24 Oct 2002. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 57 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Haeussler, Peter J., Schwartz, David P., Dawson, Timothy E., Hatheway, Allen W., and Leighton, Freeman Beach, 1979, Stenner, Heidi D., Lienkaemper, James J., Sherrod, Brian, Trenching as an exploratory method, in Hatheway, A.W., Cinti, Francesca R., Montone, Paola, Craw, Patricia A., and and McClure, C.R., editors, Geology in the Siting of Crone, Anthony J., 2004, Surface rupture and slip Nuclear Power Plants: Geological Society of America, distribution of the Denali and Totschunda Faults in the Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 4, p. 169–195. 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, : Bulletin of the Hecker, Suzanne, Pantosti, Daniela, Schwartz, David P., Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 6-B, Hamilton, John C., Leidy, Liam M., and Powers, Thomas J., December 2004 issue, p. S-23 to S-52. 2005, The most recent large earthquake on the Rodgers The 3 Nov Mw7.9 produced 340 km of Creek Fault, San Francisco Bay Area: Bulletin of the surface rupture. Displacements averaged about 5m, with Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 maximum about 8.8m. The Alyeska pipeline was able to withstand issue, p. 844-860. The mean recurrence interval on the 6m of direct displacement due to proper fault-crossing design. The Rodgers Creek Fault is probably between 229 and 290 years. The insights for California are clear for a similar M7.9 earthquake on latest large earthquake most likely occurred after A.D. 1715, but the San Andreas fault: structural engineers and pipeline engineers before 1824 when a Franciscan mission was built in Sonoma, and must believe engineering geologists and seismologists about probably before 1776 when the Mission Delores and the Presidio crossing a Type A fault. were built in San Francisco. Haeussler, Peter J., Schwartz, David P., Dawson, Timothy E., Higgins, Michael W., 1971, Cataclastic rocks: U.S. Geological Stenner, Heidi D., Lienkaemper, James J., Cinti, Francesca, Survey Professional Paper 687, 97 p. Montone, Paola, Sherrod, Brian, and Craw, Patricia, 2004, Holdsworth, Robert E., Strachan, R.A., Magloughlin, J.F., and Surface rupture of the 2002 , Alaska, Knipe, R.J, 2001, The nature and tectonic significance of earthquake and comparison with other strike-slip ruptures: fault zone weakening: Geological Society of London, EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 20, no. 3, August 2004 Special Publication 186, 342 p. issue, p. 565-578. Holzer, Thomas L., 1980, Faulting caused by groundwater Hanks, Thomas C., 2000, The age of scarplike landforms declines, San Joaquin Valley, California: AGU Water from diffusion–equation analysis in Noller, J.S., Sowers, Resources Research, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 1065–1070. J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, Quaternary : Imaizumi, T, Haraguchi, T., Miyauchi, T., Nakata, T., American Geophysical Union, Reference Shelf vol. 4, Togo, M., Ikeda, Y., Sato, H., and Okumura, K., 1997, p. 313–338. Holocene fault activities along the Itoigawa–Shizuoka Hanson, Kathryn L., Kelson, Keith I., Angell, Michael A., tectonic–line active–fault zone, detected by trenching, and Lettis, William R., 1999, Techniques for identifying drilling, and long Geo–slicer: Eos, Transactions of the faults and determining their origins: U.S. Nuclear American Geophysical Union, vol 78, no. 46, p. 700 Regulatory Commission, Report NUREG CR–5503, 460 p. (abstract). (Also see Nakata & Shimazaki, 1997, for a GPO stock # 052–021–01797–9. description of the new Geo–slicer method for active fault Hanson, Kathryn L., and Lettis, William R., 2000, Application studies within very soft sediments.) of multiple geochronologic methods to the dating of marine Jacoby, Gordon C., Sheppard, P.R., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1988, terraces in south–central California, in Noller, J.S., Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes along the San Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, Quaternary Andreas Fault: evidence from trees: AAAS Science, Geochronology: American Geophysical Union, Reference vol. 241, p. 196–199. (Seminal paper using Shelf vol. 4, p. 527–535. resulted in the discovery that the December 8, 1812 earthquake Hart, Earl W., and Bryant, William A., 1997, Fault–rupture epicenter was on the San Andreas Fault near Wrightwood. This hazard zones in California: California Geological Survey, insight demonstrated that the 1812 earthquake was not on the Special Publication 42, 1997 edition with 1999 Newport–Inglewood Fault adjacent to the Mission San Juan supplements, 38 p. Capistrano where 40 native Americans were killed by the collapse Hart, Earl W., editor and compiler, 2003, Ridge–top spreading of the adobe structure.) in California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM Johnson, Arvid M., Fleming, Robert W., and Cruikshank, K.M., 2003–05, including 7 separate papers: 1994, Shear zones formed along long, straight traces of fault Historical ridge–top cracking and spreading associated with zones during the 28 June 1992 Landers, California, earthquakes in California by E.W. Hart; earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Catalog of ridge–top spreading localities of probable America, vol. 84, p. 499–510. seismic origin in California, by E.W. Hart; Kaneda, H., 2003, Threshold of geomorphic detectability Ridge–top spreading features and relationship to estimated from geologic observations of active low slip–rate earthquakes, San Gabriel Mountains region, southern strike–slip faults: AGU Geophysical Research Letters, California, parts A & B, by J.P. McCalpin and E.W. Hart; vol. 30, no. 5, p. 42–1 to 42–4. Ridge–top spreading features and associated earthquakes, Cape Mendocino area, California, by E.W. Hart; Ridge–top spreading, San Francisco Bay area, field–trip guide, by Kevin B. Clahan and Earl W. Hart; Criteria for determining the seismic significance of sachungen and other scarp–like landforms in mountainous regions, by James P. McCalprin. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 58 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Kasman, Gerald, Kirkgard, Susan, and Lew, Marshall, 2004, Lindvall, Scott C., Rockwell, Thomas K., Dawson, Timothy E., Evaluation of fault-rupture hazard in the built urban Helms, John G., and Bowman, Kristin Weaver, 2002, environment: Proceedings, 13th World Conference on Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on Earthquake Engineering, August 2004, paper no. 573, 14 p. the San Andreas Fault at Frazier Mountain, California: Explains the use of closely spaced large-diameter boreholes that Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, are down-hole logged by the Certified Engineering Geologist to no. 7, October 2002 issue, p. 2689–2703. find a fault plane in densely built metropolitan areas (such as Liu, J., Klinger,Y., Sieh, Kerry E., and Rubin, Charles, 2004, Los Angeles). Conventional fault trenching is sometimes not Six similar sequential ruptures of the San Andreas Fault, feasible in city areas, so unusally deep (80-to 100-foot) boreholes Carrizo Plain, California: Geology, vol. 32, no. 8, can be used to find the fault plane at depth. Keller, Edward A., and Pinter, Nicholas, 2002, Active August 2004 issue, p. 649–652. Dextral offsets of tectonics, 2nd edition: Prentice–Hall, 9 chapters, 362 p. 7½ to 8 meters per event are shown from new trenching at Keller, Edward A., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1984, Wallace Creek by this team from Caltech. Tectonic geomorphology, Quaternary chronology, and Liu, J., Sieh, Kerry E., and Hauksson, Egill, 2003, A structural paleoseismicity, Chapter 7, in Costa, John E., and interpretation of the aftershock "cloud" of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Fleisher, P. Jay, editors, Developments and applications of Landers Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society geomorphology: Springer–Verlag Publishers, p. 203–239. of America, vol. 93, no. 3, June 2003 issue, p. 1333–1344. Kendrick, Katherine J., Morton, Douglas M., Wells, Stephen G., Magistrale, Harold, 2002, The relation of the southern and Simpson, R.W., 2002, Spatial and temporal deformation San Jacinto fault zone to the Imperial and Cerro Prieto along the northern San Jacinto Fault, southern California: faults, in Barth, Andrew, editor, Contributions to Crustal implications for slip rates: Bulletin of the Seismological Evolution of the Southwestern United States – the Perry Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, Lawrence Ehlig volume: Geological Society of America, p. 2782–2802. Special Paper 365, p. 271–278. LaFemina, Peter C., Connor, Charles B., Stamatakos, John A., Mandl, Georg, 2000, Faulting in brittle rocks: an introduction and Farrell, David A., 2002, Imaging an active normal fault to the mechanics of tectonic faults: Springer Verlag in alluvium by high–resolution magnetic and Publishers, 430 p. electromagnetic surveys: AEG & GSA Environmental & Matmon, Ari, Schwartz, David P., Finkel, R., Clemmens, S., Engineering Geoscience, vol. 8, no. 3, August 2002 issue, and Hanks, Thomas C., 2005, Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault using cosmogenic p. 193–207. 26 10 Lavine, Alexis, Gardner, Jamie N., and Reneau, Steven L., Al and Be: Geological Society of American Bulletin, 2003, Total station geologic mapping: an innovative vol. 117, no. 5/6, May/June 2005 issue, p. 795-807. The field area is at Little Rock Creek, southeast of Palmdale. approach to analyzing surface–faulting hazards: McCalpin, James P., editor, 1996, Paleoseismology: Engineering Geology, vol. 70, p. 71–91. Academic Press, 9 chapters, 588 p. Total station geologic mapping can identify faults with as McGill, Sally F., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1991, Surficial offsets on little as 30 cm of vertical displacement that have no surface the central and eastern Garlock Fault associated with expression and no topographic expression, and would prehistoric earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research, otherwise go unrecognized. vol. 96, no. B–13, p. 21,597–21,621. Lazarte, Carlos A., Bray, Jonathan D., Johnson, Arvid M., and McGill, Sally F., Dergham, S., Barton, Kathy, and 12 others, Lemmer, Robert E., 1994, Surface breakage of the 1992 2002, Paleoseismology of the San Andreas Fault at Landers Earthquake and its effects on structures: Bulletin of Plunge Creek, near San Bernardino, southern California: the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 3, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, June 1994 issue, p. 547–561. no. 7, October 2002 issue, p. 2803–2840. Lee, H.K., and Schwarcz, Henry P., 1994, Criteria for complete Meisling, Kristian E., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1980, Disturbance zeroing of ESR signals during faulting of the San Gabriel of trees by the 1857 Fort Tejon Earthquake, California: fault zone, southern California: Tectonophysics, vol. 235, AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 85, no. B-6, p. 317–337. p. 3225–3238. Lettis, William R., and Hanson, Kathryn L., 1991, Crustal strain Messerich, James A., Cruikshank, Kenneth M., Fleming, partitioning: implications for seismic hazard assessment in Robert W., 1998, Fractures along a portion of the Emerson western California: Geology, vol. 19, p. 559–562. Fault Zone related to the 1992 Landers, California, Lettis, William R., and Kelson, Keith I., 2000, Applying Earthquake: evidence for rotation of the Galway Lake Road geochronology in paleoseismology, in Noller, J.S., Sowers, block: Geological Society of America, Maps & Charts J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, Quaternary Geochronology: #MCH082F; map is accompanied by 20-page booklet. American Geophysical Union, Reference Shelf, vol. 4, Morisawa, Marie, and Hack, John T., editors, 1985, Tectonic p. 479–495. geomorphology: Allen & Unwin Publishers, Boston, MA. Lettis, William R., Wells, Donald L., and Baldwin, John N., 1997, Empirical observations regarding reverse earthquakes, blind thrust faults, and Quaternary deformation: are blind thrust faults truly blind? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 5, October 1997 issue, p. 1171–1198. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 59 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Muhs, Daniel R., Prentice, Carol S., and Merritts, Dorothy J., Power, William L., and Tullis, Terry E. , 1992, The contact 2003, Marine terraces, sea-level history, and Quaternary between opposing fault surfaces at Dixie Valley, Nevada, tectonics of the San Andreas Fault on the coast of California, and implications for fault mechanics; Journal of in Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology of the Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–11, October 10, 1992, United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA 2003 p. 15,425 – 15,435. Field Trip Guide Volume, §1, p. 1-18. Price, Evelyn J., and Sandwell, David T., 1998, Small–scale Murbach, Diane K., 1994, Characteristics of the 1992 fault deformations associated with the 1992 Landers, California, rupture adjacent to distressed structures, Landers, California: earthquake mapped by synthetic aperature radar Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 1994 NEHRP interferometry phase gradients: Journal of Geophysical Professional Fellowship Report, EERI Report PF 94–3, 73 p. Research, vol. 103, no. B–11, p. 27,001–27,016. Available from: www.eeri.org Reitherman, Robert, 1992, The effectiveness of fault zone Nakata, T., and Shimazaki, K., 1997, Geo–slicer, a newly regulation in California: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 8, invented soil sample for high–resolution active fault studies: no. 1, p. 57-77. This is a policy review of the effectiveness Journal of Geography, vol. 106, p. 59–69. of the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Evaluation Program (Also refer to Atwater and 12 others, 2001, EOS, vol. 82, no. 49, within the California Geological Survey. Reference is made December 4, 2001 issue, for a comprehensive description of the to the full131-page report, Reitherman and Leeds, 1990, Geo–slicer method and how it is used by the U.S. Geological California Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-18. Survey in studies within very soft sediments with application to Reitherman, Robert, and Leeds, David J., 1990, A study of the both active faulting and liquefaction.) Nakata, T., and Shimazaki, K., 1997, Geoslicer, a new soil effectiveness of the Alquist-Priolo Program: California sampler for paleoseismological studies, in Okamura, K., Geological Survey, Open-File Report 90-18, 131 p. Takada, K., and Goto, H., editors, Active Fault Research for Rockwell, Thomas K., Johnson, Douglas L., Keller, Edward A., the New Millenium: Proceedings of the Hokudan and Dembroff, G.R., 1985, A late Pleistocene-Holocene International Symposium and School in Active Faulting, chronosequence in the Ventura basin, southern California, Japan; January 2000, p. 315-317. USA, in Richards, K.S., Arnett, R.R., and Ellis, S., editors, Nash, David B., 1986, Morphologic dating and modeling Geomorphology and Soils: George Allen & Unwin degradation of fault scarps, in Wallace, R.E., chairman, Publishers, chapter 16, p. 309-327. Active Tectonics: National Academy of Sciences, National Rockwell, Thomas K., Lindvall, Scott, Dawson, Tim, Academy Press, p. 181–194. Langridge, Rob, Lettis, William, and Klinger, Yann, 2002, Nelson, Alan R., 1992, Lithofacies analysis of colluvial Lateral offsets on surveyed curltural features resulting from sediments – an aid in interpreting the recent history of the 1999 İzmit and Dűzce Earthquakes, Turkey: Bulletin of Quaternary normal faults in the Basin and Range province, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 1, western United States: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, February 2002 issue, p. 79-94. vol. 62, no. 4, July 1992 issue, p. 607–621. Scholz, Christopher H., 1989, Mechanics of faulting: Oglesby, David D., Day, Steven M., and O'Connell, Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 17, Daniel R.H., 2003, Dynamic and static interaction of two p. 309–334. Scholz, Christopher H., 2002, The mechanics of earthquakes thrust faults: a case study with general implications: nd Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–10, and faulting, 2 edition: Cambridge University Press, p.2489, published by AGU on October 21, 2003; 7 chapters, 471 p. doi: 101029/2002JB002228. Segall, Paul, 2002, Integrating geologic and geodetic estimates Ouchi, S., 1985, Response of alluvial rivers to slow active of slip-rate on the San Andreas Fault system: International tectonic movement: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Geology Review, vol. 44, no. 1, January 2002 issue, America, vol. 96, p. 504–515. p. 62-82. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Peacock, D.C.P., 2002, Propagation, interaction, and linkage in Seitz, Gordon G., Biasi, Glenn P., and Weldon, Ray J.,II, 2000, normal fault systems: Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 58, An improved paleoseismic record of the San Andreas Fault issues 1&2, July 2002, p. 121-142. at Pitman Canyon, in Noller, J.S., Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, Petersen, Mark D., Cao, Tianqing, Dawson, Timothy E, W.R., editors, Quaternary Geochronology: American Frankel, Arthur D., Wills, Christopher J., and Geophysical Union, Reference Shelf vol. 4, p. 563–566. Schwartz, David, 2004, Evaluating fault rupture hazard for Seront, B., Wong, T.F., Caine, J.S., Forster, C.B, and Bruhn, strike–slip earthquakes, in Yegian, M.K., and Kavazanjian, R.H., 1998, Laboratory characterization of hydromechanical Edward, editors, Geotechnical Engineering for properties of a seismogenic fault system: Journal of Transportation Projects: American Society of Civil Structural Geology, vol. 20, p. 865–881. Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 126, vol. 1, Shlemon, Roy J., 1985, Application of soil–stratigraphic p. 787―796. techniques to engineering geology: Bulletin of the Powell, Robert E., Weldon, Ray J., II, and Matti, Jonathan C., Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 22, no. 2, editors, 1993, The San Andreas fault system: displacement, p. 129–142. palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, 10 papers, 8 plates in map case, 332 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 60 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Shlemon, Roy J., and Hakakian, M., 1997, Impact of the 1992– Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S. and Lettis, William R., 2000, 1993 winter storms on hydroconsolidation, differential Methods for dating Quaternary surficial materials, in Noller, settlement, and ground fissures, Murrieta area, southwestern J.S., Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, Quaternary Riverside County, California, in Larson, R.A., and Slosson, Geochronology: American Geophysical Union, Reference J.E., editors, Storm–Induced Geologic Hazards – case Shelf vol. 4, with fold–out plate 1 on p. 567. (plate 1 is histories from the 1992–1993 winter in southern California an important comparitive chart for all methods) and Arizona: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Stein, Ross S., and King, G.C.P., 1984, Seismic potential Engineering Geology, vol. 11, p. 49–59. revealed by surface folding, Coalinga, California, Sibson, Richard H., 2003, Thickness of the seismic slip zone: earthquake: Science, vol. 224, p. 867–872. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, Stepp, J. Carl, Wong, Ivan, Whitney, J., Quittmeyer, R., no. 3, June 2003 issue, p. 1169–1178. Abrahamson, Norman A., Toro, Gilbert, Youngs, Robert, Sieh, Kerry E., 1978, Prehistoric large earthquakes produced by Coppersmith, Kevin, Savy, J., Sullivan, T., 2001, slip on the San Andreas fault at Pallett Creek, California: Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for fault displacement Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 83, no. B–8, p. and ground motions at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: EERI 3907–3938. Classic study of the San Andreas Fault; ten Earthquake Spectra, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 113–151. years later the author updated his fault chrononology by use Sylvester, Arthur Gibbs, 1988, Strike-slip faults: Geological of tree–ring dating at Wrightwood with evidence for the Society of America Bulletin, vol. 100, no. 11, November 1812 earthquake – refer to Jacoby, Sheppard, and Sieh, 1988 centennial issue, p. 1666-1703. This GSA Centennial 1988. paper is also reprinted in: Geological Society of America Sieh, Kerry E., and Jahns, Richard H., 1984, Holocene activity Special Paper 253. of the San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek, California: Tan, P. and Moriwaki, Y., 1996, Probabilistic fault Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 8, displacement analysis, in Hamada, M., and O’Rourke, p. 883–896. Thomas D., editors, Proceedings from the Sixth Japan–U.S. Sieh, Kerry E., 1984, Lateral offsets and revised dates of large Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline prehistoric earthquakes at Pallett Creek, southern California: Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 89, no. B–9, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering p. 7641–7670. Research, SUNY at Buffalo, MCEER technical report 96– Sieh, Kerry E., Stuiver, Minze, and Brillinger, David, 1989, 0012, p. 163–176. These two California geotechnical A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the engineers are at Geopentech in Santa Ana, CA: San Andreas Fault in southern California: Journal of < www.geopentech.com > Geophysical Research, vol. 94, no. B–1, p. 603–623. Treiman, Jerome A., Kendrick, Katherine J., Bryant, Sieh, Kerry E., 1996, The repetition of large–earthquake William A., Rockwell, Thomas K., and McGill, Sally F., processes: Proceedings of the National Academy of 2002, Primary surface rupture associated with the Mw7.1 Sciences, vol. 93, p. 3764–3771. pdf at: < www.pnas.org > 16 October 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake, San Bernardino Simpson, Gary D., Thompson, Stephen C., Noller, Jay Stratton, County, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of and Lettis, William R., 1997, The northern San Gregorio America, vol. 92, no. 4, May 2002 issue, p. 1171–1191. Twiss, Robert J., and Unruh, Jeffrey R., 1998, Analysis of Fault zone: evidence for the timing of late Holocene fault slip inversions: do they constrain stress or strain rate? earthquakes near Seal Cove, California: Bulletin of the Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, vol. B–6, Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 5, June 10, 1998 issue, p. 12,205 to 12,222. October 1997 issue, p. 1158–1170. Turcotte, Donald L., and Schubert, Jerry, 2002, , Slemmons, D.Burton, and dePolo, Craig M., 1986, 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 456 p. Evaluation of active faulting and associated hazards, in (especially Chapter 8, Faulting). Wallace, Robert E., chairman, Active Tectonics: National van der Pluijm, Ben A., Hall, C.M., Vrolijk, Peter J., Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, p. 45 – 62. Pevear, David R., and Covey, Michael C., 2001, The dating Slemmons, D. Burton, 1995, Complications in making of shallow faults in the Earth’s crust: Nature, vol. 412, paleoseismic evaluations in the Basin and Range Province, July 12, 2001 issue, p. 172–175. western United States, in Serva, L, and Slemmons, D.B., Vallejo, Luis E., and Shettima, M., 1991, Fault induced ground editors, Perspectives in Paleoseismology: Association of deformations and their effect on structures, in Prakash, S., Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 6, p. 19–33. editor, Proceedings of the Second International Conference Slosson, James E., Keaton, Jeffrey R., and Johnson, Jeffrey A., on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake 1994, Fault–rupture hazards, the Alquist–Priolo Fault Engineering and Soil Dynamics, vol. 2, p. 1275 – 1280. Hazard Act, and siting decisions in California: Bulletin of Wallace, Robert E., editor, 1990, The San Andreas fault the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 31, no. 2, system, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional p. 183–189. Paper 1515, 283 p. Wallace, Robert E., 1977, Profiles and ages of young fault Snoke, Arthur W., Tullis, Jan, and Todd, Victoria R., 1998, scarps, north–central Nevada: Geological Society of Fault–related rocks – a photographic atlas: Princeton America Bulletin, vol. 88, p. 1267–1281. (a classic paper) University Press, 263 plates, 139 line drawings, and 629 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 61 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wallace, Robert E., 1987, Grouping and migration of surface Yeats, Robert S., Clark, M.N., Keller, Edward A., Rockwell, faulting and variations in slip rates on faults in the Great Thomas K., 1981, Active fault hazard in southern California Basin province: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of – ground rupture versus seismic shaking: Geological America, vol. 77, no. 3, p. 868–876. Society of America Bulletin, vol. 92, p. 189–196. Watters, Robert J., and Prokop, Christopher, 1990, Fault–scarp Yeats, Robert S., Sieh, Kerry E., and Allen, Clarence R., dating utilizing soil strength behavior techniques: Bulletin 1997, The geology of earthquakes: Oxford University of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 27, no. 3, Press, 568 p. (especially Chapter 6, Quaternary Timescales p. 291–301. and Dating Techniques; Chapter 7, Tectonic Weide, David L., and Faber, M.L., editors, 1985, Soils and Geomorphology). Quaternary geology of the southwestern United States: Young, Jeri J., Arrowsmith, J. Ramón, Colini, Laura, Grant, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 203, 150 p. Lisa Baugh, and Gootee, Brian, 2002, Three–dimensional (SP–203 contains a paper by Glenn Borchardt on the excavation and recent rupture history along the Cholame Raymond Fault in San Marino) segment of the San Andreas Fault: Bulletin of the Weldon, Ray J., Scharer, Katherine, Fumal, Thomas, and Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, Biasi, Glenn, 2004, Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle: October 2002 issue, p. 2670–2688. wata a long recurrence record tells us about how faults Youngs, Robert R., Arabasz, W.J., Anderson, R.E., Ramelli, work: GSA Today, vol. 14, no. 9, Sept. 2004 issue, p. 4-10. A.R., Ake, J.P., Slemmons, D.B., McCalpin, J.P., Doser, At least 30 prehistoric earthquakes in the past 6,000 years D.I., Fridrich, C.J., Swan, F.H.III, Rogers, A.M., Yount, are documented by trenches across the San Andreas Fault J.C., Anderson, L.W., Smith, K.D., Bruhn, R.L., Knuepfer, at Wrightwood. C-14 age-dates provide a mean recurrence P.LK., Smith, R.B., dePolo, C.M., O’Leary, D.W., interval of 105 years (31 to 165 year intervals) and a mean Coppersmith, K.J., Pezzopane, S.K., Schwartz, D.P., slip of 3.2 meters (0.7 to 7 meters per event). Whitney, J.W., Olig, S.S., and Toro, Gabriel R., 2003, Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Powers, T., Pezzopane, A methodology for probabilistic displacement hazard S.K., Scharer, K.M., and Hamilton, J., 2002, Structure and analysis (PFDHA): EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, earthquake offsets on the San Andreas Fault at Wrightwood, no. 1, p. 191–219. California, paleoseismic site: Bulletin of the Seismological Yule, J. Douglas, and Sieh, Kerry E., 2003, Complexities of the Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, San Andreas fault near San Gorgonio Pass: implications for p. 2704–2725. large earthquakes: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, Wesnousky, Steven G., Prentice, Carol S., and Sieh, Kerry E., vol. 108, no. B–11, p. ETG 9–1 to ETG 9–23; 1991, An offset Holocene stream channel and the rate of slip doi: 10.1029/2001JB00451, 2003. along the northern reach of the San Jacinto Fault zone, San Bernardino Valley, California: Bulletin of the Geological

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Engineering Geology and Seismology for 62 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for Eppes, Martha C., McDonald, E.V., and McFadden, Leslie D., Use of Soils for Evaluation of Fault Activity 2003, Soil geomorphology studies in the Mojave Desert: impacts of Quaternary tectonics, climate, and rock type on and Age–Dating of Faulted Units soils, , and plant community, in Easterbrook,

(Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology of the United States: marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Geological Society of America, INQUA 2003 Field Trip Guide Volume, §4, p. 105-122. Aitken, Martin J., 1998, An introduction to optical dating: the Eppes, Martha C., McFadden, Leslie D., Matti, Jonathan C., and dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of photon– Powell, Robert, 2002, Influence of soil development on the stimulated luminescence: Oxford University Press, 280 p. geomorphic evolution of landscapes ― an example from Amundson, Ronald, Harden, Jennifer, and Singer, Michael, the Transverse Ranges of California: Geology, vol. 30, editors, 1994, Factors of soil formation – a fiftieth anniversary p. 195-198. retrospective: Soil Science Society of America, Special Fattahi, M., and Stokes, Stephen, 2003, Dating volcanic and Publication 33, 160 p. (a summary of the pioneering treatise related sediments by luminescence methods ― a review: by Hans Jenny, University of California professor of soil Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 62, issues 3&4, September 2003 science) issue, p. 229-264. Thermoluminescence is useful over timescales Amundson, Ronald, 2001, The carbon budget in soils: on the order of 102 to 106 years, but without the precision of 14C Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 29, methods. The authors are geomorphologists at Oxford University. May 2001, p. 535–562. Faure, Gunter, and Mensing, Teresa M., 2004, Principles of rd Bernet, Matthias, and Spiegel, Cornelia, editors, 2004, isotope geology, 3 edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 928 p. Detrital thermochronology ― provenance analysis, Fitzpatrick, E.A., 1984, Micromorphology of soils: Chapman exhumation, and landscape evolution of mountain belts: & Hall Publishers, 433 p. (petrography of soils in thin– Geological Society of America Special Paper 378, 126 p. section, with application to analysis of soils displaced by Bowman, Sheridan, 1990, Radiocarbon dating: University of active faults) California Press, 64 p. Gabet, E.J., Reichman, O.J., and Seabloom, Eric W., 2003, Brady, Nyle C., and Weil, Ray R., 2001, The nature and The effects of bioturbation on soil processes and properties of soils, 13th edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, transport: Annual Reviews of Earth and 960 p. Since the first edition in 1922, this has become a Planetary Sciences, vol. 31, January 2003, p. 249–273. venerable standard textbook in soils. Gale, Stephen J., and Hoare, Peter G., 1991, Quaternary Bridge, Martin, 2005, Dendrochronology, in Selley, Richard C., sediments ― petrographic methods for the study of Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia unlithified rocks: Halsted Press, a division of John Wiley & of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 1, p. 387-392. Sons, Inc., 323 p. Camuti, Kaylene S., and McGuire, Phillip T., 1999, Preparation Guilderson, Thomas P., Reimer, Paula J., and Brown, of polished thin-sections from poorly consolidated regolith Thomas A., 2005, The boon and bane of radiocarbon dating: and sediment materials: Sedimentary Geology, vol. 128, AAAS Science, vol. 307, January 21, 2005, p. 362-364. issues 1-2, October 1999, p. 171 –178. Soils from fault Granger, Darryl E., and Muzikar, Paul F., 2001, Dating sediment trenches can be examined by petrographic thin-section methods. burial with insitu produced cosmogenic nuclides: theory, The soils are dried over an acetone bath, impregnated with a techniques, and limitations: Earth and Planetary Science polyester resin mix, then a petrographic thin-section can be prepared Letters, vol.188, issues 1&2, 30 May 2001, p. 269-281. for optical microscopy or electron-probe microanalysis. This paper focuses on timescales up to 5 my, using 26Al and 10Be in Colman, Steven M., 1982, Clay mineralogy of weathering rinds quartz grains within clastic sediments that have been exposed to and possible implications concerning the sources of clay cosmic rays prior to burial and diagenesis. minerals in soils: Geology, vol. 10, no. 7, July 1982 issue, GSA, 1991, Rock color chart: Geological Society of America, p. 370–375. six charts with Munsell color chips. (for logging soil and rock Daniels, Raymond B., and Hammer, Richard D., 1992, colors in fault trenches) Soil geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 236 p. Harrington, Charles D., and Whitney, John D., 1987, Scanning Dalrymple, G. Brent, 1994, The age of the Earth: Stanford electron microscope method for rock–varnish dating: University Press. Dr. Dalrymple of Oregon State University is Geology, vol. 15, no. 10, October 1987 issue, p. 967–970. past-President of the American Geophysical Union and USGS Helms, John G., McGill, Sally F., and Rockwell, Thomas K., emeritus geologist after a distinguished 35-year career in 2003, Calibrated, late Quaternary age indices using clast geochronology with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. rubification and soil development on alluvial surfaces in Pilot nd Dickin, Alan P., 2005, Radiogenic isotope geology, 2 edition: Knob Valley, Mojave Desert, southeastern California: Cambridge University Press, 512 p., 622 diagrams. Quaternary Research, vol. 60, p. 377–393. Douglas, L.A., 1980, The use of soils in estimating the time of Hillel, Daniel, editor-in-chief, 2004, Encyclopedia of soils in last movement of faults: Soil Science, vol. 129, p. 345–352. the environment: Academic Press, div. of Elsevier, 4 vols., 250 sections, ± 2,200 p. < http://books.elsevier.com/esoils > Hoefs, J., 2004, Stable isotope geochemistry, 5th edition: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 244 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 63 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Holbrook, J., and Schumm, Stanley A., 1999, Geomorphic and Munsell, 2004, Soil Color Charts: Munsell Color Services, sedimentary response of rivers to tectonic deformation ― publication #50215, 11 index tabbed charts, 395 color a brief reviewand critique of a tool for recognizing subtle chips, seven hues (10R, 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 2.5Y, and epeirogenic deformaton in modern and ancient settings: 5Y), and two gley soil pages. Munsell Color Services, a Tectonophysics, vol. 305, p. 287-306. division of Gretag Macbeth Corporation, 617 Little Britain Jenny, Hans, 1980, The soil resource: Springer–Verlag, Inc., Road, New Windsor, New York 12553; ℡ 800-622–2384 377 p. (classic text on soils by the late Professor Hans Jenny of the or ℡ 845-565–7660; homepage: < www.munsell.com > University of California, Berkeley) (The Munsell Soil Chart is used for geologic logging of soil Jury, William A., and Horton, Robert, 2004, Soil physics, profiles in fault trenches with the appropriate hue–value– 6th edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 384 p., 70 worked chroma of the Munsell color system.) problems. Muzikar, Paul, Elmore, David, and Granger, Darryl E., 2003, Kendrick, Katherine J., and Graham, Robert C., 2004, Accelerator mass spectrometry in geologic research: Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 115, no. 6, June southern California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003 issue, p. 643–654. An excelent review of AMS dating vol. 68, p. 1295-1303. The field localities are the San Timoteo methods with application to very small samples of 14C Badlands and Cajon Pass. These geologists are at the US recovered from offset piercing points in fault trenches. Geological Survey and University of California Riverside. Nahon, Daniel B., 1991, Introduction to the petrology of soils Knuepfer, P.L.K., and McFadden, Leslie D., editors, 1990, and chemical weathering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 336 p., Soils and landscape evolution: Elsevier Publishers, 388 p. 125 figures, 25 pages of references. Kraus, Mary J., 1999, Paleosols in clastic sedimentary rocks ― Peters, Kenneth E., Walters, Clifford C., and Moldowan, their geologic implications: Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 47, J.Michael, 2004, The biomarker guide: volume 1, issues 1&2, July 1999, p. 41-70. biomarkers and isotopes in the environment and human Krinsley, David H., Pye, Kenneth, Boggs, Sam, Jr., and history, 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 512 p. Tovey, N. Keith, 1998, Backscattered scanning electron Phillips, Fred M., Ayarbe, John P., Harrison, J.B.J., and microscopy and image analysis of sediments and Elmore, David, 2003, Dating rupture events on alluvial fault sedimentary rocks: Cambridge University Press, 180 p. scarps using cosmogenic nuclides and scarp morphology: Machette, Michael N., 1978, Dating Quaternary faults in the Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 215, issues 1&2, southwestern United States by using buried calcareous soils: 15 October 2003, p. 203-218. These geologists from New Journal of Research of the United States Geological Survey, Mexico Tech used 36Cl to date the Socorro Canyon fault scarp. vol. 6, p. 369–381. Phillips, Fred M., 2003, Cosmogenic 36Cl ages of Quaternary Matmon, Ari, Schwartz, David P., Finkel, R., Clemmens, S., basant flows in the Mojave Desert, California: and Hanks, Thomas C., 2005, Dating offset fans along the Geomorphology, vol. 53, p. 199–208. Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault using cosmogenic Renne, Paul R., Farley, Kenneth A., Becker, Tim A., and 26 10 Al and Be: Geological Society of American Bulletin, Sharp, Warren D., 2001, Terrestrial cosmogenic argon: vol. 117, no. 5/6, May/June 2005 issue, p. 795-807. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 188, issues 3&4, The field area is at Little Rock Creek, southeast of Palmdale. 15 June 2001, p. 435-440. Matthews, J.A., 1985, Radiocarbon dating of surface and Retallack, Gregory J., 1997, A color guide to paleosols: buried soils ― principles, problems, and prospects, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 175 p. in Richards, K.S., Arnett, R.R., and Ellis, S., editors, Retallack, Gregory J., 2001, Soils of the past: an introduction Geomorpology and Soils: George Allen & Unwin to paleopedology, 2 nd edition: Blackwell Science, 512 p. Publishers, chapter 14, p.269-288. Retallack, Gregory J., 2005, Modern soils, in Selley, McLaren, Alex C., 1991, Transmission electron microscopy of Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, minerals and rocks: Cambridge University Press, 387 p. Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 5, p. 194-202. Merritts, Dorothy J., Vincent, K.R., and Wohl, Ellen E., 1994, Retallack, Gregory J., 2005, Paleosols, in Selley, Richard C., Long river profiles, tectonism, and eustasy: a guide to Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia interpreting fluvial terraces: Journal of Geophysical of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 5, p. 203-208. Research, vol. 99, p. 14031–14050. Rockwell, Thomas K., 2000, Use of soil geomorphology in Muhs, Donald R., and Szabo, B.J., 1982, Uranium–series age of fault studies, in Noller, Jay S., Sowers, Janet M., and Lettis, the Eel Point terrace, San Clemente Island, California: William R., editors, Quaternary Geochronology: American Geology, vol. 10, no. 1, January 1982 issue, p. 23–26. Geophysical Union, Reference Shelf vol. 4, p. 273–292. This marine oxygen–isotope Stage 5e terrace is dated at Sheldon, Nathan D., Retallack, Gregory J., and Tanaka, S., 127,000 ±7,000 years. Eel Point terrace is an important 2002, Geochemical climofunctions from North American reference date for other Stage 5e terraces along the soils and application to paleosols across the Eocene– California coastline ― with implications for dating of Oligocene boundary in Oregon: Journal of Geology, vol. Holocene–active faults that cut those terraces. 110, no. 6, November 2002 issue, p. 687–696. Correlates degree of chemical weathering of 126 soils with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 64 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Shlemon, Roy J., and Ginter, David H., 2000, Geology and Wagner, Gunther A., (author) and Schiegl, S. (translator), sustainable development; multiple techniques to locate and 1999, Age determination of young rocks and artifacts: mitigate potentially active faults in a rapidly urbanizing physical and chemical clocks in Quaternary geology and area, City of Lake Elsinore, California, USA: Proceedings archaeology: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 350 p. of the 31st International Geological Congress, vol. 31. Widdowson, M., editor, 1997, Paleosurfaces: recognition, Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S. and Lettis, William R., 2000, reconstruction and paleo–environmental interpretation: Methods for dating Quaternary surficial materials, in Noller, Geological Society of London, Special Publication 120, J.S., Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, Quaternary 300 p. Geochronology: American Geophysical Union, Reference Walker, Michael, 2005, Quaternary dating methods ― Shelf vol. 4, with fold–out plate 1 on p. 567. (a useful an introduction: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 256 p. comparitive chart) Wang, H., Hackley, Keith C., Panno, S.V., Coleman, Dennis SSSA, 2002, Methods of soil analysis, four volumes: D., Liu, Jack C., and Brown, J., 2003, Pyrolysis–combustion Soil Science Society of America, < www.soils.org > 14C dating of soil organic matter: Quaternary Research, ℡ 608-273–8095 vol. 60, p. 348–355. Part 1 (1986), Physical & mineralogical methods, 1,188 p. Wang, Y., Amundson, R., and Trumbore, Susan, 1996, Part 2 (1994), Microbiological & Radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter: Quaternary biochemical methods, 1,121 p. Research, vol. 45, p. 282–288. Part 3 (1996), Chemical methods, 1,358 p. Watchman, Alan, 2000, A review of the history of dating rock Part 4 (2002), Physical methods, 1,692 p. varnishes: Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 49, issues 1-4, Taylor, G., and Eggleton, R.A., 2001, Regolith geology and March 2000 issue, p. 261-277. geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 392 p. Watchman, Alan, and Twidale, C. Rowl, 2002, Relative and Thiry, M., and Simon-Coinçon, R., editors, 1999, ‘absolute’ dating of land surfaces: Earth-Science Reviews, Paleoweathering, paleosurfaces, and related continental vol. 58, issues 1-2, July 2002 issue, p. 1-49. deposits: International Association of Sedimentologists, Wright, V. Paul, editor, 1986, Paleosols – their recognition and Special Publication 27, printed by Blackwell Science interpretation: Princeton University Press, 9 separate Publishers, 406 p. papers, 315 p. Trumbore, Susan E., 2000, Radiocarbon geochronology, in Yaalon, Dan H., editor, 1971, Paleopedology – origin, nature, Noller, J.S., Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, and dating of paleosols: International Society of Soil Quaternary Geochronology: American Geophysical Union, Science, 29 papers, 350 p. Reference Shelf vol. 4, p. 41–60. An excellent compendium of the carbon–14 method in geochronology.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 65 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for Blind Thrust Faults Lade, Poul V., and Cole, D.A., Jr., 1984, Influence zones in and Co–Seismic Deformation alluvium over dip–slip faults: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 110, no. 5, May 1984 issue, (Abbreviated list; also refer to regional geology bibliography and p. 599–615. textbooks in structural geology and tectonic geomorphology. Lade, Poul V., Cole, D.A., Jr., and Cummings, D., 1984, Especially useful references are marked Multiple failure surfaces over dip–slip faults: ASCE Journal with a star symbol to assist the reader.) of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 110, no. 5, May 1984, p. 616–627. Lettis, William R., Wells, Donald L., and Baldwin, John N., 1997, Empirical observations regarding reverse earthquakes, Brooks, Benjamin A., Sandovol, Eric, and Ross, Andrew, 2000, blind thrust faults, and Quaternary deformation: are blind Fold style inversion: placing probabilistic constraints on the thrust faults truly blind? Bulletin of the Seismological predicted shape of blind thrust faults: Journal of Society of America, vol. 87, no. 5, October 1997 issue, Geophysical Research, vol. 105, no. B–6, June 10, 2000 p. 1171–1198. issue, p. 13,281 to 13,301. Medwedeff, D.A., 1992, Geometry and kinematics of an active, Brune, James N., Anooshehpoor, A., Shi, B., and Zeng, Y., laterally propagating wedge thrust, Wheeler Ridge, 2004, Precarious rock and overturned transformer evidence California, in Mitra, S., and Fisher, G.W., editors, for ground shaking in the Ms 7.7 Kern County Earthquake: Structural Geology of Fold–and–Thrust Belts: Johns an analog for disastrous shaking from a major thrust fault in Hopkins University Press, p. 3-28. the Los Angeles Basin: Bulletin of the Seismological Mueller, Karl J., 2000, Evaluating blind thrust hazards with Society of America, vol. 94, no. 6, December 2004 issue, structural analysis, geomorphology, and trench excavations: p. 1993-2003. Forensic evidence of very intense seismic shaking examples from southern California and New Madrid, on the hanging-wall of the White Wolf Fault during the 1952 Arvin- in Okamura, K., Takada, K., and Goto, H., editors, Active Tehachapi Earthquake in Kern County. Bullard, Thomas F., and Lettis, William R., 1993, Fault Research for the New Millenium: Proceedings of the Quaternary fold deformation associated with blind thrust Hokudan International Symposium and School in Active faulting, Los Angeles Basin, California: Journal of Faulting, Japan; January 2000, p. 299-314. Geophysical Research, vol. 98, no. B5, p. 8349–8369. Mueller, Karl J., and Suppe, John, 1997, Growth of Wheeler (Elysian Park blind–thrust fault through East Los Angeles) Ridge anticline, California ― implications for short-term Carver, Gary A., and McCalpin, James P., 1996, folding behavior during earthquakes: Journal of Structural Paleoseismology of compressional tectonic environments, Geology, vol. 19, p. 383―396. in McCalpin, J.P., editor, Paleoseismology: Academic Mueller, Karl J., and Talling, P, 1997, Geomorphic evidence for Press, p. 183–269. tear faults accommodating lateral propagation of an active Chinnery, M.A., 1961, Deformation of the ground around fault-bend fold, Wheeler Ridge, California: Journal of surface faults: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Structural Geology, vol. 19, p. 397-411. America, vol. 51, p. 355–372. Nelson, Alan R., Shennan, Ian, and Long, Antony J., 1996, Cowie, Patience A., and Scholz, Christopher H., 1992, Identifying coseismic subsidence in tidal– Growth of faults by accumulation of seismic slip: Journal stratigraphic sequences at the Cascadia subduction zone in of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–7, July 10, 1992 western North America: Journal of Geophysical Research, issue, p. 11,085 to 11,095. vol. 101, no. B3, p. 6115–6135. Dolan, James F., Christofferson, Shari A., and Namson, J.S., and Davis, Thomas L. 1988, Seismically active Shaw, John H., 2003, Recognition of paleoearthquakes on fold and thrust belt in the San Joaquin Valley, California: the Puente Hills Blind Thrust Fault, California: Science, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 257–273. vol. 300, 4 April 2003, p. 115–118. O’Connell, Daniel R.H., Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Block, Donnellan, Andrea, and Lyzenga, Gregory A., 1998, Lisa V., 2001, Source characterization and ground–motion GPS observations of fault afterslip and upper crustal modeling of the 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquake deformation following the Northridge earthquake: sequence, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B–9, of America, vol. 91, no. 6, p. 1471–1497. September 1998 issue, p. 21,285–21,297. Oskin, Michael, Sieh, Kerry E., Rockwell, Thomas K., Griffith, William A. and Cooke, Michele L., 2004, Mechanical Miller, G., Guptill, Paul., Curtis, Matthew, McArdle, S., and validation of the three–dimensional intersection geometry Elliot, P., 2000, Active parasitic folds on the Elysian Park between the Puente Hills blind–thrust system and the anticline: implications for seismic hazard in central Los Whittier Fault, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 2, April 2004 America, vol. 112, no. 5, p. 693–707, 14 figures, 3 tables. issue, p. 493–505. Keller, Edward A., Zepeda, R.L., Rockwell, Thomas K., Ku, T.L., and Dinklage, W.S., 1998, Active tectonics at Wheeler Ridge, southern San Joaquin Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 3, March 1998, p. 298–310. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 66 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Pearce, Sarah A., Pazzaglia, Frank J., and Eppes, Martha C., Stein, Ross S., and Ekstrom, G., 1992, Seismicity and geometry 2004, Ephemeral stream response to growing folds: of a 110–km–long blind thrust fault; part 2, Synthesis of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 116, 1982–1985 California earthquake sequence: Journal of no. 9/10, September/October 2004 issue, p. 1223-1239. Geophysical Research, v. 97, part B, no. 4, p. 4865–4883. Field locality for the Pitzer Buttes Anticline and the Cougar Stein, Ross S., and King, G.C.P., 1984, Seismic potential Buttes Anticline is within Lucene Valley, in proximity to the revealed by surface folding, Coalinga, California, Helendale fault, the Blackhawk Landslide, and the north earthquake: Science, vol. 224, p. 867–872. frontal―thrust system of the San Bernardino Mountains. Stein, Ross S., and Yeats, Robert S., 1989, Hidden earthquakes: Rockwell, Thomas K., Keller, Edward A., and Dembroff, G.R., Scientific American, vol. 260, no. 6, p. 48–57. 1988, Quaternary rate of folding of the Ventura Avenue Sylvester, Arthur G., Bilham, Roger, Jackson, M., and anticline, western Transverse Ranges, southern California: Barrientos, S., 1993, Aseismic growth of Durmid Hill, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 100, p. 850– southeastermost San Andreas Fault, California: Journal of 858. Geophysical Research, vol. 98, p. 14,233 – 14,243 Salyards, Stephen L., Sieh, Kerry E., and Kirschvink, Joseph L., Unruh, Jeffrey R., 2002, Seismic hazards associated with 1992, Paleomagnetic measurementof nonbrittle coseismic blind thrusts in the San Francisco Bay area, in Ferriz, H., deformation across the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek: and Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–9, in northern California: California Geological Survey August 10, 1992 issue, p. 12,457 to 12,470. Bulletin 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists Schultz, Richard A., 2000, Localization of bedding plane slip Special Publication 12, p. 211–228. and backthrust faults above blind thrust faults ― keys to Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Lettis, William R., 1998, Kinematics of wrinkle ridge structure: Journal of Geophysical Research, transpressional deformation in the eastern San Francisco vol. 105, no E–5, published by AGU on May 25, 2000, Bay region, California: Geology, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 19–22. p. 12,035 ― 12,052. A pdf is available from Professor Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Moores, Eldridge M., 1992, Quaternary Schultz website at the University of Nevada at Reno. blind–thrusting in the southwestern Sacramento Valley, Shaw, John H., and Shearer, Peter M., 1999, An elusive California: Tectonics, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 192–203. blind–thrust fault beneath metropolitan Los Angeles: Unruh, Jeffrey R., Davisson, M.L., Criss, Robert E., and AAAS Science, vol. 283, p. 1516–1518. Moores, Eldridge M., 1992, Implications of perennial Shaw, John H., and Suppe, John, 1996, Earthquake hazards of saline springs for abnormal high fluid pressures and active blind–thrust faults under the central Los Angeles active thrusting in western California: Geology, vol. 20, Basin, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, p. 431–434. vol. 101, p. 8623–8642. Unruh, Jeffrey R., Loewen, B.A., and Moores, Eldridge M., Shaw, John H., Plesch, Andreas, Dolan, James F., 1995, Progressive arcward contraction of a Mesozoic– Pratt, Thomas L., and Fiore, Patricia, 2002, Puente Hills Tertiary fore–arc basin, southwestern Sacramento Valley, blind–thrust system, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 8, p. 38–53. December 2002 issue, p. 2946–2960. Wakabayashi, John, and Smith, David L., 1994, Evaluation of Shlemon, Roy J., 1985, Application of soil– recurrence intervals, characteristic earthquakes, and slip stratigraphic techniques to engineering geology: rates associated with thrusting along the Coast Range– Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, Central Valley geomorphic boundary, California: Bulletin vol. 22, no. 2, p. 129–142. of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 6, Smith, Deborah Elaine, Aagaard, Brad T., and Heaton, p. 1960–1970. Thomas H., 2005, Teleseismic body waves from Zhang, C., Oglesby, David B., and Xu, G., 2004, Earthquake dynamically rupturing shallow thrust-faults: Are they nucleation on dip-slip faults: AGU Journal of Geophysical opaque for surface-reflected phases? Bulletin of the Research, vol. 109, paper no. B-11302, p. 1-18. Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 issue, p. 800-817. Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S., and Unruh, Jeffrey R., 1992, Quaternary deformation and blind–thrust faulting on the east flank of the Diablo Range near Tracy, California, in Borchardt, Glenn, editor, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay Area: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 113, p. 377–83. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 67 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

9. Geologic Hazard Zones historic–highest water surface will save a large amount of time, and it will expedite the engineering geology report through the subsequent More than 115+ quadrangles in the Los review process by the California Geological Angeles Basin and San Francisco Bay area have Survey. been zoned by the California Geological Survey under the Seismic Hazard Mapping Act (SHMA) for liquefaction and landslides. Additionally, a Copies of Seismic Hazard Maps dozen quadrangles are in progress (as of Spring 2005), with more in the planning schedule. Paper copies of official SHMA maps and Alquist–Priolo maps may be obtained from: If the site is within one of the official quadrangles, plot the site on a concise page–sized BPS Reprographic Services extract of the Seismic Hazard Zone. Preparation 149 Second Street of an extract of the SHMA map establishes that San Francisco, CA 94105 the geotechnical consultant is fully cognizant that ℡ 415–512–6550 the site is within an official seismic hazard zone, < www.bps.com > and it notifies the owner of that legal designation. Please note that paper copies of the SHMA maps are not sold by the California Geological SHMA quadrangles and updated index maps Survey. CGS provides downloadable digital maps are posted on the California Geological Survey’s that are posted on our website. special broadband website for the Seismic Hazard Mapping Program: Review and utilize geologic hazards zones or applicable zoning and building regulations < http://gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp > appearing in the latest edition of the Safety Note that the three letters in the domain name Element within the General Plan of the local city ® or county agency. If geohazards information is < gmw > stand for GeoMedia Webmap . This special website of the California Geological pertinent to the site, then include an extract of that Survey is designed to accommodate large files of geologic map with the current site plotted in your spatial information for expedient download. consulting report. Do not prefix with World Wide Web < www > in front of the domain name. Caution: If the hospital or public school site is within an official Seismic Hazard You can also find the GeoMedia website by Zone, and the consultant does not provide beginning with the homepage of the California an extract of this legal map within the Geological Survey, and following a series to links consulting geology report, then the report into the Seismic Hazards Mapping Program. will be returned for corrections and the < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > possibility of a significant delay in the permit process. Please avoid this obvious One of the most important items contained deficiency by properly including the legal within the report that accompanies each SHMA disclosure in a timely manner. official quadrangle is the map showing contours of the historic–highest water surface. It is usually the Selected References for last page of the report. This map of historic– Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of 1990 highest water is pertinent to the liquefaction (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) analysis; refer to §25 in this report. Download the map of historic–highest water in .pdf format, plot California Geological Survey, 1999, Recommended criteria the project site, then prepare a page–sized extract for delineating Seismic Hazards Zones in California: within the engineering geology report. Use of the California Geological Survey, Special Publication 118, 12 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 68 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

California Geological Survey, 1997, Guidelines for Seed, Raymond B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, Robb E.S., evaluating and mitigating seismic hazards in California: Kammerer, Ann Marie, Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, M.F., California Geological Survey, Special Publication 117, 74 Sancio, R.B., Bray, Jonathan D., Kayen, Robert E., and p., 7 chapters, Appendix A, B, C, and D. (Appendix A Faris, A., 2003, Recent advances in soil liquefaction includes the full text of the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of engineering ― a unified and consistent framework: 1990) SP–117 is downloadable from the CGS website: University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > Center Report 2003–06, 72 p. download 10MB file from: DeLisle, Mark R., 2002, Seismic hazard evaluation and http://eerc.berkeley.edu/reports liquefaction zoning in the City and County of San Francisco, Smith, Theodore C., and McKamey, Bea, 2000, Summary of in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering outreach activities for California’s Seismic Hazards geology practice in northern California: California Mapping Program: California Geological Survey, Special Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Association of Publication 121, 38 p. Contains five appendixes of brochures, Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 579–594. fliers, and notices that were used in the CGS outreach program of DeLisle, Mark J., and Real, Charles R., 1999, Seismic zonation the California Geological Survey to cities and counties in both the for liquefaction in California, in Proceedings of the Los Angeles Basin and the San Francisco Bay area. 7th U.S.―Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design Stewart, Jonathan P., Blake, T.F., and Hollingsworth, R.A., of Lifeline Facilities and Counter–measures Against Soil 2002, Development of a screen analysis procedure for Liquefaction: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake seismic slope stability, in Blake, T.F., Hollingsworth, R.A., Engineering Research, SUNY Buffalo and Stewart, J.P., editors, Recommended Procedures for : MCEER Report 99–0019, Implementation of CDMG Special Publication 117, p. 207–220. Guidelines for Analyzing and Mitigating Landslide Hazards Hellawell, Emma E., Lamont–Black, John, Kemp, Anne C., in California: Southern California Earthquake Center, and Hughes, Susan J., 2001, GIS as a tool in geotechnical Appendix A, 17 p. May be dowloaded as a 3.2 MB .pdf engineering: Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of the from < www.scec.org > Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 149, no. 2, January 2001, Stewart, Jonathan P., Blake, Thomas F., and Hollingsworth, p. 85–93, ICE paper #12172. Robert A., 2003, A screen analysis procedure for seismic Howell, David G., Brabb, Earl E., and Ramsey, David W., slope stability: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, 1999, How useful is landslide hazard information? August 2003 issue, p. 697–712. Lessons learned in the San Francisco Bay region: Swift, Jennifer, Bobbitt, John, Roblee, Clifford, Futrelle, International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 4, April 1999 Joseph, Tiwana, S., Peters, A., Ali, M., Nasir, F., Javed, A., issue, p. 368 - 382. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Khan, Y., and Stepp, Carl, 2004, Information technology Martin G.R. and Lew, Marshall, editors, 1999, issues in the development of the pilot COSMOS/PEER-LL Recommended Procedures for Implementation of CDMG geotechnical virtual data center, in Yegian, M.K., and Special Publication 117 Guidelines for Analyzing and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Geotechnical Engineering for Mitigating Liquefaction in California: Southern California Transportation Projects: American Society of Civil Earthquake Center, 63 p. Engineers, Proceedings of Geo–Trans, held in Los Angeles Real, Charles R., 2002, California’s Seismic Hazards in July 2004; ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 126, Mapping Act – geoscience and public policy, in p. 837 - 850. This prescient report provides a glimpse into Bobrowsky, Peter T., editor, Geoenvironmental mapping – the future of metadata in geotechnical engineering. methods, theory, and practice: A.A. Balkema Publishers, http://geodata.usc.edu Web-portals are being p. 93–120. designed for consulting engineering geologists, geotechnical Real, Charles R., 1998, Reducing future earthquake losses engineers, academia, and government to have access to a in California – action begins with knowing where the huge quantity of digital borehole data. problems are: California Geology, vol. 51, no. 2, Vaughn, Diane M., Real, Charles R., McGuire, Terilee, March/April 1998 issue, p. 10–14. (explains the Swift, Jennifer, Peters, Alexi , and Moskovitz, Robert, 2004, Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of 1990) An e–government web portal for dissemination of Rosinski, Anne, Knudsen, Keith L., Wu, J., Seed, Raymond B., geotechnical data, in Yegan, M.K, and Kavazanjian, and Real, Charles R, 2004, Development of regional Edward, editors, Geotechnical Engineering for liquefaction–induced deformation hazard maps, in Transportation Projects: American Society of Civil Yegian, M.K., and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Engineers, Proceedings of Geo–Trans, held in Los Angeles Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: in July 2004; ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 126, American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of Geo– p. 851–859. Trans, held in Los Angeles in July 2004; ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 126, p. 797―805. The authors are CGS engineering geologists, plus geotechnical engineering faculty at Univ. Calif. Berkeley. The site locality is San Jose within the Santa Clara Valley. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 69 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

10. Landslides Safety Factors: Static & Dynamic Landslide analysis should have static SF≥1.5; and dynamic SF≥1.1 with typical pseudo–static Evaluate the potential for landsliding, coefficient k = 0.15 (refer to Figure 1 on page 29 including immediately adjacent property for both of Special Publication 117 of the California bedrock landslides and debris flows. Summarize Geological Survey). landslide conditions and provide appropriate remedial options. List stereoscopic aerial Newmark Sliding Block Analysis photographs used for landslide analysis (date of The Newmark Sliding Block Analysis has imagery, flight number, frame numbers, and photo recently been evaluated for two and three– scale). dimensional imput by Kramer and Lindwall (2004). A full description of the Newmark Sliding Three Important References for Landslides Block Analysis is given by Kramer (1996, Perform the engineering geology and chapter 10, Seismic Slope Stability, p. 438–447). geotechnical work in accordance with: Refer to the work of McCrink and Real (1996) c California Geological Survey Special that validated the Newmark Sliding Block Publication 117 (chapter 5, p. 19–34), Analysis in a landslide test area in the Laurel d Blake and others (2002), and e the National Quadrangle in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Academy of Sciences / National Research Council treatise on landslides by Turner & Schuster, 1996, Debris Flows and other Surficial Landsliding Landslides – Investigation and Mitigation, TRB The geomorphic concept of mass wasting Special Report 247, 673 p. broadly includes landslides, debris flows and Authority & Licensure of the Engineering debris slides which may occur on, above, or below Geologist to perform the subject property. The consulting engineering A legal opinion on this question was prepared geologist is fully responsible for the entire on October 22, 2004 by Gary Duke, the state geomorphic setting of the project: this is not attorney who oversees both the Board for limited by property lines. It is recommended to Geologists & Geophysicists, and the Board for use panoramic digital photographs from different Professional Geologists & Land Surveyors. Both vantage points to convey reliable images of the the geology profession and the engineering entire area ― not just the specific property. Look profession overlap in the realm of slope stability for geologic evidence of debris flows on the uphill analysis. Either of the Certified Engineering side of the property. Geologist or Registered Geotechnical Engineer licenses may perform slope stability analysis. Ridge–Top Cracking, Ridge–Top Spreading Likewise, the government reviewer may possess and Sackungen (uphill–facing scarps) either license. This is a previously little–known phenomenon Official Landslide Zones that has become better understood and more Refer to California Geological Survey widely recognized in the aftermath of the 1989 landslide zones delineated by the State Geologist Loma Prieta Earthquake. This topic is included under the 1989 Seismic Hazard Mapping Act because it is geologically mappable and (California Public Resources Code §2690–2699.6). There potentially affects a number of public schools in are currently 120+ official quadrangles published mountainous terrain. For background information by CGS, with emphasis on southern California and on sackungen, refer to Varnes and others (1989) the Bay Area. Check the CGS website for current and Savage and Varnes (1987). landslide zonation maps. www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs Ridge–top cracking and ridge–top spreading occurred extensively in the Summit Ridge area east of Highway 17 in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 70 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Up–hill facing scarps (sackungen) were 4 to collect insitu samples of the landslide for investigated by Hart and others (1990, p. 83–94) testing in a geotechnical laboratory; and and Keefer, Harp, & Griggs (2002). 5 to check for possible additional rupture Recently Hart and others (2003; 7 papers) surfaces below the existing active slide plane. have summarized the field occurrences of ridge– top spreading in California. Hart and others For a description of how to perform down– (2003) conclude that ridge–top cracking and logging of boreholes refer to these reports: spreading are: Johnson and Cole (2001) in California Geological Survey Bulletin 210; Sydnor (1982); and Scullin 1 Closely related to landsliding; (1994).

2 Most likely to occur in weak or fractured State law permits “geotechnical specialists” rocks close to active faults capable of (meaning professional geologists and geotechnical causing large earthquakes; and engineers, but not laborers or construction 3 Typically associated with amplified shaking workers) to enter uncased boreholes and shafts. of ridge crests. Reference: California Code of Regulations, Title 8, California Construction Safety Orders, §1542 (d), Exploration Shafts.

Ladders are permitted down to 20–foot depths.

Typical ladders are made with nylon webbing and Down–Hole Logging of Boreholes round oak rungs because these are non–ferrous for Landslide Investigations materials that will not interfere with a magnetic compass (e.g., a hand-held Brunton compass). Engineering geologists use down–hole logging of large–diameter (24–inch or 61–cm diameter) For exploration boreholes deeper than 20 feet, boreholes to evaluate subsurface geology for a the geologist stands on a bosun’s chair or short wide variety of situations. These might include stirrup (heavy aluminum bar or oak plank) that is landslide investigations, stability of future cut– suspended by a >5/16–inch diameter hoist–cable slopes that may need buttress design, systematic and motorized–winch system. The geologist or search for active fault surfaces that may be geotechnical specialist must use an approved concealed by a prism of alluvium, deep basement safety harness, wear a hard–hat with miner’s type excavations where geologic structure is important headlamp, and use a two–way communication in vertical cuts, and foundation engineering in system. The hoist cable must have a 12–to 18– soft–rock slopes (shale, siltstone, soft sandstone) inch diameter steel cone–shaped headguard / where slope stability is essential. deflector above the geologist. The geologist usually dresses in loose–fitting, one–piece There are five purposes for down–hole mechanic’s coveralls because this minimizes the logging in landslide investigations: opportunity for loose soil down the collar and beltline. 1 to obtain insitu structural attitudes by Brunton compass of the strike & dip A surface ring–collar must be used at the lip of of potential rupture surfaces; the borehole. A second geologist at the lip of the borehole manually records the lithology and 2 to inspect for clay seams that may form the structure that is verbally called out by the first sole of a landslide; geologist. Immediately after returning to the

3 to prepare a detailed geologic log of the surface, the first geologist edits and confirms the borehole; log that has been transcribed, often adding graphic stipples and symbols that reflect insitu geologic conditions. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 71 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected General References Bedding planes, joints, and slide planes need to for Landslides be hacked–out with a pick–mattock. Any loose This list is for landslides in the general sense; please see separate cobbles or peds are chopped–out on the way down lists for debris-flows and rockfalls. This is necessarily an the borehole. The geology pick–mattock is fitted abbreviated list since there are many thousands of publications on with a short lanyard so it can be retrieved if landslides. Especially useful references are marked with a star dropped or set aside while performing geologic symbol to assist the reader. sampling. The pick–mattock is also used to chop out samples of the slide plane for later direct– Abramson, L.W., Lee, T.S., Sharma, S., and Boyce, G.M., shear tests in the geotechnical laboratory. 2001, Slope stability and stabilization methods, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 736 p. A 100–foot fiberglass cloth tape is preferred Askari, F., and Farzaneh, O., 2003, Upper–bound solution for over a steel surveyor’s tape because it does not seismic bearing capacity of shallow foundations near slopes: Géotechnique, vol. 53, no. 8, p. 697–702. kink or rust, can be readily cleaned of mud from Aubeny, C.P., and Lytton, R.L., 2004, Shallow slides in the borehole walls, and the non–ferrous tape will compacted high plasticity clay slopes: ASCE Journal of not interfere with a magnetic compass. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 7, July 2004 issue, p. 717 – 727. Bucket–drill rigs are usually favored by Barker, D.H., and Northcutt, Ben, editors, 2004, Ground and water bio–engineering: for erosion control and slope geologists because they are equipped with the stabilization: Science Publishers, Inc., February 2004. proper steel cable winch on the mast of the drilling Baum, Rex L., 2000, Computer programs for limit–equilibrium rig. Many boreholes in landslide investigations slope–stability analyses ― FelleniusGS, BishopGS, and are drilled and down–hole logged to 66–foot depth JanbuGS: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report ― because that is the extent of a triple-kelly on 2000–0107, version 1.0, www.usgs.gov Bezore, Stephen P., and Wills, Chris J., 2000, Landslide hazard most bucket–auger drillrigs. maps of southeastern Santa Barbara County, California:

California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 99–12, 4 sheets, map scale 1:24,000. Blake, Thomas F., Hollingsworth, Robert A., and Stewart, Jonathan P., editors, 2002, Recommended procedures for

implementation of CDMG Special Publication 117, Guidelines for Analyzing and Mitigating Landslide Hazards in California: Southern California Earthquake Center, 110 p., plus 17 p. appendix, edition of 6–20–2002; CD– ROM and paper text. May be downloaded as 3.2 MB .pdf from: < www.scec.org > Bromhead, E.N., 1986, The stability of slopes: Chapman and Hall Publishers, 373 p. Brunsden, D., and Prior, D.B., editors, 1984, Slope instability: John Wiley & Sons, 620 p. Burns, Scott, 2005, Landslides, in Selley, Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 4, p. 687-692. Cascini, L., Bonnard, Ch., Corominas, J., Jibson, Randall S., and Montero-Olarte, J., 2005, Landslide hazard and risk zoning for urban planning and development, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Group plc, p.199-235. www.tandf.co.uk/books Cheung, Raymond M.W., and Tang, Wilson H., 2005, Reliability of deteriorating slopes: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 5, May 2005 issue, p. 589-597. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 72 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Chowdhury, Robin, and Flentje, P., 2003, Role of slope Ellen, Stephen D., and Wieczorek, Gerald F., editors, reliability analysis in landslide risk management: 1988, Landslides, , and marine effects of the storm IAEG Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay region, Environment, vol. 62, no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 41–46. California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Christescu, N.D., Cazacu, O., and Cristescu, C., 2002, A model 1434, 16 chapters, 310 p. for slow motion of natural slopes: Canadian Geotechnical El–Ramly, H., Morgenstern, Norbert R., and Cruden, David M., Journal, vol. 39, p. 924–937. 2002, Probabilistic slope stability analysis for practice: Collins, B.D., and Sitar, Nicholas, 2005, Failure mode Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 665–683. identification and hazard quantification for coastal bluff Fell, Robin, Ho, K.K.S., Lacasse, S., and Leori, E., 2005, landslides, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Couture, R., and A framework for landslide risk assessment and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: management, in Hungr, O., Fell, R., Couture, R., and A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: Group plc, p.487-496. www.tandf.co.uk/books A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Cornforth, Derek, 2005, Landslides in practice: investigation, Group plc, p.3-25. www.tandf.co.uk/books analysis, and remedial / preventative options in soils: FEMA, 1989, Alluvial fans ― hazards and management: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 624 p., $150 list price; Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 23 chapters, 12 case histories. Report 165, 17 p. phone 800-480-2520 or download as pdf from Crespellani, T., Madiai, C, and Vannucchi, G., 1998, www.fema.gov/hazards/floods/lib165.shtm Earthquake destructiveness potential factor and slope Findlayson, B.L., 1985, Soil creep ― a formidable fossil of stability: Géotechnique, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 411–419. misconception, in Richards, K.S., Arnett, R.R., and Cruden, David M., and Varnes, David J., 1996, Ellis, S., editors, Geomorphology and Soils: George Allen Landslide types and processes, in Turner, A.Keith, and & Unwin Publishers, chapter 7, p. 141-158. Schuster, Robert L., editors, Landslides – investigation and Forrester, Kevin, 2001, Subsurface drainage for slope mitigation: National Academy Press, Transportation stabilization: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Research Board Special Report 247, chap.3, p. 36–75. Press, 208 p. Dawson, E.M., Motamed, F., Nesarajah, S., and Roth, M., Glade, Thomas, Anderson, Malcolm G., and Crozier, 2000, Geotechnical stability analysis by strength reduction: Michael J., editors, 2005, Landslide hazard and risk: ASCE Proceedings of Geo–Denver 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 832 p. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 101, p. 99–113. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, Gordon A., 2004, Probabilistic Dawson, E.M., Roth, W.H., and Drescher, A., 1999, Slope slope stability analysis by finite elements: ASCE Journal of stability analysis by strength reduction: Géotechnique, Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, vol. 49, no. 6, p. 835–840. no. 5, May 2004 issue, p. 507–518. Densmore, Alexander L., Ellis, Michael A., and Anderson, Griffiths, D.V., Martin, T.R., and Fenton, Gordon A., editors, Robert S., 1998, Landsliding and the evolution of normal– 2000, Slope Stability 2000 ― proceedings of the Geo– fault–bounded mountains: Journal of Geophysical Denver ASCE sessions: ASCE Geotechnical Special Research, vol. 103, no. B–7, July 10, 1998 issue, p. 15,203– Publication 101, 26 papers, 384 p. 15,219. Griffiths, D.V., and Lane, P.A., 1999, Slope stability analysis Dikau, Richard, Brunsden, Denys, Schrott, Lothar, and by finite elements: Géotechnique, vol. 49, no. 3, p. 387–403. Ibsen, Maïa Laura, 1996, Landslide recognition: Hall, James W., Lee, E. Mark, and Meadowcroft, Ian C., 2000, identification, movement, and causes: John Wiley & Sons, Risk-based benefit assessment of coastal cliff protection: Inc.; International Association of Geomorphologists Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Water & Publication no. 5, 274 p. Marine Engineering, vol. 142, September 2000 issue, Dixon, Bromhead N., and Isen, M.L., editors, Landslides in p. 127-139. research, theory, and practice: American Society of Civil Hampton, Monty A., 2002, Gravitational failure of sea cliffs in Engineers and Thomas Telford Publishers, Proceedings of weakly lithified sediment: AEG/GSA Environmental & the 8th International Symposium on Landslides, 3 volumes, Engineering Geoscience, vol. 8, no. 3, August 2002 issue, 1,684 p. p. 175–191. Coastal cliff landslides at Pacifica, San Mateo Duncan, J. Michael, and Wright, Stephen G., 2005, County, with application to similar coastal cliff landslides in Soil strength and slope stability: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., California. 312 p. Hapke, Cheryl J., 2005, Estimation of regional material yield Duncan, J. Michael, 1996, State–of–the–Art paper ― from coastal landslides based on historical digital terrain Limit equilibrium and finite element analysis of slopes: modelling: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 122, no. 7, vol. 30, p. 679-697. The USGS study area is along the Big Sur coastline on the west p. 577–597. side of the Santa Lucia Range, along the landslide-prone Ekanayake, J. C., and Phillips, Christopher J., 2002, U.S. Highway 1 from San Simeon to Monterey. Slope stability thresholds for vegetated hillslopes: a composite model: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 849–862. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 73 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Hart, Earl W., editor and compiler, 2003, Ridge–top spreading Johnson, Philip L., and Cole, William F., 2001, Use of large– in California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM diameter boreholes and downhole logging methods in 2003–05, including 7 separate papers: landslide investigations, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., Historical ridge–top cracking and spreading associated with editors, Engineering geology practice in northern California: earthquakes in California by E.W. Hart; California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Catalog of ridge–top spreading localities of probable seismic Association of Engineering Geologists Special origin in California, by E.W. Hart; Ridge–top spreading features and relationship to earthquakes, Publication 12, p. 95–106. This paper describes the standard– San Gabriel Mountains region, southern California, parts A & B, of–care and typical safety methods for downhole logging of large– by J.P. McCalpin and E.W. Hart; diameter boreholes whereby the engineering geologist descends Ridge–top spreading features and associated earthquakes, Cape down the24–inch borehole using a safety harness to measure strike Mendocino area, California, by E.W. Hart; & dip with a Brunton compass, observe the slide plane, collect Ridge–top spreading, San Francisco Bay area, field–trip guide, by insitu samples of clay seams, and check for other potential rupture Kevin B. Clahan and Earl W. Hart; surfaces. Refer to California Construction Safetuy Orders, CCR Criteria for determining the seismic significance of sachungen Title 8, §1542, Shafts, for the text of California law that permits and other scarp–like landforms in mountainous regions, by geotechnical specialists to enter exploration shafts using proper James P. McCalprin. safety equipment. Hart, Earl W., Bryant, William A., Wills, Christopher J., and Kane, William F., Holzhausen, Gary R., and Constable, E., Treiman, Jerome A., 1990, The search for fault rupture and 2004, Coastal bluff monitoring / alert system for railways, significance of ridgetop fissures, Santa Cruz Mountains, in Yegian, M.K., and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, in McNutt, Stephen R., and Sydnor, Robert H., editors, Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: The Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains), California, American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Earthquake of 17 October 1989: California Geological Publication no. 126, vol. two, p. 2067-2074. The site is Survey Special Publication 104, p. 83 – 94. located in Del Mar, San Diego County, and the TDR (time – Howell, David G., Brabb, Earl E., and Ramsey, David W., domain - reflectometry) system can be adapted for any project 1999, How useful is landslide hazard information? whereby steep cliffs need to be monitored continuously for Lessons learned in the San Francisco Bay region: landslide movement. International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 4, April 1999 Keaton, Jeffrey R, and Rinne, Richard, 2002, Engineering issue, p. 368 - 382. < www.bellpub.com/igr > geology mapping of slopes, in Bobrowsky, Peter T., editor, Hungr, Oldrich, Fell, Robin, Couture, Réjean, and Geoenvironmental mapping – methods, theory, and Eberhardt, Erik, editors, 2005, Landslide risk management: practice: A.A. Balkema Publishers, p. 9–28. A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Keefer, David K., Harp, Edward L., and Griggs, Gary B., 2002, Group plc, 764 p. www.tandf.co.uk/books Identifying a large landslide with small displacements in a Jibson, Randall W., 1993, Predicting earthquake–induced zone of coseismic tectonic deformation: the Villa del Monte landslide displacements using Newmark’s sliding block Landslide triggered by the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, analysis: National Research Council, Transportation Earthquake, in Evans, Stephen G., and DeGraff, Jerome V., Research Board, Transportation Research Record No. 1441, editors, Catastrophic Landslides: effects, occurrence, and p. 9–17. mechanisms: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Jibson, Randall W., and Jibson, Matthew W., 2003, Java Engineering Geology, vol. 15, p. 117–134. programs for using Newmark’s method and simplified Keefer, David K., 2002, Investigating landslides caused by decoupled analysis to model slope performance during earthquakes – a historical review: Surveys in Geophysics, earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report Kluwer Academic Publishers, vol. 23, no. 6, p. 473–510. 2003–005, version 1.0, CD–ROM. Keefer, David K., 1984, Landslides caused by earthquakes: May be downloaded by ftp methods from the USGS website. This 400-MB Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 95, p. 406–421. file contains a robust collection of 2,160 strong–motion records from Keefer, David K, and Wilson, Raymond C., 1989, Predicting 29 separate earthquakes. earthquake–induced landslides, with emphasis on arid and Jibson, Randall W., Harp, Edward L., and Michael, Andrew J., semi–arid environments, in Sadler, Peter M., and Morton, 1998, A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic Douglas M., editors, Landslides in a Semi–Arid hazard maps; an example from the Los Angeles, California, Environment: University of California, Riverside and the area: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 98–113, Inland Geological Society, Riverside, vol. 2, p. 118–149. 17 p., 2 over–sized map sheets at scale 1:24,000. Kim, J., and Sitar, Nicholas, 2004, Direct estimation of Available from < www.usgs.gov > yield acceleration in slope stability analyses: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 1, January 2004 issue, p. 111–115. Kinakin, D., and Stead, D., 2005, Analysis of the distributions of stress in natural ridge forms: implications for the deformation mechanism of rock slopes and the formation of sackung: Geomorphology, vol. 65, p. 85-100. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 74 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Koler, Thomas E., 2005, Business decision-making and utility McCrink, Timothy P., 2002, Mapping earthquake–induced economics of large landslides with national forest system landslide hazards in Santa Cruz County, in Ferriz, H., and lands in the United States, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice in Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk northern California: California Geological Survey Bulletin management: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists Special Taylor & Francis Group plc, p. 391-400. Publication 12, p. 77–94. www.tandf.co.uk/books McCrink, Timothy P., and Real, Charles R., 1996, Kramer, Steven L., and Lindwall, Nils W., 2004, Evaluation of the Newmark method for mapping Dimensionality and directivity effects in Newmark Sliding earthquake-induced landslide hazards in the Laurel Block analyses: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and 7½-minute quadrangle, Santa Cruz County, California: Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 3, California Geological Survey, Final Technical Report for March 2004 issue, p. 303–315. U.S. Geological Survey Contract 143-93-G-2334, Kramer, Steven L., 1996, Geotechnical earthquake U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 32 p., 16 engineering: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 653 p. (chapter 10 figures. This 1996 paper was formally published by AEG and ─ seismic slope stability, p. 423–465) CGS as California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 in a slightly Laudeman, Steve, and Chang, N.Y., 2004, Finite element different format as McCrink (2002), listed above. analysis of slope stabilization using piles, in Yegian, M.K., Mesri, G., and Shahien, M., 2003, Residual shear strength and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Geotechnical mobilized in first–time slope failures: ASCE Journal of Engineering for Transportation Projects: American Society Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 1, January 2003 issue, p. 12 – 31. no. 126, vol. two, p. 2000-2009. Montgomery, David R., and Brandon, Mark T., 2002, Lechman, J.B., and Griffiths, D.V., 2000, Analysis of the Topographic controls on erosion rates in tectonically active progression of failure of earth slopes by finite elements: mountain ranges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, ASCE Proceedings of Sessions of Geo–Denver 2000, vol. 201, issues 3&4, 15 August 2002, p. 481-489. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 101, p. 250–265. Montgomery, David R., Dietrich, William E., and Heffner, Lee, E. Mark, 2005, Landslide risk assessment: ASCE Press John T., 2002, Piezometric response in shallow bedrock at and Thomas Telford Ltd., 454 p. www.asce.org CB–1: implications for runoff generation and landsliding: Lee, E. Mark, Meadowcroft, I.C., Hall, J.W., and Walkden, M., AGU Water Resources Research, vol. 38, no. 12, December 2002, Coastal landslide activity: a probabilistic simulation 2002 issue, document ID 10.1029/2002WR001429. model: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Nadim, F., Einstein, Herbert H., Roberds, W., 2005, Environment, vol. 61, no. 4, November 2002 issue, Probabilistic stability analysis for individual slopes in soil p. 347-355. and rock, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Couture, R., and Lee, E. Mark, and Clark, A.R., 2002, Investigation and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: management of soft rock cliffs: American Society of Civil A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Engineers and Thomas Telford, Ltd., 392 p. www.asce.org Group plc, p.63-98. www.tandf.co.uk/books Leighton, F. Beach, 1976, Geomorphology and engineering NAS / NRC, 1990, Snow hazards and mitigation in control of landslides, Chapter 13, in Coates, Donald R., the United States: U.S. National Academy of Sciences, editor, Geomorphology and Engineering: Dowden, National Research Council, Committee on Ground Failure Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., distributed by Halstead Press, Hazards Mitigation Research, 96 p. read on–line at: a division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 273–287. www.nap.edu/catalog/1571.html Leighton, F. Beach, 1976, Urban landslides: targets for land– Several public schools and rural hospitals in California are located use planning in California: Geological Society of America, in alpine areas that receive heavy snowloads each winter. Special Paper 174, p. 37–60. Although not a widespread geologic hazard, snow Leroueil, Serge, 2001, Natural slopes and cuts: movements and should be evaluated in alpine settings, the same as any other landslide problem. failure mechanisms; the 39th : NAS/NRC, 2004, Partnerships for reducing landslide risk: Géotechnique, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 197–243. assessment of the National landslide hazards mitigation Loehr, J. Erik, McCoy, B.F., and Wright, Stephen G., 2004, survey. 144 p. < www.nap.edu/catalog/10946.html > Quasi–three–dimensional slope stability analysis method for Nicholson, D.T., 2004, Hazard assessment for progressive, general sliding bodies: : ASCE Journal of Geotechnical weathering-related breakdown of excavated rockslopes: and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and June 2004 issue, p. 551–560. Hydrogeology, vol. 37, p. 327-346. Excellent diagrams of how Marinos, V., Marinos, P., and Hoek, Evert, 2005, The cut-slopes ravel, erode, and deteriorate after they are excavated. geological strength index ― applications and limitations: Olshansky, Robert B., and Rogers, J. David, 1987, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Unstable ground – landslide policy in the United States: vol. 64, p. 55-65. University of California, Berkeley; Ecology Law Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 939–1006. Includes information on formation of Geologic Hazard Abatement Districts for remediation of very large landslides that cover multiple parcels and streets. Refer to California Public Resources Code §§26500–26601. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 75 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Ortigao, Jose A.R., and Sayao, Alberto S.F.J., editors, 2004, Stewart, Jonathan P., Blake, Thomas F., and Hollingsworth, Handbook of slope stabilization engineering: Springer– Robert A., 2003, A screen analysis procedure for seismic Verlag Publishers, 800 p. slope stability: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, Picarelli, L., Oboni, F., Evans, S.G., Mostyn, G., and Fell, R., August 2003 issue, p. 697–712. 2005, Hazard characterization and quantification, Sydnor, Robert H., Griggs, Gary B., Weber, Gerald E., in Hungr, O., Fell, R., Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., McCarthy, Richard J., and Plant, Nathaniel, 1900, editors, Landslide risk management: A.A. Balkema Coastal bluff landslides in Santa Cruz County resulting from Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Group plc, the Loma Prieta Earthquake of 17 October 1989, in p.27-61. www.tandf.co.uk/books McNutt, Stephen R., and Sydnor, Robert H., editors, Radbruch–Hall, Dorothy H., Colton, Roger B., Davies, The Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains), California, William E., Lucchitta, Ivo, Skipp, Betty A., and Earthquake of 17 October 1989: California Geological Varnes, David J., 2001, Landslide overview map of the Survey Special Publication 104, p. 67–82. conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Sydnor, Robert H., 1982, Downhole logging of boreholes, in Professional Paper 1183, download 2.6 MB pdf. Hutchinson, John N., Methods of locating slip surfaces in Renaud, J.P., Anderson, Malcolm G., Wilkinson, Paul L., landslides: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Lloyd, David M., and Muir Wood, David, 2003, Geologists, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 242. The importance of visualization of results from slope Turner, A.K., and Schuster, Robert L., editors, 1996, stability analysis: Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 156, Landslides – investigation and mitigation: National no. 1, January 2003 issue, p. 27–33. Academy Press, Transportation Research Board Special Rouse, C., and Reading, A., 1985, Soil mechanics and natural Report 247, 673 p. The national treatise on landslides with slope stability, in Richards, K.S., Arnett, R.R., and 25 chapters by a team of geologists and geotechnical engineers. Ellis, S., editors, Geomorphology and Soils: George Allen Tiwari, B., and Marui, H., 2004, Objective oriented multistage & Unwin Publishers, chapter 8, p. 159-179. ring–shear test for shear strength of landslide soil: Sadler, Peter M., and Morton, Douglas M., editors, 1989, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Landslides in a semi–arid environment, with emphasis on Engineering, vol. 130, no. 2, February 2004 issue, the inland valleys of southern California: Inland Geological p. 217–222. Society and University of California, Riverside, vol. 2, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2004, Coastal geology: 29 papers, 386 p. reprinted by the University Press of the Pacific, 308 p. Santi, Paul M., Crenshaw, Bradley A., and Elifrits, C. 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Michael, 1994, Subsurface exploration using issue, p. 610–622. bucket–auger borings and down–hole geologic inspection: Wartman, Joseph, Bray, Jonathan D., and Seed, Raymond B., Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 2003, Inclined plane studies of the Newmark sliding block 31, no. 1, p. 91–105. procedure: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Sitar, Nicholas, MacLaughlin, Mary M., and Doolin, David M., Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 8, 2005, Influence of kinematics on landslide mobility and August 2003 issue, p. 673–684. failure mode: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Wilson, Raymond C., and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 6, June 2005 Harp, Edwin L., 1985, Map showing slope stability during earthquakes in San Mateo County, California: issue, p. 716–728. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Spittler, Thomas E., Harp, Edwin L., Keefer, David K., Wilson, Map I-1257E, map scale 1:62,500. 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Chen, C.L., and Jan, C.D., 2000, Debris-flow occurrence Selected References probability on hillslopes, in Wieczorek, Gerald F., and for Debris-Flows Naeser, Nancy D., editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment: This is necessarily an abbreviated list since there are hundreds of A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; Proceedings of publications on debris-flows, including special cases of debris- the Second International Conference on Debris Flows, flows due to timber harvesting. Especially useful references are p. 411-416. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader. Chen, C.L., editor, 1997, Debris–flow hazards mitigation – mechanics, prediction, and assessment: American Society Ayotte, D., and Hungr, Oldrich, 2000, Calibration of a runout of Civil Engineers, 817 p., Contains 92 papers presented at a prediction model for debris-flows and avalanches, in conference in San Francisco, California. Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, Collins, Brian D., and Znidarcic, D., 2004, Stability analyses of Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, rainfall–induced landslides: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 4, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on April 2004 issue, p. 362–372. Debris Flows, p. 505-514. Costa, John E., and Wieczorek, G.F., editors, 1987, Campbell, Russell H., 1975, Soil slips, debris flows, and Debris flows / avalanches: process, recognition, and rainstorms in the Santa Monica Mountains and vicinity, mitigation: Geological Society of America, Reviews in southern California: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Engineering Geology, vol. 7, 17 chapters, 239 p. Paper 851, 51 p. (classic USGS paper for colluvial debris flows with Ellen, Stephen D., and Wieczorek, Gerald F., editors, insights from the torrential rains of 1968–1969) 1988, Landslides, floods, and marine effects of the storm Cannon, Susan H., Gartner, J.E., Parrett, C., and Parise, M., of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay region, 2003, Wildfire-related debris-flow generation through California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper episodic progressive sediment-bulking processes, western 1434, 16 chapters, 310 p. USA, in Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., editors, Ghilardi, P., Natale, L., and Savi, F., 2000, Debris-flow Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, propagation on urbanized alluvial fans, in Wieczorek, and assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, Debris-flow Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third International hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and Conference on Hazards Mitigation, held at assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003; vol. 1, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on p. 71-102. www.millpress.com Debris Flows, p. 471-478. Cannon, Susan H., 2000, Debris-flow response of southern Glass, Charles E., and Klimmek, Ray, 2001, Routing debris California watersheds burned by wildfire, in flows: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, AEG/GSA, vol. 7, no. 2, May 2001 issue, p. 177–191. Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, Contains 63 references that are useful for specific project work. and assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; Glaze, Lori S., Baloga, S.M., and Barnouin–Jha, O.S., 2002, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rheologic inferences from high–water marks of debris Debris Flows, p. 45-52. flows: AGU Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 29, no. 8, Casadei, M., and Dietrich, William E., 2003, Controls on p. 49–1 to 49–4. shallow landslide size, in Rickenmann, D., and Chen, Gori, P.L., Jeer, S.P., and Highland, L.M., 2003, Enlisting the C.L., editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: support of land-use planners to reduce debris-flow hazards mechanics, prediction, and assessment: Millpress in the United States, in Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., Science Publishers, Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards prediction, and assessment: Millpress Science Mitigation, held at Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, Publishers, Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third 2003; vol. 1, p. 71-102. www.millpress.com International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Chau, K.T., Chan, L.C.P., Luk, S.T., and Tai, Y.C., 2000, Mitigation, held at Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, Shape of deposition fan and runout distance of debris-flow: 2003; vol. 2, p. 1119-1128. www.millpress.com effect of granular and water contents, in Wieczorek, Hungr, Oldrich, Corominas, J., and Eherhardt, E., 2005, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, Debris-flow Estimating landslide motion mechanism, travel distance, hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and and velocity, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Couture, R., and assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis Debris Flows, p. 387-396. Group plc, p.99-128. www.tandf.co.uk/books Engineering Geology and Seismology for 77 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Iverson, Richard H., Denlinger, R.P., LaHusen, Richard G., and Montgomery, David R., and Dietrich, William E., 2002, Logan, M., 2000, Two-phase debris-flow across 3-D terrain: Runoff generation in a steep, soil–mantled landscape: model predictions and experimental tests, in Wieczorek, AGU Water Resources Research, vol. 38, no. 9, September Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, Debris-flow 2002 issue, document ID no. 10.1029/2001WR000822. hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and Reid, Mark E., Brien, D.L., LaHusen, Richard G., Roering, J.J., assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; de la Fuente, J., and Ellen, Stephen D., 2003, Debris-flow Proceedings of the Second International Conference on initiation from large, slow-moving landslides, in Debris Flows, p. 521-530. Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., editors, Debris-flow Iverson, Richard H., 1997, The physics of debris flows: hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and Reviews in Geophysics, American Geophysical Union, assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam; vol. 35, no. 3, p. 245–296. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Iverson, Richard H., Reid, Mark E., and LaHusen, Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation, held at Davos, Richard G., 1997, Debris–flow mobilization from Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003; vol. 1, p. 155-166. landslides: Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary www.millpress.com Sciences, vol. 25, p. 85–138. Reneau, Steven L., and Dietrich, William E., 1987, Jakob, Matthias, and Hungr, Oldrich, 2004, Risk assessment The importance of hollows in debris–flow studies; examples of debris flows and debris avalanches: Springer Verlag from Marin County, California, in Costa, John E., and Publishers, 700 p. Wieczorek, Gerald F., editors, Debris flows / avalanches: Jakob, Matthias, Bovis, Michael, and Oden, Marian, 2005, process, recognition, and mitigation: Geological Society The significance of channel recharge reates for estimating of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 7, debris-flow magnitude and frequency: Earth Surface p. 165–180. Processes and Landforms, vol. 30, p. 755-766. Rickenmann, Dieter, and Chen, Cheng-lung, editors, 2003, Johnson, Arvid M., 1984, Debris flow, in Brunsden, D., and Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, Prior, D.B, editors, Slope Instability: John Wiley & Sons, and assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Inc., Chapter 8, p. 257–361. Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third International Johnson, Arvid M., 2003, Use of Claude Bernard’s scientific Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation, held at method to understand debris flow, in Rickenmann, D., and Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003, Chen, C.L., editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: two volumes, 1,392 p. www.millpress.com mechanics, prediction, and assessment: Millpress Roberds, W., 2005, Estimating temporal and spatial variablility Science Publishers, Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third and vulnerability, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Couture, R., International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: Mitigation, held at Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis 2003, vol. 1, keynote lecture, p. 3-24. www.millpress.com Group plc, p. 129-157. www.tandf.co.uk/books Leroi, E., Bonnard, Ch., Fell, Robin, and McInnes, R., 2005, Romang, H., Keinholz, H., Kimmerle, R., and Boll, A., 2003, Risk assessment and management, in Hungr, O., Fell, Control structures, vulnerability, cost-effectiveness ― Robin, Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide a contribution to the management risks from debris torrents, risk management: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of in Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., editors, Debris-flow Taylor & Francis Group plc, p.159-198. hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and www.tandf.co.uk/books assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam; McDougall, S.D., and Hungr, Oldrich, 2003, Objectives for the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on development of an integrated three-dimensional continuum Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation, held at Davos, model for the analysis of landslide runout, in Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003; vol. 2, Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., editors, Debris-flow p. 1303-1314. www.millpress.com hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and Savage, S.B., and Iverson, Richard M., 2003, Surge dynamics assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam; coupled to pore-pressure evolution in debris flows, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., editors, Debris-flow Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation, held at Davos, hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003; vol. 1, p. 481-490. assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam; www.millpress.com Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Mizuyama, T., Oda, A., Nishikawa, S., Morita, A., and Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation, held at Davos, Kasai, S., 2000, Structures for controlling debris-flows in Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003; vol. 1, p. 503-514. torrents where debris-flow does not occur frequently, in www.millpress.com Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, Schuster, Robert L., 2000, Outburst debris-flows from failure of Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, natural , in Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, and assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; Nancy D., editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on mechanics, prediction, and assessment: A.A. Balkema Debris Flows, p. 579-582. Publishers, Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Debris Flows, p. 29-44. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 78 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Smith, Paul L, chairman, and 11 others, 2004, Flash-flood forecasting over complex terrain: with an assessment of the Selected References for Sulphur Mountain NEXRAD in southern California: Rockfalls and Rock–Slope Engineering National Academy of Sciences, 158 p. read-on line at: Abbreviated list; especially useful references are www.nap.edu.catalog/11128.html marked with a star symbol to assist the reader. There are five “next generation radar” (NEXRAD) stations in southern California that use Doppler phase-shift to assess flash-flood and debris-flow conditions. Sulphur Mountain is an elongate ridge about 5 miles south of Ojai in Ventura County. This 2004 book from the authoritative National Abbott, Patrick L., Kerr, Dennis R., Borron Steven E., Academy of Sciences evaluates the effectiveness of the new radar system and Washburn, J.L., and Rightmer, David A., 2002, makes policy recommendations for public safety regarding warning systems for flashfloods, debris-flows, and mudslides. Neogene sturzstrom deposits, Split Mountain area, Anza– Udden, M.K., 2000, Salient causes of debris-flows in clayey Borrego Desert State Park, California, in soils, in Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., Evans, Stephen G., and DeGraff, Jerome V., editors, editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, Catastrophic landslides: effects, occurrence, and prediction, and assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, mechanisms: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Second International Engineering Geology, vol. 15, p. 379–400. Conference on Debris Flows, p. 373-380. Agliardi, F, and Crosta,G.B., 2003, High resolution three– Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Glade, Thomas, 2005, Climatic dimensional numerical modelling of rockfalls: International factors influencing occurrence of debris flows, chapter 14 Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol 40, in Jakob, M., and Hungr, O., editors, Debris-flow Hazards no. 4, June 2003 issue, p. 455–471. and Related Phenomena: Springer, p. 325 – 362. Bieniawski, Z.T., 1989, Engineering rock mass classifications: www.springeronline.com www.praxis-publishing.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 251 p. Wieczorek, Gerald F., Coe, J.A., and Godt, J.W., 2003, Bonnard, Ch., and Glastonbury, J., 2005, Risk assessment for Remote sensing of rainfall for debris-flow hazard very large natural rock slopes, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, assessment, in Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., editors, Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, management: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of and assessment: Millpress Science Publishers, Taylor & Francis Group plc, p. 335-349. Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third International www.tandf.co.uk/books Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation, held at Brueckl, E., and Parotidis, M., 2001, Estimation of large–scale Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003; vol. 1, mechanical properties of a large landslide mass on the basis p. 71-102. www.millpress.com of seismic results: International Journal of Rock Mechanics Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., 2000, and Mining Sciences, vol. 38, no. 6, September 2001 issue, editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, p. 877–883. prediction, and assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Cazzani, A., Mongiovi, L., and Frenez, T., 2002, Dynamic Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Second International finite element analysis of interceptive devices for falling Conference on Debris Flows, held in Taipei, Taiwan, rocks: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and August 16-18, 2000, 608 p. Mining Sciences, vol. 39, no. 3, April 2002, p. 303–321. Zhang, L.L., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, Wilson H., 2005, Chau, K.T., Wong, R.H.C., and Wu, J.J., 2002, Coefficient of Rainfall-induced slope failure considering variability of soil restitution and rotation motions of impacts: properties: Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 183-188. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 39, no. 1, January 2002, p. 69–77. Cho, S.E., and Lee, S.R., 2002, Evaluation of surficial stability for homogeneous slopes considering rainfall characteristics: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 128, no. 9, September 2002 issue, p. 756– 763. Cristescu, N.D., and Hunsche, U., 1998, Time effects in rock mechanics: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 300 p. Davies, T.R.H., and McSavenney, M.J., 1999, Runout of dry granular avalanches: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 36, p. 313―320. Duffy, John D., 1992, Flexible wire–rope rockfall nets, in Rockfall Prediction & Control and Landslide Case Histories: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Transportation Research Record No. 1343, p. 30–35. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 79 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Dussauge, Carine, Grasso, Jean–Robert, and Helmstetter, Harp, Edwin L., and Jibson, Randall W., 2002, Anomalous Agnès, 2003, Statistical analysis of rockfall volume concentrations of seismically–triggered rock falls in distributions: implications for rockfall dynamics: Journal Pacoima Canyon: Are they caused by highly susceptible of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–6, published by slopes or local amplification of seismic shaking? Bulletin AGU on June 3, 2003, p. 2–1 to 2–11. of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 8, Erismann, T.H., and Abele, G., 2001, Dynamics of rockslides December 2002 issue, p. 3180–3189. and rockfalls: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 120 illustrations, Hoek, Evert, 2000, Analysis of rockfall hazards, in 316 p. Rock Engineering, chapter 9, p. 115–136. Evans, Stephen G., and Hungr, O., 1993, The assessment of Download entire 313–page textbook as .pdf from: rockfall hazard at the base of talus slopes: Canadian < www.rocscience.com > Geotechnical Journal, vol. 30, p. 620–636. Hoek, Evert, and Bray, John W., 1981, Rock slope engineering, Feng, J., Chuhan, Z, Gand, W., and Guanglun, W., 2003, 3rd edition: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Creep modeling in excavation analysis of a high rock slope: London; and Spon Press, 358 p. Please refer to Wyllie and th ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Mah, 2004, which is the new 4 edition of this excellent book. Engineering, vol. 129, no. 9, September 2003 issue, Hoek, Evert, and Brown, E.T., 1997, Practical estimates of p. 849–857. rock masses strength: International Journal of Rock FHWA, 1993, Rockfall hazard rating system: U.S. Department Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 34, p. 1165–1186. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA Hoek, Evert, Carranza–Torres, C., Corkum, B., 2002, Publication # SA-93-057, 112 p. download free as 61 MB file. The Hoek–Brown failure criteria – 2002 edition: FHWA, 1993, Rockfall hazard mitigation system: U.S. Proceedings of the North American Rock Mechanics Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Society, July 2002, Toronto, p. 267–273. Administration, FHWA Publication # SA-93-085, 402 p. Hsü, K.J., 1975, Catastrophic debris streams (sturzstroms) Friedmann, S.J., Kwon, G., and Losert, W., 2003, Granular generated by rockfalls: Geological Society of America memory and its effect on the triggering and distribution of Bulletin, vol 86, p. 129–140. rock avalanche events: Journal of Geophysical Research, Hudson, John A., and Harrison, John P., 1997, Engineering vol. 108, no. B–8, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002174, published rock mechanics: Pergamon Press, 444 p. by AGU on August 15, 2003. Hungr, Oldrich, Corominas, J., and Eherhardt, E., 2005, Giani, G.P., 1992, Rock slope stability analysis: A.A. Balkema Estimating landslide motion mechanism, travel distance, Publishers, 374 p. and velocity, in Hungr, O., Fell, Robin, Couture, R., and Griggs, Gary B., and Patsch, Kiki B., 2004, California’s Eberhardt, E., editors, Landslide risk management: coastal cliffs and bluffs, in Hampton, M.A., and Griggs, A.A. Balkema Publishers, a division of Taylor & Francis G.A., editors, Formation, Evolution, and Stability of Coastal Group plc, p.99-128. www.tandf.co.uk/books Cliffs ― status and trends: U.S. Geological Survey Hungr, Oldrich, and Evans, Stephen G., 2004, Entrainment of Professional Paper 1693, p. 53-64. debris in rock avalanches ― an analysis of a long run-out Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., and Wieczorek, Gerald F., 2003, mechanism: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, vol 116, no. 9/10, September/October 2004 issue, California, USA: Natural Hazards and Earth System p. 1240―1252. Sciences, vol. 3, p. 491–503. Hungr, Oldrich, 1995, A model for the runout analysis of rapid Guzzetti, F., Crosta, G., Detti, R., and Agliardi, F., 2002, flow slides, debris flows, and avalanches: Canadian STONE: a computer program for the three–dimensional Geotechnical Journal, vol. 32, p. 610―623. simulation of rock–falls: Computers and Geosciences, Hungr, Oldrich, Morgan, G.C., and Kellerhals, R., 1984, vol. 28, no. 9, p. 1079–1093. Quantitative anlaysis of debris torrent hazards for design of Hack, R., Price, D., and Rengers, N., 2003, A new approach to remedial measures: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, rock slope stability ― a probability classification (SSPC): vol. 21, p. 663―667. IAEG, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Jones, Christopher L., Higgins, Jerry D., and Andrew, R.D., Environment, vol. 62, no. 2, May 2003 issue, p. 167–184. 2000, Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program, CRSP Hapke, Cheryl J., 2004, The measurement and interpretation version 4.0: Colorado Geological Survey, Publication of coastal cliff and bluff retreat, in Hampton, M.A., and MI–66, 61 figures, 8 tables, 127 page report, one CD–ROM, Griggs, G.A., editors, Formation, Evolution, and Stability of $25.00. CRSP v.4.0 is for Windows 98 and NT systems. Coastal Cliffs ― status and trends: U.S. Geological Survey It provides a statistical analysis of probable rockfall events Professional Paper 1693, p. 39-50. at any given site. < http://geosurvey.state.co. us > Hampton, Monty A., Griggs, Gary B., Edil, T.B., Guy, Engineering Geologist Christopher L. Jones is now at Donald E., Kelley, Joseph T., Komar, Paul D., Mickelson, Caltrans, Sacramento [email protected] David M., and Shipman, Hugh M., 2004, Processes that Kahraman, S., Bilgin, N., and Feridunoglu, C., 2003, govern the formation and evolution of coastal cliffs, in Dominant rock properties affecting the penetration rate of Hampton, M.A., and Griggs, G.A., editors, Formation, percussive drills: International Journal of Rock Mechanics Evolution, and Stability of Coastal Cliffs ― status and and Mining Sciences, vol. 40, no. 5, July 2003, p. 711–723. trends: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1693, p. 7-38. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 80 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Kahraman, S., 2001, A correlation between P–wave velocity, Ramamurthy, T., 2004, A geo–engineering classification for number of joints, and Schmidt hammer rebound number: rocks and rock masses: International Journal of Rock International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 41, no. 1, Sciences, vol. 38, no. 5, July 2001, p. 729–733. January 2004 issue, p. 89–101. www.sciencedirect.com Keefer, David K., 1992, The susceptibility of rock slopes to Rosenbaum, M.S., Rosen, L., and Gustafson, G., 1997, earthquake–induced failure, in Stout, Martin L., editor, Probabilistic methods for estimating lithology: Engineering Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association Geology, vol. 47, p. 43–55. of Engineering Geologists, p. 529–538. Sagaseta, C., Sanchez, J.M., and Canizal, J., 2001, A general King, M.S., 2002, Elastic wave propagation in and permeability analytical solution for the required anchor force in rock for rocks with multiple parallel fractures: International slopes with toppling failure: International Journal of Rock Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 39, Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 38, no. 3, April 2001 no. 8, December 2002 issue, p. 1033–1043. issue, p. 421–435. Kliche, Charles A., 1999, Rock slope stability: Society of Schweigl, J., Ferretti, C., and Nössing, L., 2003, Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, Littleton, Colorado, Geotechnical characterization and rockfall simulation of a 10 chapers, 272 p.; SME ℡ 800-763–3132 slope: Engineering Geology, vol. 67, p. 281–296. < www.smenet.org > Serrano, A., and Olalla, C., 1999, Tensile resistance of rock Lee, E.M., and Clark, A.R., 2002, Investigation and anchors: International Journal of Rock Mechanics management of soft rock cliffs: American Society of Civil and Mining Sciences, vol. 36, no. 4, June 1999 issue, Engineers and Thomas Telford Publishers, Ltd., 392 p. p. 449–474. Legros, F., 2002, The mobility of long runout landslides: Shreve, Ronald L., 1968, The Blackhawk Landslide: Engineerng Geology, vol. 63, p. 301-331. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 108, 47 p. Lemy, F., and Hadjigeorgiou, J., 2003, Discontinuity trace map Simons, N., Menzies, B., and Matthews, M., 2001, A short construction using photographs of rock exposures: course in soil and rock-slope engineering: Thomas Telford International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Ltd., 432 p. Sciences, vol. 40, no. 6, Sep. 2003 issue, p. 903–917. Sonmez, H., Ulsay, R., and Gokceoglu, C., 2000, A practical Lisle, R.J., 2004, Calculation of the daylight envelope for procedure for the back–analysis or slope failures in closely plane failure of rock slopes: Géotechnique, vol. 54, no. 4, jointed rock masses: International Journal of Rock p. 279–280. Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 35, no. 2, March 1998 Lisle, Richard J., and Leyshon, Peter R., 2004, Stereographic issue, p. 219–233. projection techniques for geologists and civil engineers, Sonmez, H., and Ulusay, R., 1999, Modifications to the nd 2 edition: Cambridge University Press, 120 p. geological strength index (GSI) and their applicability to Liu, Q., Brosch, F.J., and Riedmuller, G., 2004, The stability of slopes: International Journal of Rock Mechanics significance and prediction of different rock mass and Mining Sciences, vol. 36, no. 6, September 1999 issue, characteristics for rock engineering: International Journal p. 743–760. of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 41, no. 1, USACE, 1996, Rock foundations: American Society of Civil January 2004, p. 103–117. www.sciencedirect.com Engineers, Technical & Engineering Design Guides no. 16, MacLaughlin, M., Sitar, Nicholas, Doolin, D., and Abbot, T., as adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual of 2001, Investigation of slope–stability kinematics using the same title, 130 p. discontinuous deformation analysis: International Journal Vandewater, Christopher J., Dunne, William M., Mauldon, of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 38, no. 5, Matthew, Drumm, Eric C., and Bateman, Vanessa, 2005, July 2001 issue, p. 753–762. Classifying and assessing the geologic contribution to Mortimore, R.N., and Duperret, A., editors, 2004, Coastal chalk rockfall hazard: AEG & GSA Environmental & cliff instability: Geological Society of London, Engineering Engineering Geoscience, vol. 11, no. 2, May 2005 issue, Geology Special Publication no. 20, 184 p., 12 papers p. 141-154. < www.geolsoc.org.uk > Many applications to coastal Vernon, Ronald H., 2004, A practical guide to rock landslides in California with friable tuffaceous shales. microstructure: Cambridge University Press, 608 p. Nichol, Susan L., Hungr, O., and Evans, S.G., 2002, Large– Wang, C., Tannant, D.D., and Lilly, P.A., 2003, Numerical scale brittle and ductile toppling of rock slopes: Canadian analysis of the stability of heavily jointed rock–slopes using Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 773–788. PFC2D: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Pfeiffer, T.J., and Bowen, T.D., 1989, Computer simulation of Mining Sciences, vol. 40, no. 3, April 2003, p. 415–424. rockfalls: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Wieczorek, Gerald F., 2002, Catastrophic rockfalls Geologists, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 135–146. and rockslides of the Sierra Nevada, USA, in Pincus, Howard J., 2000, Closed–form / least–squares failure Evans, Stephen G., and DeGraff, Jerome V., editors, envelopes for rock strength: International Journal of Rock Catastrophic landslides: effects, occurrence, and Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 37, no. 5, July 2000 mechanisms: Geological Society of America, Reviews in issue, p. 763–785. Engineering Geology, vol. 15, p. 165–190. Pine, R.J., and Harrison, J.P., 2003, Rock mass properties for engineering design: Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 5–16. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 81 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wyllie, Duncan C., and Mah, Christopher W., 2004, Rock slope engineering, 4th edition: Spon Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 431 p. This new fourth edition is based on the third edition by Hoek & Bray (1981). Wyllie, Duncan C., 1999, Foundations on rock, 2nd edition: Spon Press, 384 p. Yarnold, J.C, and Lombard, J.P., 1989, A model for large rock–avalance deposits formed in dry climates, in Colburn, Ivan P., Abbott, Patrick L., and Minch, John A., editors, Conglomerates in basin analysis: a symposium dedicated to Arnold O. Woodford: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Pacific Section, vol. 62, p. 9–31. Zhang, L., and Einstein, H.H., 2004, Using RQD to estimate the deformation modulus of rock masses: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 42, doi: 10.1016/S1365–1609(03)00100–X Zimmerman, R., 2006, Fundamentals of rock mechanics, 4th edition: Blackwell Publishing, 608 p.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 82 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

11. Geotechnical Laboratory Testing methods to determine N1(60) blow–counts for of Representative Samples liquefaction analyses. For detailed specifications for geotechnical tests, refer to ASTM volume 4.08 Reference is made to ASTM D–5255–97, (1,492 pages & 154 standards, March 2005) and Standard Practice for Certification of Personnel ASTM volume 4.09 (1,610 pages & Engaged in the Testing of Soil and Rock. Only 172 standards, April 2005, and subsequent annual well–qualified, experienced technicians should be editions). The most current edition of any test is involved with hospital or public school projects. posted on the ASTM website < www.astm.org > This is not a situation for trainees or beginners. and any test may be downloaded on an individual Geotechnical laboratories should use current fee basis. copies of ASTM volume 4.08 (1,492 pages & 154 standards, March 2005 and subsequently The subsurface investigation should be in every March) and volume 4.09 (1,610 pages & accordance with 2001 CBC §1804, Foundation 172 standards, April 2005 and subsequently every Investigation, and related sections within April). Chapters 18 and 33 of the California Building Code. Appropriate geotechnical tests typically include: grain–size, unit–weight and moisture Geotechnical laboratories used for public content; Atterberg Limits (for plasticity index), school projects for construction materials testing moisture–density compaction tests, consolidation (e.g., concrete cylinder testing) should be on the tests in the shallow subsurface to evaluate depth of current approved roster of certified laboratories by over–excavation and bearing capacity, direct the Division of the State Architect. Refer to the shear, expansion index, sulfate and corrosion for DSA website for details . evaluation of Type II or V portland cement; R–value for asphalt-pavement design, and audit of A useful new geotechnical website at the the relative compaction of any existing fills. University of Arizona is: GROW, an acronym for the Geotechnical, Rock and Water Resources All fill should be assumed to be undocumented Library: unless proven otherwise. Existing fills need to be < www.grow.arizona.edu > forensically tested by the Registered Geotechnical GROW has new geotechnical software (some free; Engineer. Ascertain if the existing fill prisms are some for sale), geotechnical news and resources, either engineered or uncontrolled. hyperlinks to other geotechnical sites, K–12 resources for students, and a searchable database.

Existing Fills Selected References in Geotechnical Engineering (Abbreviated list; there are many thousands of publications in ♦ engineered fills geotechnical engineering. Especially useful references are that were properly compacted by sheeps-foot roller marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) with adequate geotechnical testing or

Ansal, A., editor, 2004, Recent advances in earthquake ♦ low–density uncontrolled fills geotechnical engineering and microzonation: Kluwer undocumented & of uncertain bearing capacity Academic Publishers, 368 p., March 2004. ASTM Test D653–04, Standard Terminology Relatingto Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids: American Society for Testing All geotechnical tests should be in conformance & Materials, < www.astm.org > ASTM Test D1452–80 (reapproved 2000), Standard Practice with current ASTM standard test methods, for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings: including designation of the latest year of adoption American Society for Testing & Materials, by ASTM Committee D–18. Example: ASTM < www.astm.org > Standards D–1586–99 and D–6066–04 for SPT Engineering Geology and Seismology for 83 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

ASTM Test D1556–00, Standard Test Method for Density and Chan, Andrew K., and Shiomi, T., in press 2006, Practical Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand–Cone Method: programming in computational , with special American Society for Testing & Materials, reference to earthquake engineering: John Wiley & Sons, < www.astm.org > Inc., 300 p. (scheduled to be published about April 2006) ASTM Test D1557–00, Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Chen, F.H., 2000, Soil engineering  testing, design, and Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort remediation: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis (56,000 ft–lbf/ft3): American Society for Testing & Publishers Press, 288 p., 18 chapters. Materials, < www.astm.org > A practical text with emphasis on field and laboratory ASTM Test D1586–99, Standard Test Method for methods, with unusual chapters on forensic evaluation of Penetration Test and Split–Barrel Sampling of Soils: foundation distress and writing of geotechical reports. American Society for Testing & Materials, 5 p. Coduto, Donald P., 1999, Geotechnical engineering – < www.astm.org > principles and practice: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 759 p. ASTM Test D2435–96, Standard Test Method for One– Widely used college textbook in geotechnical engineering. Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils: American Coduto, Donald P., 2001, Foundation design – principles and nd Society for Testing & Materials, < www.astm.org > practices, 2 edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 883 p. ASTM Test D2487–00, Standard Classification of Soils for foundation software using Excel: www.prenhall.com/coduto Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification bearing.xls bearing capacity analysis of shallow foundations System): American Society for Testing & Materials, settlement.xls settlement analysis of shallow foundations schmertmann.xls settlement analysis with Schmertmann’s method < www.astm.org > retwall.xls cantilever retaining wall analysis ASTM Test D2487–00, Standard Practice for Description and Craig, R.F., 1997, Soil mechanics, 6th edition: Spon Press, Identification of Soils (Visual–Manual Procedure): 496 p. and solutions manual, 85 p. American Society for Testing & Materials, Das, B.M., 2001, Principles of geotechnical engineering, < www.astm.org > 5th edition: Thomson Engineering, 800 p., 15 chapters. ASTM Test D2922–01, Standard Test Methods for Density of Das, B.M., 2005, Fundamentals of geotechnical engineering, Soil and Soil–Aggregate In Place by Nuclear Methods 2nd edition: Thomson Engineering, 14 chapters. (shallow depth): American Society for Testing & Das, B.M., 2004, Principles of foundation engineering, Materials, < www.astm.org > 5th edition: Thomson Engineering, 14 chapters. ASTM Test D4318–00, Standard Test Methods for Liquid www.thomsonlearning.com Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils Davis, R.O., and Selvadurai, A.P.S., 2002, Plasticity and (Atterberg Limits): American Society for Testing & geomechanics: Cambridge University Press, 300 p. Materials, < www.astm.org > Duncan, J. Michael, and Wright, Stephen G., 2005, ASTM Test D5730–98, Standard Guide for Environmental Soil strength and slope stability: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone 312 p. and Ground Water: American Society for Testing & Fang, H.Y., editor, 1991, Foundation engineering handbook, Materials. < www.astm.org > 2nd edition: Chapman & Hall Publishers, 923 p. ASTM Test D4829–95, Standard Test Method for Expansion Finn, W.D. Liam, 2000, State–of–the–art of geotechnical Index of Soils: American Society for Testing & Materials, earthquake engineering practice: Soil Dynamics and < www.astm.org > Earthquake Engineering, vol. 20, p. 1–15. ASTM Test D6913-04, Test Methods for Particle-size Fishman, K.L., Richards, R., Jr., and Yao, D., 2003, Inclination Distribution Gradation of Soils Using Sieve Analysis. factors for seismic bearing capacity: ASCE Journal of ASTM, 2002, Standards on environmental site Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, characterization, 2nd edition: American Society for Testing vol. 129, no. 9, September 2003 issue, p. 861–865. and Materials, 1,827 p., 163 tests methods, practices, Fredlund, D.G., and Rahardjo, H., 1993, Soil mechanics for guides; available in book format (paper copy, 8½×11 size) unsaturated soils: John Wiley – Interscience, 544 p. or CD–ROM. < www.astm.org > Frost, J.D., editor, 1997, Spatial analysis in soil dynamics and Baecher, Gregory, and Christian, John, 2003, Reliability and earthquake engineering: ASCE Geotechnical Special statistics in geotechnical engineering: John Wiley & Sons, Publication 67, 144 p. Inc., 616 p., December 2003. Hardin, Bobby O., and Kalinski, Michael E., 2005, Estimating Bowles, Joseph E., 1995, Foundation analysis and design, the shear modulus of gravelly soils: ASCE Journal of 5th edition: McGraw–Hill Book Company, 1,024 p. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Brandes, H.G., 2003, Geotechnical and foundation aspects, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, p. 867–875. in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Hoek, Evert, 2000, Rock engineering: RocScience.com, Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, a division of Taylor 17 chapters, 313 p. Download entire course note and Francis Publishers, chap. 7, p. 7–1 to 7–61. (penultimate textbook ) as .pdf from Brown, Robert Wade, 1997, Foundation behavior and repair, < www.rocscience.com > rd Holtz, Robert D., 2005 in press, An introduction to geotechnical 3 edition: McGraw–Hill Professional Publishing, 352 p. nd Bull, John W., editor, 2003, Numerical analysis and modelling engineering, 2 edition: Prentice Hall Publishers. in geomechanics: E.&F.N. Spon Ltd., 480 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 84 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Houlsby, A.C., 1990, Construction and design of cement McNally, Greg, 1998, Soil and rock construction materials: grouting – a guide to grouting in rock foundations: John Spon Press, 416 p., 87 line drawings. Wiley & Sons, 466 p. Mitchell, James K., and Soga, K., 2005, Fundamentals of soil Houston, S.L., and Fredlund, D.G., editors, 1997, Unsaturated behavior, 3nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 592 p. soil engineering practice: ASCE Geotechnical Special Muir–Wood, David, 2001, Geotechnical modeling: Spon Press, Publication 68, 344 p. 352 p., 200 line drawings, 10 chapters. Ishihara, K., 1996, Soil behavior in earthquake geotechnics: Murthy, V.N.S., 2002, Geotechnical engineering: principles Oxford University Press, 350 p. and practices of soil mechanics and foundation Jaksa, M.B., Goldsworthy, J.S., Fenton, G.A., Kaggwa, W.S., engineering: Marcel Dekker Publisher, 1,048 p. Griffiths, D.V., Kuo, Y.L., and Poulos, H.G., 2005, Parry, R.H.G., 1995, Mohr circles, stress paths, and Towards reliable and effective site investigations: geotechnics: Spon Press, 256 p., 151 line drawings. Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 109-121. Powrie, William, 1996, Soil mechanics – concepts and Khosla, V, editor, 1985, Advances in the art of testing soils applications: Spon Press, 400 p., 450 illus. under cyclic conditions: ASCE Geotechnical Special Smoltczyk, U., editor, 2002, Geotechnical engineering Publication, 294 p. handbook: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Kramer, Steven L., 1996, Geotechnical earthquake vol. 1, fundamentals, 808 p. (July 2002); and engineering: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 653 p. vol. 2, procedures, 650 p. (January 2003) Kramer, Steven L., and Stewart, Jonathan P., 2004, Shackelford, C.D., Chang, N.Y., and Houston, S.L., editors, Geotechnical aspects of seismic hazards, chapter 4, 2000, Advances in unsaturated geotechnics: ASCE in Bozorgnia, Y., and Bertero, V.V., editors, Geotechnical Special Publication 99, 38 papers, 616 p. Earthquake Engineering: CRC Press, a division of Tang, W.H., Duncan, J.M., Cornell, C.A., Gardner, W.S., Taylor & Francis Publishers, 952 p. < www.crcpress.com > Rosenblueth, E., Schuster, Robert L., Wu, T.H., and Lade, Poul V., and DeBoer, R., 1997, The concept of effective Mitchell, J.K., 1995, Probabilistic methods in geotechnical stress for soil, concrete, and rock: Géotechnique, vol. 47, engineering: National Academy of Sciences, National no. 1, p. 61–78. Research Council: National Academy Press, 84 p. Liu, C., and Evett, Jack B., 2002, Soil properties: testing, Terzaghi, Karl, Peck, Ralph B., and Mesri, G., 1996, measurement, and evaluation, 5th edition: Prentice Hall Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3rd edition: Publishers, 432 p., with software diskette, 23 chapters on John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 549 p. geotechnical lab testing methods. Tomlinson, M.J., and Boorman, R., 2001, Foundation design Lu, N., and Likos, William J., 2004 Unsaturated soil and construction, 7th edition: Longman Group, 536 p. mechanics: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 584 p. USBR, 1998, Earth manual, 3rd edition: U.S. Department of the Lutenegger, Alan J., 2004, In–situ techniques in geotechnical Interior, Bureau of Reclamation; part 1 (properties of soils, engineering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 600 p. field investigation, control of earth construction  329 p.), Marr, W. Allen, editor, 2000, Geotechnical measurements – and part 2 (tests and procedures  1,270 p.). lab and field: American Society of Civil Engineers, USACE, 1996, Rock foundations: American Society of Civil Geotechnical Special Publication no. 106, 208 p. Engineers, Technical & Engineering Design Guides no. 16, Marr, W. Allen, editor, 2003, A history of progress: selected as adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual of U.S. papers in geotechnical engineering: American the same title, 130 p. Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Geotechnical Special Wolff, Thomas F., 1995, Spreadsheets for geotechnical Publication no. 118, two-volume collection; 2,356 p. engineering: PWS Publishing Co., 320 p. An archive of 78 historic landmark papers in geotechncial Woodward, John, 2005 in press, Introduction to geotechnical enginering by: Terzaghi, Proctor, Biot, Casagrande, Fellenius, processes: Spon Press, 160 p. Taylor, Westergaard, Newmark, Peck, Hvorslev, Bishop, Wyllie, Duncan C., 1999, Foundations on rock, 2nd edition: Bjerrum, Cedergren, Reese, Mitchell, Richart, Meyerhof, Lysmer, Seed, Lee, Lambe, Whitman, Sowers, Vidal, Duncan, Spon Press, 384 p. Schmertmann, Wilson, Ladd, Idriss, Makdesi, Marr, Legget, Yamamuro, Jerry A., and Kaliakin, Victor N., editors, 2005, Clough, Leonards, Kulhawy, Sherard, Cording, O”Rourke, Ladd, Soil constitutive models: evaluation, selection, and Christian, and O’Neill. calibration: ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication McCarthy, David F., 2002, Essentials of soil mechanics and no. 128, 512 p., 19 separate papers. foundations – basic geotechnics, 6 th edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 788 p.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 85 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

12. Expansive Soils — Clay Mineralogy Selected References for of the Geologic Subgrade Expansive Soils (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Evaluate the site for expansive soils. This term includes both expansive fills derived from on–site Alther, George, 2004, Some practical observations on the use of grading and expansive bedrock–cut pads. bentonite: AEG & GSA Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, vol. 10, no. 4, Nov. 2004 issue, p. 347-359. Refer to 2001 CBC §1804.4, §1815, Table Audel, Harry S., 2004, Field guide to crack patterns in buildings ― a guide to residential building cracks caused by geologic 18A–I–B, and UBC Standard 18–2. For test hazards: Association of Engineering Geologists, Special methods, refer to ASTM Test D4546–96, One– Publication 16. Harry Audel is an AEG memberand Dimensional Swell or Settlement Potential of Certified Engineering Geologist who has 27+ years of Cohesive Soils; ASTM Test D4829–95, experience with highly expansive soils and landslides in the Expansion Index of Soils. Orange County area of Southern California. Chen, F.H, 1988, Foundations on expansive soils, 2nd edition: Elsevier Publishing Co., 463 p. The Engineering Geologist should briefly Chew, S.H., Kamruzzaman, A.H.M., and Lee, F.H., 2004, summarize the clay mineralogy of the expansive Physiochemical and engineering behavior of cement–treated soil conditions (typically montmorillonite or illite) clays: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and from field samples. The Registered Geotechnical Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 7, July 2004 issue, p. 696–706. Engineer should provide the Expansive Index, Fityus, S.G., Smith, D.W., and Allman, M.A., 2004, Expansive Plasticity Index, and/or swell test results of the soil test site near Newcastle: ASCE Journal of near–surface soil, with appropriate remediation Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, recommendations if expansive soils are present. no. 7, July 2004 issue, p. 764–767. Expansive soils are widespread in California, so Freeman, T.J., Driscoll, R.M.C., and Littlejohn, G.S., 2003, Has your house got cracks? – a homeowner’s guide to this is a routine but essential evaluation. Multi– subsidence and heave damage, 2nd edition: American millions of dollars in foundation distress are Society of Civil Engineers & Thomas Telford, Ltd., 128 p. attributable to expansive soils in California. This is written as a practical guide for homeowners, but may also be a collateral reference for schools and hospitals ― for communicating to the superintendent or owner regarding expansive soils and subsidence. A wide variety of foundation engineering Fuchs, Yves, 2005, Clays―economic uses, in Selley, options include combinations of these mitigation Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, measures: deeper perimeter footings with Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 1, p. 366-370. Gillott, Jack E., 1987, Clay in engineering geology: Elsevier, thickened concrete floor–slabs with additional Developments in Geotechnical Engineering no. 41, 468 p. reinforcing (note that welded–wire fabric is not Handy, Richard L., 1995, The day the house fell ― homeowner permitted); pier & grade–beam foundations; post– soil problems from landslides to expansive clays and wet tensioned slabs; use of geomembranes; control of basements: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE soil–moisture; site–drainage control; select import Press, 230 p. This is written as a practical guide for homeowners, but may also be a collateral reference for schools and hospitals ― for of non–expansive soils; soil treatment by use of communicating to the superintendent or owner regarding landslides and additives, and proper selection of xeriscape collapsible soils. ASCE members $18.00 Huggett, Jennifer M., 2005, Clay minerals, in Selley, horticultural plants that use minimal water. Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 1, p. 358-365. Katti, R.K., and Katti, A.R., 1994, Behavior of saturated expansive soil and control methods, 2nd edition: A.A. Balkema Publishers. Kumar, B.R.P., and Sharma, R.S., 2004, Effect of fly ash on engineering properties of expansive soils: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 7, July 2004 issue, p. 764–767. Likos, W.J., 2004, Measurement of crystalline swelling in expansive clay: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 27, no. 6, November 2004, 7 p. www.astm.org Engineering Geology and Seismology for 86 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Masia, Mark J., Totoev, Y.Z, and Kleeman, Peter W., 2004, Modeling expansive soil movements benearth structures: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 572–579. Meunier, Alain, and Velde, Bruce D., 2004, Illite: Springer Verlag, 300 p. Illite is the most abundant of the three groups of clay minerals, but not the most expansive. Moore, Duane M., and Reynolds, Robert C., Jr., 1997, X–ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals, 2nd edition: Oxford University Press, 378 p. Nelson, John D., and Miller, Deborah J., 1997, Expansive soils, 2nd edition: problems and practice in foundation engineering and pavement engineering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 288 p. Olive, W.W., Chleborad, A.F., Frahme, C.W., Shlocker, Julius, Schneider, R.R., and Schuster, Robert L., 1989, Swelling clays map of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1940, scale 1:750,0000. Prakash, K., and Sridharan, A., 2004, Free swell ratio and clay mineralogy of fine–grained soils: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 1–14. PTI, 1999, Design fundamentals of post–tensioned concrete floors: Post–Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 178 p. < www.post–tensioning.org > PTI, 1998, Acceptable standards for post–tensioning systems: Post–Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 53 p. < www.post–tensioning.org > Schmitz, Robrecht M., Schroeder, Christian, and Charlier, Robert, 2004, Chemo-mechanical interactions in a clay: a correlation between clay mineralogy and Atterberg limits: Applied Clay Science, vol. 26, issues 1-4, August 2004 issue, p. 351-358. Sharma, R., and Phanikumar, B.R., 2005, Laboratory study of heave behavior of expansive soil reinforced with geopiles: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 4, April 2005 issue, p. 512-520. Sridharan, A., and Choudhury, D., 2002, Swelling pressure of sodium montmorillonites: Géotechnique, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 459–462. Steinberg, Malcolm, 1998, Geomembranes and the control of expansive soils: McGraw–Hill Professional Publishing, 400 p. Vipulanandan, C., Hasen, M., Addison, Marshall B., editors, 2001, Expansive clay soils and vegetative influence on shallow foundations: American Society of Civil Engineers, 280 p., 14 papers. < www.asce.org >

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 87 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Geologist who can discern lithologic and 13. Geochemistry of the Subgrade: geochemical differences across the building pad Soluble Sulfate Minerals, from the detailed geologic map that is Corrosive Soils, concurrently prepared. and Reactive Aggregates Locally Supplied Aggregate

Soluble Sulfates Only if applicable for exceptional rural sites: Evaluate geologic subgrade for soluble sulfate evaluate the suitability of on–site aggregate to be minerals, typically gypsum CaSO4 2H2O, and used within the portland cement in accordance jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6. These soluble sulfate with 2001 CBC §1903.3. minerals adversely affect portland cement. Deleterious aggregates include chert, rhyolite, Type II or Type V Portland Cement volcanic rocks with amorphous silica, and A geological evaluation needs to be made for serpentinite or greenstone containing asbestos. either Type II (regular) or Type V (sulfate Reference ASTM C–33 Concrete Aggregates, resistant). Refer to 2001 CBC §1904A.3 (Sulfate ASTM C–289 Potential Reactivity, ASTM C–227 Exposure), Table 19A–A–4, 2001 CBC cement–aggregate reactivity, and ACI 318–95, §1804A.3.8, and UBC Standard 19–1. Summarize Building Code Requirements for Reinforced sulfate mineralogy and provide recommendations Cement. for appropriate type of portland cement. Selected References for Water–Cement Ratio Geochemistry and Engineering Geology applied to Portland Cement, If Type V sulfate–resistant portland–cement is Concrete Petrography recommended, also specify the maximum and Reactive Aggregates water–cement ratio, WCR ≤ 0.40 required by (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Tables 19–A–A–2 and 19–A–A–4 of 2001 CBC, marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) and ASTM C–143, Slump of Portland Cement Concrete. ACI, 2005, Building Code requirements for structural concrete: American Concrete Institute, ACI Report 318–05, and 318R-05 (commentary), 430 p. < www.concrete.org > Frequency of Testing ACI, 2005, The contractor’s guide to quality concrete construction, third edition: American Concrete Institute, Both hospitals and schools need to have the 147 p., 11 chapters. < www.concrete.org > concrete sampled and tested during placement of Practical guide leading to high-quality workmanship. ACI, 2004, Chemical admixtures for concrete: American the portland cement. The frequency of testing Concrete Institute, Publication 212.3R-04, 30 p. under CBC differs from the UBC and IBC. ACI, 2004, Concrete repair guide: American Concrete In accordance with 2001 CBC §1905A.6.1.1, Institute, Publication 546R-04, 53 p. < www.concrete.org > at least one test shall be performed per ACI, 2004, Foundations for dynamic equipment: American 50 cubic yards of concrete, or 2,000 square feet Concrete Institute, Report 351.3R-04, 63 p., 6 chapters. ACI, 2004, Guide for concrete floor and slab construction: of surface area for slabs or walls. American Concrete Institute, 77 p., 12 concise chapters. ACI, 2004, ACI Building Code requirements of the 20th Corrosive Soils Century: American Concrete Institute, a forensic summary of every ACI 318 building code requirement beginning in Evaluate potential for corrosive soils with 1908 through 1999. Useful for forensic analysis and seismic adverse effects on reinforcing steel, concrete, and retrofit of older existing structures. buried metal pipelines. This laboratory test is ACI, 2004, ACI Detailing manual ― 2004: American typically performed by a specialty sub–consultant Concrete Institute, 212 p., 7 chapters. < www.concrete.org > who is a California Registered Corrosion Engineer. The field sampling is usually performed by the Geotechnical Engineer or Engineering Engineering Geology and Seismology for 88 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

ACI, 2004, Use of fly ash in concrete: American Concrete ASTM, 2001, Test method for resistance to degradation of Institute, ACI Report 232.2R–04, 34 p., 9 brief chapters. small–size coarse aggregates by abrasion and impact in the Provides detailed guidance on Class C & F fly–ash Los Angeles machine: American Society for Testing & in conformance with ASTM Standard C618. Materials, ASTM Test C–131–01, 4 p. < www.concrete.org > This is the “LA Rattler test” for small–sized aggregates th ACI, 2003, Concrete primer, 5 edition: American Concrete less than 1½–inches diameter. For coarse aggregate, Institute, SP–001, 84 p. (This concrete primer uses refer to ASTM Test C–535–01. question & answer format for 216 basic questions) ASTM, 2002, Standard specifications for concrete aggregates: < www.concrete.org > American Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test C– ACI, 2003, Manual of concrete practice: American Concrete 33–02a, 11 p. < www.astm.org > Institute, 6 volumes with 180 separate documents, March ASTM, 2002, Standard terminology relating to concrete and 2003 edition, < www.concrete.org > concrete aggregates: American Society for Testing & ACI, 2003, Chemical admixtures for concrete: American Materials, ASTM Test C–125–02, 4 p. Concrete Institute, Education Bulletin E4, 16 p. < www.astm.org > ACI, 1999, Aggregates for concrete: American Concrete ASTM, 2002, Test method for potential alkali–silica reactivity Institute, Education Bulletin E-1, 26 p. < www.concrete.org > of aggregates (chemical method): American Society for ACI, 1999, Water-cement ratio and other durability parameters Testing & Materials, ASTM Test C–289–02, 7 p. ― techniques for determination: American Concrete < www.astm.org > Institute, ACI Symposium Publication 191, 117 p. ASTM, 2003, Test methods for moisture–density unit weight ACI, 1998, State–of–the–art report on alkali–aggregate relations of soil–cement mixtures: American Society for reactivity: American Concrete Institute, Report 221.1R-98, Testing & Materials, ASTM Test D–558–03, 31 p. < www.concrete.org > < www.astm.org > Amrhein, James E., 1998, Reinforced masonry engineering th Beeby, David J., Miller, Russell V., Hill, Robert L., and handbook, 5 edition: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Grunwald, Robert E., 1999, Aggregate resources in the Los Francis Publishers, 496 p. Angeles metropolitan area: California Geological Survey, ASTM, 2004, Concrete and aggregates: ASTM Annual Book Miscellaneous Map 10, map scale: 1 inch = 6 miles. of Standards, vol. 4.02, 160 standards, 864 p., Bliss, James D., Moyle, Phillip R., and Bolm, Karen S., 2003, October 2004; this volume includes the ASTM Manual of Statistical, economic and other tools for assessing natural Aggregate and Concrete Testing. aggregates: IAEG Bulletin of Engineering Geology and ASTM, 2002, Ready–mixed concrete: ASTM Standards and the Environment, vol. 62, no. 1, Feb. 2003 issue, p. 71–75. Related Information: American Society for Testing and Chesterman, Charles W., 1956, Pumice, pumicite, and volcanic Materials, 210 p., also available on CD–ROM. Contains cinders in California: California Geological Survey 29 standards on concrete and the ASTM Manual of Bulletin 174, 119 p., 4 plates. Also contains a chapter on Aggregate and Concrete Testing. Ten of these tests are “Technology of pumice, pumicite, and volcanic cinders” itemized below, but refer to this entire volume for all by F. Sommer Schmidt. Bulletin 174 is now out-of-print, but is 29 standards. < www.astm.org > available for reference at university libraries. Pumice and volcanic ash can ASTM, 1997, Standard practice for sampling aggregates be specialty additives in lightweight cements for a variety of uses. American Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test Coleman, Jeffrey W., P.E., F-ACI, Attorney-at-Law; 2004, C–75–97, 4 p. Legal issues in concrete construction: American Concrete ASTM, 1997, Standard test method for potential alkali Institute, 147 p. Fifty case-histories & synopses of court cases. reactivity of cement–aggregate combinations (mortar–bar Dodson, V. H., editor, 1986, Alkalies in concrete: ASTM method): American Society for Testing & Materials, Special Technical Publication 930, 90 p. ASTM Test C–227–97a, 5 p. < www.astm.org > ASTM, 1998, Standard descriptive nomenclature for Eichinger, Eva M., Petraschek,Thomas, and Kollegger, Johann, constituents of natural mineral aggregates: American 2003, Ultimate strength of damaged post-tensioning Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Test C–294–98, tendons: Structural Concrete, Thomas Telford Publishers, 9 p. < www.astm.org > vol. 4, no. 3, p. 117-124. ASTM, 2003, Standard guide for petrographic examination of Erin & Stark, editors, 1990, Petrography applied to concrete aggregates for concrete: American Society for Testing & and concrete aggregates: ASTM Special Technical Materials, ASTM Test C–295–03, 8 p. Publication 1061, 203 p., 14 papers. www.astm.org < www.astm.org > Ernst, W. Gary, editor, 2002, Frontiers in geochemistry: ASTM, 2000, Standard test method for slump of hydraulic Konrad Krauskopf Volume: Geological Society of cement concrete: Amerian Society of Testing & Materials, America, International Book Series, vol. 1 (IBS #5), 324 p., ASTM Test C–143 / C–143M–00, 3 p. Global Inorganic Geochemistry; and vol. 2 (IBS #6), ASTM, 2001, Test method for resistance to degradation of Organic, Solution, and Ore Deposit Geochemistry, 265 p. large–size coarse aggregates by abrasion and impact in the Evans, James R., Anderson, Thomas P., Manson, Michael W., Los Angeles machine: American Society for Testing & Maud, R.L., Clark, William B., and Fife, Donald L., 1979, Materials, ASTM Test C–535–01, 3 p. Aggregates in the greater Los Angeles area, California: This is the “LA Rattler test” for coarse–grained aggregates California Geological Survey, Special Report 139, 96 p. that are ≥ ¾–inch diameter. < www.astm.org > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 89 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Fookes, Peter G., Lay, J., Sims, I., Smith, M.R., and West, G., Malhotra, V.M., and Carino, Nicholas J., editors, 2003, 2001, Aggregates – sand gravel and crushed rock aggregates Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete, 2nd edition: for construction purposes, 3rd edition: Geological Society of American Society for Testing & Materials and CRC Press, London, Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 17, 384 p. 339 p. Mamlouk, Michael S., and Zaniewski, John P., 2006 in press, Goldman, Harold B., 1959, Franciscan chert in California Materials for civil and construction engineers, 2nd edition: concrete aggregates: California Division of Mines and Prentice Hall Publishers, 550 p. Geology, Special Report 55, 28 p. (seminal report on chert Mather, Bryant, and Mather, Katharine, 2004, Investigating aggregate deleterious to concrete; now out–of–print, but concrete ― selected works of Bryant and Katharine Mather: available in university libraries) American Concrete Institute, Special Publication 223, Goldman, Harold B., 1970, Sand and gravel in California: 259 p. www.concrete.org Includes papers on California Geological Survey, Bulletin 180; Part A – petrographic examination of aggregate. Northern California, 38 p.; Part B – Central California, McConnell, Duncan, Mielenz, Richard C., Holland, 58 p.; Part C – Southern California, 56 p. (out–of–print, but William Y., and Greene, Kenneth T., 1950, Petrology of contains significant background information for California concrete affected by cement aggregate reaction: Geological aggregates; use in conjunction with newer SMARA zoning Society of America, Application of Geology to Engineering maps) Practice – The Berkey Volume, p. 225–250. Gustavsson, N., Bolviken, B., Smith, D.B., and Severson, R.C., McCormac, Jack, 2001, Design of reinforced concrete, 2001, Geochemical landscapes of the conterminous United 5 th edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 752 p. States – new map presentations for 22 elements: U.S. McLennan, Scott M., 1995, Sediments and soils: chemistry and Geological Survey Professional Paper 1648, 38 p. abundances, in Rock Physics and Phase Relations: Haynes, Harvey, O’Neill, Robert, and Mehta, P.K., 1996, American Geophysical Union, A Handbook of Physical Concrete deterioration from physical attack by salts: Constants, AGU Reference Shelf no. 3, p. 8 –19. American Concrete Institute, Concrete International, Dowload .pdf from: < www.agu.org > January 1996 issue, 6 p. Merriam, Richard H., 1953, Alkali–aggregate reaction in Hoyos, L.R., Puppala, A.J., and Chainuwat, P., 2004, Dynamic California concrete aggregates: California Division of properties of chemically–stabilized sulfate–rich clay: ASCE Mines, Special Report 27, 10 p. (milestone paper; Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, now out–of–print; available in university libraries) vol. 130, no. 2, Feb. 2004 issue, p. 153–162. Mehta, P.K., 1983, Mechanism of sulfate attack on portland ICC, 2000, Concrete manual, 5 th edition: International Code cement concrete – another look: Cement and Concrete Council, Whittier, California; 26 chapters, 340 p.; chapter 8, Research, vol. 13, p. 401–406. Aggregates, p. 87–104. < www.iccsafe.org > Mielenz, Richard C., 1962, Petrography applied to portland– Kett, Irving, 1999, Engineered concrete – mix design and test cement concrete: Geological Society of America, methods: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 1, p. 1–38. Publishers, 248 p. Nawy, Edward G., 2005, Reinforced concrete, 5th edition: Kohler, Susan L., 2002, Aggregate availability in California: Prentice Hall Publishers, 840 p., ACI 2005 update edition to include California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 52, map scale 1:1 the new ACI 318-05 building code specifications. million and accompanying report. Shows the major Nawy, Edward G., 2000, Fundamentals of high–performance nd 32 aggregate resource areas in California. concrete, 2 edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 464 p. Kosmatka, Steven H. and Panarese, William C., editors, 1988, (explains Type II and Type V portland cement). Design and control of concrete mixtures, 13th edition: Nawy, Edward G., editor, 1997, Concrete construction Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois; 205 p. engineering handbook: CRC Press, 1,232 p. Krauskopf, K.B., and Bird, Dennis K., 1995, Introduction to Nixon, Philip J., Quillin, Keith, and Somerville, George, 2004, geochemistry, 2nd edition: McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Sustainable concrete construction by service life design: 647 p. Structural Concrete, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 47-55. Langer, William H., and Glanzman, V.M., 1993, Natural Novak, G.A., and Colville, A.A., 1989, Efflorescence mineral aggregate – building America’s future: U.S. Geological assemblages associated with cracked and degraded Survey Circular 1110, 39 p. residential concrete foundations in southern California: Langer, William H., Drew, Lawrence J., and Sachs, Janet S., Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1–6. 2004, Aggregate and the environment: American Orchard, D.F., 1976, Properties and testing of aggregates, rd Geological Institute, 64 p. www.agiweb.org/pubs 3 edition: John Wiley & Sons, vol. 3 of Concrete Lee, H., Cody, Robert D., Cody, Anita M., and Spry, Paul G., Technology series, 281 p. 2003, Reduction of concrete expansion by ettringite using Papagiannakis, A.T., and Schwartz, C.W., editors, 1998, crystallization inhibition techniques: AEG/GSA Application of geotechnical principles in pavement Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, vol. 9, no. 4, engineering: ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 85, November 2003 issue, p. 313–326. five papers, 88 p. PCA, 1991, Durability of concrete in sulfate–rich soils: Portland Cement Association, Concrete Technology Today, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 6–8. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 90 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Puppala, A.J., Griffin, Julie Ann, Hoyos, L.R., and Chomtid, S., Smith, M.R., editor, and 14 geologist authors, 1999, Stone: 2004, Studies on sulface–resistant cement stabilization building stone, rock fill, and armourstone in construction: methods to address sulfate–induced soil heave: ASCE The Geological Society of London, Geological Society Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 16, 478 p. vol. 130, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 391–402. A modern treatise with many color plates; distributed in the Puppala, A.J., Viyanant, C., Kruzic, A.P., and Perrin, L., 2002, USA by the AAPG geology bookstore: www.aapg.org Evaluation of a modified soluble sulfate determination Somayaji, Shan, 2001, Civil engineering materials, 2nd edition: method for fine–grained cohesive soils: ASTM Prentice Hall Publishers, 477 p. Dr. Somayaji is professor of Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 85–94. civil engineering at CalPoly―San Luis Obispo. Railsback, L. Bruce, 2003, An earth scientist's periodic table of Stark, David, 1991, Handbook for the identification of alkali– the elements and their ions: Geology, vol. 31, no. 9, silica reactivity in highway structures: National Research September 2003 issue, p. 737–740, and Figure 1 (large fold– Council, Strategic Highway Research Program, Report out periodic table). SHRP–C/FR–91–101, 49 p. SHRP ℡ 202–334–3774 Robinson, Dawn M., 1995, Concrete corrosion and slab Contains excellent annotated color photos of unusual heaving in a sabkha environment, Long Beach – Newport deterioration of concrete due to alkali–silica reactivity. Beach: Association of Engineering Geologists – St. John, D.A., Poole, A.B., and Sims, I., 1998, Geological Society of America, Environmental and Concrete petrography: a handbook of investigative Engineering Geoscience, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 35–40. techniques: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 474 p. Documents the severe corrosion of concrete due to high–sulfates in soils at U.S. Geological Survey, 2004+, National Geochemical Survey, Cypress, Lakewood, Artesia, La Palma, and Los Alamitos in southwestern website: < tin.er.usgs.gov/geochem/doc/home.htm > coastal Orange County. Refer to similar reports by Dr. Bing C. Yen and Waddell, Joseph J., 1998, Concrete manual: concrete quality Greg Rzonca, listed below. th Rzonca, Gregory F., Pride, Robert M., and Colin, D., 1990, and field practice, 4 edition: International Code Council, Concrete deterioration, east Los Angeles County area – Whittier, California < www.iccsafe.org > case study: Journal of Performance of Constructed Wilson, S.A., Langdon, N.J., and Walden, P.J., 2001, The Facilities, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 24–29. effects of hydrocarbon contamination on concrete strength: Savage, Kaye S., Bird, Dennis K., and Ashley, Roger P., 2000, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Legacy of the California Gold Rush: environmental Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 149, issue no. 3, July 2001, geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode gold p. 189-193. district: International Geology Review, vol. 42, no. 5, Yen, B.C., and Bright, R.E., 1990, Residential foundation deterioration study for the cities of Lakewood, LaPalma, and May 2000 issue, p. 385 - 415. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Shafiq, N., 2004, Effects of fly-ash on chlorite migration in Cypress, California: California State University, Long concrete and calculation of cover depth required against the Beach; Department of Civil Engineering, 111 p. corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement: Structural Concrete, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 5-9. Sherwood, P., editor, 2001, Alternative materials in road construction – a guide to the use of recycled and secondary aggregates, 2nd edition: American Society of Civil Engineers and Thomas Telford Publishers, 163 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 91 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

14. Flooding and Severe Erosion from buildings during intense rainfall (e.g., 4–hour cloudburst). It is particularly important to keep

stormwater out of the ground floors (e.g., school Flooding of the school or hospital campus libraries, central–plant HVAC, emergency should be evaluated by the Certified Engineering generators, computing centers, etc.) where the cost Geologist in accordance with 2001 California of flood damage would be particularly high. Building Standards Administrative Code §4–317e: In flat–lying arid regions where local flooding Geologic hazard reports shall include an is acute, consider use of dry–wells to evaluation of potential for damage due to accommodate intense rainfall. A dry–well is a flooding. large diameter borehole (typically ≈30-inches diameter, ≈50 to 60 feet deep) lined with coarse Evaluate the potential for flooding, severe permeable aggregate and perforated PVC pipe. erosion, inundation, or breached levees. Paved swales and drain pipe can conduct Erosion hazards should be evaluated with rainwater from roof gutters and downspouts to the appropriate remediation recommendations and dry–well. In extreme arid regions of California, storm–water prevention plans. dry wells help to capture rainfall to recharge the

As appropriate for site conditions in hills or groundwater table. However, a dry–well needs terraces, include setbacks from steep–sided deep sited safely away from the building foundations drainages, gullies, barrancos or ravines. and any on–site septic system. Any dry–well should be designed by the Registered If within or near the “100–year” flood–zone Geotechnical Engineer or Certified Engineering (= 1% chance in any given year), plot the site on Geologist who will consider any possible adverse the official FEMA flood map, and include as a effects to the structural foundations page–sized extract. In rapidly urbanizing areas, (e.g., hydrocollapse, liquefaction, subsidence) and these 100–year flood–zone maps may be out–of– potential interference with any leach–field date, so the consulting geologist should consider drainage from a local septic system. the present and future impact of anthropic activities on floodplain zoning. FEMA offices for California Federal Emergency Management Agency As of 2004, there is nothing in code to prevent FEMA Region IX hospitals from being constructed in FEMA 100– 1111 Broadway, Suite 1200 year flood zones. However, the consulting Oakland, CA 94607–4052 geologist should fully disclose any flood hazard so the owner can make prudent decisions Region IX ℡ 510–627–7177 accordingly. Region IX Flood Information web–page: www.fema.gov/regions/ix/r9_nfip.shtm CCR Title 5, Education Code, contains text that dissuades school districts from acquiring school property in flood zones. Prudent flood–design of the campus can be planned if existence of the flood hazard is brought forward in a timely manner.

Remediation options include elevated floor slabs, landscaping berms that can double as dikes, and flood walls. The campus of schools and hospitals in flat–lying areas with poor drainage should be graded so that there is a minimum 2 percent gradient for stormwater runoff away Engineering Geology and Seismology for 92 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Brutsaert, Wilfred, 2005, ― an introduction: Selected References in Cambridge University Press, 640 p. Professor Brutsaert has taught hydrology for over 30 years at . His new Fluvial Geomorphology advanced textbook in hydrology is focused at the graduate-level and Flood–Zone Hydrology with extensive use of calculus and fluid dynamics. (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Bull, L.J., and Kirkby, Michael J., editors, 2002, Dryland rivers: marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) hydrology and geomorphology of semi–arid channels: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 398 p. Numerous applications to seasonal flooding in ephemeral rivers within California. Anderson, M.G., Walling, D.E., and Bates, P.D., editors, 1996, Bull, William B., 1997, Discontinuous ephemeral streams: Floodplain processes: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 658 p. Geomorphology, vol. 19, p. 227–276. Anthony, D.J., Harvey, M.D., Laronne, J.B., and Mosley, M.P., Clairain, Ellis J., 2002, Hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing editors, 2001, Applying geomorphology to environmental wetland functions: guidelines for developing regional management – a symposium in fluvial geomorhology in guidebooks: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC Report honor of Prof. Stanley Schumm: Water Resources TR–02–3, chap. 1, 27 p. www.wes.army.mil/el/ Publications LLC, 504 p. < www.wrpllc.com > Collins, Brian, and Dunne, Thomas, 1990, Arcement, George J., and Schneider, Verne R., 1989, Guide for Fluvial geomorphology and river–gravel mining: a guide selection of Manning’s roughness coefficients for natural for planners, case studies included: California Geological channels and flood plains: U.S. Geological Survey Water– Survey, Special Publication 98, 29 p. Supply Paper 2339, 38 p. Coon, William F., 1998, Estimation of roughness coefficients Baker, Victor R., Kochel, R.C., and Patton, Peter C., 1988, for natural stream channels with vegetated banks: Flood geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 528 p. U.S. Geological Survey Water–Supply Paper 2441, 133 p., (print–on–demand title; contact the publisher or use library) 31 tables, 43 refs. Baker, Malchus, B., Neary, Daniel G., Ffolliott, Peter F., and Craul, Phillip J., 1992, Urban soil in landscape design: Debano, Leonard F., 2003, Riparian areas of the John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 416 p., >150 illustrations. southwestern United States ― hydrology, ecology, and Darby, Stephen, and Simon, Andrew, editors, 1999, management: Lewis Publishers, 432 p. Incised river channels: processes, forms, engineering, and Bedient, Philip B., and Huber, Wayne C., 2002, Hydrology management: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. rd and floodplain analysis, 3 edition: Prentice Hall, 792 p. Dietrich, William E., Bellugi, D.G., Sklar, L.S., Stock, J.D., Bennett, Sean J., and Simon, Andrew, editors, 2004, Heimsath, A.M., and Roering, J.J., 2003, Geomorphic Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphology: American transport laws for predicting landscape form and dynamics, Geophysical Union, Water Science and Application Series, in Wilcock, Peter R., and Iverson, Richard M., editors, vol. 8, 290 p. and 19 separate papers. Prediction in Geomorphology: American Geophysical Beven, Keith J., 2001, Rainfall–runoff modelling – the primer: Union, Geophysical Monograph no. 135, p. 103–132. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 384 p. Dietrich, William E., 1982, Settling velocityof natural particles: Bierman, Paul Robert, and Nicholas Kyle K., 2004, Rock to AGU Water Resources Research, vol. 18, p. 1615-1626. sediment – slope to sea with Be–rates of landscape change: Doerr, S.H., Shakesby, R.A., and Walsh, R.P.D., 2000, Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 32, Soil water repellency ― its causes, characteristics, and January 2004, p. 215–255. hydro-geomorphological significance: Earth-Science Blair, T.C., 2000, Sedimentology and progressive tectonic Reviews, vol. 51, issues 1-4, August 2000 issue, p. 33-65. unconformities of the sheetflood-dominated Hell’s Gate Water repellency is also known as hydrophobicity. alluvial fan, Death Valley, California: Sedimentary Dunne, Thomas, and Leopold, Luna B., 1978, Water in Geology, vol. 132, no. 3-4, May 2000 issue, p. 233-262. environmental planning: W.H. Freeman & Co., 818 p. Bras, R.L., 1990, Hydrology: an introduction to hydrologic (a classic textbook, currently back in- print for 2004) science: Addison–Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Dunne, Thomas, 1988, Geomorphologic contributions to 643 p. A leading academic hydrologist and Fellow of the flood–control planning, in Baker, Victor R., Kochel, R.C., American Geophysical Union, Dr. Bras is professor of and Patton, Peter C., editors, Flood geomorphology: hydrology and chairman of the Department of Civil John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 421–438. Engineering at MIT. Dunne, Thomas, 1980, Formation and controls of channel Bridge, John S., 2003, Rivers and floodplains: forms, networks: Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 4, processes, and sedimentary record: Blackwell Publishers, p. 211-239. Inc., 512 p. DWR, 1993, Delta Atlas – Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers: Brierley, Gary J., and Fryies, Kirstie A., 2005, Geomorphology California Department of Water Resources, 121 p. and river management ― application of the river styles Easson, Gregory L., and Yarborough, Lance D., 2002, framework: Blackwell Publishers, 368 p. The effects of riparian vegetation on bank stability: Brierley, Gary J., Ferguson, Rob J., and Woolfe, Ken J., 1997, AEG/GSA Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, What is a fluvial levee? Sedimentary Geology, vol. 114, vol. 8, no. 4, November 2002 issue, p. 247–260. no. 1-4, December 1997 issue, p. 1 – 9. Fluvial levees are partitions between channels and floodplains; they provide insights into fluvial geomorphology and distribution of flood waters. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 93 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Enzel, Y., and Wells, Stephen G., 1997, Extracting Holocene Hickey, John T., Bond, Marchia V., Patton, Thomas K., paleohydrology and information from Richardson, Kevin A., and Pugner, Paul E., 2003, modern extreme flood events: an example from southern simulations of synthetic rain floods for the California: Geomorphology, vol. 19, p. 203–226. Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins: ASCE Journal The field example is from the Mojave River drainage and of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 129, the Silver Lake playa. no. 6, November/December 2003 issue, p. 443–457. Foster, D.L., editor, 2001, Tracers in geomorphology: John Higgins, Charles G., Hill, Barry R., and Lehre, André K., Wiley & Sons, Inc., 576 p. 1990, Gully development, in Higgins, C.G., and Coates, Fretwell, Judy D., Williams, John S., Redman, Philip J., D.R., editors, Groundwater geomorphology ― the role of compilers, 1996, National water summary on wetland subsurface water in Earth-surface processes and landforms: resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Geological Society of America, Special Paper 252, Paper 2425, 431 p., 7 tables, 62 figures. chapter 6, p. 139-155. Friedman, G.M., Sanders, J.E., and Kopaska-Merkel, D.C., Higgins Charles G., 1984, Piping and sapping ― development 1992, Principles of sedimentary deposits, stratigraphy, and of landforms by groundwater outflow, in LaFleur, R.G., sedimentation: Macmillan Publishing Company, 717 p. editor, Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent: Allen & Gabet, E.J., and Dunne, Thomas, 2003, A stochastic sediment Unwin Publishers, p. 18-58. delivery model for a steep Mediterranean landscape: House, P.K., Webb, R.H., Baker, Victor R., and Levish, D.R., Water Resources Research, vol. 39, no. 9, published by editors, 2002, Ancient floods, modern hazards ― AGU on September 6, 2003, p. 1237. principles and applications of paleoflood hydrology: Field study area is near Santa Barbara in the California Coast American Geophysical Union, Water Science and Ranges. Results indicate ±40% more sediment is delivered from Applications, vol. 5, 22 chapters, 385 p. –2 –1 –2 –1 grasslands (98 t km yr ) than the sage scrub (71 t km yr ) and Istanbulluoglu, E., and Bras, Rafael L., 2005, Vegetation- that chronic soil creep processes dominate under grasslands modulated landscape evolution: effects of vegetation on whereas catastrophic process dominate under coastal sage scrub. landscape processes, drainage density, and topography: Gordon, Nancy D., McMahon, Thomas A., Finlayson, Brian L., Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 110, paper F02012, Gippel, Christopher, and Nathan, Rory, 2004, 19 p. published on-line by AGU on June 8, 2005. Stream hydrology: an introduction for ecologists: Johansen, M., Hakonson, T.E., and Breshears, D.D., 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 444 p. Post-fire runoff and erosion from rainfall simulation: Graf, William L., 1987, Fluvial processes in dryland rivers: constrasting forest with shrublands and grasslands: Springer-Verlag Publishers, 346 p. Hydrologic Processes, vol. 15, p. 2953-2965. Grime, J. Philip, 2001, Plant strategies, vegetation processes, Julien, P.Y., 2002, River mechanics: Cambridge University and ecosystem properties, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Press, 376 p., 240 figures, 12 maps, 49 tables. 456 p. (summarizes 35 years of research in plant ecology) Keaton, Jeffrey R., and Mathewson, Christopher C., 1988, Gumprecht, Blake, 1999, The Los Angeles River: Johns Stratigraphy of alluvial fan flood deposits, in Abt, S.R., and Hopkins University Press, 369 p. Gessler, J., editors, Hydraulic Engineering – proceedings of Haan, C.T., Barfield, B.J., and Hayes, J.C., 1994, the 1988 ASCE national conference, American Society of Design hydrology and sedimentology for small catchments: Civil Engineers, p. 149–154. Academic Press, 588 p. Keller, Edward A., 1976, Channelization: environmental, Haff, Peter K., 2003, Neogeomorphology, prediction and the geomorphic, and engineering aspects, Chapter 7, anthropic landscape, in Wilcock, Peter R., and Iverson, in Coates, Donald R., editor, Geomorphology and Richard M., editors, Prediction in Geomorphology: Engineering: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph distributed by Halstead Press, a division of John Wiley & no. 135, p. 15–26. Sons, Inc., p. 115–140. Harrison, S.S., and Clayton, L., 1970, Effects of ground-water Keller, Edward A., 1972, Development of alluvial stream seepage on fluvial processes: Geological Society of channels; a five-stage model: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 81, p. 1217-1226. America Bulletin, vol. 83, p. 1531-1536. Hasbargen, Leslie E., and Paola, Chris, 2003, How predictable King, E.J., Tinsley, John C., and Preston, R.F., 1981, is local erosion rate in eroding landscapes? in Maps showing historic flooding in the San Fernando Valley, Wilcock, Peter R., and Iverson, Richard M., editors, California, 1935 to 1956: U.S. Geological Survey, Open– Prediction in Geomorphology: American Geophysical File Report 81–153. Union, Geophysical Monograph no. 135, p. 231–240. Kondolf, G. Mathias, and Piégay, Hervé, editors, 2002, Hejl, H.R., Jr., 1977, A method for adjusting values of Methods in fluvial geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, Manning’s roughness coefficient for flooded urban area: Inc., 384 p. Dr. Kondolf is professor of hydrology in the Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 5, Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental no. 5, p. 541–545. Planning, University of California, Berkeley. He is a Hey, Richard D., and Thorne, C.R., 2001, A field guide to specialist in California rivers and flooding. roughness characteristics of gravel–bed rivers: a practical Kondolf, G. Mathias, and Piégay, Hervé, editors, 2003, approach: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 384 p. Tools in fluvial geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 696 p., 21 chapters. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 94 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Laronne, J.B., and Reid, I., 1993, Very hgh bedload sediment National Research Council, 2002, Riparian areas: functions and transport in desert ephemeral rivers: Nature, vol. 366, strategies for management: Water Science and Technology p. 148-150. Board, National Research Council, National Academy Leeder, Michael, 1999, Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: Press, 444 p. from turbulence to tectonics: Blackwell Science Odgen, Fred L., and Dawdy, David R., 2003, Peak discharge Publishers, 592 p. scaling in small Hortonian watershed: ASCE Journal of Leopold, Luna B., and Miller, John P., 1956, Ephemeral Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 8, no.2, p. 64–73. streams – hydraulic factors and their relation to the Ollier, Clifford, and Pain, Colin, 1996, Regolith, soils, and drainage net: U.S. Geological Survey Professional landforms: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 326 p. Paper 282-A, 37 p. Palmer, Timothy, 2004, Endangered rivers and the conservation Leopold, Luna B., Wolman, M. Gordon, and Miller, John P., movement ― the case for river conservation: Rowman & 1964, Fluvial processes in geomorphology: W.H. Freeman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 384 p., 12 chapters. Publishers, 522 p. (a classic textbook) www.rowmanlittlefield.com 800–462–6420 Lucas, Y., 2001, The role of plants in controlling rates and Parker, Gary, Toro–Escobar, C.M., Ramey, Michael, and products of weathering ― importance of biological Beck, Stuart, 2003, Effect of floodwater extraction on pumping: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, mountain stream morphology: ASCE Journal of Hydraulic vol. 29, May 2001, p. 135–163. Engineering, vol 129, no. 11, Nov. 2003 issue, p. 885–895. Maidment, David R., editor, 1993, Handbook of hydrology: Rao, A.R., and Hamed, K., editors, 2000, Flood frequency McGraw–Hill, Inc., 1,404 p., 29 chapters. analysis: CRC Press, 376 p. Malmon, Daniel V., Reneau, Steven L., and Dunne, Thomas, Renard, K.G., Foster, G.R., Weesies, G.A., McCool, D.K., 2004, Sediment sorting and transport by flash floods: and Yoder, D.C., editors, 1997, Predicting soil erosion by Journal of Geophysical Research, vol 109, paper # F02005, water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised 13 p., AGU doi: 10.1029/2003JF000067. Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE): U.S. Dept. of Manga, Michael, 2001, Using springs to study groundwater Agriculture, Handbook no. 703, 404 p. flow and active geologic processes: Annual Reviews of Rodriguez–Iturbe, I., and Porporato, A., 2004, Plants and soil Earth & Planetary Sciences, vol. 29, May 2001, p. 201– moisture dynamics: a theoretical approach to the 228. ecohydrology of water–controlled ecosystems: Cambridge Mathewson, Christopher C., and Keaton, Jeffrey R., 1988, University Press, 500 p. Flood hazard recognition and mitigation on alluvial fans, in Sarma, A.K., and Das, M.M., 2003, Analytical solution of a Abt, S.R., and Gessler, J., editors, Hydraulic Engineering ― flood-wave resulting from dike failure: Proceedings of the proceedings of the 1988 ASCE national conference, Institution of Civil Engineers, Water & Maritime American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 1240–1245. Engineering, vol. 156, no. 1, March 2003 issue, p. 41-45. Middleton, Beth A., 1998, Wetland restoration, flood pulsing, Schimmelmann, A., Zhao, M., Harvey, Colin C., and Lange, and disturbance dynamics: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 400 p. Carina B., 1998, A large California flood and correlative Mitsch, William J., and Gosselink, James G., 2000, Wetlands, global climatic events 400 years ago: Quaternary Research, 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 936 p., 21 chapters. vol. 49, p. 51–61. Geologic evidence of a widespread Molnar, Peter, 2004, Late Cenozoic increase in accumulation extreme flood about A.D. 1605 ±5 years in southern rates of terrestial sediment: how migh climate change have California. affected erosion rates? Annual Reviews of Earth and Schimmelmann, A., Lange, C.B., and Meggers, B.J., 2003, Planetary Sciences, vol. 32, January 2004, p. 67–89. Paleoclimatic and archaeological evidence for a ~200 year Momber, A.W., 2004, Wear of rocks by water: International recurrence of floods and droughts linking California, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 41, Mesoamerica, and South America over the past 2,000 years: no. 1, Jan. 2004 issue, p. 51–68. www.sciencedirect.com The Holocene, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 763-778. Dating of varved Moody, J.A., and Martin, D.A., 2001, Post-fire, rainfall sediment in the Santa Barbara Basin yields dates of major floods in intensity-peak discharge relations for three mountainous southern California at A.D. 212, 603, 1029, 1418, and 1605. watersheds in the western USA: Hydrologic Processes, Schueler, Thomas, 1995, Site planning for urban stream vol. 15, p. 2981-2993. protection: Water Resources Publications, 240 p. Mount, Jeffrey F., 1995, California rivers and streams ― www.wrpllc.com the conflict between fluvial processes and land use: Schumm, Stanley A., 2005, River variability and complexity: University of California Press, 359 p. Cambridge University Press, ≈ 200 p., 128 diagrams, Dr. Jeff Mount holds the Roy J. Shlemon Professorship of Geology 7 photographs, 20 chapters. at the University of California, Davis; and is a member of the Schumm, Stanley A., chairman, Baker, Victor R., Reclamation Board for the State of California. His book is Bowker, Margaret F., Dixon, J.R., Dunne, Thomas, considered a comprehensive and authoritative treatise for Hamilton, D.L., Hjalmarson, H.W., and Merritts, Dorothy, California rivers, and flood-plain management. 1996, Alluvial fan flooding: National Academy Press, National Research Council, 2000, Risk analysis and uncertainty 172 p. www.nap.edu in flood damage reduction studies: Water Science and Schumm, Stanley A., and Hadley, R.F., 1957, Arroyos and the Technology Board, National Research Council, National semiarid cycle of erosion: American Journal of Science, Academy Press, 216 p. vol. 255, p. 161-174. a classic paper Engineering Geology and Seismology for 95 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Singer, J.A., and McGlone, P., 1971, Flood of January 1969 Warner, Richard E., and Hendrix, Kathleen M., editors, 1984, near Cucamonga, California: U.S. Geological Survey, California riparian systems ― ecology, conservation, and Hydrologic Atlas HA–425. productive management: University of California Press, Sklar, L.S., and Dietrich, William E., 2001, Sediment and rock 1,035 p. strength controls on river incision into bedrock: Geology, Whipple, Kelin X., 2004, Bedrock rivers and the p. 1087―1090. geomorphology of active orogens: Annual Reviews of Slingerland, Rudy, and Smith, Norman D., 2004, River Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 32, January 2004, avulsions and their deposits: Annual Reviews of Earth and p. 151–185. Planetary Sciences, vol. 32, January 2004, p. 257–285. Whitting, Peter J., 2002, Streamflow necessary for environmental Smart, Graeme M., 1999, Coefficient of friction for flow maintenance: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary resistance in alluvial channels: Proceedings of the Institution Sciences, vol. 30, January 2002, p. 181–206. of Civil Engineers, Water & Maritime Engineering, Wilcock, Peter R., Schmidt, J.C., Wolman, M.Gordon., vol. 136, December 1999 issue, p. 205-210. Dietrich, W.E., Dominick, D., Doyle, M.W., Grant, G.E., Smith, N.D., and Rogers, J., editors, 1999, Fluvial Iverson, R.M., Mongomery, D.R., Pierson, T.C., sedimentology VI: International Association of Schilling, S.P., and Wilson, R.C., 2003, When models Sedimentologists, Special Publication 28, 478 p. meet managers ― examples from geomorphology Smith, R. Daniel, Ammann, Alan, Bartoldus, Candy, and in Wilcock, Peter R., and Iverson, Richard M., editors, Brinson, Mark M., 1995, An approach for assessing wetland Prediction in Geomorphology: American Geophysical functions using hydrogeomorphic classification, reference Union, Geophysical Monograph no. 135, p. 27–40. wetlands, and functional indicies: U.S. Army Corps of Willgoose, Gary, Moglen, Glen, and Bras, Rafael L., 2005 Engineers, Wetlands Research Program, Technical Report in press, Models of river basin evolution ― WRP–DE–9, 90 p. (Also refer to Clairain, 2002) a hydrogeomorphic perspective: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Stock, Jonathan D., Montgomery, David R., Collins, 350 p. Brian D., Dietrich, William E., and Sklar, Leonard, 2005, Wohl, Ellen E., 2004, Limits of downstream hydraulic Field measurements of incision rates following bedrock geometry: Geology, vol. 32, no. 10, October 2004 issue, exposure ― implications for process controls on the long p. 897-900. profiles of valleys cut by rivers and debris flows: Wohl, Ellen E., editor, 2000, Inland flood hazards: human, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 117, no. 1, riparian, and aquatic communities: Cambridge University January-February 2005 issue, p. 174-194. Press, 498 p., 74 figures, 22 photographs, 34 tables, 4 color Sun, H., Cornish, P.S., and Daniell, T.M., 2002, Contour–based plates. digital elevation modeling of watershed erosion and Wolman, M. Gordon, and Miller, John P., 1960, Magnitude and sedimentation: erosion and sedimentation estimation tool frequency of forces in geomorphic processes: Journal of (EROSET): AGU Water Resources Research, vol. 38, Geology, vol. 68, p. 54-74. no. 11, November 2002 issue, document ID # 10.1029/2001WR000960. Tinkler, Keith J, and Wohl, Ellen E., editors, 1998, Rivers over rock ― fluvial processes in bedrock channels: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph #107, 323 p. Thomas, B.E., Hjalmarson, J.W., and Waltemeyer, S.D., 1994,

Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report 93–419. Selected References in Tooth, Stephen, 2000, Process, form and change in dryland Soil Erosion, Erosion Control, rivers ― a review of recent research: Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 51, issues 1-4, August 2000, p. 67-107. Stormwater and Troxell, H.P., 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern FEMA Reports on Flooding California: U.S. Geological Survey Water–Supply (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Paper 844. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Twidale, C.R., 2004, River patterns and their meaning: Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 67, issues 3&4, October ASCE, 1998, Urban runoff quality managment: American 2004 issue, p. 159-218. Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Waananen, A.O., Limerinos, J.T., Kockelman, William J., Engineering Practice no. 87, 259 p. Spangle, W.E., and Blair, Martha L., 1977, Flood–prone ASCE, 1997, Structural design of closure structures for local areas and land–use planning ― selected examples from flood protection projects: American Society of Civil the San Francisco Bay region, California: U.S. Engineers, Technical Engineering and Design Guide #21, Geological Survey Professional Paper 942, 75 p. 128 p. (Design of closure structures for openings in levees and floodwalls using steel stop–logs and flood–gates. Adapted by ASCE from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual.) Engineering Geology and Seismology for 96 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

ASCE, 2000, Flood resistant design and construction: FEMA, 1996, National Flood Insurance Program: Title 44, American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Standard Code of Federal Regulations; Chapter 1, Subchapter B; no. 24–98, 72 p. Insurance and Hazard Mitigation; Parts 59 to 80, National ASFPM, 2005, No Adverse Impact floodplain management: Flood Hazard Program, pages 220–366; and Federal community case studies 2004: Association of State Register, vol. 62, no. 25 of Feb. 6, 1997, Rules and Floodplain Managers (ASFPM), Madison, Wisconsin, Regulations, Flood Hazard Areas, p. 5734–5740; Federal 69 p. [email protected] download pdf from: Register, vol. 62, no. 37 of Feb. 25, 1997, p. 8391–8400; www.floods.org/pdf/NAI_case_studies.pdf and Federal Register, vol. 62, no. 54 of March 20, 1997, p. Bramley, M.E., and Bowker, P.M., 2002, Improving local flood 13346–13349. available free from < www.fema.gov > protection to property: Civil Engineering; Proceedings of Ferguson, Bruce K., 1998, Introduction to stormwater ― the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol 150, May 2002 issue, concept, purpose, and design: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 49–54, paper no. 12783. 272 p., over 200 charts, figures, and photographs. Burton, G. Allen, and Pitt, Robert, 2002, Stormwater effects Fifield, Jerald S., 2001, Designing for effective sediment and handbook – a toolbox for watershed managers, scientists, erosion control on construction sites: Forester Press, 318 p. and engineers: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis < www.foresterpress.com > Publishers, 928 p. < www.crcpress.com > Fifield, Jerald S., 2001, Field manual on sediment and erosion California State Water Resources Control Board, 2003, control best management practices for contractors and Policy for implementation and enforcement of the inspectors: Forester Press, 160 p. (spiral–wire bound field– Nonpoint Source Control Program: The Resources Agency manual) < www.foresterpress.com > of California, State Water Resources Control Board, Fisher, Henry H., 1996, Controlling erosion with riprap: Division of Water Quality, 28 p., December 2003. ASTM Standardization News, March 1996, p. 22–27. download .pdf from: < www.swrcb.ca.gov > (a suite of ASTM riprap tests from ASTM Committee D–18.17). Carsell, Kimberly M., Pingel, Nathan D., and Ford, David T., Forrest, Carol, and Scherer, Eric, editors/compilers, 2000, 2004, Quantifying the benefit of a flood warning system: Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control – ASCE Natural Hazards Review, vol. 5, no. 3, August 2004 review session and examination workbook, 8 chapters: issue, p. 131–140. Prepared by three floodplain managers and International Erosion Control Association, Post Office hydrologists from David Ford Engineers of Sacramento; contains Box 4904, Steamboat Springs, Colorado 80477–4904, an example for the Sacramento River basin of northern California. < www.ieca.org > Debo, Thomas N., and Reese, Andrew, 2003, Municipal Goldman, Steven J., Jackson, Katharine, and Bursztynsky, T.A., stormwater management, 2nd edition: Lewis Publishers, 1986, Erosion and sediment control handbook: McGraw a CRC Company, 18 chapters, 1,176 p. Hill Book Company, 10 chap., 454 p., 199 illus. (a comprehensive desktop reference) Gray, Donald H., and Barker, David, 2004, Root―soil DWR, 1986, Floodplain Management Program – handbook for mechanics and interactions, in Bennett, Sean J., and public officials: California Department of Water Resources, Simon, Andrew, editors, Riparian vegetation and fluvial Division of Flood Management, 46 p. free upon geomorphology: American Geophysical Union, Water application to DWR, ℡ 916-445–6249 Science and Application Series, vol. 8, p. 113 – 123. Erosion Control, the official journal of the International Erosion This is an unusual paper on the geotechnical engineering Control Association, published 7 times per year by Forester properties and root-strength of trees and large vascular plants with Communications for IECA. < www.erosioncontrol.com > application to erosion-control along streambanks. ℡ 651–686–4883. Contact the International Erosion Gray, Donald H., and Sotir, Robbin B., 1996, Biotechnical Control Association at Post Office Box 774904, Steamboat and soil bioengineering slope stabilization ― a practical Springs, Colorado, 80477–4904, ℡ 970–879–3010, guide for erosion control: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 378 p. homepage: www.ieca.org This free bimonthly magazine with Dr. Gray is professor of geotechnical engineering at the University 23,000 readers contains erosion–control case–histories, plus a wealth of of Michigan and a pioneer in the use of plants and geosynthetics practical information from manufacturers of erosion–control devices for erosion control and surficial slope stability. This excellent (coir rolls, hydroseed, hydromulch, silt fences, silt catch–basins, native textbook presents ecologically sound alternatives to conventional plants, geotextiles, geogrids, steel–wire mesh, gabions, etc.) reinforced concrete retaining walls. FEMA, 2003, The natural and beneficial functions of Julien, P.Y., 1998, Erosion and sedimentation: Cambridge floodplains: reducing flood losses by protecting and University Press, 280 p. An excellent primer in restoring the floodplain environment: Federal Emergency sediment–transport theory with practical applications. Management Agency, free from: < www.fema.gov > Refer to book review in EOS, vol. 80, no. 15, 13 April 1999. FEMA, 1986, Floodproofing non–residential structures: Kent, Donald M., editor, 2000, Applied wetlands science Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA Report and technology, 2nd edition: CRC Press, 472 p. 102, 199 p. free from: < www.fema.gov > Lal, R., Sobecki, Terry M., Iivari, T., and Kimble, John M., FEMA, 1988, Guide to Flood Insurance Rate Maps: Federal 2004, Soil degradation in the United States: CRC Press, Emergency Management Agency, Document # FIA–14, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 224 p. May 1988, 35 page booklet. McElroy, Charles H. and Lienhart, David A., 1993, Rock for erosion control: ASTM Special Technical Publication 1177, 13 papers, 140 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 97 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Morgan, Roy P.C., 2005, Soil erosion and conservation, 3rd edition: Blackwell Publishers, 272 p. Muckel, Gary, editor, 2004, Understanding soil risk and hazards ― using soil to identify areas of risk and hazards to human life and property: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE 68508; download pdf from: ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/soil_risks/ Newton, Gail A., and Claassen, V.P., 2003, Rehabilitation of disturbed lands in California ― a manual for decision making: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 123, 228 p. with 112–page appendix containing information by geographic areas of California regarding plant species commonly used for rehabilitation. Nichols, J.D., Brown, P.L., and Grant, W.J., editors, 1984, Erosion and productivity of soils containing rock fragments: Soil Science of America, Special Publication No. 13, 103 p. Sobecki, T.M., Livari, T., and Kimble, John M., 2004, Soil degradation in the United States ― extent, severity, and trends: Lewis Publishers, 224 p. The three authors are with the USDA National Resources Convervation Service. SWRCB, 2004, Wetlands, Riparian Areas, and Vegetated Treatment Systems, Chapter 2.6 in California Nonpoint Source Encyclopedia: State Water Resources Control Board, pages 2–203 to 2–218, edition of April 2, 2004. May be downloaded from the SWRCB website as a pdf. Contains many hyperlinks to current digital information about wetlands. < www.swrcb.ca.gov > Toy, Terrence J., Foster, George R., and Renard, Kenneth G., 2002, Soil erosion: processes, prediction, measurement, and control: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 352 p., 100 photographs, drawings, and tables. Toy, Terrence J., 1982, Accelerated erosion ― process, problems, and prognosis: Geology, vol. 10, October 1982 issue, no. 10, p. 524–529. Wolff, Thomas F., Hassan, A., Khan, R., Ur-Rasu, I., and Miller, Michael, 2004, Geotechnical reliability of dam and levee enhancements: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi; Report ERDC/GSL CR-04-1, 275 p., 9 figures, 4 tables, Appedix A – E. Available on-line from the Corps at: http://libweb.wes.army.mil

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 98 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Seismology and

Calculation of the Earthquake Ground–Motion Selected References for Historical Seismicity and Paleoseismology of California 15. Evaluation of Historical Seismicity (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.)

Prepare a page–sized seismicity map at intermediate scale that is centered on the property. Agnew, Duncan C., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1978, A documentary It is typically a concise extract from published study of the felt effects of the great California earthquake maps, or a plot from a digital catalog. The of 1857: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 68, no. 6, p. 1717–1729. seismicity map should show modern epicenters; Allen, Clarence R., 1995, Earthquake hazard assessment: do not rely on antiquated seismology maps. has our approach been modified in the light of recent earthquakes? EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 11, no. 3, Show significant past earthquakes (typically p. 357-366. Bakun, William H., 1998, Modified Mercalli intensities for ≥ M5) that have affected the site. No maximum some recent California earthquakes and historic San radius is established, but smaller earthquakes at Francisco Bay region earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey long distances (>100 km) need not be reported Open–File Report 98–584, 175 p. unless significant. A convenient map of historical Bakun, William H., 1998, Scenarios for historic San Francisco Bay region earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File seismicity is: Toppozada and others, 2000, Report 98–785, 14 p. Epicenters of and Areas Damaged by ≥ M 5 Bakun, William H., and Wentworth, Carl M., 1997, California Earthquakes, 1800–1999, California Estimating earthquake location and magnitude from seismic intensity data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Geological Survey Map Sheet 49. America, vol. 87, no. 6, Dec. 1997 issue, p. 1502–1521. An important paper to use when performing paleoseismology Numerous publications contain useful research, particularly for pre–1900 earthquakes with a sparse set of historical observations. Correlates historical MMI to an seismicity maps: California Geological Survey, intensity magnitude (MI) by this formula: USGS, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of MI = ( MMIi + 3.29 + 0.0206 ∗ ∆i ) ÷ 1.68 America (BSSA), and the Journal of Geophysical Bolin, Robert, and Stanford, Lois, 1998, The Northridge Research (JGR). Software programs (such as earthquake ― vulnerability and disaster: Routledge Publishers, 288 p. EQSEARCH) and various USGS, Caltech, Bolt, Bruce A., 1968, The focus of the1906 California UC Berkeley, NOAA–NGDC epicenter and earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of strong–motion databases on CD–ROMs will be America, vol. 58, no. 2, p. 457–471. useful. Bolt, Bruce A., 1987, One hundred years of earthquake recording in America: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 641-644. The Northern California Earthquake Data Bolt, Bruce A., Uhrhammer, Robert A., and Darragh, Center web–site is: < http://quake.geo.berkeley.edu / Robert B., 1985, The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, cdedc/catalog–search.html > 1984 ― seismological aspects: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 407-418. The Southern California Earthquake Center Boore, David M., 1977, Strong motion recordings of the California earthquake of April 16, 1906: Bulletin of the web–site is: < www.scec.org > Seismological Society of America, vol. 67, p. 561–576. Bull, William B., 1996, Dating San Andreas earthquakes with Strong–motion records for selected CSMIP lichenometry: Geology, vol. 24, no. 2., p. 111–114. stations close to the hospital or school site may be Clague, John J., 1997, Evidence for large earthquakes at the down–loaded from the California Strong–Motion Cascadia subduction zone: Reviews in Geophysics, American Geophysical Union, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 439–460. Instrumentation Program of the California (pertains to northwestern California and the estimated Geological Survey: Magnitude 9 earthquake of January 26, 1700). < www.conservation.ca.gov / cgs / smip > Crosby, Christopher J., 2004, Digital database of faulting accompanying the 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1437, version 1.0. A digital version of Lienkaemper & Brown (1985). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 99 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 deBoer, J.Z, and Sanders, Donald T., 2004, Earthquakes in Hauksson, Egil, and Gross, S., 1991, Source parameters of the human history ― the far–reaching effects of seismic 1993 Long Beach earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological disruptions: Princeton University Press, 264 p. Society of America, vol. 81, p. 81–98. Dolan, James F., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 2001, Hauksson, Egil, and Shearer, Peter, 2005, Southern California Paleoseismologic evidence for a very large (Mw>7), hypocenter relocation with waveform cross-correlation, post–AD 1660 surface rupture on the eastern San Cayetano Part 1: results using the double-difference method: Bulletin Fault, Ventura County, California: was this the elusive of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 3, source of the damaging 21 December 1812 Earthquake? June 2005 issue, p. 896-903. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, Kagan, Y.Y., 2002, Modern California earthquake catalogs and no. 6, December 2001 issue, p. 1417–1432. their comparison: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 73, Ebel, John E., and Wald, David J., 2003, Bayesian estimations no. 6, Nov/Dec. 2002 issue, p. 921–929. of peak ground acceleration and 5% damped spectral Kelsey, Harvey M., Nelson, Alan R., Hemphill-Haley, Eileen, acceleration from Modified Mercalli Intensity data: and Witter, Robert C., 2005, Tsunami history of an Oregon EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, August 2003 coastal lake reveals a 4600 year record of great earthquakes issue, p. 511–529. on the Cascadia subduction zone: Geological Society of Ellsworth, William L., 1990, Earthquake history, 1769–1989, America Bulletin, vol. 117, no. 7/8, July/August 2005 issue, in Wallace, Robert E., editor, The San Andreas Fault p. 1009-1032. System: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515, Kovach, Robert L., 2004, Early earthquakes of the Americas: p. 153–181. Cambridge University Press, 280 p. The author is EERI, 1988, The Whittier Narrows, California, Earthquake of professor of geophysics at Stanford University. October 1, 1987, part 2, reconnaissance report: EERI Jeon, S.S., and O’Rourke, Thomas D., 2005, Northridge Earthquake Spectra, vol. 4, no. 1, February 1988 issue, Earthquake effects on pipelines and residential buildings: 14 papers, p. 1-218, and no. 2, May 1988 issue, 8 papers, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, p. 219-409. (available from EERI on a CD-ROM for $15.) no. 1, February 2005 issue, p. 294-318. FEMA, 2003, HAZUS–MH: Federal Emergency Kagan, Y.Y., Jackson, David D., and Liu, Z., 2005, Stress and Management Agency, free software program for estimation earthquakes in southern California, 1850-2004: Journal of of losses from "multi–hazards" (MH), such as earthquake– Geophysical Research, vol. 110, no. B-05S14, published on fire–hurricane–flood, two CD–ROMs in either MapInfo or April 22, 2005 by AGU. ArcView formats, plus four CD–ROMs with California Langbein, John, Borcherdt, Roger D., Dreger, Douglas S., data: fema.gov/hazus (800) 480–2520 Fletcher, J.B., Hardebeck, Jeanne L., Hellweg, Margaret, < www.hazus.org > FEMA has created a HAZUS Vendor Ji, Chen, Johnston, Malcolm, Murray, Jessica R., Program with professional seminars on how to use HAZUS. Nadeau, Robert, Rymer, Michael J., and Treiman, For information on this training, phone Thomas Durham, Jerome A., 2005, Preliminary report on the 28 September ℡ 703–535–3005 or write to: [email protected] 2004 M6.0 Parkfield, California earthquake: Seismological FEMA, March 2002, HAZUS–99, Service Release 2.0: Research Letters, vol. 76, no. 1, January/February 2005 Federal Emergency Management Agency, free software issue, p. 10-26. program for estimation of losses from earthquake– Lawson, Andrew C., chairman, 1908, The California hurricane–flood, two CD–ROMs in either MapInfo v6.5 or earthquake of April 18, 1906 in Report of the State ArcView v3.2a formats, plus four CD–ROMs with Earthquake Investigation Commission, volume 1: Carnegie California data: fema.gov/hazus ℡ 800-480–2520 Institution of Washington. < www.hazus.org > (specify the “California package” Leonard, Lucinda J., Hyndman, Roy D., and Mazzotti, when ordering from FEMA) Stéphane, 2004, Coseismic subsidence in the 1700 great FEMA, 2001, HAZUS99 – Estimated annualized earthquake Cascadia earthquake: coastal estimates versus elastic losses for the United States: Federal Emergency dislocation models: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Management Agency, FEMA Report 366. vol. 116, no. 5/6, May/June 2004 issue, p. 655–670. Geschwind, C.H., 2001, California earthquakes: science, risk, Lienkaemper, James J., Dawson, Timothy E., Personius, and the politics of hazard mitigation: Johns Hopkins Stephen F., Seitz, Gordon G., Reidy, Liam M., and University Press, 337 p. (comprehensive history of Schwartz, David P., 2002, A record of large earthquakes on California earthquakes by a historian) the southern Hayward Fault for the past 500 years: Bulletin Goldfinger, Chris, Nelson, C. Hans, and Johnson, Joel E., 2003, of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, Holocene earthquake records from the Cascadia subduction October 2002 issue, p. 2637–2658. zone and northern San Andreas Fault based on precise Lomax, Anthony, 2005, A reanalysis of the hypocentral dating of offshore turbidites: Annual Reviews in Earth and location and related observations for the great 1906 Planetary Sciences, vol. 31, p. 555–577. A ten–thousand California Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society year record within offshore marine turbides yields sedimentary of America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 issue. evidence of 18 Cascadia–type ≈ M9 earthquakes, with an average Lynn, Abe, editor, and 16 others, 2005, The San Simeon, repeat time of about 600 years. The last three M9 earthquakes California, Earthquake, December 22, 2003: Earthquake occurred in January 1700, mid–1600s, and about 1300 A.D. Goltz, James D., 1996, Use of loss estimates by government Engineering Research Institute, EERI Report 2005-01, agencies in the Northridge earthquake for response and 78 p. www.eeri.org recovery: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 441-455. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 100 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Meltzner, Aron J., and Rockwell,Thomas K., 2004, The Tejon SSC, 2002, California earthquake loss–reduction plan Pass earthquake of 22 October 1916: an M 5.6 event on the 2002―2006: California Seismic Safety Commission, 45 p. Lockwood Valley and San Andreas Faults, southern free from SSC, 1755 Creekside Oaks Drive, Suite 100, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Sacramento, CA 95833, ℡ 916–263–5506 America, vol. 94, no. 4, August 2004 issue, p. 1293-1304. .pdf down–loadable from: Meltzner, Aron J., and Wald, David J., 2003, Aftershocks and www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/SSC02–02.pdf triggered events of the great 1906 California earthquake: Shearer, Peter, Hauksson, and Lin, Guoqing, 2005, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, Southern California hypocenter relocation with waveform no. 5, October 2003 issue, p. 2160–2186. Also see USGS cross-correlation, Part 2: results using source-specific Open–File Report 02–37 by the same authors. station terms and cluster analysis: Bulletin of the Montgomery, David R., and Manga, Michael, 2003, Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 Streamflow and water–well responses to earthquakes: issue, p. 904-915. AAAS Science, vol. 300, June 27, 2003 issue, p. 2047– Smoot, J.P., Litwin, R.J., Bischoff, J.L., and Lund, S.J., 2000, 2049. (a comprehensive review paper) Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and “tsunami” Murray, Jessica, and Segall, Paul, 2002, Testing at Owens Lake, southeast California: Sedimentary Geology, time-predictable earthquake recurrence by direct vol. 135, no. 1-4, September 2000 issue, p. 241-254. measurement of strain accumulation and release: Nature, Stone, Elizabeth M., Grant, Lisa B., and Arrowsmith, J. Ramon, vol. 419, September 19, 2002 issue, p. 287–291. 2002, Recent rupture history of the San Andreas Fault Nur, Amos, and Ron, H., 1997, Armageddon’s earthquakes: southeast of Cholame in the northern Carrizo Plain, International Geology Review, vol. 37, no. 6, June 1997 California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of issue, p. 532-541. < www.bellpub.com / igr > America, vol. 92, no. 3, April 2002 issue, p. 983–997. Panza, G.F., Paskaleva, I., and Nunziata, C., editors, 2004, Toppozada, T.R., and Branum, David, 2004, California Seismic ground-motion in large urban areas, Springer- earthquake history: Annals of Geophysics, vol. 47, no. 2/3, Verlag, 1,300 p. April/June 2004 issue, p. 509-522. Porter, Keith A., Beck, James L., and Shaikhutdinov, R., 2004, Toppozada, T.R., Branum, David, Reichle, Michael, and Simplified estimation of economic seismic risk to buildings: Hallstrom, C., 2002, San Andreas fault zone, California EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 20, no. 4, November 2004 M≥ 5.5 earthquake history, in Grant, Lisa B., and Lettis, issue, p. 1239-1263. William R., editors, Paleoseismology of the San Andreas Powell, Robert E., and Weldon, Ray J., 1992, Evolution of the Fault System: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of San Andreas Fault: Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, p. 2555–2601. Sciences, vol. 20, p. 431–468. Toppozada, T.R., and Branum, David, 2002, California Satake, K., Wang, K., and Atwater, Brian F., 2003, Fault slip earthquakes of M≥5.5  their history and the areas and seismic moment of the damaged, in Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C., inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions: Journal of and Kisslinger, C., editors, International Handbook of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–11, p. 2535, Earthquake and Engineering Seismology: Academic Press, published by AGU on Nov. 20, 2003, vol. 81A of International Geophysics Series, chapter 48.2, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002521,2003. p. 793–798, plus complete archive .pdf file on CD–ROM. Scawthorn, Charles, 2003, Earthquakes ― a historical Toppozada, T.R., Branum, D., Petersen, M., Hallstrom, C., perspective, in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Cramer, C., and Reichle, M., 2000, Epicenters of and areas Earthquake Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, a division damaged by M≥5.5 California earthquakes, 1800―1999: of Taylor & Francis Publishers, chapter 1, p. 1–1 to 1–65. California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 49. Sheppard, Paul R., and Jacoby, Gordon C., 1989, Toppozada, T.R., 2000, San Andreas M ≥5.5 earthquakes Application of tree–ring analysis to paleoseismology ― from Parkfield to Fort Bragg, California, 1800―1999, two case studies: Geology, vol. 17, no. 3, March 1989 issue, in Bokelmann, G., and Kovach, Robert L., editors, p. 226-229. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Tectonic Problems of Sieh, Kerry E., 1978, Central California of the great the San Andreas Fault: Stanford University, Geological 1857 earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Sciences Publication no. XXI, p. 93–105. America, vol. 68, no. 6, p. 1731–1749. Toppozada, T.R., and Parke, David L., 1982, Areas damaged Sieh, Kerry E., 1978, Slip along the San Andreas Fault by California earthquakes, 1990―1949: California associated with the great 1857 earthquake: Bulletin of Geological Survey Open–File Report 82–17, 65 p. the Seismological Society of America, vol. 68, no. 5, Toppozada, T.R., Real, Charles R., and Parke, David L., 1982, p. 1421–1447. Preparation of isoseismal maps and summaries of reported Sieh, Kerry E., 1984, Lateral offsets and revised dates of large effects for pre–1900 California earthquakes: California earthquakes at Pallett Creek, California: Journal of Geological Survey, Open–File Report 82–11. Geophysical Research, vol. 83, p. 3907-3939. Toppozada, T.R., Parke, David L., and Higgins, Chris T., 1978, Simons, R.S., 1977, Seismicity of San Diego, 1934―1974: Seismicity of California 1990―1931: California Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 67, Geological Survey Special Report 135. p. 809-826. Toppozada, T.R., and Borchardt, Glenn, 1998, Re–evaluation of the 1836 ‘Hayward Fault’ earthquake and the 1838 San Andreas Fault earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 88, p. 140–159. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 101 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Tuttle, Martitia P., and Sykes, Lynn R., 1992, Re–evaluation of several large historic earthquakes in the Loma Prieta and Peninsula segments of the San Andreas Fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 82, p. 1802–1820. Wald, David J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, Thomas H., and Kanamori, H., 1999, Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California: EERI Earthquake Spectra, v. 15, no. 3, pages 557–564. Walter, S.R., Oppenheimer, David H., Mandel, R.I., 1998, Seismicity maps of the San Francisco and San Jose 1°×2° quadrangles, California for the period 1967–1993: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations Map I–2580, 3 sheets, with color 3–D geometry. Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. Wesson, Robert L., Bakun, William H. and Perkins, David M., 2003, Association of earthquakes and faults in the San Francisco Bay area using Bayesian inference: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 3, June 2003 issue, p. 1306–1332. Yeats, Robert S., 2001, Living with earthquakes in California: Oregon State University Press, 406 p. Youd, T. Leslie, and Hoose, Seena N., 1978, Historic ground failures in northern California triggered by earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 993, 177 p. 5 plates, 67 figures, 9 tables. Yu, Ellen, and Segall, Paul, 1996, Slip in the from the analysis of historical triangulation data: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 101, p. 16,101 ― 16, 118. Zeilinga deBoer, J., and Sanders, Donald T., 2005, Earthquakes in human history ― the far-reaching effects of seismic disruptions: Princeton University Press, 264 p. http://pup/princeton.edu A comprehensive summary of global earthquakes in human history.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 102 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

16. PSHA Evaluation of Earthquake Ground–Motion Most engineering geologists calculate the earthquake ground motion directly (using surface A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) Vs conditions). For advanced analysis, many is required by the California Building Code. This geotechnical engineers use the UC Berkeley/UC needs to be computed on a site–specific basis. Davis software program SHAKE 91 by Idriss and Seismology software is needed for PSHA. State Sun (November 1992) that considers multiple in the report that you are using PSHA methods stratigraphic layers overlying the basement rock. and name the software used. Include all input and output data–files in your report from any computer program used to calculate ground–motion by PSHA methods. Comprehensive books and papers on PSHA methods are listed at the end of Selected References for this section. PSHA and Strong–Motion Seismology

(Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Use only modern seismology terms from marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) current pages of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, the Journal of Geophysical Abrahamson, Norman A., and Bommer, Julian J., 2005, Research, EERI Earthquake Spectra, USGS and Probability and uncertainty in seismic hazard analysis: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, California Geological Survey publications, the p. 603-607. Applied Technology Council, FEMA–NEHRP Aki, K., chairman, and 9 others, 1988, Probabilistic Seismic reports, AAAS Science, and the California Hazard Analysis: National Research Council, Panel on Building Code. Some geotechnical consulting Seismic Hazard Analysis; National Academy Press, 97 p. firms may choose to subcontract with a well– Anderson, John G., 2003, Strong–motion seismolgy, Chapter 57, in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, qualified seismologist to calculate the ground– Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International motion. handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, vol. 81–B, Caution: Deterministic ground motion June 2003, p. 937–965. will not be reviewed or approved. This is Baturay, M.B., and Stewart, Jonathan P., 2003, Uncertainty and not in conformance with requirements of the bias in ground–motion estimates from ground–response California Building Code, CCR Title 24. analyses: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 5, October 2003 issue, p. 2025–2042. Caution: Ground motion should not be Bernreuter, D.L., and others, 1998, Investigation of techniques for the development of seismic design basis using estimated or extrapolated from small–scale probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: U.S. Nuclear maps, interpolated or guessed by unscientific Regulatory Commission, Report NUREG / CR–6606, methods that cannot be audited or replicated 167 p. GPO stock no. 052–021–01680–8 by the California Geological Survey. Blake, Thomas F., 2004, FRISKSP software for strong-motion seismology; September 3, 2004 update includes the Caution: Avoid using antiquated seismology CGS 2002 statewide fault model. Thomas F. Blake, terms (e.g., maximum “credible” earthquake) 4568 Via Grande, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320–6712 < [email protected] > ℡ 805-499–5266 from old consulting reports. Boatwright, John, Bundock, Howard, Leutgert, James,

Seekins, Linda, Gee, Lind, and Lombard, Peter, 2003, Caution: Do not use the antiquated term The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and “repeatable high ground acceleration.” magnitude from Northern California ShakeMap data: Older 1970s seismology concepts and terms Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, have been replaced and updated. The 1970s no. 5, October 2003 issue, p. 2043–2055. The scaling break and 1980s formulas were demonstrated by between moderate and large earthquakes is fixed at M=5½. Bolt, Bruce A., and Abrahamson, Norman A., 2003, recorded field data to be invalid in the Estimation of strong seismic ground motions, Chapter 59 aftermath of significant California in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., earthquakes circa 1989, 1992, 1994, 1999, and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of and 2004. earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 983–1001. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 103 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Bolt, Bruce A., 1991, Balance of risks and benefits in Bullen, Keith E., and Bolt, Bruce A., 1985, An introduction preparation for earthquakes: Science, vol. 251, no. 4990, to the theory of seismology: Cambridge University Press, p. 169–174. www.sciencemag.org 499 p. Bolt, Bruce A., 2003, Earthquakes, 5th edition: Campbell, Kenneth W., 2003, Models of strong ground W.H. Freeman & Company, 378 p. motion, in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Bolt, Bruce A., 2004, Engineering seismology, chapter 2, Earthquake Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, a division in Bozorgnia, Y., and Bertero, V.V., editors, of Taylor & Francis Publishers, chap. 5, p. 5–1 to 5–76. Earthquake Engineering: CRC Press, 952 p. Campbell, Kenneth W., 2003, Strong–motion attenuation Bolt, Bruce A., 2001, The nature of earthquake ground relations, Chapter 60 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, motion, in Naeim, F., editor, The seismic design handbook, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, 2nd edition: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 1–45. International handbook of earthquake and engineering Bolt, Bruce A., 1999, Estimating seismic ground motion: EERI seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: Earthquake Spectra, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 187-197. vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1003–1012. Bommer, Julian J., Scherbaum, Frank, Bungum, H., Cotton, F., Campbell, Kenneth W., and Bozorgnia, Y., 2003, Updated Sabetta, F., and Abrahamson, Norman A., 2005, On the use near–source ground motion (attenuation) relations for the of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in horizontal and vertical components of peak ground seismic hazard analysis: Bulletin of the Seismological acceleration and acceleration response spectra: Bulletin of Society of America, vol. 95, no. 2, April 2005 issue, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 1, p. 377-389. February 2003 issue, p. 314–331. Bommer, Julian J., and Boore, David M., 2005, Seismology, Cao, Tianqing, Bryant, William A., Rowshandel, B., in Selley, Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., Branum, David, and Wills, Christopher J., 2003, editors, Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 1, The revised 2002 California probabilistic seismic hazards p. 499-515. maps: California Geological Survey, posted as .pdf on Bommer, Julian J., and Martinez-Pereira, A., 1999, CGS website, June 2003: The effective duration of earthquake strong-motion: www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/psha Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 3, p. 127-172. ♦ Report, 11 p., with Appendix A (Type A, B, C faults): Boore, David M., Joyner, William B., and Fumal, Thomas E., ♦ Table of Type A Faults, 2 p. 1997, Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra ♦ Table of Type B Faults, 15 p. and peak accelerations from western North American ♦ Table of Type C Faults (= area sources), 1 p. earthquakes ― a summary of recent work: ♦ References for 2002 California Fault Parameters, 9 p. Seismological Research Letters, vol. 68, no. 1, January 1997 This is the new 2002 statewide seismotectonic model used in issue, p. 128–153. probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by the California Geological Boore, David M., 2005, Erratum for 1997BJF paper: Survey. CCR Title 24 projects (hospitals and schools) will be Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and measured and evaluated against this PSHA model and its fault peak acceleration from western North American data–base that reflects a broad consensus of the seismology and earthquakes ― a summary of recent work: Seismological engineering geology profession. This report updates and supersedes Petersen and others, CGS Open–File Report 96–08, Research Letters, vol. 76, no. 3, May/June 2005 issue, which was the 1996 statewide consensus model. CGS OFR 96–08 p. 128-153. contains 33 pages of text that remains as a pertinent explanation of Boore, David M., 2000, SMSIM ― Fortran programs for PSHA methodology for California. The notable upgrade from simulating ground motions from earthquakes ― version 2.0: 1996 to 2002 is the revised database of seismogenic faults U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 2000–509. (particularly slip–rates, Mmax, recurrence intervals, and fault http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open–file/of00–509 segmentation). Borcherdt, Roger D., 1994, Estimates of site-dependent Chiou, Brian, Roblee, Clifford J., Abrahamson, Norman A., response spectra for design (methodology and and Power, Maurice S., 2004, The research program of justification): EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 4, “Next Generation” of ground–motion attenuation models, p. 617-653. in Yegian, M.K., and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Borcherdt, Roger D., Hamburger, Ronald O., and Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: Kircher, Charles R., 2003, Seismic design provisions and American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special guidelines in the United States ― a prologue, Chapter 68 Publication no. 126, vol. 1, p. 768–777. in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., Choi, Y., and Stewart, Jonathan P., 2005, Nonlinear site and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of amplification as function of 30-m shear-wave velocity: earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, 1,040 p. issue, p. 1-30. Bozorgnia, Y., and Bertero, Vitelmo V., editors, 2004, Coppersmith, Kevin J., 1991, Seismic source characterization Earthquake engineering ― from engineering seismology to for engineering seismic hazard analysis: Fourth performance–based engineering: CRC Press, a division of International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Earthquake Taylor & Francis Publishers, 1,152 p. Engineering Research Institute, vol. 1, p. 3–60. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 104 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Cornell, C. Allin, 1968, Engineering seismic risk analysis: Hanks, Thomas C., and Kanamori, H., 1979, A moment Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 58, magnitude scale: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 84, p. 1583–1606. (classic seminal paper on PSHA methods) no. B5, p. 2348–2350. This is the seminal paper for the Darragh, Robert B., and Bolt, Bruce A., 1987, A comment on moment magnitude scale, which is used by seismologists instead the statistical regression relation between earthquake the local magnitude scale, ML, because the local magnitude scale magnitude and fault rupture length: Bulletin of the Seismo- saturates at higher magnitudes and does not regress satisfactorily logical Society of America, vol. 77, no. 4, p. 1479–1484. for computing Mmax from fault length. The symbol for moment magnitude is M FEMA, 2001, NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic w Heaton, Thomas H., and Hartzell, Stephen H., 1988, regulations: Federal Emergency Management Agency; Earthquake ground motions: Annual Reviews in Earth & FEMA Report 368: Part 1 ― Provisions; and Planetary Sciences, vol. 16, p. 121–145. FEMA Report 369: Part 2 ― Commentary. Idriss, Izzat M., 1993, Procedures for selecting earthquake available free from FEMA , ℡ 800–480–2520 ground motions at rock sites: U.S. National Institute of Field, Edward H., and Petersen, Mark D., 2000, A test of Standards and Technology, U.S. Dept. Commerce, NIST various site―effect parameterizations in probabilistic GCR #93–625, 35 p. seismic hazard analyses of southern California: Bulletin of Idriss, Izzat M., 1995, An overview of earthquake ground the Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 6B, motions pertinent to seismic design: EERI, Proceedings of December 2000 issue, p. S–222 to S–244. the Fifth International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Field, Edward H., Gupta, N., Gupta, V., Blanpied, Michael, vol. 3, p. 2111–2126. Maechling, Philip, and Jordan, Thomas H., 2005, Hazard Idriss, Izzat M., and Sun, Joseph I., 1992, User’s manual for calculations for the WGCEP-2002 earthquake forecast using SHAKE91: a computer program for conducting equivalent OpenSHA and distributed object technologies: linear seismic response analyses of horizontally layered soil Seismological Research Letters, vol. 76, no. 2, March/April deposits: University of California, Davis; Department of 2005 issue, p. 161-167. Civil Engineering, Technical Report. Field, Edward H., Seligson, Hope A., Gupta, N., Gupta, V., Jordan, Thomas H., chairman; Beroza, Gregory, Jordan, Thomas H., and Campbell, Kenneth W., 2005, Cornell, C. Allin, Crouse, C.B, Dieterich, James, Probabilistic loss estimates for a Puente Hills blind-thrust Frankel, Arthur, Jackson, David D., Johnston, A., earthquake in Los Angeles, California: EERI Earthquake Kanamori, H., Langer, James, McNutt, Marcia, Spectra (manuscript submitted to EERI). Rice, James R., Romanowicz, Barbara A., Sieh, Kerry E., Field, Edward H., Jordan, Thomas H., and Cornell, C. Allin, and Somerville, Paul G, 2003, Living on an active Earth: 2003, OpenSHA: a developing community–modeling perspectives on earthquake science: National Academy of environment for seismic hazard analysis: Seismological Sciences, 6 chapters, 432 p., Sept. 2003, $47.96 Research Letters, vol. 74, no. 4, July/August 2003 issue, (paperback) < www.nap.edu > toll–free ℡ 888-624–8373 p. 406–419. < www.OpenSHA.org > (8:30 AM to 5:00 PM eastern time) Finn, W.D. Liam, 2000, State–of–the–art of geotechnical Joyner, William B., 2000, Strong motion from surface waves earthquake engineering practice: Soil Dynamics and in deep sedimentary basins: Bulletin of the Seismological Earthquake Engineering, vol. 20, p. 1–15. Society of America, vol. 90, no. 6B, December 2000 issue, Frankel, Arthur D., 1999, How does the ground shake? ― p. S–95 to S–112. perspectives in earthquake ground motion: Science, v. 283, Kanamori, H., 1994, Mechanics of earthquakes: Annual p. 2032–2033, March 26, 1999 issue. Reviews in Earth & Planetary Sciences, vol. 22, p. 207–237. Frankel, Arthur D., Mueller, C.S., Barnhard, T.P., Kanamori, H., and Heaton, Thomas H., 2000, Microscopic and Leyendecker, E.V., Wesson, R.L., Harmsen, S.C., Klein, macroscopic physics of earthquakes, in Rundle, J.B., F.W., Perkins, D.M., Dickman, N.C, Hanson, S.L., and Turcotte, D.L., and Klein, W., editors, Geocomplexity and Hopper, M.G., 2000, USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps: physics of earthquakes: American Geophysical Union, EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 1, Feb. 2000 issue, Geophysical Monograph 120, p. 147–163. p. 1–19. Kisslinger, Carl, chairman, Aki, Keiiti; Arabasz, W..J., Hamburger, Ronald O., 2003, Building code provisions for Benson, D.K., Ebel, J.E., Hanks, T.C., Langer, J.S., seismic resistance, in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., Rasmussen, N.C., Reiter, L., and Veneziano, D., 1997, editors, Earthquake Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, Recommendations for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, chap. 11, p. 11–1 guidance on uncertainty and use of experts: National to 11–28. Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, 84 p. Hanks, Thomas C., and Bakun, William H., 2002, A bilinear Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and source–scaling model for M–log A observations of Kisslinger, Carl, editors, 2002, International handbook of continental earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, Society of America, vol. 92, no. 5, June 2002, p. 1841–1846. a division of Elsevier, two volumes: vol. 81–A, September 2002, 933 p. with 54 chapters, one CD–ROM; vol. 81–B, June 2003, 1,040 p. with 34 chapters, two CD–ROMs with 2,000 additional pages of text and seismology software. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 105 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Leyendecker, E.V., Hunt, R.J., Frankel, Arthur D., and Somerville, Paul G., and Moriwaki, Yoshiharu, 2003, Rukstales, Kenneth S., 2000, Development of maximum Seismic hazards and risk assessment in engineering practice, considered earthquake ground motion maps: EERI Chapter 65 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 1, Feb. 2000, p. 21–40. Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International Malhotra, Praveen K., 2003, Strong–motion records for site– handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology: specific analysis: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, August 2003 issue, p. 557–578. June 2003, p. 1065–1095. McGuire, Robin K., 2004, Seismic hazard and risk analysis: Stein, Ross S., 2003, Earthquake conversations: Scientific Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI American, vol. 288, no. 1, January 2003 issue, p. 72–79. Monograph No. 10, 240 p. This authoritative monograph Stepp, J. Carl, Wong, Ivan, Whitney, J., Quittmeyer, R., is one of the most significant publications in probabilistic Abrahamson, Norman A., Toro, Gilbert, Youngs, Robert, seismic hazard analysis and strong–motion seismology in Coppersmith, Kevin, Savy, J., Sullivan, T., 2001, the past decade. www.eeri.org Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for fault displacement McGuire, Robin K., 1995, Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and ground motions at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: EERI and design earthquakes ― closing the loop: Bulletin of the Earthquake Spectra, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 113–151. Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 5, October Stewart, Jonathan P., Liu, Andrew H., and Choi, Y., 2003, 1995 issue, p. 1275-1284. Amplification factors for spectral acceleration in tectonically Panza, G.F., and 36 other seismologists and geologists, 2002, active areas: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Realistic modeling of seismic input for megacities and large America, vol. 93, no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 332–352. urban areas: Episodes, the quarterly journal of the Also refer to Choi and Stewart (2005). International Union of Geological Sciences, vol. 25, no. 3, Stewart, Jonathan P., 2000, Variations between foundation - September 2002 issue, p. 160–184. The published results level and free-field earthquake ground motions: EERI of UNESCO / IUGS / IGCP Project #414 from 1997 to Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 2, May 2000 issue, 2001 regarding seismic evaluation of large cities of the p. 511 – 532. world. Stewart, Jonathan P., Chiou, S.J., Bray, Jonathan D., Petersen, Mark D., Bryant, William A., Cramer, Chris H., Graves, Robert W., Somerville, Paul G., and Abrahamson, Cao, Tianqing, Reichle, Michael S., Frankel, Arthur D., Norman A., 2001, Ground motion evaluation procedures for Lienkaemper, James J., McCrory, Patricia A., and performance–based design: University of California, Schwartz, David P., 1996, Probabilistic seismic hazard Berkeley; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, assessment for the state of California: California Geological Report PEER 2001–09, 8 chapters, 229 p. Survey Open–File Report 96–08, 33 p. and appendices of To be published in International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake fault databases; co–published by the U.S. Geological Survey Engineering in 2005. A significant new monograph in applied seismology funded by NSF written by an interdisciplinary California team of as USGS Open–File Report 96–706. 4 seismologists and 3 geotechnical engineers. Power, Maurice, and Leyendecker, Edgar V., chairmen, 1997, Download pdf from: < http://peer.berkeley.edu > Proceedings of National Earthquake Ground Motion Tang, W.H., Duncan, J. Michael, Cornell, C. Allin, Mapping Workshop, Sept. 1995, Los Angeles, California: Gardner, W.S., Mitchell, James K., Rosenblueth, E., Applied Technology Council, Report #ATC 35–2, 154 p. Schuster, Robert L., Wu, T.H.,1995, Probabilistic methods Reiter, Leon, 1990, Earthquake hazard analysis: Columbia in geotechnical engineering: National Academy of University Press, 254 p. Sciences, National Research Council, 84 p. Rezai, M., and Ventura, Carlos E., 2002, Analysis of strong and Thenhaus, Paul C., and Campbell, Kenneth W., 2003, weak ground motions recorded at two sites during Loma Seismic hazard analysis, in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, Prieta earthquake by wavelet transform: Canadian Journal C., editors, Earthquake Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, of Civil Engineering, vol. 29, p. 157-170. These two CSMIP a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, chap. 8, p. 8–1 strong-motion stations are located at Treasure Island (soft fill) and to 8–50. Yerba Buena Island (rock) in the middle of San Francisco Bay. Toro, Gabriel R., 1995, Probabilistic seismic–hazard analysis Although just two kilometers apart, both recorded the 1989 Loma ― a review of the state–of–the–art: Earthquake Prieta Earthquake with notably different ground-motion. Engineering Research Institute, Proceedings of the Fifth Rubinstein, Justin L., and Beroza, Gregory C., 2004, International Conference on Seismic Zonation, vol. 3, Evidence for widespread nonlinear strong ground-motion in p. 1829–1857. the M 6.9 Loma Prieta Earthquake: Bulletin of the w Turcotte, Donald L., and Schubert, Gerald, 2001, Geodynamics, Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 5, 2nd edition: Cambridge University Press, 528 p. October 2004 issue, p. 1595-1608. Venkataraman, Anupama, and Kanamori, Hiroo, 2004, SEAOC, 2000, Seismic Design Manual: Structural Engineers Effect of directivity on estimates of radiated seismic energy: Association of California, vol. 1 – Code Application Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 109, no. B04301, Examples, 248 p.; vol. 2 – Building Design Examples, 12 p. published on-line 1 April 2004 by AGU. 306 p., published and distributed by the International Code Council, Whittier, California Engineering Geology and Seismology for 106 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wells, Donald L., and Coppersmith, Kevin J., 1994, Selected References for New empirical relationships among magnitude, Topographic Amplification of Strong–Motion rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, p. 974–1002. Bard, P.Y., 1982, Diffracted waves and displacement field over Wilson, Raymond C., 1993, Relation of Arias Intensity to two dimensional elevated topographies: Geophysical magnitude and distance in California: U.S. Geological Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 71, Survey, Open–File Report 93–556, 42 p. p. 731-760. Wong, Ivan G., Thomas, Patricia A., and Abrahamson, Bard, P.Y., and Tucker, Brian E., 1985, Ridge and Norman A., 2004, The PEER–lifelines validation of effects ― comparing observations with theory: Bulletin of software used in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 75, p. 905-922. in Yegian, M.K., and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Boore, David M., 1972, Note on the effect of topography on Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: surface motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special America, vol. 62, p. 275-284. Publication no. 126, vol. 1, p. 807―815. Boore, David M., and Joyner, William B., 1997, Site Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2003, amplifications for generic rock sites: Bulletin of the Earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region: Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, p. 327–341. 2002–2031: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 03– Boore, David M., Grazier, Vladimir M., Tinsley, John C., and 214, 8 chapters, Appendix A to G. (download 56–MB file Shakal, Anthony F., 2004, A study of possible as .pdf from < www.usgs.gov > ground-motion amplification at the Coyote Lake Dam, Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1995, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Seismic hazards in southern California – probable America, vol. 94, no. 4, August 2004 issue, p. 1327 – 1342. earthquakes, 1994–2024: Bulletin of the Seismological Bouchon, Michel, 1973, Effect of topography on surface Society of America, vol. 85, no. 2, p. 379–439. motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Yeats, Robert S., Sieh, Kerry E., and Allen, Clarence R., vol. 63, p. 615-632. 1997, The geology of earthquakes: Oxford University Bouchon, Michel, and Barker, J.S., 1996, Seismic response of a Press, 568 p. (especially Chapter 13, Seismic Hazard hill: the example of Tarzana, California: Bulletin of the Assessment, p. 447–472). Seismological Society of America, vol. 86, p. 66-72. Bouchon, Michel, Schulz, C.A., and Toksöz, M. Nafi, 1996, Effect of three-dimensional topography on seismic motion: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 101, p. 5835-5846. Brune, James N., 1984, Preliminary results on topographic amplification effect on a foam-rubber model of the topography near Pacoima Dam: Proceedings to the th 8 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, p. 663-670. Davis, L.L., and West, L.R., 1973, Observed effects of topography on ground motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 63, p. 283-298. Faccioli, E., 1991, Seismic amplification in the presence of geological and topographic irregularities, in Prakash, S., editor, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, vol. 2, p. 1779 – 1797. Geli, L., Bard, P.Y., and Jullien, B., 1988, The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: a review and new results: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 78, p. 42–63. Hartzell, S.H., Carver, David L., and King, K.W., 1994, Initial investigation of site and topographic effects at Robinwood Ridge, {Santa Cruz County}, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 5, p. 1336–1349. Sanchez-Sesma, Francisco J., 1985, Diffraction of elastic SH waves by wedges: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 75, p. 1435 - 1446. Sanchez-Sesma, Francisco J., 1983, Diffraction of elastic waves by three-dimensional surface irregularities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 73, p. 1621 - 1636. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 107 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Savage, William Z., 2004, An exact solution for effects of topography on free Rayleigh waves: Bulletin of the Selected References for Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 5, Vertical Strong–Motion October 2004 issue, p. 1706-1727. Shakal, A.F., Huang, M.J., and Darragh, Robert B., 1996, Interpretation of significant ground-response and structure Abrahamson, Norman A., and Litehiser, Joseph J., 1989, strong-motions recorded during the 1994 Northridge Attenuation of vertical peak accelerations: Bulletin of the Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Seismological Society of America, vol. 79, p. 549-580. America, vol 86, no. 1-B, February 1996 issue, p. 231-246. Amirbekian, R., and Bolt, Bruce A., 1998, Spectral comparison The California Strong-Motion Instrumentation Program maintains of vertical and horizontal seismic strong ground motion in an accelerometer on the upper-left abutment of Pacoima Dam, CSMIP Station 24207. This is located on a steeply-plunging knife- alluvial basins: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 14, no. 4, edge ridge in hard gneissic plutonic rock. During the 1971 San p. 573–595. Fernanco Earthquake, peak ground acceleration, PGA≈ 1.25g Beresnev, I.V., Nightengale, Amber M., and Silva, Walter J., was recorded which was (then) quite sensational to the seismology 2002, Properties of vertical ground motions: Bulletin of the community. However, 23 years later, during the 1994 Northridge Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 8, Earthquake, a newer model accelerometer also recorded unusually December 2002, p. 3152–3164. high ground-motion at the same site: PGA ≈ 1.53g Horizontal and Bozorgnia, Y., Niazi, M., and Campbell, Kenneth W., 1995, PGA≈ 1.7g Vertical. Refer to CSMIP―OSMS Report 94-12A and Characteristics of free-field vertical ground motion during 1996 BSSA vol 86, no. 1-B, p. 244. The upper-left abutment of the Northridge earthquake: EERI Earthquake Spectra, Pacoima Dam is now considered to be a clear example of vol. 11, no. 4, November 1995 issue, p. 515-525. topographic amplification of a narrow granitic ridge. But at the same time, it is now undisputed that amplified ground-motion in the Bozorgnia, Y., Mahin, Stephen A., and Brady, A. Gerald, 1998, realm of PGA ≈ 1.5g is realistic for this geologic setting on the Vertical response of twelve structures recorded during the wing-wall of a dam abutment. Northridge Earthquake: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 14, Spudich, Paul A., Hellwig, Margaret, and Lee, William H.K., no. 3, August 1998 issue, p. 411-432. 1996, Directional topographic response at Tarzana observed Campbell, Kenneth W., and Bozorgnia, Y., 2003, Updated in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, near–source ground motion (attenuation) relations for the Earthquake: implications for mainshock motions: Bulletin horizontal and vertical components of peak ground of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 86, no. 1-B, acceleration and acceleration response spectra: Bulletin of p. S193 to S208. the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 1, Wong, H.L., 1982, Effect of surface topography on the February 2003 issue, p. 314 – 331. diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves: Bulletin of the Lew, Marshall, and Hudson, Martin B., 1999, The effects of Seismological Society of America, vol. 72, p. 1167-1183. vertical ground motion on base-isolated building systems: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 15, no. 2, May 1999 issue, p. 371 –375.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 108 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for Cascadia Subduction Zone Strong–Motion, with application to Humboldt, Siskiyou and Del Norte Counties

Atkinson, Gail M., and Boore, David M., 2003, Empirical ground–motion relations for subduction zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 4., August 2003 issue, p. 1703–1729. (Humboldt and Del Norte Counties are within the southern Cascadia subduction zone, so this paper applies to seismogenic fault models for the northern Coast Ranges of Califonria.) Atwater, Brian F., Nelson, Alan R., Clague, John J., Carver, Gary A., Yamaguchi, D.K., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bourgeois, Joanne, Darienzo, M.E., Grant, Wendy C., Hemphill-Haley, Eileen, Kelsey, Harvey M., Jacoby, Gordon C., Nishenko, Stuart P., Palmer, Stephen P., Peterson, C.D., and Reinhart, Mary Ann, 1995, Summary of coastal geologic evidence for past great earthquakes at the Cascadia Subduction Zone: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 11, no. 1, February 1995, p. 1-18. Crouse, C.B., 1991, Ground–motion attenuation equations for earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 201–236. Gregor, N.J., Silva, Walter J., Wong, Ivan G., and Youngs, Robert R., 2002, Ground–motion attenuation relationships for Cascadia subduction zone megathrust earthquakes based on a stochastic finite–fault model: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 5, June 2002 issue, p. 1923–1932. Hawkes, Andrea D., Scott, David B., and Combellick, Rod, 2005, Evidence for possible precursor events of megathrust earthquakes on the west coast of North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 117, no. 7/8, July/August 2005 issue, p. 996-1008. Hirn, Alfred, and Laigle, Mireille, 2004, Silent heralds of megathrust earthquakes? AAAS Science, vol. 305, 24 September 2004 issue, p. 1917 - 1918. Kanamori, Hiroo, 1977, The energy release in great earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, no. 20, July 10, 1977, p. 2981–2987. A classic paper. Kelsey, Harvey M., Nelson, Alan R., Hemphill-Haley, Eileen, and Witter, Robert C., 2005, Tsunami history of an Oregon coastal lake reveals a 4600 year record of great earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 117, no. 7/8, July/August 2005 issue, p. 1009-1032.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 109 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

17. Upper–Bound Earthquake motion is generally not used in 2001 CBC (which Ground–Motion is based on 1997 UBC), except for seismic retrofit of older hospitals and older state–owned buildings. Refer to Division VI–R of 2001 CBC, §1640A, §1648A.2.2.3, and Figures 16A–R–1 and The consulting report should clearly state that 16A–R–2. the Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion is defined to have a 10 percent chance of This new term was first defined in International exceedance in 100 years, with a statistical return Building Code 2000, §1615.2.1. Maximum– period ≅ 949 years. Reference: 2001 California Considered Earthquake ground–motion is defined Building Code §1631A.2.6, §1804.8.2, and 2001 to be the level of ground motion with a California Building Standards Administrative 2% chance of exceedance in 50 years, with a Code §7–111. statistical return period of ≈ 2,475 years.

The UBE is a level of ground motion used to The Maximum–Considered Earthquake evaluate Title 24 buildings for structural collapse: ground–motion is therefore more conservative “Every structure shall have sufficient ductility and than UBE ground–motion (10% chance of strength to undergo the displacement caused by exceedance in 100 years; statistical return period the Upper–Bound Earthquake motion without ≈ 949 years.) However, there is a deterministic collapse.” 2001 CBC §1631A.2.6. Furthermore, cap on the Maximum–Considered Earthquake the UBE ground–motion is needed for evaluation ground–motion; refer to IBC 2000 § 1615.2.2 and of liquefaction and seismic settlement. Note that Figure 16–R–2. the seismic coefficient Ca cannot be used for liquefaction and seismic settlement calculations. Caution: Do not confuse Maximum– A comprehensive review of the concept of Considered Earthquake ground–motion upper–bound earthquake ground–motion has been (a level of shaking) with the term Mmax, the published by Bommer, Abrahamson, and 9 others, maximum magnitude earthquake on any one (2004). particular fault segment, reported using the

According to 2001 CBC §1655A (for base– moment magnitude scale, Mw. isolation) a mathematical equivalent for UBE ground–motion is “Maximum Capable Caution: The UBE ground–motion is not the Earthquake” Also refer to §1657.5.3.3 (Site– same as the maximum magnitude, Mmax. Specific Design Spectra), §1659.4.1 (Design These are very different concepts. Under Spectra), §1659.6.2 (Input Earthquake), §1665.2.6 PSHA methods, the probabilistic summation (Maximum and Minimum Vertical Load). of many Mmax events from many nearby active faults over a long exposure–period The Upper–Bound Earthquake is also cited in {≈ 949 years}approximately equals the 2001 CBC §1637A.1.2 (engineering geology UBE ground–motion. For additional reports) and §1637A.2.1 (geotechnical report) for information on the concept of Mmax refer to state–owned essential services buildings. Ward (1997). Mmax is the average maximum magnitude on a particular fault or area-source model, typically derived from use Maximum Considered Earthquake. of Wells and Coppersmith (1994, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., vol. 84, p. 974-1002). There is In addition to the UBE ground–motion, uncertainty on this value, generally ±0.24 consulting engineering geologists and magnitude units for one standard deviation. seismologists may also report ground–motion using the term “Maximum Considered Earthquake.” This statistical level of ground Engineering Geology and Seismology for 110 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for Caution: Do not confuse the antiquated term Upper–Bound Earthquake Ground–Motion: Maximum “Credible” Earthquake (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) (discontinued 3 code cycles ago) with the modern statistical term Maximum Considered Abrahamson, Norman A., and Bommer, Julian J., 2005, Earthquake (2% exceedance in 50 years). Probability and uncertainty in seismic hazard analysis: Unfortunately, there are three seismology EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, terms with initials “MCE:” Maximum p. 603-607. Bommer, Julian J., Scherbaum, Frank, Bungum, H., Cotton, F., Capable Earthquake, Maximum Considered Sabetta, F., and Abrahamson, Norman A., 2005, On the use Earthquake, or {antiquated} Maximum of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in Credible Earthquake. seismic hazard analysis: Bulletin of the Seismological Since there is abundant opportunity for Society of America, vol. 95, no. 2, April 2005 issue, confusion, do not use "MCE" initials, but p. 377-389. Bommer, Julian J., Abrahamson, Norman A., Strasser, F.O., spell–out and statistically define the term. Pecker, A., Bard, Pierre–Yves, Bungum, H., Cotton, F., (e.g., Maximum–Considered Earthquake Fäh, D., Sabetta, F., Scherbaum, Frank, and Studer, J., 2004, ground–motion, 2% exceedance in 50 years). The challenge of defining upper bounds on earthquake This will be unambiguous communication to ground motions: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 75, clients and readers of your consulting report. no. 1, January/February 2004 edition, p. 82–95. dePolo, Craig M., 1994, Maximum background earthquake for the Basin and Range Province, western North America: Caution: Do not use the antiquated term Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, “Maximum Credible Earthquake” under any no. 2, April 1994 issue, p. 466–472. For the Basin and circumstances; this will cause your consulting Range Province, the recommended background earthquake report to be sent back for corrections. is M=6.5 for earthquakes not associated with significant primary surface rupture. Caution: Do not use federal terms for nuclear Ghosh, S.K., and Chittenden, R., July 2001, 2000 IBC power–plant siting or nuclear repositories, or Handbook  Structural Provisions: International Code Council, Whittier, CA., §1615 to §1616, especially Figures federal dams. These are regulated by federal 15 and TH1 to TH5. agencies such as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Ghosh, S.K., and Fanella, David A., 2003, Seismic and wind Commission, the U.S. Bureau of design of concrete buildings: Amer. Concrete Inst., 523 p. Reclamation, or the U.S. Army Corps of Kanamori, Hiroo, 1977, The energy release in great Engineers. earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, no. 20, July 10, 1977, p. 2981–2987. A classic paper. Caution: Do not use the term Kawase, H., 2003, Site effects of strong ground motions, Chapter 61 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, “critical facilities.” These two words do not Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International appear in California Building Code. The handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology: complete legal term for a hospital in Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, California is General Acute Care Hospital. June 2003, 1,040 p. California has “Essential Services Buildings” Kim, S., and Stewart, Jonathan P., 2003, Kinematic soil– structure interaction from strong–motion recordings: or “Essential Facilities;” refer to 2001CBC ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Table 16A–K for formal names of occupancy Engineering, vol. 129, no. 4, April 2003 issue, p. 323–335. categories and §4–207 of 2001 California Leyendecker, E.V., Hunt, R.J., Frankel, Arthur D., and Building Standards Administrative Code. Rukstales, Kenneth S., 2000, Development of maximum considered earthquake ground motion maps: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 1, February 2000, p. 21–40. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 111 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

McGarr, Arthur, 1982, Upper bounds on near–source peak ground–motion based on a model of inhomogeneous faulting: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 72, no. 6, part A, p. 1825–1841. (seminal seismology paper that used the concept of “upper–bound” earthquake ground–motion which by the late 1980s replaced the term “maximum credible” ground motion) Naeim, F., editor, 2001, The Seismic Design Handbook, 2nd edition: Kluwer Academic Publishers, especially pages 141–144 within Chapter 3 (Geotechnical Engineering) by Marshall Lew, Ph.D. Ward, Stephen N., 1997, More on Mmax: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 5, October 1997 issue, p. 1198–1208.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 112 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

18. Design–Basis Ground–Motion Two input parameters must be known:

State in the consulting report that the Design– ♦ latitude & longitude Basis ground–motion is defined to have a (in decimal degrees; refer to §3 of this report), 10 percent chance of exceedance in 50 years, and with a statistical return period ≈ 475 years. ♦ geologic subgrade of the site References: 2001 CBC §1627A, 1629A (refer to §19 that follows). (definition), 1631.2 (ground motion), 1657.5.3, 1659.4.1(Design Spectra). The earthquake ground–motion is reported as peak–ground acceleration, and as spectral The Design–Basis earthquake ground–motion acceleration (SA) at 0.2–second period and at (DBE) is synonymous with the Maximum 1.0–second period. The complete spectral Probable Earthquake; refer to 2001 California acceleration is not provided. The ground–motion Building Standards Administrative Code § 7–111. is interpolated to the nearest 0.05 degree spacing of calculated values. The DBE ground–motion is used to design hospitals and public schools, then the structural Caution: The interpolated ground–motion engineer checks for collapse at the higher UBE may not equal values that are custom– ground–motion. DBE ground–motion is also used calculated for a specific site. Therefore the in code for special seismic–retrofit evaluation of ground–motion shown on the website of the existing hospitals (≈ Senate Bill 1953 analysis). California Geological Survey is not intended for structural design or analysis purposes. Caution: Do not attempt to multiply DBE ground–motion by an assumed coefficient to somehow achieve the UBE ground–motion. Both the DBE and As a user of the site, the engineering geologist UBE must be calculated independently. The is professionally responsible for the correct site underlying reason is because of fault slip– conditions (firm rock, soft rock, and alluvium). rates within Late Quaternary time. In Seismic Zone 3, any hospital or school campus may be quite distant from any Type B or Type C seismogenic source. If so, then the earthquake ground–motion will not vary much over DBE Ground–Motion Look–Up intermediate distances.

In July 2003, the California Geological Survey However, if the site is located in Seismic completed the computer programming to add a Zone 4, very close to multiple Type A or Type B ground–motion look–up function to our website. active faults, with highly variable geologic This programming was performed by Dr. Tianqing subgrade in the vertical Z–axis, then the Cao, Senior Seismologist; and David Branum, earthquake ground–motion shown in this look–up Engineering Geologist. may likely be different from the ground–motion that is computed using complete PSHA methods.

It is now possible to look–up ground–motion Geotechnical consultants may wish to for the Design–Basis Earthquake, 10% chance of conveniently bookmark this URL for California exceedance in 50 years which is corrected for the Geological Survey PSHA interpolator: actual geologic subgrade. The ground–motion for California is based on the new 2002 USGS/CGS www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/pshamap/pshamain.html probabilistic seismic hazards assessment model (posted on the CGS website June 2003). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 113 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected Reference for Suggestion: One advantage of this quick Design–Basis Earthquake Ground Motion: look–up function on the CGS website is that the engineering geologist and geotechnical engineer can perform a quick screen–check Cao, T., Bryant, William A., Rowshandel, B., at the proposal stage, before detailed Branum, David, and Wills, Christopher J., 2003, seismology computation is undertaken. This The revised 2002 California probabilistic look–up function can quickly provide an seismic hazards maps: California Geological insight into the approximate ground motion Survey: www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/psha for any site in California. Several options would then be evident at the proposal phase Report, 11 p., with Appendix A: Table of Type A Faults, 2 p. of negotiations. An increasing number of Table of Type B Faults, 15 p. larger hospitals and schools authorize their Table of Type C Faults (= area sources), 1 p. geological and geotechnical consultants to References for 2002 California Fault Parameters, 9 p. determine the average shear–wave velocity down the boreholes. The earthquake It is recommended that consultants download ground–motion can then be precisely these five .pdf documents and use them for calculated using average Vs data, and fine– seismology work throughout California. The 2002 tuned to a particular site. CGS state–wide model represents a current synthesis of neotectonic research in the past three decades.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 114 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

19. Characterize and Classify the Geologic Subgrade Partial Extract from 2001 CBC Table 16A–J

Characterize and classify the upper 30 meters of the geologic subgrade using CBC Table 16–J Geologic Subgrade Type SB and CBC §1626. In the preceding sentence, the = “rock” verbs “characterize and classify” do not mean that Vs ≈ 760 to 1,500 meters/second a borehole must be drilled to a full depth of (≈ 2,460 to 4,921 feet/second) precisely 30-meters or 100–feet.

For most deep alluvial basins, boreholes on the Geologic Subgrade Type S order of ±50 feet are usually sufficiently deep. C Exceptions include large structures with multi– = “soft rock” or “very dense soil” level basements that will rely on deep pile Vs ≈ 360 to 760 meters/second foundations. (≈ 1,181 to 2,460 feet/second) or Use either the weighted–average shear–wave SPT N >50 blow–counts velocity (Vs) or the Standard Penetration Test N–blowcounts for the classification of the Geologic Subgrade Type S geologic subgrade. Several consultants have D discovered that Vs may deliver a more reliable = “stiff soil” answer than SPT. If the average shear–wave Vs ≈ 180 to 360 meters/second velocity method for multi–layers is used ( refer to (≈ 590 to 1,181 feet/second) 2001 CBC §1636A.2.1), then calculations should or be provided for review purposes. SPT N = 15 to 50 blow–counts

If the weighted–average shear–wave velocity About 3 out of every 4 sites in California is underlain by Holocene alluvium, so these are typically classified is not reliably measured or evaluated based on as Type S , “stiff soil.” 2001 CBC §1636A.2 comparison to velocities measured for similar D requires Type SD to be used as the default when subsurface geologic conditions, then CBC §1636.2 “the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail.” requires that the site be classified as Type SD ≡ “stiff soil” by default.

There are several papers and comprehensive tables of shear–wave velocities for California Selected References for geologic units that have been compiled by Shear–Wave Velocity engineering geologist Chris J. Wills of the of the Geologic Subgrade California Geological Survey (Wills and Silva, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) 1998; Wills and 7 others, 2000). Anderson, John G., Lee, Y., Zeng, Y., and Day, Steven, 1996, If the subgrade is potentially subject to Control of strong motion by the upper 30 meters: Bulletin seismically induced liquefaction, then it can be of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 86, no. 6, December 1996 issue, p. 1749–1759. classified as Type SF according to Table 16A-J. Arai, H., and Tokimatsu, K., 2004, S–wave velocity profiling However, to proceed with the liquefaction by inversion of microtremor H/V spectrum: Bulletin of the analysis, use ground-motion attenuation formulæ Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 1, for SD (stiff soil or alluvium). February 2004 issue, p. 53–63.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 115 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Bachrach, R., Dvorkin, Jack, and Nur, Amos M., 2000, Campanella, R.G., Robertson, P.K., and Gillespie, D., 1986, Seismic velocities and Poisson's ratio of shallow Seismic cone penetration test, in Clements, S.P., editor, unconsolidated sands: Geophysics, vol. 65, no. 2, Use of insitu tests in geotechnical engineering: American March–April 2000 issue, p. 559–564. Field test area was Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special the beach Moss Landing, Monterey Bay. Publication 6, p. 116–130. Bazzurro, P., and Cornell, C. Allin, 2004, Ground-motion Chavez–Garcia, F.J., Castillo, J., and Stephenson, William J., amplification in nonlinear soil sites with uncertain 2002, 3D site effects ― a thorough analysis of a high– properties: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of quality dataset: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 6, December 2004 issue, America, vol 92, no. 5, June 2002 issue, p. 1941–1951. p. 2090-2109. Choi, Y., and Stewart, Jonathan P., 2005, Nonlinear site Bazzurro, P., and Cornell, C. Allin, 2004, Nonlinear soil-site amplification as function of 30-m shear-wave velocity: effects in probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis: Bulletin of EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 6, issue, p. 1-30, 12 figures. December 2004 issue, p. 2110-2123. Christensen, Nikolas I., and Stanley, Darrell, 2003, Seismic Boore, David M., 2004, Estimating Vs(30) (or NEHRP site velocities and densities of rocks, Chapter 83 in classes) from shallow velocity models (depths <30 m): Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of no. 2, April 2004 issue, p. 591–597. earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, Boore, David M., and Joyner, William B., 1997, Site a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, 1,040 p. amplifications for generic rock sites: Bulletin of the Crouse, Charles Brian, and McGuire, J.W., 1996, Site response Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 2, studies for purpose of revising NEHRP seismic provisions: April 1997 issue, p. 327–341. EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 407-439. Borcherdt, Roger D., 2002, Empirical evidence for Gibbs, James F., Boore, David M., Joyner, William B., and acceleration–dependent amplification factors: Bulletin Fumal, Thomas E., 1994, The attenuation of seismic shear of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 2, waves in Quaternary alluvium in Santa Clara Valley, March 2002 issue, p. 761–782. California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Borcherdt, Roger D., 1994, Estimates of site-dependent America, vol. 84, no. 1, February 1994 issue, p. 76–90. response spectra for design (methodology and Dobry, R., Ramos, R., and Power, Maurice, 1999, Site factors justification): EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 4, and site categories in seismic codes: SUNY Buffalo, p. 617-653. MCEER Technical Report 99–0010, 102 p. Borcherdt, Roger D., and Fumal, Thomas E., 2002, Shear–wave Field, Edward H., Zeng, Y., Johnson, P.A., and Beresnev, I.A., velocity compilation for Northridge strong–motion 1998, Pervasive nonlinear sediment response during the recording sites: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 1994 Northridge Earthquake: observations and finite- 2002–107, 16 p. http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open–file/of02–107 source simulations: Journal of Geophysical Research, Borcherdt, Roger D., and Glassmoyer, Gary., 1994, Influences vol. 103, p. 26,869-26,883. of local geology on strong and weak ground motions in the Field, Edward H., 2000, A modified ground–motion attenuation San Francisco Bay region and their implications for site– relationship for southern California that accounts for specific building–code provisions, in The Loma Prieta, detailed site classification and a basin–depth effect: California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 ― strong Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, ground motion: U.S. Geological Survey Professional no. 6B, December 2000 issue, p. S–209 to S–221. Paper 1551–A, p. 77–108. Field Edward H., and Jacob, Klaus H., 1993, Monte-Carlo Brown, Leo T., Boore, David M., and Stokoe, Kenneth H. II, simulation of the theoretical site-response variability at 2002, Comparison of shear–wave slowness and ten strong– Turkey Flat, California, given the uncertainty in the motion sites from non–invasive SASW measurements and geotechnically-derived input parameters: EERI measurements made in boreholes: Bulletin of the Earthquake Spectra, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 669-701. Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 8, Turkey Flat is located in the Cholame Valley at Parkfield; December 2002 issue, p. 3116–3133. it is the site of the CSMIP array of strong-motion Ten locations in the San Fernando Valley were evaluated accelerometers. On September 28, 2004, the long-awaited by spectral–analysis–of–surface–waves (SASW) method. Parkfield Earthquake occurred, 11 years after this paper This is the relatively new non–invasive method to was written by two Lamont-Doherty seismologists. determine the average shear–wave velocity at a site, with Fumal, Thomas E., and Tinsley, John C., 1985, Mapping application to classification of the site as Type SB, SC, or shear–wave velocities of near–surface geologic materials, SD. in Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles Budetta, P., deRiso, R., and DeLuca, C., 2001, Correlations region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, between jointing and seismic velocities in highly fractured p. 127–149. rock masses: IAEG Bulletin of Engineering Geology and Gibbs, James F., Boore, David M., Tinsley, John C., and the Environment, vol. 60, August 2001, p. 185–192. Muller, C.S., 2001, Borehole P– and S–wave velocity at (useful correlation charts for Rock Quality Designation, RQD, thirteen stations in southern California: U.S. Geological and seismic velocity) Survey Open–File Report 2001–506, 121 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 116 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Ghose, R., and Goudswaard, J., 2004, Integrating S–wave Liu, H.P., Warrick, Richard E., Westerlund, Robert E., and seismic reflection data and cone–penetration–test data Kayen, Robert E., 1994, In situ measurement of seismic using a multi–angle, multi–scale approach: Geophysics, shear–wave absorption in the San Francisco Holocene Bay vol. 69, no. 2, March–April 2004 issue, p. 440–459. Mud by the pulse–broadening method: Bulletin of the Han, D.H., and Batzle, Michael L., 2004, Gassmann’s equation Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 1, and fluid-saturation effects on seismic velocities: Febuary 1994, p. 62–75. Geophysics, vol. 69, no. 2, March-April 2004 issue, Mavko, Gary, Mukerji, T., and Dvorkin, Jack, 1998, The rock p. 398-405. physics handbook ― tools for seismic analysis of porous Hartzell, Stephen, Bonilla, Luis F., and Williams, Robert A., media: Cambridge University Press, 339 p. 2004, Prediction of non–linear soil effects: Bulletin of the Michaels, Paul, 1998, In–situ determination of soil stiffness and Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 5, damping: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and October 2004 issue, p. 1609-1629. Geoenviron–mental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 8, Hartzell, Stephen, Cranswick, Edward, Frankel, Arthur, August 1998 issue, p. 709–719. Dr. Michaels is professor of Carver, David, and Meremonte, Mark, 1997, Variability of engineering geophysics at the Dept. of Geosciences, Boise State site response in the Los Angeles urban area: Bulletin of the University. This paper explains both elastic (stiffness) and Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 6, December inelastic (damping) properties of soils with geotechnical 1997 issue, p. 1377–1400. applications. Henke, Robert, and Henke, Wanda K., 2003, Selected issues Ohya, S., 1986, Insitu P and S–wave velocity measurement, regarding the torsional cylindrical impulse shear test: in Clemence, S.P., editor, Use of insitu tests in Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, geotechnical engineering: American Society of Civil no. 6, December 2003 issue, p. 2516–2530. Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 6, p. 1218– Pertains to the National Geotechnical Experimentation Site at 1235. Describes the PS suspension logging method using the Treasure Island, San Francisco Bay. OYO probe. Holzer, Thomas L., Padovani, Amy C., Mennett, Michael J., Robertson, Peter K., Campanella, R.G., Gillespie, D., and Noce, Thomas E., and Tinsley, John C. III, 2005, Rice, A., 1985, Seismic CPT to measure in–situ shear– wave velocity, in Woods, Richard D., editor, Mapping NEHRP VS30 site classes: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 353-370. Measurement and Use of Shear–Wave Velocity for Extensive subsurface data for the Oakland area of Alameda Evaluating Dynamic Soil Properties: American Society of County. Also see companion paper listed below by same authors. Civil Engineers, p. 35–49. Holzer, Thomas L, Bennett, Michael J., Noce, Thomas E., Rodriguez-Marek, Adrián, Bray, Jonathan D., and and Tinsley, John C. III, 2005, Shear-wave velocity of Abrahamson, Norman A., 2001, An empirical geotechnical surficial geologic sediments in northern California: seismic site-response procedure: EERI Earthquake statistical distributions and depth dependence: EERI Spectra, vol. 17, no. 1, February 2001 issue, p. 65 – 87. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 issue, Rodríguez–Marek, Adrián, Bray, Jonathan D., and p. 161-177. Measurements of Vs at 210 new locations in the Abrahamson, Norman A., 1999, Task 3: Characterization Oakland, Alameda, Berkeley area for these Quaternary formations of site response, general site categories: University of in the East Bay flatlands: Pleistocene alluvial fans (≈300 m/s); California, Berkeley; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Merritt sand (≈350 m/s); Holocene alluvial fans (≈240 m/s); Research Center, PEER Report 1999–03, February 1999, Younger Bay Mud (≈125 m/s); and Artificial Fill. Velocities below 36 p., appendix A, B, C. available from: the water table are typically ≈7% less than those above it. http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications Joyner, William B., 1997, Soil is the most appropriate Salem, H.S., 2000, Poisson’s ratio and the porosity of surface reference site condition: Applied Technology Council, soils and shallow sediments, determined from seismic Report ATC 35–2, Proceedings of National Earthquake compressional and shear–wave velocities: Géotechnique, Ground Motion Mapping Workshop, p. 33–44. vol. 50, no. 4, p. 461–463. Kim, D.S., Bang, E.S., and Kim, W.C., 2004, Evaluation of Stewart, Jonathan P., Liu, Andrew H., and Choi, Y., 2003, various downhole data reduction methods for obtaining Amplification factors for spectral acceleration in reliable Vs profiles: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, tectonically active areas: Bulletin of the Seismological vol. 27, no. 6, November 2004, 13 p. www.astm.org Society of America, vol. 93, no. 1, January 2003 issue. Lew, Marshall, and Campbell, Kenneth W., 1985, Stokoe, Kenneth H., Darendeli, M.B., Menq, F-Y, and Relationships between shear–wave velocity and depth of Choi, W.K., 2004, Comparison of the linear and non-linear overburden, in Woods, Richard D., editor, Measurement dynamic properties of gravels, sands, silts, and clays: and Use of Shear–Wave Velocity for Evaluating Dynamic 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Soil Properties: American Society of Civil Engineers, Earthquake Engineering, held at University of California, p. 64–76. Berkeley, January 2004, Proceedings, vol. 1, p. 1-4. Lin, Y.Y., and Chang, K.C., 2004, Effects of site classes on damping reduction factors: ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 130, no. 11, November 2004 issue, p. 1667 – 1675. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 117 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Tinsley, John C., III, Hough, Susan E., Yong, Alan, Kanamori, Hiroo, Yu, Ellen, Appel, Vikki, and Wills, Christopher J., 2004, Geotechnical characterization of TriNet sites ― a status report: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 75, no. 4, July/August 2004 issue, p. 505–514. Wills, Chris J., and Silva, Walter J., 1998, Shear–wave velocity characteristics of geologic units in California: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 14, no. 3, August 1998 issue, p. 533–556. Wills, Chris J., 1998, Differences in shear–wave velocity due to measurement methods ― a cautionary note: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 69, no. 3, p. 216–221. Wills, Chris J., Petersen, Mark D., Bryant, William A, and 5 others, 2000, A site–conditions map for California based on geology and shear–wave velocity: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 6B, December 2000 issue, p. S187–S208, special BSSA issue on site effects in PSHA analyses of southern California. Woods, Richard D., editor, 1985, Measurement and use of shear–wave velocity for evaluating dynamic soil properties: American Society of Civil Engineers, 84 p., 5 papers.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 118 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

20. Near–Source Coefficients and In most locations within Seismic Zone 4, the Distance to Nearest Active Fault computed UBE and DBE ground motion exceeds the default envelope of code (Figure 16–2, normalized response spectra). The second reason

Report these coefficients if applicable to your is that computed UBE ground–motion (PGAUBE) is hospital or public school project. Near–source needed for input to the liquefaction and seismic coefficients should be reported to one decimal settlement calculations. place, not more precise than that. The “zero–period” coefficient Ca is maximized Begin with 2001 CBC Table 16A–U and at Ca = 0.66 for stiff soil adjacent to a Type A determine whether the nearest active fault is fault (like the San Andreas), yet complete PSHA Type A or Type B (depending on fault slip–rate calculations typically yield PGA values that are and Mmax). twice as high.

Then go to Table 16A–S to determine For example, during the 1994 Northridge coefficient Na, and Table 16A–T determine Earthquake, the California Strong–Motion coefficient Nv. Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) of the California Geological Survey retrieved many Finally, go to Tables 16A–Q to determine records in the realm of PGA ≈ 0.6 to 0.8g … and coefficient Ca (acceleration) and Table 16A–R to some in the realm of 1.5g to 1.8g, possibly due to determine Cv (velocity). basin–edge effects or topographic amplification.

If this is a base–isolated hospital, then use special near–source factors in 2001 CBC §1654A, and Tables A–16–F and A–16–G. Caution: Be careful about relying on GIS software to accurately find the distance from The distance to the nearest active fault should the site to an active fault or seismogenic be accurately measured from a large–scale source. Software typically works quite (detailed) fault map or an Alquist–Priolo satisfactory at intermediate and far–field Earthquake Fault Zone map. distances >10 km. However, there is opportunity for a high–precision but low– A convenient atlas is the 1998 International accuracy measurements at close distances Code Council (formerly known as ICBO) <2 km to a fault that is curved or has splays publication Maps of Known Active Fault Near– and step–overs. Source Zones that was prepared by geologists and seismologists of the California Geological Survey The fundamental problem is that seismogenic for ICC for use with the 1997 Uniform Building faults are not necessarily planar, nor are they Code. precisely vertical. GIS software measures the distance to a defined point on the fault that Just because near–source coefficients may be may not be the shortest distance to the site. reported by the engineering geologist or This seemingly elementary principle in seismologist, Ca and Cv cannot be used in place of structural geology is often overlooked by the required ground–motion calculations for the inexperienced users of software who should UBE and DBE using probabilistic seismic hazard be relying on large–scale fault maps at analysis (PSHA). There are two reasons: 1:24,000 scale or better. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 119 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Kawase, H., 2003, Site effects on strong ground motions, Selected References for Chapter 61 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, Site Coefficients and International handbook of earthquake and engineering Near–Fault Ground–Motion seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1013–1030. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Mavroeidis, George P., and Papageorgiou, A.S., 2003, A mathematical representation of near–fault ground motions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Aagaard, Brad T., Hall, John F., and Heaton, Thomas H., 2001, vol. 93, no. 3, June 2003 issue, p. 1099–1131. Contains a Characterization of near-source ground motions with comprehensive database of near–fault strong–motion. earthquake simulation: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 17, Petersen, Mark D., Toppozada, T.R., Cao, T., Cramer, no. 2, May 2001 issue, p. 177-207. Chris H., Reichle, M.S., and Bryant, William A., 2000, Akkar, S., Yazgan, U., and Gülkan, P., 2005, Drift estimates in Active fault near–source zones within and bordering the frame buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions: state of California for the 1997 Uniform Building Code: ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 69–83. July 2005 issue, p. 1014-1024. www.eeri.org Borcherdt, Roger D., 2002, Empirical evidence for site Somerville, Paul G., 2003, Magnitude scaling of the near- coefficients in building code provisions: EERI Earthquake fault rupture-directivity pulse: Physics of the Earth and Spectra, vol. 18, no. 18, no. 2, p. 189–217. Planetary Interiors, vol. 137, p. 201-212. Bray, Jonathan D., and Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian, 2004, Somerville, Paul G., Smith, Nancy F. Graves, Robert W., and Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions Abrahamson, Norman A., 1997, Modification of empirical in the near-fault region: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake strong ground–motion attenuation relations to include the Engineering, vol. 24, p. 815 – 828. amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity: California Geological Survey, 1998, Maps of known active Seismological Research Letters, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 199–222. fault near–source zones in California and adjacent portions Velasco, Aaron A., Ammon, Charles J., Farrell, Jamie, and of Nevada, 215 p., state–wide atlas with large format spiral– Pankow, Kris, 2004, Rupture directivity of the 3 November bound (11×17 inches). The atlas also contains a 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake determined from surface comprehensive list of “Type A” and “Type B” faults in waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, California with Mmax and fault slip–rates. This near–source vol. 94, issue no. 6B, December 2004. atlas was authored by the California Geological Survey, but Whittaker, Andrew S., editor, 2000, U.S – Japan workshop on is published and sold by ICC. < www.iccsafe.org > the effects of near–field earthquake shaking, March 20–21, Dobry, R., Borcherdt, Roger D., Crouse, C.B., Idriss, I.M., 2000, San Francisco: Univ. California, Berkeley; Pacific Joyner, William B., Martin G.R., Power, M.S., Rinne, E.E., Earthquake Engineering Center, PEER Report 2000–02, and Seed, Raymond B., 2000, New site coefficients and site 16 MB file: http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, p. 41–68. Hall, John F., Heaton, Thomas H., Halling, Marvin W., and

Wald, David J., 1995, Near–source ground–motion and its effects on flexible buildings: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 11, no. 4, November 1995 issue, p. 569–605.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 120 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

21. Peak Ground Acceleration for analysis (see §27 below) If so, then it is UBE and DBE levels of Ground–Motion advisable for the Engineering Geologist or Seismologist to deaggregate (or disaggregate) Using probabilistic seismic hazard analysis the data to find the optimum seismogenic (PSHA) methods, compute the Peak Ground source to be used as the Magnitude Scaling Acceleration (PGA). Report it for both the Factor, MSF. For example, a nearby active Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion fault with a low Mmax and low slip–rate (like (10% exceedance in 100 years), and the a “Type C” Fault) should be set aside and not Design Basis Earthquake ground–motion used for liquefaction analysis if there are more (10% exceedance in 50 years). active faults slightly farther away from the site. The appropriate seismogenic source for Use ζ ≡ 5% viscous damping for all ground– MSF might be an intermediate–distance fault motion values (2001 CBC §1631A.2.2). It is with a large Mmax and a high slip–rate (like a recommended to round-off the ground-motion “Type A” Fault). The only way to determine values to two significant figures; an example of this is to deaggregate the seismic hazard. recommended format is: PGAUBE ≈ 0.73g. It is Suggested references are McGuire (2004), an indication of false-accuracy and pretentious Bazzurro and Cornell (1999), and Harmsen seismology to report ground-motion values to (2001). 4+ significant figures.

Suggestion: For a large campus where some If the hospital or school campus is located of the buildings are founded on soft rock, within an official seismic hazard zone map, then while other buildings are founded on alluvium the California Geological Survey has already or engineered fill, then the consulting Certified deaggreated the ground motion for the entire 7½– Engineering Geologist is encouraged to report minute quadrangle. Look in the back pages of the two different levels of ground motion. The Seismic Hazard Zone Report for each quadrangle; different levels of earthquake ground–motion these .pdf documents are posted on the CGS should be keyed to labeled areas on the website. geological map of the campus. Example: it may be advantageous from the perspective An interactive seismic–hazard deaggregation of the structural engineer and architect to place menu item has been added to the USGS a large two–story gymnasium, multipurpose probabilistic seismic–hazard analysis website room, or auditorium on bedrock, while nearby < http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq > that allows smaller classrooms that can withstand higher visitors to compute mean and modal distance, ground–motion are located on thick fill prisms magnitude, and ε corresponding to ground or alluvium. motions having mean return times from 250 to 5,000 years for any site in the United States. Suggestion: If you are performing advanced geotechnical modeling with SHAKE–91 Caution: Do not use deterministic methods software by Idriss and Sun (UC Davis, to compute ground motion. For the UBE and Nov. 1992), then provide all parameters used DBE levels of earthquake ground–motion, in the appendix (thickness and properties of only probabilistic seismic hazard methods each stratigraphic layer and input ground– will be reviewed. motion). Caution: Do not report rock site ground– Suggestion for Deaggregation of Ground motion for alluvial sites. Motion: Often the UBE ground motion is going to be subsequently used by the Geotechnical Engineer for liquefaction Engineering Geology and Seismology for 121 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Douglas, John, 2003, Earthquake ground-motion estimation Caution: If more than one attenuation using strong-motion records: a review of equations for the estimation of peak acceleration and response spectral formula is presented, then summarize the ordinates: Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 61, issues 1 & 2, final answer with one PGA value to be used April 2003, p. 43-104. in structural design. Do not provide a vague Hall, W.S., and Oliveto, G., editors, 2003, Boundary element range of many PGA values because this methods for soil–structure interaction: Kluwer Academic causes needless confusion and delays during Publishers, 410 p. plan–check. The authors will be asked by the Harmsen, Stephen C., 2001, Mean and modal ε in the deaggregation of probabalistic ground motion: Bulletin California Geological Survey to clarify which of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, no. 6, ground–motion value is to be used. p. 1537–1552. Hruby, Clare E. and Beresnev, Igor A., 2003, Empirical Caution: Do not attempt to extrapolate the corrections for basin effects in stochastic ground–motion Peak Ground Acceleration from one tiny prediction, based on the Los Angeles basin analysis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol 93, pixel on ground–motion maps such as no. 4, August 2003 issue. California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48, Jordan, Thomas H., chairman, Beroza, Gregory, Cornell, or 2000 IBC Figures 1615(3) and 1615(4) for C. Allin, Crouse, C.B, Dieterich, James, Frankel, Arthur, rock sites. Jackson, David D., Johnston, A., Kanamori, H., Langer, James, McNutt, Marcia, Rice, James R., Romanowicz, Barbara A., Sieh, Kerry E., and Somerville, Paul G, Instead of attempting to read one pixel on a 2003, Living on an active Earth: perspectives on small–scale map, a much better approach for earthquake science: National Academy of Sciences, generalized ground–motion estimation is to 6 chapters, 432 p., Sept. 2003, $47.96 (paperback) determine the precise latitude and longitude of the < www.nap.edu/catalog/10493.html > ℡ toll–free: site to four decimal degrees, then use the 888-624–8373 (8:30 AM to 5:00 PM eastern time) Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and interpolator on the website of the California Kisslinger, Carl, editors, 2002, International handbook of Geological Survey. earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/pshamap > 1,942 p. in two volumes with CD–ROMs: vol. A, September 2002; vol. B, July 2003. The procedures are explained in §18 of this McGuire, Robin K., 2004, Seismic hazard and risk analysis: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI report. The interpolator will provide approximate Monograph No. 10, 240 p. This authoritative monograph PGA and Spectral Acceleration for the Design is one of the most significant publications in probabilistic Basis Earthquake, 10% chance of exceedance in seismic hazard analysis and strong–motion seismology in 50 years. (The Upper–Bound Earthquake ground– the past decade. www.eeri.org motion, 10% chance of exceedance in 100 years, Somerville, Paul G., 1993, Engineering applications of strong ground-motion simulation: Tectonophysics, vol. 218, is not yet available at the CGS website. You will p. 195–219. still have to compute UBE ground–motion for all Spudich, Paul, and Xu, Lisheng, 2003, Software for calculating CCR Title 24 projects.) earthquake ground motions from finite faults in vertically varying media, Chapter 85.14 (on CD–ROM) Selected References for in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of Earthquake Ground Motion earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, 1,040 p. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.)

Bazzurro. P., and Cornell, C. Allin, 1999, Disaggregation of seismic hazard: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 89, no. 2, p. 501–520. Ching, J.Y., and Glaser, Steven D., 2001, 1-D Time–domain solution for seismic ground–motion prediction: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 127, no. 1, January 2001 issue, p. 36–47. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 122 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

22. Normalized Spectral Acceleration In general, the footprint of a "regular" building will typically look like one of these simple

rectangular parallelepiped figures: ■ ▀ ▇ For irregular structures, a site–specific response spectrum is required for dynamic analysis by the Structural Engineer. This is a plot of Spectral The footprint of an "irregular" building may Acceleration (SA) versus Natural Period with an generally resemble one of these eccentric symbols: accompanying table of data. Refer to §1631A.5 of Code for response spectrum analysis. Reference ⌐ V is made to 2001 CBC Figure 16–3. ┴ ⊓

The spectral response diagram should include Because this is a complicated and vital both the Design–Basis earthquake ground–motion question for dynamic analysis, the consulting (10% chance of exceedance in 50 years) and the Structural Engineer should advise the Engineering Upper–Bound earthquake ground–motion Geologist and/or Geotechnical Engineer if the (10% chance of exceedance in 100 years). Some structure(s) are regular or irregular. For additional seismologists also provide a Newmark tri–partite information on the dynamics of irregular spectrum. structures, refer to Kusumastuti and others (2005).

A table of spectral acceleration values (with Seismic pounding is another reason why ζ ≡ 5 percent viscous damping) should be spectral ground motion is often needed for furnished in addition to spectral diagrams. subsequent analysis by the Registered Structural Engineer. Dynamic collision of adjacent tall structures can occur when the buildings are too Suggestion: Avoid using 3 or more decimal close together and when they vibrate with places for ground-motion, since there are different frequencies. (Jeng and others, 1992). realistic limits to the accuracy of the basic Seismic pounding can occur on a hospital campus attenuation formulas. The table of ground where a new tower and an older structure are motion values should be rounded to two linked by a hallway or an elevated walkway. decimal places, consistent with the scientific concept of accuracy versus precision.

Suggestion: It is recommended that the Example of proper usage: The UBE Engineering Geologist and Geotechnical peak spectral acceleration for this site is Engineer routinely provide the complete SA0.2sec ≈ 1.37g spectral ground–motion unless it is (not: SA0.2sec =1.36984g) specifically known that the building is a simple regular structure in both plan view and vertical regularity. This avoids possible costly delays during plan–check when the Building Official (e.g., OSHPD or DSA) Regular versus Irregular Structures makes the final determination whether a building is regular or irregular. Since Refer to §1629A.5.2 (regular structures), seismology software is readily available to §1629A.5.3 (irregular structures), Table 16A–L, produce complete spectral ground–motion, Vertical Structural Irregularities, and Table it makes sense to routinely provide the 16A–M, Plan Structural Irregularities, for complete information ― rather than risk the complete details. It is beyond the scope of this cost of delays. report to fully describe the dynamic parameters of an irregular structure that includes both verticality and plan view; readers are referred to Chapter 6 of Chopra (2001).

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 123 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Leyendecker, E.V., Perkins, D.M., Algermissen, S.T., Thenhaus, P.C., and Hanson, S.L., 1995, USGS spectral Selected References for response maps and their relationship with seismic design Response Spectra forces in building codes: U.S. Geological Survey Open– (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are File Report 95–596, 61 p., 39 figures, 2 tables. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) MacRae, Gregory A., 1994, P-∆ effects on single-degree – of-freedom structures in earthquakes: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 539-568. Athanassiadou, Christina J., Penelis, George G., and Mohraz, Bijan, and Sadek, Fahim, 2001, Earthquake ground Kappos, Andreas J., 1994, Seismic response of adjacent motion and response spectra, in Naeim, F., editor, buildings with similar or different dynamic The seismic design handbook, 2nd edition: characteristics: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 2, Kluwer Academic Publishers, chapter 2, p. 47–124. p. 293-317. Newmark, Nathan M., and Hall, William J., 1982, Atkinson, Gail M., and Sonley, Eleanor, 2000, Empirical Earthquake spectra and design: Earthquake Engineering relationships between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Research Institute, 103 p. < www.eeri.org > response spectra: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Peng, M.H., Elghadamsi, F.E., and Mohraz, Bijan, 1989, America, vo. 90, no. 2, April 2000 issue, p. 537–544. A simplified procedure for constructing probabilistic Chintanapakdee, C. and Chopra, Anil K., 2004, Seismic response spectra: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 5, response of vertically irregular frames ― response no. 2, May 1989 issue, p. 393-408. history and modal pushover analysis: ASCE Journal of Rathje, Ellen M., Faraj, F., Russell, Stephanie, and Structural Engineering, vol. 130, no 8, August 2004 Bray, Jonathan D., 2004, Empirical relationships for issue, p. 1177–1185. frequency content parameters of earthquake ground Chopra, Anil K., 2001, Dynamics of structures, 2nd edition: motions: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 20, no. 1, Prentice–Hall Publishers, 844 p. (refer to Chapter 6.6 February 2004 issue, p. 119–144. for response spectra). Rathje, Ellen M., Abrahamson, Norman A., and Chopra, Anil K., and Goel, Rakesh K., 2000, Building Bray, Jonathan D., 1998, Simplified frequency content period formulas for estimating seismic displacements: estimates of earthquake ground motions: ASCE Journal EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 2, May 2000 of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, issue, p. 533 – 536. The natural vibration period, Tn, of a vol. 124, no. 2, February 1998 issue, p. 150–159. structure is pertinent, so it is recommended that Tn be marked on the Stewart, Jonathan P., Kim, S., Bielak, J., Dobry, Ricardo, design response spectra. The Registered Structural Engineer can and Power, Maurice S., 2003, Revisions to soil–structure determine Tn and furnish it to the consulting seismologist for plotting on the spectra. interaction procedures in NEHRP design provisions: Dunbar, W. Scott, and Charlwood, Robin G., 1991, EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, August 2003 Empirical methods for the prediction of response spectra: issue, p. 677–696. EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 333-353. Stewart, Jonathan P., Liu, Andrew H., Choi, Y., 2003, Gupta, A.K., 1990, Response spectrum method in seismic Amplification factors for spectral acceleration in active analysis and design of structures: CRC Press, a division regions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 170 p. America, vol. 93, no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 332–352. Jeng, V., Kasai, K., and Maison, Bruce F., 1992, A spectral SEAOC, 1999, Recommended lateral force requirements difference method to estimate building separations to and commentary ― the SEAOC “Blue Book”: avoid pounding: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 8, Structural Engineers Association of California and no. 2, p. 201-223. International Code Council, 440 p., ICC catalog Jennings, Paul C., 2003, An introduction to the earthquake # 000S99. www.iccsafe.org response of structures, in Lee, William H.K., Youd, T. Leslie, and Carter Ben L., 2005, Influence of soil Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration ― editors, International handbook of earthquake and the Sixth H. Bolton Seed Memorial Lecture: ASCE engineering seismology: Academic Press, a division of Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1097–1125. Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, p. 811-825. Komatitsch, D., Liu, Q., Tromp, J., Sűss, P., Stidham, C., and Shaw, John H., 2004, Simulations of ground motion in the Los Angeles Basin based upon the spectral–element method: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 1, February 2004 issue, p. 187–206. Kusumastuti, D., Reinhorn, A.M., Rutenberg, A., 2005, A versatile experimentation model for study of structures near collapse applied to seismic evalution of irregular structures: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering, MCEER Report 05-0002, 280 p., $35.00 http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications Engineering Geology and Seismology for 124 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

23. California Seismic Zone 3 or 4

State whether the site is within 2001 CBC Seismic Zone 3 or Zone 4 using Figure 16A–2 (map showing California county lines). Also refer to the text in 2001 CBC §1629A.4.1 that defines portions of certain California counties in Seismic Zone 3.

Application of the seismic zone factor is made to 2001 CBC Table 16A–I, Seismic Zone Factor, Z= 0.30 for Zone 3 and Z= 0.40 for Zone 4. The Z coefficient is subsequently used to determine near–source coefficients (see Table 16A–Q for Ca, and Table 16A–R for Cv).

Caution: Do not rely on the familiar small– scale seismic–zone map from 1997 UBC Figure 16–2; it is not the same as 2001 CBC. (This is especially true for Del Norte County that is in CBC Zone 4 because of the Cascadia subduction zone.)

Selected Reference for Seismic Zones 3 and 4 in California (abbreviated list)

Hoover, Cynthia A., 1992, Seismic retrofit policies: an evaluation of local practices in Zone 4 and their application to Zone 3: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Professional Fellowship Report no. PF 92–1, 95 p. < www.eeri.org > Hamburger, Ronald O., and Kircher, Charles A., editors, 2000, Seismic design provisions and guidelines: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 1, February 2000 special theme volume, 336 p. < www.eeri.org >

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 125 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

24. Scaled Time–Histories of The consulting Seismologist / Engineering Earthquake Ground–Motion Geologist / Geotechnical Engineer should have (if pertinent) preliminary discussions with the Structural Engineer after the target spectra is computed. The For structures that need special modeling for Structural Engineer will furnish information on the earthquake ground-motion, provide scaled structural period(s) that are of particular interest. earthquake time–histories for subsequent use by For example, an unbonded braced-frame 3-story the Registered Structural Engineer. Time-histories building might have a 0.7-second period in the may be scaled either using a single scaling factor, first mode. or may be spectrally-matched in the frequency or time domains. Examples of structures that will need scaled time-histories include base-isolated Equal Scaling Factors for Both Components structures and buckling-restrained brace-frame If a scaling factor is used for sets of time structures (e.g., often termed: unbonded histories, both components should be scaled by the brace-frame). same amount, such that the SRSS (square-root sum-of-the-squares) of the two response spectra is Code Citations for Scaled Time–Histories in compliance with the California Building Code. Refer to §1654A to §1665A of the 2001 If spectral matching is performed on sets of California Building Code, Division VII, time-histories, careful consideration should be Earthquake Regulations for Seismic–Isolated given to the method applied. In both cases, Structures. This special section of code is found methods for scaling should be appropriate for the in the back of volume 2 in Appendix 16A. seismotectonic setting of the site, and methods should be clearly documented in the seismology Check the Matrix Adoption Tables to ascertain report provided to the California Geological which Division of code applies to a hospital or Survey. skilled nursing facility (OSHPD building official = Division VII), a public school (DSA building official), or an Essential Services Building Seismotectonic Considerations (= Division IV). for Selection of Scaled Time–Histories

Two design spectra shall be constructed: In order to provide ground–motion time– one for the “Design Earthquake” (10% chance of histories that represent the constant hazard exceedance in 50 years), and one for the spectrum for a particular site, the consultant “Maximum Capable Earthquake ground–motion” should choose descrete combinations of these earthquake (10% chance of exceedance in parameters: 100 years). Provide pairs of scaled earthquake time–histories for either: {the maximum–of– ♦ Site source geometry. three records} or {the average–of–seven records}. There should be compatibility between the overall seismotectonic setting of the project site and the Provide a minimum of three pairs of scaled earthquake records that are selected. Within the earthquake time-histories. Be aware that if three diverse geomorphic provinces of California, the time-histories are analyzed, the structural response fault geometries include: strike–slip, reverse, must be enveloped, while average structural normal, and blind–thrust. response may be presented if seven (or more) time-histories are analyzed. For this reason, additional sets of scaled time-histories may be ♦ Site classification of the geologic subgrade. requested by the Registered Structural Engineer (refer to Table 16A–J of 2001 CBC) for a particular project. The geologic subgrade of the project site and the earthquake recording site(s) should be reasonably compatible. Most California hospitals and Engineering Geology and Seismology for 126 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

schools are within alluvium, Subgrade Type SD. For larger campuses with multiple buildings, ♦ Fling―step velocity pulses. some of the structures may be sited on Stiff Soil, These may occur on the fault–parallel component while others may be on Soft Rock, Type SC. For and are unusually robust in the long–period. these complex sites, it is recommended to furnish For a complete definition of fling–step velocity different scaled time-histories of earthquake pulse, refer to papers by Somerville (2003, ground-motion for the corresponding geologic figure 2); and Bolt and Abrahamson (2003, subgrade. p. 990, §4.2)

♦ Magnitude. The magnitude of scaled records should be ♦ ε, defined as the number of standard reasonably close to the deaggregated modal deviations above or below the median magnitude. ground–motion level for that magnitude and distance that is required to match the ♦ Forward-Rupture Directivity probabilistic spectrum (UBE10% exceedance in 100 years and DBE10% exceedance in 50 years). Since the 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake, and again in the , it is now widely recognized that forward-rupture ♦ Basin–edge or deep–basin effects. directivity is an important consideration in Deep sedimentary basins in California include strong-motion seismology. In other words, (but are not limited to) the Los Angeles it is now recognized that earthquake ground Basin, San Fernando Valley, the Santa Clarita motion is not typically bilateral, and there are Basin, the Ventura Basin, the San Bernardino no simple radial patterns (e.g., bullseye Basin, the Coachella Valley–Imperial Trough, patterns). After the 2004 Parkfield the San Joaquin Valley, the Sacramento Earthquake, it is clear that no one can reliably Basin, the Owens Valley, San Francisco Bay, forecast the direction of fault propagation. and the Eel River basin. Refer papers by Consultants should assume a model of Komatitsch and others, 2004; Pitarka and forward-rupture directivity. Irikura, 1996; Graves, 1999; and Frankel, 1993.

♦ Distance to predominate seismic source. Evaluate near–source effects of strong ground–motion that are located close (<10 km) There is no requirement to use the same set to a Type A or Type B seismogenic source. records for the UBE ground–motion that was used for the DBE ground–motion. Many seismologists use different earthquake records for DBE and ♦ Robustness in the long–period. UBE to achieve optimum scaling effects that are Base-isolated structures and unbonded braced- relevant to the concepts of base–isolation design, frame structures are designed to dampen high particularly large velocity pulses (>1 m/sec) and frequency ground-motion, but may be robustness in the intermediate and long periods sensitive to long-period ground-motion at (≈ 1 to 3–seconds). moderate amplitude. One or two of the 7 scaled time histories is typically selected For each set of the scaled time–histories include because it is robust in the long-period. An a tectonic description of the appropriate fault example of a useful record is the Yermo mechanism (strike–slip, thrust fault, normal fault), CSMIP station from 1992 Landers Earthquake. and specifically why each strong–motion record was selected from a seismotectonic perspective. Include recent citations from seismological journals to justify the selection of the maximum|three or average|seven time–histories.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 127 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

The optimum way to summarize the seismology parameters for each selected time– Mw7.3 Landers Earthquake of 1992 history is a table within the seismology text. An example of forward–rupture directivity is the Lucerne Valley record from 1992 Landers Earthquake. The peak ground acceleration

The Consulting Seismology Report was 0.78g in the horizontal North-South The scaled time–histories of earthquake ground direction and 0.82g in the vertical direction. motion can be prepared either as an integral part In the East-West direction (≈ roughly fault of the Engineering Geology report, or the time– normal), it contains an unusually large velocity histories may be submitted as a separate pulse of 97.6 cm/s and a large displacement of seismology document that is prepared by a 70.3 cm. seismologist who is a Registered Geophysicist. 2001 CBC §1804.9.1.3.1 provides that a The Lucerne Valley freefield record was "supplemental ground–response" report may be recorded by Southern California Edison at an prepared by a California Registered Geophysicist electrical substation only about 1.1 km from "having professional specialization in earthquake the surface rupture. This site has subsequently analyses." been drilled by PG&E. The geologic subgrade is ≈15 feet of alluvium over hard rock. For The scaled time–histories can be submitted further information, refer to the PEER website separately (even prior to the engineering geology (record #P0873), and Somerville and others, & geotechnical engineering package) to obtain (1997); as subsequently modified by early approval of the ground–motion prior to Abrahamson (2000). structural design. However, scaled time–histories of earthquake ground–motion must be submitted Mw6.0 Parkfield Earthquake of 2004 under a OSHPD or DSA permit number, and A significant goal in strong-motion conveyed through proper channels of those two seismology is to capture a large earthquake state agencies. The owner should obtain a and in the near-field with multiple building permit number to get started in this accelerometers in an array. This victory for venue. seismology was attained on September 28,

2004 by the California Strong Motion Suggestion: Consulting Seismologist Instrument Program (CSMIP) at Parkfield, Because of the highly specialized nature of California. A total of 56 strong-motion scaling earthquake–time histories, an records were retrieved within 20 km of the increasing number of consulting geotechnical fault, with 48 of these being within 10 km of firms retain seismologists as sub–consultants the fault (Shakal and others, 2005). This to perform this important step. There are robust CSMIP data set is posted on the practical considerations for retaining a California Geological Survey website. qualified and experienced seismologist. < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs >

Quite frankly, errors in scaling of earthquake If the project site is within a ≈Mw6 time–histories can lead to significant and strike-slip seismotectonic setting, and costly delays in the permit process. This appropriate scaled-time histories are needed dilemma can result in cost–overuns due to that are known to be robust with near-source expensive last–minute redesign of the base– effects, then it is suggested that one of the isolation system. records might be used from the Mw6.0

Parkfield Earthquake of 2004. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 128 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Many seismology papers will be published in 2005 and 2006 on this significant earthquake. Caution: For selection of scaled time– The January/February 2005 issue of histories, it is not recommended to use Seismological Research Letters, vol. 76, no. 1, these three California strong–motion records is devoted to the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. which are known to be weak and not Also refer to current issues of the Bulletin of the robust even though they were recorded at Seismological Society of America, the Journal close epicentral distances:

of Geophysical Research of the American z Bond's Corner station Geophysical Union, and Earthquake Spectra, 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake published by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, and Science, published by z Corralitos station the American Association for the Advancement 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake of Science. z Joshua Tree station 1992 Landers Earthquake Suggestion: Strong-Motion Websites for downloading digital freefield records These records are characterized by relatively low amplitudes in long–period ground– California Geological Survey motion, and contain neutral or backward– CSMIP, the California Strong-Motion directivity effects. Reference: Somerville Instrumentation Program and others, 1997, Seismological Research www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs Letters, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 219 and figure 17.

U.S. Geological Survey Caution: The State of California and the National Strong-Motion Program http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov California Geological Survey do not endorse or recommend any particular software for PEER, the Pacific Earthquake scaling of earthquake time-histories. Engineering Research Center Some seismologists prefer to author their University of California own custom software program, and this is http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat certainly satisfactory. Contains 1,557 records from 143 earthquakes. Reference made to any software does not constitute an endorsement or particular

recommendation. Even the best software can Caution: Synthetic records of strong- yield unacceptable earthquake time-histories motion will not be considered for scaled in the hands of an inexperienced person. time-histories. In the past two decades, we have recorded robust sets of strong–motion Caution: In general, do not rely on foreign records in California (Landers, Northridge, strong–motion records that have not been Loma Prieta, Imperial Valley, etc.) Most geologically evaluated, and vetted by recently, the California Strong-Motion seismologists. Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) recorded a A reliable indication that the strong- robust data-set from the Mw6.0 Parkfield motion record has been vetted is whether it Earthquake of September 28, 2004. has been published on the Pacific Earthquake Therefore, it is inappropriate to use synthetic Engineering Research Center website records that may not contain large velocity , pulses, may lack fault–directivity effects, may or published in refereed American seismology lack the appropriate fault mechanism (strike– journals (such as, EERI Earthquake Spectra, slip or thrust), or lack robustness in long– Bulletin of the Seismological Society of period ground–motion (1 to 4 seconds). America, and the Journal of Geophysical Research). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 129 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Note that the geologic subgrade of many Bolt, Bruce A., and Abrahamson, Norman A., 2003, foreign strong–motion instrumentation sites Estimation of strong seismic ground motions, Chapter 59 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., have never been drilled and examined by a and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of professional engineering geologist. earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 983–1001. Chapman, Martin C., 1995, A probabilistic approach to ground

motion selection for engineering design: Bulletin of the Selected References for Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, p. 937–942. Scaled Earthquake Time–Histories Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, Charles S. editors, 2002, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Earthquake engineering handbook: CRC Press, a division marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 1,344 p. Chopra, A.K., 2001, Earthquake dynamics of base–isolated Aki, Keiiti, and Richards, Paul G., 2002, Quantitative buildings, chapter 20, pages 731 to 754, in Dynamics of nd seismology ― theory and methods, 2 edition: University Structures, 2nd edition: Prentice–Hall, Inc., 844 p. Science Books, 704 p. www.uscibooks.com/aki.htm Connor, Jerome J., 2002, Introduction to structural motion Abrahamson, Norman A., 2000, Effects of rupture directivity control: Pearson Education, 704 p. on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: Proceedings of the FEMA, 2000, Seismic isolation and energy dissipation, Sixth International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Chapter 9 in Pre–standard and Commentary for the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, CD–ROM, Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings: Federal Emergency paper no. 50. Management Agency, FEMA Report 356, p. 9–1 to 9–37. Abrahamson, Norman A., and Bolt, Bruce A., 1987, < www.fema.gov > Array analysis and synthesis mapping of strong seismic Filiatrault, André, Tremblay, Robert, and Wanitkorkul, A., motion, in Bolt, Bruce A., editor, Seismic strong motion 2001, Performance evaluation of passive damping systems synthetics: Academic Press, Computational Techniques, for the seismic retrofit of steel moment–resisting frames vol. 4, p. 55–90. subjected to near–field ground motions: EERI Earthquake Abrahamson, Norman A., 1998, RSPMATCH, Spectra, vol. 17, no. 3, August 2001 issue, p. 427–456. a non–stationary spectral matching program: PG&E, Graves, Robert W., and Wald, David J., 2004, Observed and San Francisco. < [email protected] > (415) 973-2989 simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino Basin Anderson, James C., 2001, Dynamic response of structures, in region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake: nd Naeim, F., editor, The seismic design handbook, 2 edition: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapter 4, p. 183–246. no. 1, February 2004 issue, p. 131–146. ASCE, 2004, Primer on seismic isolation: American Society of Gupta, A.K., 1990, Response spectrum method in seismic Civil Engineers, 58 p. ASCE member price $21.75. analysis and design of structures: CRC Press, a division of Bazzuro, Paolo, and Cornell, C. Allin, 1999, Disaggregaton of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 170 p. seismic hazard: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Hall, John F., Heaton, Thomas H., Halling, Marvin W., and America, vol. 89, p. 501–520. Wald, David J., 1995, Near–source ground–motion and its Bertero, Vitelmo V., 2002, Innovative approaches to earthquake effects on flexible buildings: EERI Earthquake Spectra, engineering, in Oliveto, G., editor, Advances in vol. 11, no. 4, November 1995 issue, p. 569–605. Earthquake Engineering: Wessex Institute of Technology, Hanson, Robert D., and Soong, T.T., 2001, Seismic design with England, WIT Press, chapter 1, p. 1-84. available in USA supplemental energy dissipation devices: Earthquake from Computational Mechanics, Inc., Massachusetts Engineering Research Institute, Monograph 8, 135 p. www.compmech.com This state-of-the-art paper in www.eeri.org earthquake engineering is by Professor V.V. Bertero of the Hartzell, Stephen, Guatteri, M., Mai, P.M., Liu, P.C., and University of California, Berkeley. It has a useful introduction to Fisk, Mark, 2005, Calculation of broadband time histories base-isolation design with many flow-charts. of ground motion, Part II: kinematic and dynamic Berton, S., and Bolander, John E., 2005, Amplification system modeling using theoretical Green’s functions and for supplemental damping devices in seismic applications: comparison with the 1994 Northridge Earthquake: Bulletin ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 6, of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 2, p. 979-983. April 2005 issue, p. 614-645. Black, Cameron J., Makris, N., and Aiken, Ian D., 2004, Heaton, Thomas H., Hall, John F., Wald, David J., and Component testing, seismic evaluation, and characterization Halling, M.W., 1995, Response of high-rise and of buckling–restrained braces: ASCE Journal of Structural base-isolated bulding to a hypothetical Mw7.0 blind-thrust Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 880–894. earthquake: AAAS Science, vol. 267, p. 206-211. Blake, Thomas F., 2004, FRISKSP software for strong-motion This paper from a team of Caltech & USGS seismologists has implications seismology; September 3, 2004 update includes the for high-rise buildings in downtown Los Angeles. It contains the first insight CGS 2002 statewide fault model. Thomas F. Blake, that a fault-fling, high velocity-pulse, and high displacement must be 4568 Via Grande, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320–6712 considered for base-isolated structures that are in the near-field - - - not just Peak Ground Acceleration by itself. < [email protected] > ℡ 805-499–5266 Engineering Geology and Seismology for 130 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Jibson, Randall W., and Jibson, Matthew W., 2003, McGuire, Robin K., 2004, Seismic hazard and risk analysis: Java programs for using Newmark’s method and simplified Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI decoupled analysis to model slope performance during Monograph No. 10, 240 p. This authoritative monograph is earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report one of the most significant publications in probabilistic seismic 2003–005, version 1.0, CD–ROM. hazard analysis and strong–motion seismology in the past decade. (May be downloaded from the USGS website. This 400 MB file contains a www.eeri.org robust collection of 2,160 strong–motion records from 29 separate Naeim, F., and Anderson, James C., 1993, Classification and earthquakes. This program will run on any platform that supports the Java evaluation of earthquake records for design: Universit of Runtime Environment, JRE, version 1.3, including Windows, Mac OS X, Southern California, Department of Civil Engineering, Linux, Solaris, etc. While the authors intended this report primarily for Newmark sliding block analysis of landslides, the collection of 2,160 Report CE 93–08, 288 p. (Also see follow–up paper by the digitized strong–motion records may also be adapted for scaled time– same authors published in 1996 that includes the 1994 Northridge histories of earthquake ground motion.) Earthquake) Keaton, Jeffrey R., 2000, Synthetic seismograms for normal– Naeim, F., and Anderson, James C., 1996, Design classification faulting earthquakes using the composite source model: of horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motion, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Professional 1933–1994: John A. Martin & Assoc., structural engineers, Fellowship Report no. PF–99, 107 p. < www.eeri.org > Los Angeles, JAMA Report # 7738.68–96, 427 p. Kelly, James M., 2004, Seismic isolation, chapter 11, (contains 1470 horizontal and 527 vertical components). in Bozorgnia, Y., and Bertero, V.V., editors, Naeim, F., and Kelly, J.M. 1999, Design of seismic isolated Earthquake Engineering: CRC Press, 952 p. structures: John Wiley & Sons, 289 p. Komatitsch, D., Liu, Q., Tromp, J., Sűss, P., Stidham, C., and Naeim, F., and Lew, Marshall, 1995, On the use of design Shaw, John H., 2004, Simulations of ground motion in the spectrum compatible time histories: EERI Earthquake Los Angeles Basin based upon the spectral–element Spectra, vol. 11, no. 1, February 1995 issue, p. 111-127. method: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Pavlou, E.A., and Constantinou, Michael C., 2004, Evaluation vol. 94, no. 1, February 2004 issue, p. 187–206. of accuracy of simplified methods of analysis and design of Kurama, Y.C., and Farrow, K.T., 2004, Ground motion buildings with damping systems for near-fault and soft-soil scaling methods for different site conditions and seismic motions: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake structure characteristics: Earthquake Engineering and Engineering, MCEER Report 04-0008, 124 p. $25.00 http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications Structural Dynamics, Wiley Interscience, vol. 32, no. 15, Ramirez, Oscar M., Constantinou, Michael C., Whittaker, p. 2425–2450. Andrew S., Kircher, Charles A., and Chrysostomou, Lew, Marshall, and Hudson, Martin B., 1999, The effects of Christis Z., 2002, Elastic and inelastic seismic response of vertical ground motion on base-isolated building systems: buildings with damping systems: EERI Earthquake EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 15, no. 2, May 1999 issue, Spectra, vol. 18, no. 3, August 2002 issue, p. 531–547. p. 371 –375. (Useful review paper for geologists and seismologists from Maison, Bruce F., and Ventura, Carlos E., 1992, Seismic SUNY Buffalo earthquake engineers regarding buildings with analysis of base-isolated San Bernardino County building: damped foundation systems.) EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 605-633. Rojas, P., Ricles, J.M., and Sause, R., 2005, Seismic One of the first base-isolated buildings that was subsequently instrumented performance of post-tensioned steel moment-resisting by the California Strong-Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) is the Law & Justice Center building in Rancho Cucamonga. This CSMIP station frames with friction devices: ASCE Journal of Structural has captured several notable earthquakes including 1986 Whittier Narrows Engineering, vol. 131, no. 4, April 2005 issue, p. 529-540. and 1992 Landers. Rubinstein, Justin L., and Beroza, Gregory C., 2005, Depth Malhotra, Praveen K., 2003, Strong–motion records for site– constraints on non-linear strong ground-motion from the specific analysis: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, 2004 Parkfield Earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, August 2003 issue, p. 557–578. vol. 32, AGU paper no. L14313, 5 p. Martinez–Rueda, Juan E., 2002, On the evolution of energy Ruiz, Sonia E., and Badillo, Hiram, 2001, Performance-based dissipation devices for seismic design: EERI Earthquake design approach for seismic rehabilitation of buildings with Spectra, vol. 18, no. 2, May 2002 issue, p. 309–346. displacement-dependent dissipators: EERI Earthquake Mayes, Ronald L., and Naeim, Farzad, 2001, Design of Spectra, vol. 17, no. 3, August 2001 issue, p. 531-548. structures with seismic isolation, in Naeim, F., editor, Ryan, Keri L., and Chopra, Anil K., 2004, Estimation of The seismic design handbook, 2nd edition: Kluwer seismic demands on isolators based on nonlinear analysis: Academic Publishers, Chapter 14, p. 723–755. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 130, no. 3, McDonough, Peter W., 2002, Guidelines for testing large March 2004 issue, p. 392–402. seismic isolator and energy dissipation devices: Sahasrabudhe, S., and Nagarajaiah, S., 2005, Experimental Civil Engineering Research Foundation, 20 p. study of sliding base-isolated buildings with magneto- McGuire, Robin K., 2005, EZ-FRISK site-specific spectral reheological dampers in near-fault earthquakes: ASCE matching software for earthquake time-histories: Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, Risk Engineering, Inc., 4155 Darley Avenue, Suite A., July 2005 issue, p. 1025-1034. Boulder, Colorado 80305 ℡ 303-499-3000 < www.ez-frisk.com > [email protected] Engineering Geology and Seismology for 131 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Shakal, Anthony F., Graizer, Vladimir, Huang, M., Borcherdt, Stewart, Jonathan P., Chiou, S.J., Bray, Jonathan D., Roger D., Haddadi, H., Lin, K., Stephens, Christopher, and Graves, Robert W., Somerville, Paul G., and Roffers, Peter, 2005, Preliminary analysis of strong-motion Abrahamson, Norman A., 2001, Chapter 7, Time History recordings from the 28 September 2004 Parkfield, Selection, p. 191–202, in Ground motion evaluation California earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, procedures for performance–based design: University of vol. 76, no. 1, January/February 2005 issue, p. 27-39. California, Berkeley; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Shome, N., Cornell, C. Allin, Bazzuro, P., and Carballo, E.J., Research Center, Report PEER 2001–09, 8 chapters, 229 p. 1998, Earthquakes, records, and nonlinear responses: EERI To be republished in International Journal of Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Earthquake Spectra, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 469–500. Engineering in 2005. A significant monograph in applied seismology funded by NSF written by an interdisciplinary team of 4 seismologists and Skinner, R.I., Robinson, W.H., and McVerry, G.H., 1993, 3 geotechnical engineers. < http://peer.berkeley.edu > An introduction to seismic isolation: John Wiley & Sons, Symans, Michael D., Cofer, William F., and Fridley, 354 p. Kenneth J., 2002, Base isolation and supplemental damping Somerville, Paul G., 2003, Characterization of near–fault systems for seismic protection of wood structures ― ground–motions for design, in Seismic Bridge Design and a literature review: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 18, Retrofit for Earthquake Resistance: American Concrete no. 3, August 2002 issue, p. 549–572. Institute, Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference, Taylor, Andrew W., and Igusa, T., editors, 2004, Primer on La Jolla, California, December 8–9, 2003; 20 p. seismic isolation: American Society of Civil Engineers, Somerville, Paul G., 2003, Magnitude scaling of the near– Task Committee on Seismic Isolation, ASCE Press, 58 p. fault rupture–directivity pulse: Physics of the Earth and Velasco, Aaron A., Ammon, Charles J., Farrell, Jamie, and Planetary Interiors, vol. 137, p. 201–212. Pankow, Kris, 2004, Rupture directivity of the 3 November Somerville, Paul G., 1998, Emerging art: earthquake ground 2002 Denali Fault earthquake determined from surface motion, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil vol. 94, no. 6B. Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Way, Douglas, 1996, Friction-damped moment-resisting Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 1 – 38. frames: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 12, no. 3, Somerville, Paul G., Smith, Nancy F., Graves, Robert W., August 1996 issue, p. 623-633. and Abrahamson, Norman A., 1997, Modification of Whittaker, Andrew S., and Constantinou, M., 2004, empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to Seismic energy dissipation systems for buildings, include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture chapter 12, in Bozorgnia, Y., and Bertero, V.V., editors, directivity: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 68, no. 1, Earthquake Engineering: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & p. 199–222. Francis Publishers, 952 p. < www.crcpress.com > Somerville, Paul G., Irikura, K. Graves, Robert, Sawada, D., Winters, C.W., and Constantinou, M.C., 1993, Evaluation of Wald, David, Abrahamson, Norman A., Iwasaki, Y., static and response spectrum analysis procedures of Kagawa, T., Smith, Nancy, and Kowada, A., 1999, SEAOC/UBC for seismic isolated structures: Multi– Characterizing earthquake slip models for the prediction of Disciplinary Center for Earthquake Research, SUNY strong ground–motion: Seismological Research Letters, Buffalo, MCEER Report 93–0004, 8 chapters, 187 p. vol. 70, p. 59 – 80. Yang, Y.B., Chang, K.C., and Yau, J.D., 2003, Base isolation, in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, a div. of Taylor & Francis Publishers, chap. 17, p. 17–1 to 17–31.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 132 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Please note that for purposes of hospitals or Liquefaction Analysis public schools that are under the higher requirements of CCR Title 24, a Registered Civil

Engineer must also hold the higher license as a

Registered Geotechnical Engineer. The Certified Engineering Geologist (CEG) should evaluate the potential for seismically– CCR Title 14, Natural Resources, Division 2, induced liquefaction in accordance with state laws Department of Conservation, Chapter 8, Mining and regulations. As a preface to this section on and Geology, Article 10. Seismic Hazards liquefaction analysis, it is useful to explain the Mapping, §3724(b): interdisciplinary role of engineering geology and geotechnical engineering. The geotechnical report shall be prepared by a Registered Civil Engineer or Certified Engineering Legal Authority of the CEG Geologist, having competence in the field of to perform Liquefaction Analysis seismic hazard evaluation and mitigation.”

The legal authority for the Certified Engineering Geologist to perform analysis of Legal Authority of the CEG to review liquefaction is contained within several sections of and evaluate liquefaction reports as state law. These are briefly summarized in the a deputy Building Official (of a state or local agency) paragraphs that follow. The authority for review work a Certified CCR Title 24, §1637A.1.2, and §1804.8.2, Engineering Geologist for the lead agency is Engineering Geology reports: specified by CCR Title 14, §3724(b):

“The report shall include, but shall not be Prior to approving the project, the lead agency limited to, the following: …. shall independently review the geotechnical

3. Evaluation of slope stability at or near the site, report to determine the adequacy of the hazard and the liquefaction and settlement potential of evaluation and proposed mitigation measures the earth materials in the foundation.” and to determine the requirements of §3724(a), above, are satisfied. Such reviews shall be Special Publication 117 of the California conducted by a Certified Engineering Geologist Geological Survey, page 38, provides specific or Registered Civil Engineer, having competence guidance for the “detailed field investigation” by in the field of seismic hazard evaluation and mitigation.” an Engineering Geologist. SP–117 has been legally adopted by both the California State For consulting reports under CCR Title 24 Mining & Geology Board and the California State projects (hospitals and public schools), it is Board for Geologists and Geophysicists. recommended that the Certified Engineering

California Public Resources Code, Division 2, Geologist work in professional cooperation with Chapter 7.8, Seismic Hazard Mapping, §2692 and the Registered Geotechnical Engineer, who may §2696(a) directs the California State Geologist to be with a different consulting firm, or within the evaluate and legally zone areas for liquefaction. same firm. An optimum approach is a joint Within the California Geological Survey, the CEG / RGE interdisciplinary investigation. liquefaction zonation work is undertaken by Certified Engineering Geologists.

PRC §2693(b): “geotechnical report” means a report prepared by a Certified Engineering Geologist or a Civil Engineer practicing within the area of his or her competence…”

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 133 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

25. Geologic Setting for the Occurrence Anthropic Rise in Water Level of Seismically–Induced Liquefaction, with Geologic Cross–Sections Consider the potential for anthropic rise in the for Liquefaction Analysis regional or local water levels. Anthropic changes might include the following: water–banking by the local water–district, watering of lawns and shrubbery at new housing tracts, watering of golf The initial work of the Certified Engineering courses, man–made lagoons, residential lakes and Geologist should emphasize the Quaternary fountains, agricultural fields (e.g., rice paddies and stratigraphy, fluvial sedimentology, and vegetable row–crops), orchards and vineyards, geomorphic setting of the site. Include historical aquatic fish–farming, environmental restoration of evidence for liquefaction (e.g., Obermeier, 1998; marshes for wildlife habitat, spreading grounds for Youd and Hoose, 1978). tertiary–treated sewage water, leaking reservoirs, impoundment of flood–waters behind new levees, and groundwater injection–wells to preclude salt– Refer to California Code of Regulations, water intrusion into coastal aquifers. Any of these Title 24, California Building Code, 2001 CBC hypothetical situations might result in anthropic §1804.5, §1804.8.2.3, and §3309.7 for pertinent rise in the ground–water surface. geologic site conditions:

♦ shallow ground–water surface or Official Liquefaction Zones perched water conditions at typical depths of about ≤15 meters ≈ ≤50 feet If one of the 120+ quadrangles with Seismic Hazard Zones applies to the site, then plot the site ♦ unconsolidated sandy alluvium directly on the California Geological Survey or silty–sandy beds with non–plastic fines official map. Include a page–size extract of the ♦ Seismic Zone 3 or 4 official Seismic Hazard Zone in the consulting (encompasses all of California) report.

The engineering geologist should prepare Even if your site is "slightly" outside of the large–scale geologic cross–sections across the official liquefaction zone, the consulting Certified building site that show borehole stratigraphy with Engineering Geologist should still plot the campus emphasis on sandy beds and silty–sandy beds with on the official zone map. Your clients and non–plastic fines. Indicate the "historic– reviewers want to see precisely "how close–is– highest" water–level during winter and spring close." Plotting the site on the official zone map conditions, or inferred from color change from shows due–diligence. brown to gray soils. The Seismic Hazard Zone maps can be Two (or more) large–scale geologic cross– downloaded from the California Geological sections are preferred that criss–cross the building Survey website: footprint, including adjacent buildings, dikes, < www.conservation.ca.gov / cgs > berms, lagoons, etc. Phreatic surfaces should be shown in the cross–sections, including any perched water surfaces, the present ground–water surface from borehole data, the historic–high water surface, and the change in soil color of the alluvium. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 134 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for the Dupré, William R., and Tinsley, John C., III, 1980, Maps Geologic Setting of Liquefaction Occurrence showing geology and liquefaction potential of northern (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Monterey and southern Santa Cruz counties, California: marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–1199. Andrus, Ronald D., and Stokoe, Kenneth H., 2000, Holzer, Thomas L., Padovani, Amy C., Bennett, Michael J., Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear–wave velocity: Noce, Thomas E., and Tinsley, John C. III, 2005, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Mapping NEHRP VS30 site classes: EERI Earthquake Engineering, vol. 126, no. 11, Nov. 2000, p. 1015–1025. Spectra, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 353-370. ASTM, 1996, Standard practice for determining the normal Extensive subsurface data for the Oakland area of Alameda penetration resistance of sands for liquefaction potential: County. Also see companion paper listed below by same authors. ASTM Test D–6066–96, 16 p. Holzer, Thomas L, Bennett, Michael J., Noce, Thomas E., Atwater, Brian F., Burrell, Kevin S., Cisternas, M., and Tinsley, John C. III, 2005, Shear-wave velocity of Higman, B., Barnhardt, W.A., Kayen, Robert S., surficial geologic sediments in northern California: Minasian, Diane, Satake, K., Shimokawa, K., Haraguchi, statistical distributions and depth dependence: EERI T., Kakada, K., Baker, Diana, and Nakata, T., 2001, Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 issue, Grouted sediment slices show signs of earthquake shaking: p. 161-177. Measurements of Vs at 210 new locations in the Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Oakland, Alameda, Berkeley area for these Quaternary vol. 82, no. 49, December 4, 2001 issue. (explains the new formations in the East Bay flatlands: Pleistocene alluvial fans "Geo–slicer" method of sampling liquefaction features in (≈300 m/s); Merritt sand (≈350 m/s); Holocene alluvial fans (≈240 m/s); Younger Bay Mud (≈125 m/s); and Artificial Fill. very soft unconsolidated sediment) Vs below the water table is typically ≈7% less than above it. Bennett, Michael J., 1989, Liquefaction analysis of the 1971 Holzer, Thomas L., Bennett, Michael J., Noce, Thomas E., ground failure at the San Fernando Valley Juvenile Hall, Padovani, Amy C., and Tinsley, John C. III, 2002, California: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Liquefaction hazard and shaking amplification maps of Geologists, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 209–226. Alameda, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, and Piedmont, Bird, Juliet, Boulanger, Ross W., and Idriss, Izzat M., 2005, California – a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Liquefaction, in Selley, Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, Open–File Report 02–296. Download from: and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia of Geology: < http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open–file/of02–296 > Elsevier, vol. 1, p. 525-534. Holzer, Thomas L., Bennett, Michael J., Tinsley, John C., III, Boulanger, Ross W., Meyers, Mark W., Mejia, L.H., and Ponti, Daniel J., and Sharp, Robert V., 1996, Causes of Idriss, Izzat M., 1998, Behavior of a fine–grained soil ground failure in alluvium during the Northridge, during the Loma Prieta earthquake: Canadian California, earthquake of January 17, 1994, in Geotechnical Journal, vol. 35, p. 146–158. Hamada, M., and O’Rourke, Thomas, editors, (the locality is Moss Landing, Monterey Bay) Proceedings from the Sixth Japan–U.S. Workshop on Bray, Jonathan D., Sancio, R.B., Durgunoglu, T., Onalp, A., Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Youd, T. Leslie, Stewart, Jonathan P., Seed, Raymond B., Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction: MCEER Cetin, O.K., Bol, E., Baturay, M.B., Christensen, C., and Technical Report 96–12, p. 345–360. Karadayilar, T., 2004, Subsurface characterization of Holzer, Thomas L., editor, 1998, The Loma Prieta, ground failure sites at Adapazari, Turkey: ASCE Journal California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 – liquefaction: of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551–B, 314 p. vol. 130, no. 7, July 2004 issue, p. 673–685. Juang, C.H., Chen, Caroline J., and Jiang, T., 2001, Brookfield, Michael E., 2003, Principles of stratigraphy: Probabilistic framework for liquefaction potential by Blackwell Publishers, 256 p. November 2003 shear–wave velocity: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and California Geological Survey, 1999, Recommended criteria Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 127, no. 8, for delineating Seismic Hazards Zones in California: August 2001 issue, p. 670–678. California Geological Survey, Special Publication 118, Kayen, Robert E., Barnhardt, W.A., Ashford, Scott, 12 p. Rollins, Kyle, Minasian, D.L., Carkin, B.A., 2002, High– California Geological Survey, 1997, Guidelines for resolution crosshole radar tomography: application to evaluating and mitigating seismic hazards in California: liquefaction–induced changes in soil on Treasure Island, California Geological Survey, Special Publication 117, in Parsons, Thomas, editor, Crustal structure of the coastal 74 p., 7 chapters, Appendix A, B, C, D. and marine San Francisco Bay region, California: U.S. (Appendix A = Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of 1990) Geological Survey Professional Paper 1658, p. 3–10. DeLisle, Mark J., and Real, Charles R., 1999, Seismic zonation http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1658 for liquefaction in California, in Proceedings of the th Knudsen, Keith L., Sowers, Janet M., Witter, Robert C., 7 U.S.–Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design Wentworth, Carl M., and Helley, Edward J., 2000, of Lifeline Facilities and Counter–measures Against Soil Preliminary maps of Quaternary deposits and liquefaction Liquefaction: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake susceptiblity, nine–county San Francisco Bay region: Engineering Research, SUNY Buffalo: MCEER Report a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File 99–0019, p. 207–220. < http://mceer.buffalo.edu > Report 2000–444, 2 map sheets, 60 p. text. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 135 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lewis, M.R., Arango, I., Kimball, J.K., and Ross, T.E., 1999, USBR, 1989, Procedure for performing penetration resistance Liquefaction resistance of old sand deposits: testing and sampling of soil, USBR Test 7015–89: U.S. Eleventh Pan–American Conference on Soil Mechanics Bureau of Reclamation, Earth Manual, 3rd edition, 1998; and Geotechnical Engineering, August 1999, 13 p., p. 1030 to 1042. Bechtel technical paper on older alluvium that is partially USBR, 1989, Procedure for performing Cone Penetration indurated. Testing of soils – electrical method, USBR Test 7021–89: Meigh, A.C., 1987, Cone penetration testing – methods and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Earth Manual, 3rd edition, interpretation: Butterworths Publishing Co., 144 p. 1998; p. 1061 to 1078. Moss, Robb E.S., Collins, Brian D., Whang, Daniel H., 2005, Vanmarcke, Erik, and Fenton, Gordon A., editors, 2003, Retesting of liquefaction / non-liquefaction case histories Probabilistic site characterization at the National in the Imperial Valley (California): EERI Earthquake Geotechnical Experimentation Sites: ASCE Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 issue, p. 179-196. Geotechnical Special Publication 121, 156 p. Obermeier, Stephen F., Pond, E.C., and Olson, S.M., 2001, Application to Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay with Paleoliquefaction studies in continental settings: geologic the CSMIP down–hole liquefaction monitoring site. and geotechnical factors in interpretations and back– Wills, Christopher J., and Hitchcock, Christopher S., 1999, analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report Late Quaternary sedimentation and liquefaction hazard in 2001–29, 53 p. available from: the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, California: Obermeier, Stephen F., 1996, Use of liquefaction–induced AEG & GSA Environmental & Engineeering Geoscience, features for seismic analysis – an overview of how seismic vol. 5, no. 4, winter 1999 issue, p. 419–439. liquefaction features can be distinguished from other Youd, T. Leslie, Steidl, Jamieson H., and Nigbor, Robert L., features and how their regional distribution and properties 2004, Lessons learned and need for instrumented of source sediment can be used to infer the location and liquefaction sites: Soil Liquefaction and Earthquake strength of Holocene paleo–earthquakes: Engineering Engineering, vol. 24, p. 639-646. This paper showcases Geology, vol. 44, p. 1–76. the USGS liquefaction test-site in the Imperial Valley, Obermeier, Stephen F., 1998, Seismic liquefaction features: north of El Centro that is known as the Wildlife examples from paleoseismic investigations in the Liquefaction Array. continental United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open– Youd, T. Leslie, 2003, Liquefaction mechanics and induced File Report 98–488, 63 colored slides. ground failure, in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Available digitally from: Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, Obermeier, Stephen F., 1998, Using liquefaction–induced International handbook of earthquake and engineering features for paleoseismic analysis, in McCalpin, J.P., seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: editor, Paleoseismology: Academic Press, p. 331–396. vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1159–1173. Olson, Scott M., Obermeier, Stephen F., and Stark, Timothy D., Youd, T. Leslie, 1998, Screening guide for rapid assessment of 2001, Interpretation of penetration resistance for back– liquefaction hazard at highway bridge sites: analysis at sites of previous liquefaction: Seismological Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research Letters, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 46–59. Research, State Univ. New York at Buffalo, MCEER Robertson, P.K., and Wride, Catherine F., 1998, Evaluating Report 98–005, 58 p. cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test: Youd, T. Leslie, and Wieczorek, Gerald F., 1982, Liquefaction Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 35 no. 3, p. 442–459. and secondary ground failure, in The Imperial Valley, Rogers, J. David, Wills, Chris J., and Manson, Michael W., California, Earthquake of October 15, 1979: U.S. 1991, Two sequences of fine-grained soil liquefaction at Geological Survey Professional Paper 1254, p. 223–246. Soda Lake, Pajaro River Valley, Santa Cruz County, Youd, T. Leslie, and Hoose, Seena N., 1978, Historic ground California, in Prakash, S., editor, Second International failures in northern California associated with earthquakes: Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 993, 177 p. Engineering & Soil Dynamics, vol. 3, p. 2295 – 2308. Youd, T. Leslie, and Perkins, David M., 1987, Mapping of Toprak, S., and Holzer, Thomas L., 2003, Liquefaction Liquefaction Severity Index: ASCE Journal of Potential Index: field assessment: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, no. 11, p. 1374–1392. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 4, April 2003 issue, p. 315–322. Toprak, S., Holzer, Thomas L., Bennett, Michael J., and Tinsley, John C. III, 1999, CPT– and SPT–based probabilistic assessment of liquefaction potential, in Proceedings of the 7th U.S.–Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Counter–measures Against Soil Liquefaction: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, SUNY Buffalo : MCEER Report 99–0019, p. 69–86 Engineering Geology and Seismology for 136 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

26. Liquefaction Methodology Selected References for Liquefaction Methodology Utilize current geotechnical publications for (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) liquefaction analysis. Cite authors, methodology, and formulas used in spreadsheets and calculations. Present geotechnical data so that it can be audited and checked by the California Amini, F., and Chakravrty, A., 2004, Liquefaction testing of Geological Survey. layered sand–gravel composites: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 1–11. It is recommended to use and cite the new Andrus, Ronald D., Piratheepan, P., Ellis, Brian S., Zhang, J., and Juang, C.H., 2004, Comparing liquefaction evaluation national treatise on liquefaction analysis (Youd, methods using penetration ― Vs relationships: Idriss, and 19 others, 2001). Refer to Figure 2 in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 24, that treatise for the liquefaction curve. p. 713―721. Bardet, Jean–Pierre, 2003, Advances in analysis of soil A significant new 71–page paper from the liquefaction during earthquakes, Chapter 71 in University of California at Berkeley that Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., reevaluates curves for fines corrections in and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, liquefaction analysis is: Seed and 10 others a div. of Elsevier; vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1175–1201. (April 2003). The fines–corrections curves known Boulanger, Ross W., and Idriss, Izzat M., 2004, as the "Chinese criteria" have been respectfully State normalization of penetration resistance and the retired and superseded by new data contained in effect of overburden stress on liquefaction resistance: th rd this landmark paper. Proceedings of the 11 SDEE and 3 ICEGE, University of California, Berkeley, January 2004, p. 484–491. Boulanger, Ross W., 2003, Relating Kα to relative state Seed and others (2003) was published as EERC parameter index: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Report 2003–06; the entire 10.8–MB pdf may be Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 8, conveniently downloaded from: August 2003 issue, p. 770–773. http://eerc.berkeley.edu/reports/ California Geological Survey, 1997, Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California: California Geological Special Publication 117, 74 p., Caution: Do not dismiss the occurrence of (download the complete .pdf from website of the California liquefaction potential by relying on the Geological Survey) method of Ishihara (1985); his method Carraro, J.A.H., Bandini, P., and Salgado, R., 2003, Liquefaction resistance of clean and non–plastic silty sands {Layer A overlying Layer B} was invalidated based on Cone Penetration Resistance: ASCE Journal of ten years later by Youd and Garris (1995). Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, Next, the UBE ground–motion in most of no. 11, November 2003 issue, p. 965–976. California Seismic Zone 4 is far higher than Chaney, Ronald C., 1978, Saturation effects on the cyclic the low–level curves for 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, and strength of sand: Proceedings, ASCE Specialty Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Soil 0.4g shown in Ishihara (1985). Finally, Dynamics, p. 342–359. Ishihara has ceased to use his older 1985 Chu, Daniel B., Stewart, Jonathan P., Lee, Shannon, method in his 1996 textbook published by Tsai, J.S., Lin, P.S., Chu, B.L., Seed, Raymond B., Oxford University Press. Hsu, S.C., Yu, M.S., and Wang, Mark C.H., 2004, Documentation of soil conditions at liquefaction and non- Caution: Do not cite the older 1985 NSF liquefaction sites from 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake: monograph on liquefaction; this was Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 24, p. 647-657. superceded by the new 2001 MCEER/NSF Cubrinovski, Misko, and Ishihara, Kenji, 2002, Maximum and workshop report published by ASCE and minimum void-ratio characteristics of sands: Soils and chaired by Youd and Idriss (cited above), Foundations, vol. 42, no. 6, December 2002 issue, Seed and others (2003), and Idriss and p. 65-78. Boulanger (2004). www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/42-6.html Engineering Geology and Seismology for 137 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Cubrinovski, Misko, and Ishihara, Kenji, 1999, Empirical Kammerer, Ann Marie, Seed, Raymond B., Reimer, M.F., correlation between SPT N-value and relative density for and Pestana, J.M., 2004, Pore pressure development in sandy soils: Soils and Foundations, vol. 39, no. 5, liquefiable soils under bi–directional loading conditions: October 1999 issue, p. 61-72. Proceedings of the 11th SDEE and 3rd ICEGE, University www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/39-5.html of California, Berkeley, January 2004, p. 697–704. Daniel, Chris R., Howie, John A., Jackson, R. Scott, and Kayen, Robert E., and Mitchell, James K., 1997, Walker, Brian, 2005, Review of Standard Penetration Test Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by short-rod corrections: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Arias Intensity: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 4, Engineering, vol. 123, no. 12, December 1997 issue, April 2005 issue, p. 489-497. p. 1162–1174. Daniel, Chris R., Howie, John A., and Sy, Alexander, 2003, Koester, J.P., Sharp, M.K., and Hynes, Mary Ellen, 2000, A method for correlating large penetration test (LPT) to Technical basis for regulatory guide for soil liquefaction: standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts: Canadian U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Report Geotechnical Journal, vol. 40, p. 66–77. NUREG/CR–5741, 112 p. Davis, R.O, and Berrill, J.B., 1998, Site–specific prediction of Kramer, Steven L., and Elgamal, A.W., 2001, Modeling soil liquefaction: Géotechnique, vol. 48, no. 2., p. 289–293. liquefaction hazards for performance–based earthquake Elkateb, T., Chalaturnyk, R., and Robertson, Peter K., 2003, engineering: University of California, Berkeley; Pacific Simplified geostatistical analysis of earthquake–induced Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER Report ground response at the Wildlife Site, (Imperial County), 2001–13, 190 p. < http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications > California: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 40, Kramer, S.L., 1996, Geotechnical earthquake engineering: p. 16–35. Prentice–Hall, 653 p. Refer to chapters 9 and 12 for Evans, Mark D., and Fragaszy, Richard J., editors, 1995, Static liquefaction and ground remediation. and dynamic properties of gravelly soils: ASCE Kulasingam, R., Malvick, Erick J., Boulanger, Ross W., and Geotechnical Special Publication no. 56, 10 papers, 155 p. Kutter, Bruce L., 2004, Strength loss and localization at silt Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E. H., 1998, Spatial variation in interlayers in slopes of liquefied sand: ASCE Journal of liquefaction risk: Géotechnique, vol. 48, no. 6, p. 819–831. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Green, Russell A., and Terri, Gregory A., 2005, Number of vol. 130, no. 11, November 2004 issue, p. 1192-1202. equivalent cycles concept for liquefaction evaluations ― Lew, Marshall, 2001, Liquefaction evaluation guidelines for revisited: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & practicing engineering and geological professionals and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 4, regulators: AEG/GSA Environmental and Engineering April 2005 issue, p. 477-488. Geoscience, vol. 7, no. 4, November 2001, p. 301–320. Hardman, Scott L., and Youd, T. Leslie, 1987, Mapping the Lin, C.P., Chang, C.D, and Chang, T.S., 2004, The use of extent and thickness of liquefiable soil layers at MASW method in the assessment of soil liquefaction engineering sites: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, potential: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vicksburg; Misc. Paper S–73–1, 161 p. vol. 24, p. 689-698. (acronym MASW = multi-channel Hynes, Mary Ellen, 1999, Probabilistic liquefaction analysis: analysis of surface-waves.) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Report Lin, P.S., Chang, C.W., and Chang, W.J., 2004, NUREG/CR–6622, 42 p. Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil: Idriss, Izzat M., and Boulanger, Ross W., 2004, large hammer penetration test and shear-wave velocity Semi–empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction approach: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering potential during earthquakes: Proceedings of the vol. 24, p. 675―687. th rd 11 SDEE and 3 ICEGE, University of California, Liu, Andrew H., Stewart, Jonathan P., Abrahamson, Berkeley, January 2004, plenary session, p. 32–56. Norman A., and Moriwaki, Yoshi, 2001, Equivalent number Idriss, Izzat M., 1999, An update of the Seed–Idriss simplified of uniform stress cycles for soil liquefaction analysis: ASCE procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential, in Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Proceedings of the TRB Workshop on New Approaches to Engineering, vol. 127, no. 12, Dec. 2001, p. 1017–1026. Liquefaction Analysis, Federal Highway Administration Lunne, Thomas, Powell, J.J.M., and Robertson, Peter K., Report RD–99–165. 1997, Cone Penetration Testing in geotechnical Imam, S.M.R., Morgenstern, Norbert R., Robertson, Peter K., practice: Spon Press, 352 p., 11 chapters. and Chan, David H., 2002, Yielding and flow liquefaction Martin G.R. and Lew, M., editors, 1999, Recommended of loose sand: Soils and Foundations, vol. 42, no. 3, Procedures for Implementation of CDMG Special June 2002 issue, p. 19-32. Publication 117 Guidelines for Analyzing and Mitigating www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/42-3.html Liquefaction in California: Southern California Ishihara, K., 1996, Soil behaviour in earthquake geotechnics: Earthquake Center, 63 p. Oxford University Press, 350 p. Moss, Robb E.S., Collins, Brian D., Whang, Daniel H., 2005, Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., and Lin, P.S., 2003, Retesting of liquefaction / non-liquefaction case histories Simplified Cone Penetration Test–based method for in the Imperial Valley (California): EERI Earthquake evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils: ASCE Journal Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 issue, p. 179-196. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 1, January 2003 issue, p. 66 – 80. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 138 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Moss, Robb E.S., and Seed, Raymond B., 2004, Probabilistic Rathje, Ellen M., Chang, W.J., and Stokoe, Kenneth H.,II, assessment of seismic soil liquefaction using the CPT: 2004, Development of an insitu dynamic liquefaction test: Proceedings of the 11th SDEE and 3rd ICEGE, University ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, of California, Berkeley, January 2004, p. 492–497. January 2004, 11 p. www.astm.org Norris, Gary, Madhu, R., Ashour, M., and Valceschini, R., Rollins, Kyle M., Diehl, Nathan B., and Weaver, Thomas J., 1997, Peak undrained resistance of loose sands: National 1998, Implications of Vs ―BPT (N1)60 correlations for Research Council, Transportation Research Record 1569, liquefaction assessment in gravels, in Dakoulas, P., Design and Analysis of Foundations and Sand Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Liquefaction, p. 65–76. Engineering & Soil Dynamics III: American Society of Olson, Scott M., and Stark, Timothy D., 2003, Yield strength Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 75, ratio and liquefaction analysis of slopes and embankments: p. 506-517. BPT = Becker Penetration Test, which is ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental typically run in gravels and coarse alluvium where the Standard Engineering, vol. 129, no. 8, August 2003 issue, Penetration Test cannot be run. Vs = shear-wave velocity. p. 727–737. Sancio, R.B., and Bray, Jonathan D., 2004, An assessment of Olson, Scott M., and Stark, Timothy D., 1998, CPT–based the effect of rod length on SPT energy calculations based liquefaction resistance of sandy soils, in Dakoulas, P., on measured field data: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, January 2004, 9 p. www.astm.org Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III: American Seed, H. Bolton, Tokimatsu, K., Harder, Leslie F., and Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Chung, R., 1985, Influence of SPT procedures in soil Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 325–336. liquefaction resistance evaluations: ASCE Journal of Olson, Scott M., and Stark, Timothy D., 2002, Liquefied Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 111, p. 861–878. strength ratio from liquefaction flow failure case histories: Seed, H. Bolton, and DeAlba, P., 1986, Use of SPT and CPT Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 629–647. Tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands, in Olson, Richard S., 1999, Cyclic liquefaction based on the Cone Clemence, S.P., editor, Use of In–Situ Tests in Penetrometer Test, in Youd, T.L., and Idriss, I.M., editors, Geotechnical Engineering: ASCE Geotechnical Special Proceeding of the NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Publication No. 6, p. 281–302. Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Multidisciplinary Center Seed, H. Bolton, 1987, Design problems in soil liquefaction: for Earthquake Engr. Research, SUNY Buffalo ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, : MCEER Report 97–0022, no. 8, August 1987 issue, p. 827–845. p. 225–276. Seed, H. Bolton, Wong, R.T., Idriss, Izzat M., and Onder Cetin, K., Seed, Raymond B., Der Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., 1984, Moduli and damping factors for Tokimatsu, K., Harder, Leslie F.,Jr., Kayen, Robert E., dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils: University of Moss, Robert E.S., 2004, Standard Penetration Test-based California, Berkeley; Earthquake Engineering Research probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil Center, Report No. UCB/EERC–84/14. liquefaction potential: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Seed, Raymond B., and Harder, Leslie F., 1990, SPT–based Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 12, analysis of cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained December 2004 issue, p. 1314–1340. residual strength, in Duncan, J.M., editor, Proceedings of Pak, Ronald Y.S., and Yamamura, Jerry, editors, 2000, the H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium: BiTech Soil dynamics and liquefaction 2000: American Society of Publishers, Ltd., vol. 2, p. 351–376. Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 107, Seed, Raymond B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, Robb E.S., 216 p. Kammerer, Ann Marie, Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, Polito, Carmine P., and Martin, James R. II, 2003, M.F., Sancio, R.B., Bray, Jonathan D., Kayen, Robert E., A reconciliation of the effects of non–plastic fines on the and Faris, A., 2003, Recent advances in soil liquefaction liquefaction resistance of sands reported in the literature: engineering: a unified and consistent framework: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, August 2003 University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research issue, p. 635–651. Center Report 2003–06, 72 p. download 10.8–MB file from: Popescu, R., 2002, Finite element assessment of the effects of http://eerc.berkeley.edu/reports seismic loading rate on soil liquefaction: Canadian Sy, Alexander, Campanella, R.G., and Stewart, Raymond A., Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 331–344. 1995, Becker Penetration Test – Standard Penetration Test Prakash, S., Guo, T., and Kumar, S., 1998, Liquefaction of silts correlations for evaluation of liquefaction resistance in and silt-clay mixtures, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and gravelly soils, in Evans, M.D., and Fragaszy, R.J., editors, Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Static and Dynamic Properties of Gravelly Soils: and Soil Dynamics III: American Society of Civil ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 56, p. 1–19. Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, Yang, J., 2002, Liquefaction resistance of sand in relation to p. 337 – 348. P–wave velocity: Géotechnique, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 295– Prakash, S., and Dakoulas, P., editors, 1994, Ground failures 298. under seismic conditions: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 44, 260 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 139 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Youd, T. Leslie, 2003, Liquefaction mechanisms and induced ground failure, Chapter 70 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1159–1173. Youd, T. Leslie, 1973, Liquefaction, flow, and associated ground failure: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 688, 12 p. A classic seminal paper in liquefaction; available free from: < www.usgs.gov > Youd, T. Leslie, and Carter Ben L., 2005, Influence of soil softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration ― the Sixth H. Bolton Seed Memorial Lecture: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, p. 811-825. Youd, T. Leslie, and Garris, Christopher T., 1995, Liquefaction–induced ground–surface disruption: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 121, no. 11, November 1995 issue, p. 805–809. Youd, T.Leslie., Hansen, Corbett M., and Bartlett, Steven F., 2002, Revised multilinear regression equations for prediction of lateral spread displacement: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 128, no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1007–1017. Youd, T.Leslie and Idriss, Izzat M., co–chairmen, and Andrus, R.D, Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian J.T., Dobry, R., Liam Finn, W.D., Harder, L.F., Jr., Hynes, M.E., Ishiara, K., Koester, J.P., Liao, S.S.C., Marcuson, W.F., III, Martin, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, Peter K., Seed, Raymond B., and Stokoe, Kenneth H., 2001, Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils: ASCE Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Journal, Oct. 2001 issue, vol. 127, no. 10, p. 817–833. (The 2001 treatise on liquefaction by a panel funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. This is a benchmark reference to use and cite.) Zhang, G., Robertson, Peter K., and Brachman, R.W.I., 2002, Estimating liquefaction–induced ground settlements from CPT for level ground: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, no. 6, November 2002 issue, p. 1168–1180. The proposed method evaluates seismic settlement data from the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake from the Marina District in San Francisco and Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 140 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

27. Liquefaction Calculations

Caution: Consultants must include From site boreholes and geologic cross– complete calculations for liquefaction sections, report Standard Penetration Test in the appendix of the report so that the (N1)60 SPT blow–counts using applicable test California Geological Survey can audit each methods, typically: input value (especially ground motion, historic highest water–table, magnitude ASTM D 1586–99 Test Method for Penetration Test scaling factors MSF, SPT N1(60)–blowcounts, and Split–Barrel Sampling of Soils; fines corrections for each stratigraphic layer, and Safety Factor SF<1.3 . Reports without ASTM D 3441–98 Standard Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Tests of Soil; complete calculations will be returned to the consulting firm for correction.

ASTM D 5778–04 Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soil, 19 p.; Selected References for Liquefaction Calculations ASTM D 6066–04 Standard Practice for (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Determining the Normalized Penetration marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Resistance of Sands for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential, 24 p. Bardet, Jean–Pierre, 2003, Advances in analysis of soil ASTM tests can be obtained on an individual liquefaction during earthquakes, Chapter 71 in Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and fee basis from this homepage: < www.astm.org > Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International handbook of Where liquefaction is apparently indicated, earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier: vol. 81–B, June 2003, p. 1175– provide complete calculations showing 1201. stratigraphic layers, depth to water–table, cyclic Blake, Thomas F., 2003, "Liquefy2" liquefaction software, stress ratio CSR, magnitude scaling factors MSF, version 1.5; and FRISK–SP strong–motion software, Peak Ground Acceleration from the Upper–Bound version 4, updated September 3, 2004 to include the Earthquake ground–motion, Factor–of–Safety for CGS 2002 statewide fault model. Thomas F. Blake, 4568 Via Grande, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320–6712 each layer, with FS>1.3 for non–liquefaction, and < [email protected] > (805) 499–5266 amount of vertical settlement calculated for each Cubrinovski, Misko, and Ishihara, Kenji, 1999, Empirical layer. correlation between SPT N-value and relative density for sandy soils: Soils and Foundations, vol. 39, no. 5, If specialized liquefaction software is used October 1999 issue, p. 61-72. (e.g., Liquefy2, v.1.50; Blake, 2003) then include www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/39-5.html Daniel, C.R., Jackson, R.S., Howie, J.A., and Walker, B., 2003, input parameters. If using CPT methods, then Development of a spreadsheet for modeling SPT stress– provide correlation chart or formulas for CPT– wave data: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 26, SPT conversions. Provide details about what type no. 3, p. 320–327. of drive weights and core–barrels were used Idriss, Izzat M., and Boulanger, Ross W., 2004, Semi– during field drilling operations. Provide all empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes: Proceedings of the 11th SDEE and information used to determine normalized SPT 3rd ICEGE, University of California, Berkeley, N1(60)–blowcounts. Summarize the calculations invited paper, 25 p. for seismically–induced settlement. Refer to Luna, R., Carroll, Daniel P., Frost, J.David, and Wu, Arthur H., Tokimatsu and Seed (1987), Pradel (1998), and 1998, Spatial evaluation of earthquake induced Stewart and Whang (2003). deformations, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 398 – 409. Describes a software program LIQUFAC developed by the U.S. Navy to evaluate deformation caused by seismically- induced liquefaction. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 141 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Onder Cetin, K., Seed, Raymond B., Der Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., and Seed, H. Bolton, 1987, Evaluation of Tokimatsu, K., Harder, Leslie F.,Jr., Kayen, Robert E., settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking: ASCE Moss, Robert E.S., 2004, Standard Penetration Test-based Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, no. GT8, probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil August 1987 issue, p. 861–878. liquefaction potential: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Youd, T. Leslie, and Carter Ben L., 2005, Influence of soil Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 12, softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration ― December 2004 issue, p. 1314–1340. the Sixth H. Bolton Seed Memorial Lecture: ASCE Pradel, Daniel, 1998, Procedure to evaluate earthquake–induced Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental settlements in dry sandy soils: ASCE Journal of Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, p. 811-825. vol. 124, no. 4, April 1998 issue, p. 364–368, and Youd, T. Leslie., Hansen, Corbett M., and Bartlett, Steven F., addendum on p. 1048 (October 1998 issue of vol. 124). 2002, Revised multilinear regression equations for Robertson, Peter K., Campanella, R.G., and Wightman, A., prediction of lateral spread displacement: ASCE Journal of 1983, SPT–CPT correlations: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 109, no. 10, October 1983, 128, no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1007–1017. p. 1449–1459. Zhang, G., Robertson, Peter K., and Brachman, R.W.I., 2002, Seed, Raymond B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, Robb E.S., Estimating liquefaction–induced ground settlements from Kammerer, Ann Marie, Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, CPT for level ground: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, M.F., Sancio, R.B., Bray, Jonathan D., Kayen, Robert E., vol. 39, no. 6, November 2002 issue, p. 1168–1180. and Faris, A., 2003, Recent advances in soil liquefaction The proposed method evaluates seismic settlement data from the engineering: a unified and consistent framework: 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake from the Marina District in San University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research Francisco and Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay. Center Report 2003–06, 72 p. download 10MB file from:

http://eerc.berkeley.edu/reports

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 142 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

28. Seismic Settlement and Consolidation Settlement Four Modes of Settlement of the entire Soil Column The seismic settlement calculations should be at relevant Boreholes broadly inclusive of four geotechnical modes, even if the potential for liquefaction is minimal in (calculated for both unsaturated and some stratigraphic layers. Many alluvial sites saturated layers of the entire soil column) have all four modes of settlement in the same soil column, so use a broad approach in your analysis. For alluvial subgrade, this is one of the most important calculations of the entire project. Seismic settlement calculations are needed for all structures within the hospital or school campus. Four Modes of Settlement The only exceptions are structures founded on rock. ♦ unsaturated seismic settlement Use Multiple Geologic Cross-Sections above the historic–highest water surface From multiple boreholes, compute the total amount of seismic settlement that each building (or each cluster of buildings with similar ♦ saturated seismic settlement stratigraphic layers) might experience. Evaluate due to liquefaction below the the entire soil column (seismic compression in ground–water surface shallow unsaturated layers plus liquefaction of deeper saturated layers). Use several geologic cross–sections based on detailed stratigraphy from ♦ consolidation settlement multiple boreholes. Use the Upper–Bound under static load of the structure Earthquake ground–motion (UBE ≡ 10% chance of exceedance in 100 years) as the input peak ♦ hydrocollapse ground acceleration (PGAUBE). Report the answers of soils with a high void–ratio with for each building or cluster of buildings in a table addition of anthropic water, plus static load that lists total settlement and differential of the new structure (also see §37 below). settlement (δ/L or a ratio, like 1:250).

Summary Table of Settlement Values Seismic Compression If the campus is large and many buildings are Seismic compression is defined as the accural planned, then provide a summary table showing of contractive volumetric strains in unsaturated building names and the different settlements soil during earthquake shaking. The traditional calculated for each structure. In an appendix, method of Tokimatsu and Seed (1987) is provide detailed settlement calculations and applicable to clean sands. This method has been citation of methods used. expanded (by UCLA & UC Berkeley faculty)

to include soils with non–plastic silty sands and Long-Span Structures & Concrete Flatwork low–plasticity clays that are typical of compacted Within public schools, gymnasium floors, fills (Stewart & Whang, 2003; Whang, Stewart, basketball courts, and tennis courts need to be & Bray, 2004, ASTM – GTJ). nearly flawless on the concrete playing surface and cannot tolerate differential settlement of the Their work found that…“seismic compression soil column. susceptibility decreased with increasing density and decreasing shear-strain amplitude. Saturation is also found to be important for soils with

moderately plastic fines (plasticity index, PI ≈ 15), Engineering Geology and Seismology for 143 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 but relatively unimportant for soils with low plasticity fines (PI ≈ 2) across the range of Table of Equivalents for saturations tested (≥ 54%). The saturation effect Differential Settlement appears to be linked to the presence or lack of presence of a clod structure in the soil, the clod Inches : Feet Ratio δ:L structure being most prounced in plastic soils compacted dry of the line-of-optimums or at low ½ inch in 50 feet densities. Comparisons of test results for soils 1:1200 with and without low- to moderately-plastic fines 1 inch in 100 feet suggest that fines can decrease the seismic compression potential relative to clean sands.” ¾ inch in 50 feet (from abstract of Whang, Stewart, & Bray, 2004). 1:800 1½ inches in 100 feet

Importance of Fluvial Stratigraphy & 1 inch in 50 feet 1:600 Depositional Milieu of the Alluvium Limit of danger to framed buildings with diagonals Coarse-grained alluvium may have abrupt 2 inches in 100 feet (Boone, 1996) changes in stratigraphic thickness. This typically occurs in alluviual fans because of the 2 inches in 50 feet 1:300 depositional milieu has higher fluvial energy. Limit where first cracking in panel walls is expected. Layers of sand or gravel may be discontinuous and Generally considered to be a pinch–out abruptly. 4 inches in 100 feet significant hazard to structural foundations (Boone, 1996) As a hypothetical example of high-energy fluvial stratigraphy, one side of a building may be 3 inches in 50 feet founded on 18 feet of compressible sand, while 1:200 the same sandy bed pinches–out laterally to only 6 inches in 100 feet 7 feet in thickness on the opposite side of the building. A large–scale geologic cross–section based on sufficient borehole data would reveal the Removal and Recompaction ― stratigraphic wedge–effect. Emphasis is given in Delineate on the Grading Plans §7 and §25 of this publication for the Certified Engineering Geologist to prepare detailed Part of the solution to seismic compression of geologic cross–sections based on fluvial low–density fill, alluvium, or colluvium can be stratigraphic principles. achieved by removal and recompaction. Delineate on the penultimate grading plans the minimum depth(s) and areal extent of removal. Estimate the Integrated Teamwork volumetric loss (cubic yards) and how many cubic The Registered Structural Engineer (SE) has the yards of select import fill would be required to responsibility for foundation engineering in maintain the line–and–grade designed by the Civil alluvium that is subject to seismic settlement. Engineer. Remember to consider the earth volume But the SE must rely on quantified information removed from basements, underground parking calculated by the Registered Geotechnical structures, and swimming pools. Engineer, who in turn must rely on detailed If more than one depth of removal is specified geologic cross–sections prepared by the Certified (hypothetically, e.g., 60–inches for buildings and Engineering Geologist. 36–inches for parking lots), then delineate on the grading plans the areal extent of various removal depths. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 144 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Suggestion: Do not rely on words in the text Selected References for of the consulting geotechnical report to Seismic Settlement of the Soil Column convey the specifications for removal depths. (Abbreviated list for both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Especially useful references are marked with Instead, mark the depths directly on the a star symbol to assist the reader.) grading plans so the meaning is unambiguous and clear to the grading contractor. This Balakrishnan, A., and Kutter, Bruce L., 1998, Settlement, avoids subsequent misunderstandings and sliding, and liquefaction remediation of layered soil: potential construction claims for "cost over– ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental runs" by the grading contractor against the Enginereering, vol. 125, no. 11, p. 968–1026. owner and the consulting geotechnical firm. Boone, S.J., 1996, Ground–movement related building damage: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 122, no. 11, November 1996 issue, p. 886–896, and Insight: Overly simplified geologic cross– addendum May 1998, vol. 124, no. 5, p. 462–465. sections with horizontal layer–cake Boone republishes and discusses Bjerrum’s 1963 figure that stratigraphy or blank areas between boreholes indicates a ratio of 1:600 in differential compression is the limit of danger for framed buildings with diagonals; and a ratio of 1:300 will not likely be approved by the California is the limit where first cracking in panel walls is to be expected. Geological Survey during the review process. Bowles, Joseph E., 1987, Elastic foundation settlements on sand The difference between an acceptable deposits: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, geologic cross-section and an unsuitable vol. 113, no. 8, August 1987 issue, p. 846-860. section typically lies in the academic training, Bray, Jonathan D., Sancio, R.B., Durgunoglu, T., Onalp, A., Youd, T. Leslie, Stewart, Jonathan P., Seed, Raymond B., professional background, and experienced Cetin, O.K., Bol, E., Baturay, M.B., Christensen, C., and insights in sedimentary petrology of the Karadayilar, T., 2004, Subsurface characterization of ground person preparing the cross-section. failure sites at Adapazari, Turkey: ASCE Journal of Certified Engineering Geologists have Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, previously completed academic course-work no. 7, July 2004 issue, p. 673–685. Charles, J.A., and Skinner, H.D., 2004, Settlement and tilt of in stratigraphy, sedimentary petrology, and low–rise buildings: Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 157, structural geology, and so they will likely be no. GE2, April 2004 issue, p. 65–75. successful in this important task. These Duncan, J. Michael, Williams, G.W., Sehn, A.L., and academic courses (usually taught as 3rd year Seed, Raymond B., 1991, Estimation of earth pressures curriculum) are offered in all geology due to compaction: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 117, no. 12, p. 1833–1847. departments of universities. Fenton, Gordon A., and Griffiths, D.V., 2005, Three-dimensional probabilistic foundation settlement: Caution: Do not make unsubstantiated ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental estimates of compression (such as “¼ inch”) Engineering, vol. 131, issue 2, February 2005, p. 232-239. unless the building pad is floored in rock. Glaser, Steven D., 1994, Estimation of surface displacements due to earthquake excitation of saturated sands: EERI Furthermore, the value “¼ inch” for Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 489-517. differential compression has no meaning Glaser, Steven D., and Chung, Riley M., 1995, Estimation of since the lateral distance, L, is not specified. liquefaction potential by insitu methods: EERI Earthquake Always use the ratio δ/L for differential Spectra, vol. 11, no. 3, August 1995 issue, p. 431-455. Ishihara, K., and Yoshimine, M., 1992, Evaluation of compression. Do not use vague terminology settlements in sand deposits following liquefaction during like “¼ inch between columns” because earthquakes: Soils and Foundations, vol. 32, p. 173–188. column width is undefined and can be Ishihara, K., 1996, Settlement in sand deposits following abruptly changed during structural plan– liquefaction, chapter 14, in Soil Behavior in Earthquake check. Column widths may also be variable Geotechnics: Oxford University Press, p. 308–315. < www.oup.com > OUP ℡ 800-451–7556 within the same building. Kutter, Bruce L, Gajan, S., Manda, K.K., and Balakrishnan, A., 2004, Effects of layer thickness and density on settlement and lateral spreading: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 603–614. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 145 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lawton, E., Fragaszy, R.J., and Hardcastle, J.H., 1989, Whang, D.H., Stewart, Jonathan P., and Bray, Jonathan D., Collapse of compacted clayey sand: ASCE Journal of 2004, Effect of compaction conditions on the seismic Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 115, no. 9, p. 1252–1266. compression of compacted fill soils: ASTM Geotechnical Meigh, A.C., editor, 1975, Settlement of structures: John Wiley Testing Journal, vol. 27, no. 4, July 2004 issue, 9 p. & Sons, Inc., 811 p. www.astm.org Presents test results for the estimation of Pradel, Daniel, 1998, Procedure to evaluate earthquake–induced vertical strain from seismic compression. Not a design settlements in dry sandy soils: ASCE Journal of paper, but can be considered as supporting documentation Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, for a design procedure. vol. 124, no. 4, April 1998 issue, p. 364–368, and Wrench, B.P., and Nowatzki, E.A., 1986, A relationship addendum on p. 1048 (October 1998 issue of vol. 124). between deformation modulus E and SPT N for gravels, in Pyke, Robert, Seed, Harry Bolton, and Chan, C.K., 1975, Clemence, S.P., editor, Use of insitu tests in geotechnical Settlement of sands under milti–directional shaking: engineering: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 101, Geotechnical Special Publication 6, p. 1163–1177. no. 4, p. 379–398. Results of >200 horizontal plate–load tests performed Seed, Harry Bolton, 1987, Design problems in soil liquefaction: inside large–diameter boreholes in gravels yields this ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, formula: E ≈ 2.22 N 0.888 no. 8, August 1987 issue, p. 827-845. Yeung, Albert T., and Feaalio, Guy Y., editors, 1994, Vertical Sridharan, A., and Nagaraj, H.B., 2004, Coefficient of and horizontal deformations of foundations and consolidation and its correlation with index properties of embankments: American Society of Civil Engineers, remolded soils: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Geotechnical Special Publication 40, 1,940 p., 137 papers. vol. 27, no. 5, September 2004, 6 p. www.astm.org Youd, T. Leslie, and Carter Ben L., 2005, Influence of soil Stewart, Jonathan P., and Whang, D.H., 2003, Simplified softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration ― procedure to estimate ground settlement from seismic the Sixth H. Bolton Seed Memorial Lecture: ASCE compression in compacted soils: 2003 Pacific Conference Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental on Earthquake Engineering, Paper no. 46, 8 p. Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, p. 811-825. 8–page .pdf may be obained from: Zhang, G., Robertson, Peter K., and Brachman, R.W.I., 2002, http://cee.ea.ucla.edu/faculty/papers/PCEE_paper_046.pdf Estimating liquefaction–induced ground settlements from Tokimatsu, K., and Seed, H. Bolton, 1987, Evaluation of CPT for level ground: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking: ASCE vol. 39, no. 6, November 2002 issue, p. 1168–1180. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, no. GT8, The proposed method evaluates seismic settlement data from the p. 861–878. 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake from the Marina District in San Wahls, Harvey E., 1994, Tolerable deformations, in Francisco and Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay. Yeung, A.T., and Felio, G.Y., editors, Vertical and Zhang, L.M., and Ng, A.M.Y., 2005, Probabilistic limiting Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and tolerable displacements for serviceability limit state design Embankments, vol. 2: American Society of Civil of foundations: Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 151-161. Engineers, p. 1611–1628.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 146 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

29. Lateral Spreading Selected References for Lateral Spreading (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are If a vertical free–face or sloping ground is close marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) to the site, then calculate the amount of lateral spreading that is expected from seismically–induced Balakrishnan, A., and Kutter, Bruce L., 1999, Settlement, liquefaction. Examples of free–faces include: the sliding, and liquefaction remediation of layered soil: natural cutbank of a creek or river, a canal or deep ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 125, no. 11, November 1999 issue, irrigation ditch, a road–cut, a large irrigation pond, a p. 968-978. beach slope, a lake shore, a storm–water retention Bardet, J–P, Tobita, T., Mace, Nicholas, and Hu, J., 2002, basin, or the concrete–lined channel of a storm–drain Regional modeling of liquefaction–induced ground or river. deformation: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 18, no. 1, February 2002 issue, p. 19–46. Even if the river channel is lined with concrete or Bernknopf, Richard L., Dinitz, Laura B., Rabinovici, rip–rap, these improvements offer little or no Sharyl J.M., and Evans, Alexander M., 2001, A portfolio approach to evaluating natural-hazard mitigation policies: resistance for lateral spreading due to seismically– an application to lateral-spread ground-failure in coastal induced liquefaction. This situation should be California: : International Geology Review, vol. 43, no. modeled as a vertical free–face in alluvium. 5, May 2001 issue, p. 424-440. < www.bellpub.com/igr/2001 > Chiru–Danzer, M., Juang, C.H., Christopher, R.A., and Some river channels will be dredged or used for Suber, J., 2001, Estimation of liquefaction–induced extraction of sand and gravel for mineral aggregate, horizontal displacements using artificial neural networks: so take future anthropic use of land into account Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 38, p. 200–207. Elgamal, A, Yang, Z, and Parra, E., 2002, Computational when establishing the future long–term elevation of modeling of cyclic mobility and post–liquefaction site the thalweg of the river channel. reponse: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 22, p. 259–271. Provide a detailed geologic cross–section from Elgamal, A., Zeghal, M., Taboada, V.M., and Dobry, Ricardo, the thalweg to the pad grade of the hospital or school 1996, Analysis of site liquefaction and lateral spreading site. This lateral distance can be hand–leveled and using centrifuge model tests: Soils and Foundations, paced by the engineering geologist during field vol. 36, no. 2, p. 111–121. Ishihara, Kenji, and Cubrinovski, M., 1998, Problems work. The cutbank or adjacent descending slope is associated with liquefaction and lateral spreading during typically not included on the base–map furnished by earthquakes, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., the owner/architect, so the geologic map boundaries editors, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil will have to be extended by field measurements. Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 301 – Two widely used methods for calculation of 312. Glaser, S.D., 1994, Estimation of surface displacements due to lateral spreading are: Youd, Hansen, and Bartlett earthquake excitation of saturated sands: EERI (December 2002), and Rauch & Martin (2000). If Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 489-517. the potential for lateral spreading is significantly Kokusho, T., and Fujita, K., 2002, Site investigations for large, then consultants may wish to use several involvement of water films in lateral flow in liquefied methods to calcualte the amount of lateral spreading, ground: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 128, no. 11, then base a final answer on engineering judgment November 2002 issue, p. 917–925. that considers the limitations of the models and Kutter, Bruce L, Gajan, S., Manda, K.K., and Balakrishnan, A., complexities of the geologic subgrade. 2004, Effects of layer thickness and density on settlement and lateral spreading: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 603–614. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 147 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Pease, Jonathan W., and Bureau, Gilles, 1998, Influence of site Shamoto, Y., Zhang, J.M., and Tokimatsu, K., 1998, Horizontal geometry on dynamic liquefaction displacements, residual post-liquefaction deformation of level ground, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 726 – Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 373 – 738. Overview of site geometry of several liquefaction sites in 384. San Francisco Bay area in the aftermath of the 1989 Loma Prieta Stark, Timothy D., Olson, Scott M., Kramer, Steven L., and Earthquake. The authors are geotechnical engineers with URS Youd, T. Leslie, 1998, Shear strength of liquefied soil, San Francisco. in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Olson, Scott M., and Stark, Timothy D., 2003, Yield strength Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil ratio and liquefaction analysis of slopes and embankments: Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 313 – Engineering, vol.. 129, no. 8, Aug. 2003 issue, p. 727–737. 324. Onder Cetin, K., Youd, T.Leslie, Seed, Raymond B., Yoshimine, M., and Ishihara, K., 1996, Flow potential of sand, Bray, Jonathan D., Stewart, Jonathan P., Durgunoglu, H.T., in Hamada, M., and O’Rourke, Thomas D., editors, Lettis, William, and Yilmaz, T., 2004, Liquefaction- Proceedings from the Sixth Japan–U.S. Workshop on induced lateral spreading at Izmut Bay during the Kocaeli Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and (Izmut) Turkey earthquake: ASCE Journal of Counter–measures Against Soil Liquefaction: Buffalo, Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.. 130, New York, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake no. 12, December 2004 issue, p. 1300–1313. Engineering Research, MCEER Report 96–12, p. 299–308. Pilgrim, N.K., 1998, Earthquake–related deformation beneath Youd, T.Leslie., Hansen, Corbett M., and Bartlett, Steven F., gently inclined ground: Géotechnique, vol. 48, no. 2, 2002, Revised multilinear regression equations for p. 187–199. prediction of lateral spread displacement: ASCE Journal of Rauch, A.F., and Martin, II, J.R., 2000, EPOLLS model for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, predicting average displacements of lateral spreads: vol. 128, no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1007–1017. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Weaver, Thomas J., Ashford, Scott, A., and Rollins, Kyle M., Engineering, vol. 126, no. 4, p. 360–371. 2005, Response of a 0.6-meter cast-in-steel-shell pile in Rollins, Kyle M., Gerber, Travis M., Lane, J.D., and liquefied soil under lateral loading: ASCE Journal of Ashford, Scott A., 2005, Lateral resistance of a full-scale Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, pile group in liquefied sand: ASCE Journal of vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 94-102. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhang, L., Silva, Francisco, and Grismala, Ralph, 2005, vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 115-125. Ultimate lateral resistance to piles in cohesionless soils: Ruiz-Garcia, Jorge, and Miranda, Eduardo, 2004, Inelastic ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental displacement ratio for design of structures on soft soil sites: Engineering, vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 130, no. 12, p.78-83. December 2004 issue, p. 2015-2061. Analysis of inelastic displacement by two Stanford University structural engineers on data from 116 sites on Bay Mud in San Francisco Bay. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 148 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

30. Remedial Options for Liquefaction Boulanger, Ross W., and Hayden, Robert F., 1995, Aspects of compaction grouting of liquefiable soil: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental For sites where the potential for seismically– Engineering, vol. 121, no. 12, December 1995 issue, induced liquefaction is indicated { e.g., SF<1.3 }, p. 844–855. Describes liquefaction remediation by provide recommendations for remediation and grouting of seven sites, including Kaiser Hospital in South mitigation. Evaluate several remedial options. San Francisco and a site along the Sacramento River. Boulanger, Ross W., Wilson, D.W., Kutter, Bruce L., and Abghari, A., 1997, Soil–pile–superstructure interaction in Remediation and mitigation options may liquefiable sand: National Research Council, include: vibro–displacement with stone columns, Transportation Research Record 1569, Design and mat foundations with piles, caisson and grade– Analysis of Foundations and Sand Liquefaction, p. 55–64. beam foundations, dynamic deep compaction, Brandon, Thomas L., editor, 2001, Foundations and ground vibro–replacement, deep removals and improvement: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 113, 1,008 p. recompaction combined with structural mat Brennan, A.J., and Madabhushi, S.P.G., 2005 Liquefaction and foundations, grouting, or relocating the site. drainage in stratified soil: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, Selected References for July 2005 issue, p. 876-885. Remediation of Liquefaction Chai, J.C., Miura, N., and Koga, H., 2005, Lateral displacement of ground caused by soil-cement column installation: and Ground Improvement ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Engineering, vol. 131, no. 5, May 2005 issue, p. 623-632. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Chang, W.J, Rathje, Ellen M., Stokoe, Kenneth H., II, and Adalier, K., and Elgamal, A., 2004, Mitigation of liquefaction Cox, Brady R., 2004, Direct evaluation of effectiveness of and associated ground deformations by stone columns: prefabricated vertical drains in liquefiable soil: Engineering Geology, vol. 72, p. 275–291. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 24, Adalier, K., Elgamal, A., Meneses, J., and Baez, Juan I., 2003, p. 723 ― 731. Stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in non– Chang, D.T., Nieh, Y.C., and Wu, J.Y., 1996, Use of plastic silty soils: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake geosynthetics in the uplift pressures relief system for a raft Engineering, vol. 23, p. 571–584. foundation, in Suits, L.D., and Bhatia, S.K., editors, Anderson, J.B., and Townsend, F.C., 2001, SPT and CPT Geotextile Filters and Prefabricated Drainage testing for evaluating lateral loading of deep foundations: Geocomposites: ASTM Special Technical ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Publication 1281, 233 p. < www.astm.org > Engineering, vol. 127, no. 11, Nov. 2001, p. 920–925. Charles, J. Andrew, and Skinner, Hilary D., 2001, ASCE, 1998, Grouts and grouting: American Society of Civil Compressibility of foundation fills: Proceedings of the Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 80, 208 p. Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, Ashour, M., and Norris, Gary, 2003, Lateral loaded pile vol. 149, no. 3, July 2001 issue, p. 145-157. response in liquefiable soil: ASCE Journal of Charles, J. Andrew, 2002, Ground improvement – the Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, interaction of engineering science and experience–based no. 5, May 2003 issue, p. 404–414. technology: Géotechnique, vol. 52, no. 7, p. 527–532. Ashour, M., Pilling, P., and Norris, Gary, 2004, Lateral Cooper, M.R., and Rose, A.N., 1999, Stone column support for behavior of pile groups in layered soils: ASCE Journal of an embankment on deep alluvial soils: Geotechnical Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, Engineerng, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 580–592. Engineers, vol. 137, January 1999 issue, p. 15-25. Bhattacharya, S., Madabhushi, S.P.G., and Bolton, M.D., 2004, Court, William E., editor, and the Japan Coastal Development An alternative mechanism of pile failure in liquefiable Institute of Technology, 2002, The deep mixing method: deposits during earthquakes: Géotechnique, vol. 54, no. 3, principle, design, and construction: Balkema Publishers, p. 203-213. This paper studies pile-buckling in 14 case 123 p. histories of pile failures in liquefiable deposits during Diaz, Christopher M., Diaz, Gerald M., and Chilcoat, Levon, 1998, Repair of liquefaction induced lateral spreading and earthquakes. settlement using compaction grouting, in Dakoulas, P., Boulanger, Ross W., Idriss, Izatt M., Stewart, Jonathan P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Hashash, Y., and Schmidt, B., 1998, Drainage capacity of Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III: American stone columns or gravel drains for mitigating liquefaction, Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 691 – 702. Describes the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil ground improvement of a 30-store shopping center in Woodland Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Hills, San Fernando Valley, that was damaged during the 1994 Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, Northridge Earthquake. p. 678―690. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 149 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Dobson, Thomas, 1987, Case histories of the vibro systems to Martin, James R. II, Olgun, C.G., Mitchell, James K., and minimize the risk of liquefaction, in Soil Improvement ― Durgunoglu, H.T., 2004, High–modulus columns for a ten year update: ASCE Geotechnical Engineering liquefaction mitigation: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Division, proceedings, p. 167–183. and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, Hamada, M., O'Rourke, Thomas D., and Bardet, J.P., editors, June 2004 issue, p. 561–571. This ASCE paper describes 2003, Proceedings of the Eighth U.S.–Japan Workshop on jet–grout columns at close–spacing; and pre–load fills that Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and successfully endured a M=7.4 earthquake. Countermeasures Against Liquefaction: Multidisciplinary Miller, Eugene A., and Roycroft, Glen A., 2004, Compaction Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, MCEER grouting test program for liquefaction control: ASCE Report 03–0003, published June 30, 2003, 680 p., 50 Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental papers http://mceer.buffalo.edu Engineering, vol. 130, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 355–361. Hemsley, John A., 1999, Elastic analysis of raft foundations: Mitchell, James K., Cooke, Harry G., and Schaeffer, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia Jennifer A., 1998, Design considerations in ground < www.asce.org > improvement for seismic risk mitigation, in Dakoulas, P., Hemsley, John, editor, 2000, Design applications of raft Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical roundations: American Society of Civil Engineers and Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III: American Thomas Telford Publishers, Ltd., 608 p. Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Hryciw, Roman D., editor, 1995, Soil improvement for Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 580 – 613. An excellent earthquake hazard mitigation: American Society of Civil review paper for ground improvement with analysis of Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 49, 152 p. multiple methods. www.asce.org Mitchell, James K., Baxter, C.D.P., and Munson, T.C., 1995, Hussin, James D., and Musselwhite, Angela S., 1998, Performance of improved ground during earthquakes, Vibro-replacement for liquefaction mitigation of a hospital in Soil improvement for earthquake hazard mitigation: site, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering & Soil Special Publication no. 49, p. 1 ― 36. Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Mitchell, James K., chairman, and 25 others, 1978, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 627 – Soil improvement – history, capabilities, and outlook: 638. American Society of Civil Engineers, 182 p. Johnsen, Lawrence F., Bruce, Donald A., and Byle, Michael J., Mosely, M.P., and Kirsch, Klaus, editors, 2004, Ground editors, 2003, Grouting and ground treatment: proceedings improvement, 2nd edition: Spon Press, May 2004. of the Third International Conference on Grouting: Mullins, Gray, Gunaratne, M., Stinnette, Pamela, and American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Geotechnical Thilakasiri, S., 2000, Prediction of dynamic compaction Special Publication no. 120, two volumes, 1,663 p., pounder penetration: Soils and Foundations, vol. 40, no. 5, 127 papers on grouting. ASCE member price $119.25 October 2000 issue, p. 91-98. Kramer, Steven L., and Siddharthan, R., editors, 1995, www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/40-5.html Earthquake–induced movements and seismic remediation Munfakh, G.A., 1997, Ground improvement engineering – of existing foundations and abutments: American Society the state of the U.S. practice: part 1. methods: Ground of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication Improvement: vol. 1, p. 193 – 214. This is a British No. 55, 148 p. www.asce.org journal of the Institution for Civil Engineering (ICE) that is Krizek, Raymond J., and Sharp, K., editors, 2000, Advances in published by Thomas Telford Publishers, available for grouting and ground modification: American Society of download as pdf document at: < www.t–telford.co.uk > Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 104, Munfakh, G.A., 1997, Ground improvement engineering – the 368 p. state of the U.S. practice: part 2. applications: Ground Lee, F.H., and Gu, Q., 2004, Method for estimating dynamic Improvement: vol. 1, p. 215 – 222. Institution for Civil compactive effect on sand: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering journal that is published by Thomas Telford & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 2, Publishers, available for download as pdf document at: February 2004 issue, p. 139–152. < www.t–telford.co.uk > Leo, C.J., 2004, Equal strain consolidation by vertical drains: Pestana, Juan M., Hunt, Christopher E., and Goughnour, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental R. Robert, 1997, FEQDrain a finite element computer Engineering, vol. 130, no. 3, March 2004 issue, p. 316– program for the analysis of the earthquake generation and 327. dissipation of pore–water pressure in layered sand deposits López, Roberto A., and Hayden, Robert F., 1992, The use of with vertical sand drains: University of California, vibro systems in seismic design, in Grouting, Soil Earthquake Engineering Research Center Improvement, and Geosynthetics: ASCE Geotechnical (renamed PEER), Report UCB/EERC–97–15, 88 p. Engineering Division proceedings, p. 1433–1445. < http://peer.berkeley.edu > Priebe, H.J., 1995, The design of vibro replacement: Ground Engineering, vol. 28, December 1995 issue, p. 31–37. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 150 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

O’Neill, Michael W., and Townsend, Frank C., editors, 2002, Seed, Harry Bolton, and Booker, J.R., 1977, Stabilization of Deep Foundations 2002: American Society of Civil potentially liquefiable sand deposits using gravel drains: Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 116, 880 p., American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of 110 papers. Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 103, no. GT-7, p. 757-768. Reed, John W., Hourihan, Daniel T., and Thornton, Gregory J., This classic 1977 paper by the late Professor H.B. Seed is 1998, Compaction grouting to reduce seismic risk and considered the seminal report for the use of gravel drains collapse potential for freeway storm-drain system, for liquefaction mitigation. in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Vipulanandan, C., editor, 1997, Grouting: compaction, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil remediation, and testing: American Society of Civil Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Engineers, Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 66, 352 p. Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, p. 666 – ASCE members $26.25 677. This ASCE paper discusses the remedial grouting Weaver, Thomas J., Ashford, Scott, A., and Rollins, Kyle M., performed on the Century Freeway (I-105) across the central 2005, Response of a 0.6-meter cast-in-steel-shell pile Los Angeles Basin. It is pertinent to compaction grouting for in liquefied soil under lateral loading: ASCE Journal of nearby structures (such as schools and hospitals) in central Los Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Angeles that are within the CGS official liquefaction zones. vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 94-102. Rollins, Kyle M., Gerber, Travis M., Lane, J.D., and Wilson, Daniel W., Boulanger, Ross W., and Kutter, Bruce L., Ashford, Scott A., 2005, Lateral resistance of a full-scale 2000, Observed seismic lateral resistance of liquefying pile group in liquefied sand: ASCE Journal of sands: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 126, no. 10, vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 115-125. October 2001 issue, p. 898–906. Rollins, Kyle M., Jorgensen, Stan J., and Ross, Todd E., 1998, Youd, T. Leslie, and Carter Ben L., 2005, Influence of soil Optimum moisture content for dynamic compaction of softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration ― collapsible soils: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and the Sixth H. Bolton Seed Memorial Lecture: ASCE Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 8, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental August 1998 issue, p. 699–708. Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, Schaefer, Vernon R., Abramson, Lee W., Sharp, K.D., and p. 811-825. Drumheller, J.C., editors, 1997, Ground improvement, Zhang, L., Silva, Francisco, and Grismala, Ralph, 2005, ground reinforcement, ground treatment– developments Ultimate lateral resistance to piles in cohesionless soils: 1987–1997: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Geotechnical Special Publication no. 69, 632 p. Contains Engineering, vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, an ASCE committee report and 15 papers with emphasis p.78-83. on stone columns and dynamic compaction. Zorapapel, George T., and Vucetic, M., 1994, The effects of seismic pore water pressure on ground surface motion: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 403-438.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 151 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

31. Acceptance Criteria for Baez, Juan I, and Martin, G.R., 1992, Quantitative evaluation Liquefaction Remediation of stone column techniques for earthquake liquefaction mitigation, in Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Balkema Publishers, Wherever liquefaction is to be remediated by Brookfield, Vermont, p. 1477–1483. ground–improvement, provide specific Blewett, J., and Woodward, P.K., 2002, Shear–wave velocity to “acceptance criteria” for the specialty contractor. determine vertical stress share on column–sand samples: Develop and specify criteria for SPT– or CPT– ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 148–156. The increased rigidity of vibro–replacement based acceptance–testing to demonstrate that the stone columns in liquefiable soils offers the potential for ground {has/has not} been successfully liquefaction mitigation. This paper proposes a laboratory remediated. This information will be essential for method to facilitate an investigation of this parameter. the contractor to perform the ground Bouassida, M., and Porbaha, A., 2004, Ultimate bearing improvement. capacity of soft clays reinforced by a group of columns ― application to a deep mixing technique: Soils and The “acceptance criteria” should include a Foundations, vol. 44, no. 3, June 2004 issue, p. 91-102. www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/44-3.html Safety Factor, SF>1.3 after the ground has been Cheng, S.C.J, editor, 1993, Geosynthetic soil reinforcement remediated. Since the UBE ground–motion and testing procedures: American Society for Testing & the historic–highest ground–water surface are both Materials, 250 p. fixed values, then only the third parameter, ground Chang, W.J, Rathje, Ellen M., Stokoe, Kenneth H., II, and Cox, Brady R., 2004, Direct evaluation of effectiveness density, remains for remediation by the specialty of prefabricated vertical drains in liquefiable soil: contractor. The remediated density of the Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 24, geologic subgrade can be reported by SPT, CPT, p. 723 ― 731. Vs, or a combination of these. Chow, Y.K., Yong, D.M., Kong, K.Y., and Lee, S.L., 2000, Improvement of granular soils by high–energy impact: OSHPD, DSA, and the California Geological Ground Improvement, vol. 4, p. 31–35. Survey need demonstrable evidence that the Cubrinovski, M., and Ishihara, Kenji, 1999, Empirical correlation between SPT N-value and relative density for ground has been properly remediated before the sandy soils: Soils and Foundations, vol. 39, no. 5, structure can be built. If the Registered October 1999 issue, p. 61-72. Geotechnical Engineer cannot demonstrate that www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/39-5.html the ground remediation was adequately performed Iai, S., Noda, S., and Tsuchida, 1988, Basic considerations for designing the area of the ground compaction as a remedial by the contractor, then the foundation system may measure against liquefaction: Proceedings of the U.S. – need to be revised or strengthened. This might Japan Workshop on Soil Liquefaction, Remedial include mat foundations supported by piles if the Treatment of Potentially Liquefiable Soils, San Francisco. liquefaction was not fully remediated. Lee, F.H., and Gu, Q., 2004, Method for estimating dynamic compactive effect on sand: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 2, February 2004 issue, p. 139–152. Selected References for Lutenegger, Alan J., and DeGroot, Don J., editors, 2000, Acceptance Criteria for Liquefaction Remediation Performance confirmation of constructed geotechnical (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are facilities: American Society of Civil Engineers, marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Geotechnical Special Publication 94, 584 p., 37 papers. A notable ASCE treatise for acceptance criteria of

Adalier, K., and Elgamal, A., 2004, Mitigation of liquefaction improved ground. and associated ground deformations by stone columns: Mayne, P.W., Jones, F.S., and Dumas, J.C., 1984, Ground Engineering Geology, vol. 72, p. 275–291. response to dynamic compaction: ASCE Journal of Adalier, K, Elgamal, A.W., Meneses, J., and Baez, Juan I., Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 110, no. 6, p. 757–774. 2003, Stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in Mesri, G., Feng, G.W., and Benak, J.M., 1990, Post– non–plastic silty soils: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake densification penetration resistance of clean sands: Engineering, vol. 23, p. 571–584. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 116, Adalier, K., and Elgamal, A.W., 2002, Seismic response of p. 1095–1115. adjacent dense and loose saturated sand columns: Soil Mitchell, James K., 1986, Ground improvement evaluation Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, vol. 22, p. 115–127. by in–situ tests, in Clemence, S.P., editor, Use of In–Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering: ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6, p. 221–236.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 152 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Okamura, M., and Tamura, K., 2004, Prediction method for liquefaction-induced settlement of embankment with remedial measure by deep-mixing method: Soils and Foundations, vol. 44, no. 4, August 2004 issue. www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/44-4.html Okamura, M., Ishihara, M., Oshita, Takeshi, 2003, Liquefaction resistance of sand deposit improved with sand compaction piles: Soils and Foundations, vol. 43, no. 5, October 2003 issue, p. 175-188. www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/43-5/43-5-14.html Priebe, H.J., 1995, The design of vibro–replacement: Ground Engineering, December 1995 issue, p. 31–37. Schmertmann, J., Baker, W., Gupta, R., and Kessler, K., 1986, CPT/DMT quality control of ground modification at a power plant, in Clemence, S.P., editor, Use of insitu tests in geotechnical engineering: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publ. 6, p. 985–1001. Welsh, Joseph P., Hussin, James P., and Baez, Juan I., 1998, Ground modification for mitigation of liquefaction: U.S. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Transportation Research Record 1633, p. 38–44.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 153 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Exceptional Geologic Hazards 32. Phase I & Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Work and Complicated Site Conditions Environmental site assessment work (short– named “Phase I―E.A.” or “Phase II―E.A.” from §32 through §43 are not typical state–wide the full ASTM title) may have been performed on geologic hazards in California. These sections the property for purposes of CEQA, or during pertain to unusual, exceptional, uncommon escrow and eminent domain proceedings. If so, it geologic hazards with complicated site conditions. is recommended to provide a complete citation of reports and dates of work performed under the These geologic hazards are listed in California Environmental Quality Act, CEQA. approximate order of state–wide prevalence, but they are all important to consider. Use proper Recommendation: Plot locations of previous judgment to avoid predicaments and expensive boreholes and sampling sites within the new delays on complicated sites. geotechnical report. Use a borehole numbering system that clearly indicates This list of exceptional geologic hazards will borehole depths and which consulting firm help to avoid misunderstandings and back–checks drilled the holes. when additional information might be required by the California Geological Survey. Summarize any results from ASTM Test E– Since they are not of universal concern, then 1527–00, Standard Practice for Environmental respond only if applicable. Please skip these Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site hazards if they are obviously not pertinent to the Assessment Process; and ASTM Test E–1903, site geology. Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Checklist Notation Used by CGS: Assessment Process. Both tests are described within ASTM Manual 43, Technical Aspects of Not Reviewed = N/R Phase I/II Environmental Site assessments, 200 p., or 1999. Not Applicable = N/A Phase I/II―E.A. tests are required by During the review process, the California California Department of Toxic Substances Geological Survey may make the notation "N/R" Control for new school sites, but this occurs long for "Not Reviewed" on Note 48. This means that before an application is made to the Division of no review was performed at this time, and that the State Architect for a CCR Title 24 building no judgment was rendered or implied for this permit. Many school districts and hospitals have particular item. owned vacant property for years as part of a long–

In many cases involving toxics, the California term capital improvement plan, so environmental Geological Survey has no knowledge about site assessment is typically completed before subsurface geochemistry of a particular campus or application is made for a building permit. site, so the appropriate notation is: "Not Reviewed" or N/R. ASTM has recently published a 1,827–page treatise entitled ASTM Standards Related to If a geologic hazard clearly does not apply Environmental Site Characterization, 2nd edition, (like a tsunami evaluation for an inland area like 2002 < www.astm.org > This book contains Pasadena), then the California Geological Survey 163 pertinent ASTM tests, and is organized into will use the notation "N/A" for Not Applicable. five parts: Site Characterization; Soil, Vadose Zone and Sediment Sampling and Monitoring; Engineering Geology and Seismology for 154 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Surface Water Sampling and Monitoring; California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Waters, Division 3, Ground–Water Sampling and Monitoring; and State Water Resources Control Board, Chapter 16, California Underground Storage Tank Regulations, and Waste Contaminant Characterization and Chapter 6.7 Health and Safety Code. Sampling. Note that many hospitals, most essential services buildings, and some public schools have underground fuel storage tanks Selected References Unique to California to supply diesel generators for emergency power generation. California Department of Water Resources (DWR), Water (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Well Standards, State of California: DWR Bulletin 74– 90, 82 pages. This 1990 supplement must be used in conjunction with its 1981 predecessor, Bulletin 74–81. Check for periodic updates of DWR Bulletin 74. Figure Cal EPA, 2003, Guidance for school site risk assessment 1 shows avenues of entrance for pollutants to wells; pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 901(f): Figure 9 shows properly destroyed wells, Figure 9 California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of shows sealing–off strata within abandoned water wells. Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated Also see DWR, 1991, Compilation of Federal and State Risk Assessment Section, 67 p. Drinking Water Standards and Criteria, DWR Division www.oehha.ca.gov/public_info/public/kids/schools1103.htm of Local Assistance, 32 p. Cal EPA, 1994, Guidelines for hydrogeologic characterization at hazardous substances release sites: California Environmental Protection Agency; volume 1, Selected General References for Field Investigations, 18 pages; volume 2, Project Phase I-E.A. and Phase II-E.A. work Management Manual, 95 p. (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Cal EPA, 1995, Representative sampling of groundwater for marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) hazardous substances: California Environmental Protection Agency, 33 p. Alpers, Charles N., and Hunerlach, Michael P., 2000, Cal EPA, 1995, Reporting hydrogeologic characterization Mercury contamination from historic gold mining in data from hazardous substances release sites: California California: U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet FS– Environmental Protection Agency, 14 p. 061–00, download as 1.8 MB pdf from www.usgs.gov Cal EPA, 1995, Monitoring well design and construction for ASTM, 2002, Identifying, defining, and disclosing hydrogeologic characterization: California environmental liabilities: American Society for Testing Environmental Protection Agency, 44 p. and Materials, 20 p. (contains three pertinent Cal EPA, 1994, Ground–water modeling for hydrogeologic standards: E–2137, E–2173, and E–2107) characterization: California Environmental Protection ASTM, 2002, ASTM standards on environmental site Agency, 18 p. characterization, 2nd edition: American Society for Cal EPA, 1994, Drilling, coring sampling, and logging at Testing and Materials, available in either book format or hazardous substance release sites: California CD–ROM, 1,827 p., contains 163 standards. Environmental Protection Agency, 27 p. ASTM, 2002, ASTM standards on environmental Cal EPA, 1994, Aquifer testing for hydrogeologic assessment, 457 p., available in book format or CD– characterization: California Environmental Protection ROM, contains 24 standards. Agency, 30 p. ASTM, 2001, ASTM standards related to the Phase II Cal EPA, 1994, Application of borehole geophysics at environmental site assessment process, 2nd edition: hazardous substance release sites: California American Society for Testing and Materials, 320 p., Environmental Protection Agency, 22 p. contains 22 standards. Cal EPA, 1994, Application of surface geophysics at ASTM, 2000, ASTM standards on environmental site hazardous substance release sites: California assessments for commercial real estate, 4th edition: Environmental Protection Agency, 19 p. American Society for Testing and Materials, 65 p. California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Waters, Division 3, www.astm.org State Water Resources Control Board, Chapter 15, ASTM, 1999, Technical aspects of Phase I / II Discharges of Waste to Land: Regulations of the State environmental site assessments: American Society for Water Resources Control Board and the Regional Water Testing and Materials, Manual # 43, 300 p. Quality Control Boards. Be sure to check the WRCB ASTM, 2004, Environmental assessment; hazardous web–site for annual updates in response to new substances and oil spill responses; waste management: legislation. www.swrcb.ca.gov Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 11.04, 1,760 p., 211 standards (including Phase I and Phase II standards). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 155 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Benson, Craig H., Meegoda, Jay N., Gilbert, Robert G., and Lehr, Jay H., editor, 2004, Wiley’s remediation Clemence, Samuel P., editors, 1998, Risk-based technologies handbook: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., correction and brownfields restoration: American 1,288 p. Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Geotechnical Special Madgd–Selim, H. and Kingery, William L., editors, 2003, Publication no. 82, 312 p. www.asce.org Geochemical and hydrological reactivity of heavy Boulding, J. Russell, and Ginn, Jon S., 2004, Practical metals in soils: Lewis Publishers, an imprint of CRC handbook of soil, vadose zone and ground–water Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, contamination – assessment, prevention, and 376 p. < www.crcpress.com > remediation, 2nd edition: Lewis Publishers, a CRC National Academy of Sciences, 1996, Rock fractures and Company, January 2004, 14 chapters, 728 p. fluid flow: National Academy Press, 551 p. Bowman, Charlotte A., Bobrowsky, Peter T., and NAS/NRC, 2003, Bioavailability of contaminants in soils Selinus, Olle, 2003, Medical geology: new relevance in and sediments: U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the earth sciences: IUGS Episodes, vol. 26, no. 4, National Research Council, Committee on p. 270–278. Bioavailability of Contaminatnts in Soils and Burgess, Neil M., 2005, Mercury in biota and its effects, Sediments, 432 p. Read this on–line at: in Parsons, M.B., and Percival, J.B., editors, www.nap.edu/catalog/10523.html Mercury: sources, measurements, cycles, and effects: Parsons, Michael B., and Percival, Jeanne B., editors, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 2005, Mercury: sources, measurements, cycles, and Series Volume 34, p. 235-258. effects: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Chien, Calvin C., Medina, M.A.Jr., Pinder, George F., Course Series Volume 34, 298 p., 14 chapters by Reible, D.R., Sleep, Brent E., and Zeng, C., editors, separate authors. 2004, Contaminated ground water and sediment ― Rose, Calvin, 2004, An introduction to the environmental modeling for management and remediation: CRC Press, physics of soil, water, and watersheds: Cambridge 288 p. University Press, 453 p. Evans, Jeffrey C., editor, 1997, In-situ remediation of the Ross, Sheila M., 1994, Toxic metals in soil―plant systems: geoenvironment: American Society of Civil Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 484 p. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 71, 624 p. Rytuba, James J., 2005, Geogenic and mining sources of ASCE members $39.00 mercury to the environment, in Parsons, M.B., and Fetter, C.W., 1998, Contaminant hydrogeology, 2nd edition: Percival, J.B., editors, Mercury: sources, Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 500 p. measurements, cycles, and effects: Mineralogical Fetter, C.W., 2001, Applied hydrogeology, 4th edition: Association of Canada, Short Course Series Volume 34, Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 598 p. p. 21-42. Dr. Rytuba is with the U.S. Geological nd Fingas, M., 2001 The basics of oil spill cleanup, 2 edition: Survey in Menlo Park, California. [email protected] CRC Press, 256 p. Sanders, Laura L., 1998, A manual of field hydrogeology: Guptill, Stephen C., 2001, Disease aftershocks ― the health Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 381 p. effects of natural disasters: International Geology Sara, Martin N., 2003, Site assessment and remediation Review, vol. 43, no. 5, May 2003 issue, p. 419-423. handbook, 2nd edition: CRC Press, a division of Taylor < www.bellpub.com/igr > & Francis Group, 1,160 p., 700 figures & tables. Hall, Gwendy E.M., 2005, Methods for the sampling and Savage, Kaye S., Bird, Dennis K., and Ashley, Roger P., 2000, analysis of geologic materials for both total mercury and Legacy of the California Gold Rush: environmental sequential extraction, in Parsons, M.B., and Percival, geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode gold J.B., editors, Mercury: sources, measurements, cycles, district: International Geology Review, vol. 42, no. 5, and effects: Mineralogical Association of Canada, May 2000 issue, p. 385 - 415. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Short Course Series Volume 34, p. 57-78. Selim, H.M., and Kingery, William L, editors, 2003, Henderson, Rogene (chair), and 8 others, 1999, Risk-based Geochemical and hydrological reactivity of heavy waste classification in California: National Academy of metals in soils: Lewis Publishers, a CRC Company, Sciences, National Research Council, Board on 376 p., 13 chapters. Environmental Studies and Toxicology, 219 p. Selim, H.M., and Sparks, Donald L., editors, 2001, Heavy metals release in soils: CRC Press, a division of Hyman, Marve, and DuPont, R.Ryan, editors, 2001, Taylor & Francis Publishers, 264 p. Groundwater and soil remediation: process, design, and Selinus, Olle, 2005, Essentials of medical geology: cost–estimating of proven technologies: American impacts of the natural environment on public health: Society of Civil Engineers, 544 p. Academic Press, a div. of Elsevier, 832 p. list price $99.95. Iskandar, I.K., editor, 2001, Environmental restoration of Sharma, H.D., and Reddy, K.R., 2004, Geoenvironmental metals–contaminated soils: CRC Press, 320 p. engineering: site remediation, waste containment, and Jacobs, James A., and Guertin, Jacques, editors, 2001, emergening waste management technologies: John MTBE effects on soil and groundwater resources: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 992 p. a comprehensive new CRC Press, 264 p. manual Kent, Donald M., editor, 2000, Applied wetlands science and technology, 2nd edition: CRC Press, 472 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 156 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Suter, Glenn W. II, Efoymonson, Rebecca, Jones, Daniel S., and Sample, Bradley E., 2000, Ecological risk assessment for contaminated sites: CRC Press, 464 p. Tam, Edwin K.L., and Byer, Philip H., 2004, Estimating the liability of redeveloped contaminated lands: ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development, vol. 130, no. 4, p. 184-194. Weight, W.D., and Sonderegger, J.L., 2001, Manual of applied field hydrogeology: McGraw–Hill, 608 p. Younger, Paul L., Banwart, Steven A., and Hedin, Robert S., 2002, Mine water ― hydrology, pollution, remediation: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 442 p. Yong, Raymond N., and Mulligan, Catherine N., 2004, Natural attenuation of contaminants in soils: CRC Press, 336 p.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 157 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

33. Hazardous Materials: Methane Gas, Tar Seeps, Selected References for Hydrogen Sulfide Gas, Hazardous Materials, including Organic Stockpiles of Manure, and Methane Gas in Petroleum Fields and Tar Seeps High–Pressure Petroleum Pipelines (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.)

As applicable, evaluate the potential for hazardous materials, including methane gas, Andrews, Charles B., and Neville, Christopher J., 2003, hydrogen sulfide gas, or similar toxic gases from Ground water flow in a desert basin challenges of simulating transport of dissolved chromium: Ground petroleum fields or former dairy farms or stock Water, vol. 41, no. 2, March–April 2003 issue, p. 219–226. feed–lot sites. A report on carcinogenic Chromium–VI in ground water at Hinkley Valley, west of Barstow, in the Mojave Desert. A movie was made in 2000 Volcanic areas (such as Mammoth Lakes in the about hexavalent chromium, the "Erin Brockovich" story. ASTM, 2003, Environmental assessment; hazardous substances Long Valley Caldera of Mono County) may have and oil–spill responses; waste management: ASTM exudation of deadly carbon dioxide gas. International, Book of Standards, vol. 11.04; 1,734 p., 211 standards, September 2003, either CD–ROM format Evaluate oil seeps, tar seeps, and oil sumps or paper volume. from both natural and developed sites. If toxic Cobarrubias, Joseph W., 1992, Methane gas hazard within the gases are present, then provide an appropriate Fairfax District, Los Angeles, in Pipkin, Bernard W., and remediation plan. Proctor, Richard J., editors, Engineering Geology Practice in Southern California: Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 4, p. 131–143. Example: Avoid a toxic situation similar to Doyle, Barry R., 2001, Hazardous gases underground: Belmont Learning Center in Los Angeles that applications to tunnel engineering: Marcel Dekker was sited within a former oil–field. Belmont Publisher, 375 p. has not been built (as of 2004) because Essington, Michael E., 2004, Soil and water chemistry: dangerous levels of methane gas and CRC Press, 552 p. < www.crcpress.com > Fendorf, Scott, Wielinga, Bruce W., and Hansell, Colleen M., hydrogen sulfide gas were belatedly 2000, Chromium transformations in natural environments discovered during construction. In Autumn ― the role of biological and abiological proceses in 2002, active faulting was discovered through Chromium VI reduction: International Geology Review, one of the buildings on this school campus. vol. 42, no. 8, August 2000 issue, p. 691 - 701. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Foster, Harold D., 2002, The geography of disease family trees: the case of selenium, in Bobrowsky, Peter T., editor, Maps of oil and gas fields are published by the Geoenvironmental mapping – methods, theory, and California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal practice: A.A. Balkema Publishers, p. 497–529.. Resources. DOGGR is our sister division within Guertin, Jacques, Jacobs, James A., and Avakian, Cynthia, the parent Department of Conservation editors, 2004, Chromium (VI) handbook: Lewis Publishers, 800 p. All three editors are in the San Francisco www.conservation.ca.gov/doggr > It is recommended Bay area, and several of the 12 chapters in the book emphasize that consulting geologists provide DOGGR California localities for hexavalent chromium. specifications regarding legal requirements for Hamilton, Douglas H., and Meehan, Richard L, 1992, Cause of the 1985 Ross store explosion and other gas ventings, petroleum pipelines and oil–well abandonment. Fairfax District, Los Angeles, in Pipkin, Bernard W., and Proctor, Richard J., editors, Engineering Geology Practice The Methane Gas Hazards Reduction Program in Southern California: Association of Engineering for eligible jurisdictions is administered by the Geologists, Special Publication no. 4, p. 145–157. Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources. Jardine, P.M., Mehlhorn, T.L., Roh, Y., and Sanford, W.E., 2003, Hydrological and geochemical processes controlling This is described in §1790 of CCR Title 14, the fate and transport of contaminants in fractured bedrock, Natural Resources, Department of Conservation. in Selim, H.M., and Kingery, William L., editors, This DOGGR program implements §3860 of the Geochemical and hydrological reactivity of heavy metals Public Resources Code. Contact DOGGR for in soils: Lewis Publishers, a CRC Company, March 2003, updated information. www.conservation.ca.gov/doggr 480 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 158 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Kendvolden, Keith A., Rosenbauer, Robert J., Testa, Stephen M., and Winegardner, Duane L., 2000, Hostettler,Frances D., and Lorenson, Thomas D., 2000, Restoration of contaminated aquifers: petroleum Application of organic geochemistry to coastal tar deposits hydrocarbons and organic compounds, 2nd edition: from Central California: International Geology Review, CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, vol. 42, no. 1, January 2000 issue, p. 1 - 14. 464 p. Steve Testa is the former president of AIPG and a < www.bellpub.com/igr > leadingCalifornia Certified Hydrogeologist. His book Kindschy, Jon W., Draft, Marilyn, and Carpenter, Molly, 2003, contains many California examples of successful toxic Guide to hazardous materials and waste management: clean–up operations. Solano Press, 327 p., 17 chap. Toutain, Jean–Paul, and Baubron, Jean–Claude, 1999, Landis, Wayne G., and Yu, M.H., 2004, Introduction to Gas geochemistry and seismotectonics: a review: rd environmental toxicology, 3 edition: CRC Press, 512 p. Tectonophysics, vol. 304, no. 1 & 2, p. 1–27. Mefferd, M.G., State Oil & Gas Supervisor, 1982, Land–use www.elsevier.com planning in urban oil–producing areas: California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources, Publication TR– 31, 43 p. Proceedings of the workshop held on February 25, 1982 in Huntington Beach, California. Moran, Michael J., Zogorski, John S., and Squillace, Paul J., 2005, MTBE and gasoline hydrocarbons in groundwater of the United States ― a review paper: Ground Water,

vol. 43, no. 4, July-August 2005 issue, p. 615-627. Nazaroff, William W., and Alvarez-Cohen, Lisa, 2000, Environmental engineering science: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 704 p. Petroleum Pipelines Qian, X., Koerner, Robert M., Gray, Donald H., 2001, Geotechnical aspects of landfill design and construction: For any high–pressure natural–gas pipelines or Prentice Hall Publishers, 768 p. liquid–fuel pipelines that transect the campus (or Seigel, Frederic R., 2001, Environmental geochemistry of are adjacent to it), plot the pipeline alignment on potentially toxic metals: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 200 p. the geologic map. Obtain reliable pipeline Seiler, Ralph L., Skorupa, Joseph P., Naftz, David L., and location maps from the owners of gas transmission Nolan, B. Thomas, 2003, Irrigation-induced contamination lines. of water, sediment, and biota in the western United States ― synthesis of data from the National Irrigation Water Quality Program: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Petroleum Pipeline Criteria Paper 1655, 123 p. This useful summary report contains a wealth of 289 bibliographic references and pertinent information ♦ < 1,500-foot radius, and about toxic selenium in Kesterson Reservoir and Tulare Lake bed, San Joaquin Valley. ♦ > 80 psi pressure Selinus, Olle, editor, 2005, Essentials of medical geology: impacts of the natural environment on public health: Academic Press, a div. of Elsevier, 832 p. list price $99.95. If the petroleum pipeline is within 1,500 feet Selvaduray, Guna, 2003, Hazardous materials: earthquake– radius of the school campus, and carries a pressure caused incidents and mitigation approaches, in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Engineering greater than 80 psi, then an evaluation is required. Handbook: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Refer to California Department of Education Publishers, chap. 30, p. 30–1 to 30–29. reports for guidance (SFPD-DOE, 2000), and Sills, G.C., and Gonzalez, R., 2001, Consolidation of naturally especially the URS (2002) report on pipeline risk gassy soft soil: Géotechnique, vol. 51, no. 7, p. 629–639. assessment. Skinner, H. Catherine, and Berger, Antony R., editors, 2003, Geology and health ― closing the gap: Oxford University SFPD–DOE, 2000, School site selection and approval guide: Press, 26 papers, 192 p. California Department of Education, School Facilities Sharma, H.D., and Reddy, K.R., 2004, Geoenvironmental Planning Division, 48 pages. Available for download from engineering ― site remediation, waste containment, and Department of Education website emerging waste management technologies: John Wiley & www.cde.ca.gov/facilities/field/publications.htm Sons, Inc., 992 p. URS, 2002, Proposed standard protocol for pipeline risk analysis: unpublished consulting report (working draft dated May 13, 2002) for California Department of Education, School Facilities Planning Division, Sacramento, 6 chapters, appendix A to F. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 159 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Inland Empire office, Pipeline Safety Division, SFM CCR Title 5, EducationCode, §17213 prohibits 82–675 Highway 111, Indio, Riverside County Gary Shepherd, Pipeline Safety Engineer the acquisition of a school site by a school district ℡ 760–342–1296 if the site "contains one or more pipelines, situated underground or above ground, which Northern Calif. office, Pipeline Safety Division, SFM carried hazardous substances, acutely hazardous Middletown, Lake County Linda Ziglar, Pipeline Safety Engineer materials, or hazardous wastes, unless the pipeline ℡ 707–987–2058 is a natural gas line which is used only to supply natural gas to that school or neighborhood."

The California Public Resources Code Selected References for §21151.8 uses the same language with reference to Adverse Effects to Lifelines, and approval of environmental impact reports or High–Pressure Large–Diameter negative declarations. (See CCR Title 5, Petroleum Pipelines (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are §14010h.) marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.)

Consulting engineering geologists should evaluate the geologic safety of any petroleum API, 2003, Public awareness program for pipeline operations, 1st edition: American Petroleum Institute, Recommended pipelines in relation to the planned structures and Practice #1162, 70 p., 8 chap., Dec. 2003. www.api.org make appropriate recommendations. The API, 1997, Effects of smooth and rock dents on liquid engineering geology aspects of pipeline safety are: petroleum pipelines: American Petroleum Institute, surface faulting, landslides, earthquake ground Publication #1156 www.api.org API, 1996, A guide to the assessment and remediation of motion, liquefaction, and corrosive soils. The underground petroleum releases, 3rd edition: American other interdisciplinary aspects of petroleum Petroleum Institute, Publication 1628, 119 p. pipelines should be undertaken by Registered ASCE, 2004, Horizontal auger boring projects: ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, no. 106, 52 p. Mechanical Engineers and Registered Civil ASCE member price $29.25. Engineers who specialize in large–diameter, high– ASCE, 1996, Pipeline crossings: American Society of Civil pressure petroleum pipelines. Engineers, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice no. 89, 140 p. ASCE member price $29.25. Technical information about pipeline safety in ASCE, 1999, Earthquake–actuated automatic gas shutoff devices: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE California is posted on the website of the State Standard No. ASCE 25–97, 11 p. Fire Marshal: http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pipelinehome.html Beavers, James E., editor, 2003, Advancing Mitigation Technologies and Disaster Response for Lifeline Systems: Pipeline Safety Division American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of the Office of the State Fire Marshal Sixth U.S. Conference and Workshop on Lifeline California Dept. Forestry & Fire Protection Earthquake Engineering, August 2003, ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph 1131 "S" Street, Sacramento, CA 95814 no. 25, 1,078 p. with 107 separate papers.

Cassaro, M.A., editor, 1991, Lifeline earthquake engineering: Glenn L. Tong, Chief, Pipeline Safety Division, SFM ASCE Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph #4, [email protected] 1,189 p. Sacramento Headquarters, ℡ 916–445–8477 Castronovo, J.P., and Clark, J.A., editors, 1998, Pipelines in the

constructed environment: Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs., 810 p. Southern Calif. office, Pipeline Safety Division, SFM Conner, Randall, editor, 1999, Pipeline safety, reliability, and 3950 Paramount Boulevard, Suite 210 rehabilitation: American Society of Civil Engineers, Lakewood, CA 90712 Proceedings of the ASCE technical sessions in Denver, Bob Gorham, Supervising Pipeline Safety Engineer Colorado; 320 p. www.asce.org [email protected] CSFM–PSE, 1993, Hazardous liquid pipeline risk ℡ 562–497–9100 assessment: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Office of the California State Marshal, Pipeline Bakersfield office, Pipeline Safety Division, SFM Safety and Enforcement, 1131 S Street, Sacramento, CA Bakersfield, Kern County 94244–2460, ℡ 916–445–8477; Southern California Chuck McDonald, Pipeline Safety Engineer Field Office, ℡ 818–337–9999. ℡ 661–587–1601

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 160 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Davis, C.A., and Bardet, J.P., 1998, Seismic analysis of large– Najafi, M., editor, New pipeline technologies, security, and diameter flexible underground pipes: ASCE Journal of safety: American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, of the Pipelines 2003 Conference, 200 papers, 1,896 p. vol. 124, no. 10, October 1998 issue, p. 1005–1015 Oriard, Lewis L., 1994, Vibration and ground–rupture criteria di Prisco, C., Nova, R., and Corengia, A., 2004, A model for for buried pipelines: International Society of Explosives landslide―pipe interaction analysis: Soils and Engineers, Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Foundations, vol. 44, no. 3, June 2004 issue, p. 1-13. Explosives and Blasting Techniques, p. 243–254. Lew www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/44-3.html Oriard is a Certified Engineering Geologist and Elliott, William M., and McDonough, Peter, editors, 1999, Registered Geophysicist in Huntington Beach, California, Optimizing post–earthquake lifeline system reliability: who specializes in the geophysics of blasting safely to American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of the adjacent structures (buildings and pipelines). th 5 U.S. Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engr., 1,026 p. O’Rourke, Michael J., and Deyoe, Erik, 2004, Seismic damage Eguchi, Ronald T., 2003, Lifeline seismic risk, in Chen, to segmented buried pipe: EERI Earthquake Spectra, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Engineering vol. 20, issue 4, November 2004 issue, p. 1167-1183. Handbook: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis O’Rourke, Michael J., and Liu, X, 1999, Response of buried Publishers, chap. 22, p. 22–1 to 22–9. pipelines subject to earthquake effects: MCEER FEMA, 1991, Seismic vulnerability and impact of disruption of Monograph #3, 249 p. < http://mceer.buffalo.edu > or lifelines in the conterminous United States: Federal ℡ 716–645–3391 (comprehensive monograph sponsored by Emergency Management Agency, FEMA Report 224, the National Science Foundation and FEMA) 439 p. (free from FEMA, ℡ 800–480–2520) O’Rourke, Michael J., 2003, Buried pipelines, in Chen, Haeussler, Peter J., Schwartz, David P., Dawson, Timothy E., W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Engineering Stenner, Heidi D., Lienkaemper, James J., Cinti, Francesca, Handbook: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Montone, Paola, Sherrod, Brian, and Craw, Patricia, 2004, Publishers, chapter 23, p. 23–1 to 23–40. Surface rupture of the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, O’Rourke, Thomas D., and Palmer, M.C., 1996, Earthquake earthquake and comparison with other strike-slip ruptures: performance of gas transmission pipelines: EERI EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 20, no. 3, August 2004 Earthquake Spectra, vol. 12, no. 3, August 1996 issue, issue, p. 565-578. The 3 Nov 2002 Denali Earthquake Mw7.9 p. 493-527. A comprehensive evaluation of the gas produced 340 km of surface rupture. Displacements averaged transmission pipelines of the Southern California Gas Company about 5 meters, with maximum about 9 meters. The Alyeska over 61 years of earthquake performance. pipeline was able to withstand 6 meters of direct displacement due O’Rourke, Thomas D., Stewart, H.E., and Jeon, S.S., 2001, to proper fault-crossing design. The insights for California are Geotechnical aspects of lifeline engineering: clear for a similar Mw7.9 earthquake on the San Andreas fault: Geotechnical Engineering, proceedings of the Institution of structural engineers and pipeline engineers should defer to engineering geologists and seismologists about surface rupture Civil Engineers, vol. 149, no. 1, January 2001 issue, when crossing a Type A or Type B active fault. p. 13–26. Contains several examples of pipeline failures in the Hitch, J., Howard, A., and Baas,W., editors, 2004, Innovations San Fernando Valley from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. in controlled low-strength material (flowable fill): Palmer, A.C., White, D.J., Baumgard, A.J., Bolton, M.D., American Society for Testing & Materials, Special Barefoot, A.J., Finch, M., Powell, T., Faranski, A.S., and Technical Publication, STP 1459, 159 p. Baldry, J.A.S., 2003, Uplift resistance of buried submarine Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is widely used as pipelines: comparison between centrifuge modeling and flowable fill for pipeline bedding and backfill. This new ASTM full–scale tests: Géotechnique, vol. 53, no. 10, p. 877–883. book contains 11 papers on geotechnical engineering of Petersen, Mark D., Cao, Tianqing, Dawson, Timothy E, flowable fills for pipeline bedding. Frankel, Arthur D., Wills, Christopher J., and Jeon, S.S., and O’Rourke, Thomas D., 2005, Northridge Schwartz, David, 2004, Evaluating fault rupture hazard for Earthquake effects on pipelines and residential buildings: strike–slip earthquakes, in Yegian, M.K., and Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Geotechnical Engineering no. 1, February 2005 issue, p. 294-318. for Transportation Projects: American Society of Civil Koseki, J., Matsuo, O., and Tanaka, S., 1998, Uplift of sewer Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 126, vol. pipes caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction on 1, p. 787―796. surrounding soil: Soils and Foundations, vol. 38, no. 3, Pires, Jose A., Ang, A.H.S., and Katayama, I., 1991, September 1998 issue, p. 65-78. Liquefaction fragilities for buried lifelines, in Prakash, S., www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/38-3.html editor, Second International Conference on Recent McCaffrey, Michael A., and O’Rourke, Thomas D., 1983, Advances in Geotechnical Engineering & Soil Dynamics, Surface faulting and its effect on buried pipelines: vol. 3, p. 2005 - 2010. The authors are at the Department of Cornell University, School of Civil and Environmental Civil Engineering at the University of California, Irvine. Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering Report 83–10. Puri, V.K., Das, B.M., Cook, E.C., and Shin, E.C., 1994, McDonough, Peter W., 1995, Seismic design guide for natural Geotechnical properties of crude oil–contaminated sand, gas distributors: American Society of Civil Engineers, in Analysis of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Constituents: American Society for Testing & Materials, Monograph no. 9, 96 p. ASTM Special Technical Publication 1221, p. 75–88. Muhlbauer, W. Kent, 2004, Pipeline risk management rd Rajani, B., and Tesfamariam, Solomon, 2004, Uncoupled axial, manual ― ideas, techniques, and resources, 3 edition: flexural, and circumferential pipe-soil interaction analysis Gulf Professional Publishing, a division of Elsevier, 395 p. of partially supported jointed water mains: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 41, p. 997-1010. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 161 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Scawthorn, Charles, Eidinger, John M., and Schiff, Anshel, Trautmann, C.H., O’Rourke, Thomas D, and Kulhawy, Fred, editors, 2005, Fire following earthquake: ASCE Technical 1985, Uplift force-displacement response of a buried pipe: Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 111, no. 26, 352 p. A valuable new survey of fire following no. 9, p. 1061-1076. earthquake, with California examples from San Francisco, URS, 2002, Proposed standard protocol for pipeline risk Oakland, Berkeley, and Northridge. analysis: unpublished consulting report Schiff, Anshel J., editor, 1995, Northridge Earthquake – lifeline (working draft dated May 13, 2002) for California performance and post–earthquake response: American Department of Education, School Facilities Planning Society of Civil Engineers, Technical Council on Lifeline Division, Sacramento, 6 chapters, appendix A to F. Earthquake Engineering, Monograph No. 8, 339 p. Wijewickreme, D., Honegger, Douglas G., Mitchell, Allen, Schiff, Anshel J., editor, 1998, The Loma Prieta, California, and Fitzell, Trevor, 2005, Seismic vulnerablility Earthquake of October 17, 1989 – Lifelines: assessment and retrofit of a major natural gas pipeline U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1552–A, system ― a case history: EERI Earthquake Spectra, 133 p. vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 539-567. SFPD–DOE, 2000, School site selection and approval guide: Wijewickreme, D., Atukorala, U., and Fitzell, Trevor, 1998, California Department of Education, School Facilities Liquefaction-induced ground displacements for seismic Planning Division, 48 pages. Available for download from evaluation of lifelines, in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Department of Education website Holtz, R., editors, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering www.cde.ca.gov/facilities/field/publications.htm and Soil Dynamics III: American Society of Civil Shimamura, K., Fujita, Y., Kojima, S., Tajii, Y., and Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 75, vol. 1, Hamada, M., 2003, Transverse horizontal load on p. 434 – 445. buried pipes due to liquefaction-induced permanent Wilshire, Howard G., 1992, Environmental impacts of pipeline ground displacement: Soils and Foundations, vol. 43, corridors in the Mojave Desert, California: U.S. no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 59-74. Geological Survey Open–File Report 92–447, 55 p., www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/43-1/43-1-5.html 17 refs. Surampalli, Rao Y., editor, 2000, Environmental and Zucca, Alfred J., 2000, Energy map of California, third pipeline engineering 2000: American Society of Civil edition: California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Engineers, 616 p. Resources, Department of Conservation, Map S–2, map Taylor, Craig E., VanMarcke, Erik, and Bolton, Barbara J., scale 1:one million www.conservation.ca.gov/doggr editors, 2002, Acceptable risk processes: lifelines and Excellent California summary of large diameter intra–state natural hazards: American Society of Civil Engineers, transmission pipelines and lifelines. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph no. 21, 248 p. ASCE member price $36.75.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 162 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Animal Feed Lots Canter, L.W., 1997, Nitrates in groundwater: Lewis Publishers, a division of CRC Press, 263 p. Animal feed lots and former dairy farms are Charman, Daniel, 2002, Peatlands and environmental change: being replaced by residential suburbs due to urban John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 312 p. Eigenberg, Roger A., and Neinaber, John A., 2003, sprawl. Public schools may be inadvertently Electromagnetic induction methods applied to an proposed for sites underlain by unusually thick abandoned manure handling site to determine nutrient organic layers. buildup: Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 32, p. 1837–1843. http://jeg.scijournals.org An example is the Chino - Norco - Mira Loma Evans, Gareth M., and Furlong, Judith C., 2002, Environmental biotechnology ─ theory and application: John Wiley & area of southwestern San Bernardino County and Sons, Inc., 300 p. western Riverside County where dozens of dairy Fox, P.J., Edil, T.B., Lan, L., 1992, Cα / Cc concept applied to farms (circa 1920s to 1960s) have relocated to compression of peat: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Tulare County (circa 1980s). Residential tracts Engineering, vol. 118, no. GT8, p. 1256-1263. and public schools replaced the former feedlots Giasson, Elvio, Bryant, Ray B., and Bills, Nelson L., 2002, Environmental and economic optimization of dairy manure that contain unusual manure stockpiles. Some of management ― a mathematical programming approach: these manure disposal trenches at former dairy Agronomy Journal, vol. 94, p. 757–766. sites are hundreds of feet long and up to 30 feet Golterman, Hans L., 2004, Chemistry of phosphate and thick with manure. nitrogen compounds in sediments: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 277 p. Hatfield, J.L., and Stewart, B.A., editors, 1998, Animal waste Organic stockpiles with high concentrations of utilization: effective use of manure as a soil resource: nitrates and methane gas are exceptional sites in Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Michigan, 320 p., 10 chapters California, but the problem is certainly not trivial by 21 authors. where it is discovered during the preliminary Lanyon, L.E., 1994, Dairy manure and plant nutrient geological investigation. management issues affecting water quality and the dairy industry: Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 77, p. 1999–2007. Mawdsley, J.L., Bardgett, R.D., and Merry, R.J., 1995, If applicable, evaluate the proposed campus site Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement for evidence of manure stockpiles from former through soil and evronomental pollution: Applied Soil dairy feedlots or stockyards. Use of historic aerial Ecology, vol. 2, p. 1–15. photographs (circa 1930s to 1960s) and archival Nolan, B.T., Ruddy, B.C., Hitt, K.J., and Helsel, D.R., 1997, Risk of nitrate in of the United States ― maps may be useful in forensic site evaluation. a national perspective: Environmental Science and Focus on depth of organic removals, legal disposal Technology, vol. 31, no. 8, p. 2229-2236. in a solid waste landfill, select import of clean Parent, Leon E., and Ilnicki, P., editors, 2002, Organic soils soil, and remediation of adverse concentration of and peat materials for sustainable agriculture: CRC Press, nitrates and methane gas in drinking water supply. 224 p. Sills, G.C., and Gonzalez, R., 2001, Consolidation of naturally gassy soft soil: Géotechnique, vol. 51, no. 7, p. 629–639.

Selected References for Organic Manure Stockpiles at former Feedlots and Dairy Farms and Biosolids Applied to Land (abbreviated list)

Burke, Thomas A., chairman, and 15 others, 2002, Biosolids applied to land advancing standards and practices: National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Toxicants and Pathogens in Biosolids Applied to Land, 368 p. www.nap.edu/catalog/10426.html (read on–line) Cabot, Perry E., Bowen, Sarah K., and Nowak, Peter J., 2004, Manure management in urbanizing settings: Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, vol. 59, no. 6, November/December 2004 issue, p. 235-241. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 163 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

It is recommended to prepare at least one–page 34. California Environmental Quality Act; sized geologic map of the campus that is 1:24,000 background geologic data for scale or better. This avoids subsequent copying of Environmental Impact Reports (EIRs), over–size folded geologic maps and thick paleontology resources, etc. appendices of borehole logs. Planners prefer page–sized illustrations and bulleted lists that New construction of most school campuses concisely summarize environmental impacts. and some of the larger hospitals may be subject to the provisions of the California Environmental Acronymns should be spelled–out when first Quality Act (CEQA). Reference is made to used in the text of your report. Specialized California Public Resources Code, Division 13, geologic symbols that could be confusing or Environmental Protection; and California Code of misunderstood should be clearly defined, spelled– Regulations, Title 14, Chapter 3, Guidelines for out, or simplified within the context of an Implementation of CEQA. Environmental Impact Report.

CEQA laws, regulations, guidelines, and Amusing examples of geologic symbols and advisory information may be downloaded from: acronyms that might perplex general readers http://ceres.ca.gov include:

The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes the official CEQA Qoal, Qc/Qt2, Øs, JKf, Mw, CPT, checklist that is used by the lead agency to SPT N1(60), R–value, average Vs, complete an "Initial Study." Article 9 within the Type SD subgrade, B2t–horizon, ML, CEQA Guidelines is "Contents of EIRs" and Mmax, PGAUBE, PGADBE, geology content is described here. Peak SA0.3 sec = 2.17g, Ca ≅ 0.44g, CCR Title 24, 2001 CBC, RQD =36, The findings of the CEQA "Initial Study" 1½:1 cutslope, Holocene Qls, SF≥1.3, determine if an Environmental Impact Report MSF = 1.2, USCS, TD=52' with ∇ @17', (EIR) should be prepared. For a school district, S.E. >60, Seismic Zone 4, Type V cement the superintendent of schools will be the CEQA SMARA MRZ–2a mineral deposits, officer. For hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, Phase I study, Alquist–Priolo, and so forth. and essential services buildings, the CEQA officer will be the Planning Director of the city or county that has jurisdiction. The humorous point is that Certified Engineering Geologists readily know these If the consulting engineering geology, shorthand terms, but general readers of seismology, and geotechnical report will also be Environmental Impact Reports may not. So we used by the preparer of the Environmental Impact geologists need to be circumspect about symbols Report (EIR), then it is a prudent strategy to and acronyms. Strive for simplicity and clarity summarize your findings in a concise format so with effective communications for the that they cannot be mis–understood or mis–quoted environmental portion of your geologic report that in the CEQA process. may be read by decision makers and the general public. It is appropriate to use geological terms In some cases, the consulting engineering and scientific symbols in your technical geologic geologist may wish to prepare a concise report report, but it is recommended to simplify them in a (perhaps a dozen pages long) that summarizes the summary table if subsequent readers might include geology and seismology issues. Use panoramic the general public. site photographs that have been digitally spliced together and annotated with geologic labels.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 164 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Paleontology and Archeology Resources ― Title 14, §4307 states: "No person shall Preliminary Assessment under CEQA remove, injure, deface or destroy any object of paleontological, archaeological, or historical The geologist who performs the initial interest or value." geologic assessment of the public school or hospital site may be responsible under CEQA at For additional information and state laws the preliminary ( = screen–check) level for the regarding California archeological sites, please paleontology resources of the property. visit the NAHC website:

Significant vertebrate or invertebrate fossils, or human artifacts may be unexpectedly uncovered during initial stripping of soil and overburden. The Native American Heritage Commission 915 Capitol Mall, Room 364 engineering geologist performing daily in–grading Sacramento, CA 95814 inspections is responsible for performing a preliminary evaluation of any fossils that might be ℡ 916–653–4082 unexpectedly uncovered. A qualified www.ceres.ca.gov/nahc professionally–trained paleontologist or archeologist would then be summoned in a timely manner by the engineering geologist. The NAHC Executive Secretary is Larry Whether or not the campus might have Myers. The NAHC Chairman is William paleontology or archeology resources should have Mungary of Bakersfield. The NAHC Vice already been evaluated at the Environmental Chairman is Dr. Clifford E. Trafzer, professor of Impact Report (EIR) phase of original site– history and Director of Native American Studies selection. In appropriate locations, a professional at the University of California, Riverside. paleontologist or archeologist will already be retained for concurrent inspections during grading The California Archaeological Site operations. Stewardship Program (CASSP) is a network of

If applicable, indicate in the grading–plan concerned people that are committed to protecting review that grading operations would halt California's rich cultural heritage. From the temporarily while these sites are evaluated and NAHC website listed above, follow the hyperlinks salvaged by professional paleontologists and to CASSP information and resources, which will archeologists. In some situations, the engineering lead further to the Society for California Archaeology. geologist will be able to suggest other areas within the campus whereby the grading contactor could California paleontologists publish extensively continue to work while fossil salvage operations in a wide variety of journals of these societies and are underway. Temporary diversion is more cost– museums: Southern California Paleontological effective than a hiatus in grading operations. Society; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles

State laws regarding paleontology and County; Museum of Paleontology at the archeology are within the California University of California, Berkeley; San Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and Title 14, Bernardino County Museum Association; the Page §4307. Refer to items 14a and 14b on the CEQA Museum at Rancho LaBrea; as well as national checklist, and Public Resources Code §21083.2, societies (e.g., The Paleontological Society and Significant Effect on Archaeological Resources, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology; Journal of within the California Environmental Quality Act. Foraminiferal Research). There is a close network between academia, consulting paleontologists, and museums of paleontology.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 165 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

About 2,000 vertebrate paleontologists are Benton, Michael J., 2000, Vertebrate paleontology, 2nd edition: members of the Society of Vertebrate Blackwell Science, Inc., 452 p. Briggs, Derek E.G., 2003, The role of decay and mineralization Paleontology that publishes the authoritative in the preservation of soft–bodied fossils: Annual Reviews Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 31, January 2003, p. 275–301. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Carroll, Robert L., 1987, Vertebrate paleontology and 60 Revere Drive, Suite 500 evolution: William H. Freeman & Company, Inc., 698 p. Northbrook, Illinois 60062 Casanova, Richard L., 2003, Illustrated guide to fossil [email protected] collecting, 3rd edition: Naturegraph Publications, 240 p. Cassiliano, M.L., 1999, Biostratigraphy of Blancan and Irvinttonian in the Fish Creek ― Vallecity Creek Professor John Alroy of the University of section, southern California, and a review of the California at Santa Barbara maintains a useful Blancan-Irvington boundary: : Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 169-186. website that lets you scan paleontology databases www.vertpaleo.org/jvp from 43,000 collections < www.paleodb.org > Chandler, M.E.J., and Axelrod, Daniel I., 1961, An early (Hauterivian) angiosperm fruit from California: American Journal of Science, vol. 259, Selected References for Paleontology, p. 441-446. Chartkoff, Joseph L., 1984, The archaeology of California: Archaeology Resource Recovery, and Geobotany Stanford University Press. during Preliminary Investigations and Crowther, P.R., and Wimbledon, W.A., editors, 1988, The subsequent Grading Operations use and conservation of paleontological sites: Paleontological Society, Special Paper #40, 200 p. This list is necessarily incomplete because within Daniels, Frank J., Britt, Brooks B., and Daywvault, Richard D., California there are currently 3,260+ publications on 1998, Petrified wood ― the world of fossilized wood, paleontology, several thousand papers on archaeology, and cones, ferns, and cycads: Western Colorado Publishing several dozen on geobotany. For sake of brevity, only a Co., 176 p.; 430 color photographs of petrified wood. selected number of textbooks and references on general field Deméré, T.A., 1981, Fossil whales of San Diego: Environment methods can be included. If and when unexpected discoveries Southwest, no. 492, p. 17-20. are made during grading operations, professional Deméré, T.A., 1983, The Neogene San Diego basin: a review paleontologists and archaeologists should be retained of the marine Pliocene San Diego Formation, in promptly. These professionals will have both specialized Larue, D.K., and Steel, R.J., editors, Cenozoic marine academic training and the appropriate technical books and sedimentation, Pacific margin, USA: Society of Economic scientific papers in paleontology and archaeology. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, p. 187-195. Deméré, T.A., 1986, East Lake ― a new chapter in the Adrain, Jonathan M., Edgecombe, Gregory D., and geologic history of San Diego County: Environment Leiberman, Bruce S., 2002, Fossils, phylogeny, and form Southwest no. 515, p. 9-13. ― an analytical approach: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Deméré, T.A., 1988, An armored dinosaur from Carlsbad (San Publishers, Topics in Paleobiology Series, 402 p. , Diego County, California): Environment Southwest 11 chapters. no. 523, p. 12-15. Axelrod, Daniel I., 2000, A Miocene (10–12 Ma) evergreen Edwards, Stephen W., 1982, A new species of Hipparion laurel―oak forest from Carmel Valley, California: (Mammalia: Equidae) from the Clarendonian (Miocene) University of California Press, 36 p. of California: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 2, Axelrod, Daniel I., 1997, Paleoelevation estimated from no. 2, p. 173-183. www.vertpaleo.org/jvp Tertiary floras: International Geology Review, vol. 39, Fagan, Brian M., 2003, Before California: an archaeologist no. 12, Dec. 1997 issue, p. 1124 –1133. looks at our earliest inhabitants: Rowman & Littlefield www.bellpub.com/igr/1997 Publishers, Inc., 416 p. < www.rowmanlittlefield.com > Babbitt, Bruce, 2000, Report of the Secretary of the Interior on Dr. Fagan is professor of archaeology at the University of federal policies concerning fossils: Department of the California at Santa Barbara. Interior. www.doi.gov / fossil / fossilreport.htm Feldmann, R.M., Chapman, R., and Hannibal, J.T., editors, Becker, Jonathan J., and White, John A., 1981, Late Cenozoic 1989, Paleotechniques: The Paleontological Society, geomyids (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Anza-Borrego Special Publication #4, 358 p. www. paleosoc.org Desert, southern California: Journal of Vertebrate Foreman, H.P., 1968, Upper Maastrichtian Radiolaria of Paleontology, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 211-218. California: Paleontological Society, Special Paper #3, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp 82 p., 8 plates. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 166 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Garcia, Frank A., Miller, Donald S., and Burns, Jasper, 2003, Hilton, Richard P., DeCourten, Frank L., Murphy, Michael A., Discovering fossils: how to find and identify remains of Rodda, Peter U., and Embree, P., 1997, An Early Cretaceous the prehistoric past: Stackpole Books, 224 p., 160 line ornithopod dinosaur from California: Journal of Vertebrate drawings. Paleontology, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 557-560. Garrison, Ervan G., 2003, Techniques in archaeological www.vertpaleo.org/jvp geology: Springer–Verlag Publishers, Inc., 304 p. Holliday, Vance T., 2004, Soils in archeological research: Gee, Henry, 2003, A field guide to dinosaurs: the essential Oxford University Press, 448 p., 11 chapters. handbook for travelers in the Mesozoic: Barrons An excellent comprehensive and interdisciplinary book by a Educational Series, 144 p. Quaternary geologist from the University of Arizona. Geotimes, 2000, Paleontologists in academia and industry: Horowitz, Aharon, 1992, Palynology of arid lands: Elsevier American Geological Institute, Geotimes, vol. 45, no. 10, Publishing Co., 546 p. October 2000 cover–story on paleolontology and Howard, Hildegard H., 1955, Fossil birds from Manix Lake, collecting, p. 14–25, three articles. California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Goldberg, Paul, MacPhail, Richard, and Matthews, Wendy, Paper 264-J, p. 199 - 205. 2005, Practical and theoretical geoarcheology: Imlay, Ralph W., 1961, Late ammonites from the Blackwell Publishing, 352 p. western Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Gottfried, Michael D, 1982, Fossil fishes from the San Diego Professional Paper 374-D, p. D-1 to D-30. Formation: Environment Southwest, no. 498, p. 23-25. Irwin, William Porter, and Bloome, C.D., 2004, Map showing Gottfried, Michael D., 1982, A Pliocene sailfish Istiophorus fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, Western and platypterus (Shaw & Nodder, 1791) from southern Eastern Hayfork, and North Fork terranes of the Klamath California: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 2, Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report no. 2, p. 151-153. www.vertpaleo.org/jvp 2004-1094, 50 p., map scale 1:500,000. Graham, Linda E., 1993, The origin of land plants: John Wiley Jacobs, David K., Haney, Todd A., and Louie, Kristina D., 2004, & Sons, Inc., 304 p. Genes, diversity, and geologic processes on the Pacific Grant, Ulysses Simpson IV, and Gale, Hoyt Rodney, 1931, coast: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene mollusca vol. 32, January 2004, p. 601–652. of California and adjacent regions: San Diego Society of Jefferson, George T., 2003, Stratigraphy and paleontology of Natural History, Memoir I, 1,036 p. the middle to late Pleistocene Manix Formation, and Green, Owen R. , 2001, A manual of practical laboratory and paleoenvironemnts of the central Mojave River, southern field techniques in paleobiology: Kluwer Academic California, in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., Publishers. The author is professor of earth sciences at editors, Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the the . Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin deserts, Harington, C.R., 2003, Annotated bibliography of Quaternary California, the Robert P. Sharp volume: Geological vertebrates of northern North America: University of Society of America Special Paper 368, p. 43 - 60. Toronto Press, 360 p. Jefferson, George T., 1987, The Camp Cady local fauna ― Haslett, Simon K., editor, 2002, Quaternary environmental paleoenvironments of the Lake Manix Basin: San micropaleontology: Edward Arnold Publishers, 288 p. Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, Heizer, Robert F., and Elsasser, Albert B., 1980, The natural vol. 34, no. 3 & 4, p. 3 – 35. world of the California Indians: University of California Jefferson, George T., 1991, Rancholabrean age vertebrates Press, California Natural History Guide No. 46, 271 p. from the southeastern Mojave Desert, California, in Heizer, Robert F., and Elsasser, Albert B., 1977, A bibliography Reynolds, Robert E., editor, Crossing the borders ― of California Indians: Garland Publishing Co. Quaternary studies in eastern California and southwestern Heizer, Robert F., and Treganza, A.E., 1972, Mines and Nevada: San Bernardino County Museum Association, of the Indians of California: Ballena Press, Mojave Desert Quaternary Research Center, Special Ramona, California. Publication, p. 27 - 40. Heizer, Robert F., editor, 1978, Handbook of North American Jefferson, George T., 1991, A catalog of late Quaternary Indians, volume 8 ― California: Smithsonian Institution, vertebrates from California ― part 2, mammals: Washington, D.C., 800 p. Notable chapters include: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, M.A. Baumhoff, Environmental Background, p. 16-24. Technical Report no. 7, 129 p. W.J. Wallace, Post-Pleistocene Archeology, 9000-2000 BC, p. 25-36. Johnson, Donald L., Glassow, Michael A., Graettinger, Kari B., C. King, Protohistoric and Historic Archeology, p. 58-68. The remainder of the treatise includes details on 35 separate tribes. Blackwell, Bonnie A., Morgan,Tony, Muhs, Daniel R., Herz, Norman, and Garrison, Ervan G., 1997, Geological Parsons, Jeffry A., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1991, A field methods for archeology: Oxford University Press, 352 p. guide to the geoarchaeology of the Vandenberg–Lompoc– Hilton, Richard P., 2003, Dinosaurs and other Mesozoic reptiles Point Conception area, Santa Barbara County, California, of California: University of California Press, 342 p., in Wallawender, Michael J., and Hanan, B.B., editors, 97 color illustrations, 102 b&w photos, 91 line drawings. Geological Excursions in Southern California and Mexico: Professor Hilton teaches geology and paleontology at Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Sierra College in Rocklin, California. meeting;and San Diego State University, p. 244 – 271, 56 references, 5 tables. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 167 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Jones, R. Wynn, editor, 2003, Micropaleontology in petroleum May, Steven R., 1981, Repomys (Mammalia: Rodentia gen. exploration: Oxford University Press, 448 p. nov.) from the late Neogene of California and Nevada: Joyner, Louise, 2005, Geoarcheology, in Selley, Richard C., Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 1, no. 2, Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia p. 219-230. www.vertpaleo.org/jvp of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 3, p. 14-21. McMurray–Boyle, Laureen, 2004, Insider’s guide to Justice, Noel D., 2002, Stone–Age spear and arrow points of environmental manual development: a project plan California and the Great Basin: Indiana University Press, approach to industrial facilities: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 448 p. 450 p. Kelley, T.S., and Whistler, David P., 1998, A new eomyid Murphy, Michael A., and Rodda, Peter U., 1960, Mollusca of from the Sespe Formation of southern California: Journal the Cretaceous Bald Hills Formation of California: of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 440-443. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 34, p. 835-858. www.vertpaleo.org/jvp Nakamura, Gary, and Nelson, Julie Kierstead, editors, Kenrick, Paul, and Davis, Paul, 2004, Fossil plants: Smithsonian Illustrated field guide to selected rare plants of northern Institution Press, 232 p. The paleobotanist authors are both California: University of California, Agriculture and at the Natural History Museum, London. < www.si.edu > Natural Resources Publication 3395, 370 p. Available Kendrick, Paul, and Crane, Peter R., 1997, The origin and from University of California, Agricultural & Natural early diversification of land plants ― a cladistic study: Resources, 6701 San Pablo Avenue, 2nd floor, Oakland, Smithsonian Books, 592 p. CA 94608–1239; ℡ 800–994–8849 Kroeber, Albert L., 1976, Handbook of the Indians of California: http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu Dover Publications, Inc., 995 p., 419 illustrations, 40 maps; Native American Heritage Commission, 915 Capitol Mall, Dover reprint of 1925 edition of the Smithsonian Institution, Room 364, Sacramento, CA 95814; ℡ 916–653–4082 Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Dr. Kroeber www.ceres.ca.gov/nahc This website contains a wealth of was professor of anthropology at the University of information relating to state laws and regulations on California, Berkeley, for five decades. This is his seminal California archeology. work on California Native Americans. Olson, Storrs L., 1981, A third species of Mancalla from the Kurten, Bjorn, 1980, Pleistocene mammals of North America: Late Pliocene San Diego Formation of California (Aves: Columbia University Press, 442 p. Comprehensive Alcidae): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 1, descriptions of Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean no. 1, p. 97-99. www.vertpaleo.org/jvp faunas. Paleontological Society < www. paleosoc.org > Lawrence, David P., 2003, Environmental impact assessment: This is a leading society in paleontology. Visit their website for practical solutions to recurrent problems: John Wiley & information about their journal, newsletter, monographs, and Sons, Inc., 562 p. other scholarly publications. Pearsall, Deborah M., 2001, Paleoethnobotany: a handbook Leiggi, Patrick, and May, Peter J., editors, 1995, nd Vertebrate paleontological techniques: Cambridge of procedures, 2 edition: Academic Press, 700 p. with a University Press, volume 1, 366 p.; volume 2 bibliography of 1,500 citations. (in preparation, 2004). Comprehensive description of field Prothero, Donald R., 1991, Magnetic stratigraphy of Eocene techniques and resource recovery leading to museum and Oligocene localities in southern San Diego curation. County, in Abbott, Patrick L., and May, J.A., editors, MacFadden, Bruce J., 2003, Fossil horses: systematics, Eocene Geologic History, San Diego Region: Society of paleobiology, and evolution of the family Equidae: Economic Geologists and Paleontologists, SEPM Pacific Cambridge University Press, 384 p. Summarizes the Section, vol. 68, p. 125-130. Prothero, Donald R., 2003, Bringing fossils to life: extensive fossil record of horses in the past 58 m.y. nd Maisey, John G., 1996, Discovering fossil fishes: Henry Holt an introduction to paleobiology, 2 edition: McGraw–Hill & Company, Inc., 223 p. Dr. Maisey is curator in Publishers, 512 p. Dr. Prothero is professor of geology at paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History. Occidental College in Los Angeles and a leading Manning, Richard W. and Knox, J.J., 1999, Illustrated key to paleontologist in California. skulls of genera of North American land mammals: Texas Prothero, Donald R., and Schoch, Robert M., 2003, Horns, Tech University Press, 80 p. Useful for field identification tusks, and flippers: the evolution of hoofed mammals: of mammalian skulls. Johns Hopkins University Press, 328 p. Martin, Paul S., and Klein, Richard G., editors, 1989 reprint, Raup, David M., chairman, and 12 others, 1987, Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution: Paleontological collecting: National Academy Press, University of Arizona Press, 40 paleontologists, 867 p. National Academy of Sciences, Board on Earth Sciences, (originally published in 1967 by Yale Univ. Press). Committee on Guidelines for Palenotological Collecting, May, Steven R. and Repenning, Charles A., 1982, New 243 p. Recommends policy for the Federal government on evidence for the age of the Mount Eden fauna, southern fossil collecting within federal lands. California: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 109-113. www.vertpaleo.org/jvp Engineering Geology and Seismology for 168 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Remeika, Paul, and Sturz, Anne, editors, 2000, Paleontology Stewart, Wilson N., and Rothwell, Gar W., 1993, Paleobotany and geology of the western Salton Trough detachment, and the evolution of plants, 2nd edition: Cambridge Anza–Borrego Desert State Park, California: Field Trip University Press, 535 p. Guidebook and volume for the 1995 San Diego Stock, Chester, 1930, Rancho LaBrea, a record of Pleistocene Association of Geologist's field trip to Anza–Borrego life in California: Los Angles County Museum Publication Desert State Park: Sunbelt Publications, 240 p. no. 1, 82 p. Reynolds, Robert E., 2002, Preserving California’s fossil SVP, 1995, Assessment and mitigation of adverse impacts to heritage during construction excavation, in Ferriz, H., and non–renewable paleontologic resources: standard Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice in guidelines: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, SVP News northern California: California Geological Survey Bulletin Bulletin, no. 163, January 1995 issue, p. 22–25. 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists Special SVP, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 60 Revere Drive, Publication 12, p. 539–548. (a unique paper by a consulting Suite 500, Northbrook, Illinois 60062 www.vertpaleo.org paleontologist from the University of California, Riverside, and This professional society with about 2,000 members formerly at the San Bernardino County Museum) publishes the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, the Reynolds, Robert E., 1989, Mid–Pleistocene faunas of the west– SVP News Bulletin, and various monographs. central Mojave Desert: San Bernardino County Museum Tanke, Darren H., Carpenter, Kenneth, and Skrepnick, Association, The West–Central Mojave Desert, p. 44–50. Michael W., editors, 2001, Mesozoic vertebrate life: Russell, R.D., and VanderHoof, V.L., 1931, A vertebrate fauna Indiana University Press, 352 p.; 33 papers by from a new Pliocene formation in northern California: 46 paleontologists. University of California Publications in Geological Taylor, Thomas N., 1981, Paleobotany ― an introduction to Sciences, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 11-21. fossil plant biology: McGraw–Hill Publishers, 589 p. Sadler, Peter M., 2004, Quantitative biostratigraphy – achieving Tegowski, B.J., 2003, Easy field guide to invertebrate fossils of finer resoulution in global correlation: Annual Reviews of California: Primer Publications, 32 p. Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 32, January 2004, Thomason, Jeffrey J., editor, 1997 reprint, Functional p. 187–213. morphology in vetebrate paleontology: Cambridge Skinner, Catherine W., 2005, Mineralogy of bioapatites: bones, University Press, 293 p. with 16 paleontologists. teeth, and pathological deposits, Chapter 28 in Wagner, Gunther A., (author) and Schiegl, S. (translator), Selinus, Olle, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― 1999, Age determination of young rocks and artifacts: impacts of the natural environment on public health: physical and chemical clocks in Quaternary geology and Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. archaeology: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 350 p. Stearn, Colin W., and Carroll, Robert L., 1989, Paleontology: Woodburne, Michael O., editor, 2004, Late Cretaceous and the record of life: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 464 p. Cenozoic mammals of North America ― biostratigraphy Stein, Julie K., and Farrand, William R., editors, 2001, and geochronology: Columbia University Press, 400 p, Sediments in archaeological context: University of Utah 33 illus. Dr. Woodburne is professor emertus of geology at Press, 218 p. Contains seven chapters by geologists written for the University of California, Riveside, where he taught vertebrate archaeologists on sediments: cultural environments, rockshelters paleontology for three decades. and , dryland alluvium, humid alluvium, lake margins, coastal environments, and springs & wetlands.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 169 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for CEQA, Kapustka, L., Galbraith, H., Luxon, M., Biddinger, G.R., the California Environmental Quality Act, editors, 2004, Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: critical information for ecological risk and EIRs, Environmental Impact Reports assessment, land–use management activities, and

Bakker, Elna S., 1985, An island called California, biodiversity enhancement practices: ASTM Special 2nd edition: University of California Press, 400 p. Technical Publication STP 1458, 335 pages, 18 peer– Considered a classic book over the past three decades reviewed papers. www.astm.org Kent, Donald M., editor, 2000, Applied wetlands science and widely cited in subsequent California books. nd Bass, Ronald, Herson, Albert, and Bogdan, Kenneth, 1999, and technology, 2 edition: CRC Press, 472 p. CEQA deskbook: Solano Press, 414 p. Littleworth, Arthur L., and Garner, Eric L., 2003, California Bodgan, Kenneth, and Herson, Albert, 1995, Wetlands water: Solano Press, 365 p. www.solano.com regulation – a complete guide to Federal and California Longtin, James, 1987 with 2004 update, Longtin’s California Programs: Solano Press, 380 p. land use: Local Government Publications, Post Office California Public Resources Code, California Box 10087, Berkeley, CA 94709, ℡ 800-345–0899; Environmental Quality Act of 1970, PRC §§21000 – 2004 update: vol. 1, p. 1–504; and vol. 2, p. 505–1071. Chapters include: handling a land–use case, rights of the 21178.1 regulated, zoning, environmental law, general plans, California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Chapter 3, subdivisions, building and housing codes, development fees, §§ 15000 to 15387: Guidelines for the Implementation land use procedures, judicial review and remedies. of the California Environmental Quality Act. Merritt, Robert E., and Danforth, Ann R., editors, 2003, download CCR Title 14 from: Understanding development regulations: Solano Press, http://ceres.ca.gov/topic/env_law/ceqa/guidelines 213 p. Curtin, Daniel J., and Talbert, Cecily T., 2004, Pincetl, Stephanie Sabine, 2000, Transforming California ― Curtin’s California land use and planning law, th a political history of land-use and development: 24 edition: Solano Press, 22 chap. Johns Hopkins University Press, 400 p. Curtin, Daniel J., and Merritt, Robert E., 2003, Subdivision The author is a professor at the University of Southern Map Act manual: Solano Press, 185 p., 11 chap. California in the Sustainable Cities Program and teaches Cylinder, Paul D., Bogdan, Kenneth M., Zohn, April I., and environmental studies at USC. Butterworth, Joel B., 2004, Wetlands, streams, and Randolph, John, 2004, Environmental land–use planning and other waters – regulation, conservation, mitigation management: Island Press, 664 p. www.islandpress.com planning: Solano Press, 413 p. www.solano.com Remy, Michael H., Thomas, Tina A., Moose, James G., Contains chapters on ecology of wetlands, jurisdictional limits of and Manley, Whitman F., 1999, Guide to the California wetlands, federal regulations of wetlands, Clean Water Act §404 Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), 10th edition: permits, state wetlands, mitigation planning, and regional Solano Press Books, 1,014 p. < www.solano.com > wetland conservation planning. Rypinski, Richard G., 2002, Eminent domain ― Durkee, Michael, and Scheidig, Kenneth, 2004, Map Act a step–by–step guide to the acquisition of real property, Navigator, 2004 edition: University of California Davis, 2nd edition: Solano Press, 236 p. Extension; course textbook for the California Subdivision Witkin, Bernard E., 1987, Summary of California law, Map Act. www.extension.ucdavis.edu 9th edition: Bancroft―Whitney Co., 3250 Van Ness Fulton, William, 2003, Guide to California planning, nd Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94109; with special 2 edition: Solano Press, 23 chap., 375 p. reference to volume 4, chapter 9 on Real Property. Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, 2004, Zedler, Joy B., editor, 2000, Handbook for restoring tidal CEQA, California Environmental Quality Act Statutes wetlands: CRC Press, 464 p., 6 chapters by individual and Guidelines: OPR, 1400 Tenth Street, Sacramento, specialists, 170 figures and tables, with examples from CA 95814, ℡ 916–322–4245 < www.opr.gov > coastal southern California. PRC §§15000 ― 15387

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 170 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

35. Groundwater Quality and Water Quality ― Selenium Safe Drinking Water Supplies Under the Clean Water Act, the U.S. for Rural Campuses Environmental Protection Agency maximum concentration for selenium in water is 5 parts per This section covers diverse groundwater billion. Toxic concentrations of selenium have quality problems with application to campuses in long been a geochemical problem for the central suburban or rural areas that may depend on local San Joaquin Valley, particularly in the Kesterson water supplies. Rural schools and some hospitals National Wildlife Refuge near Los Banos (Presser in smaller communities may have their own water and Ohlendorf, 1988; Swartz & others, 2003; wells, so this item will be pertinent. However, Bachman & others, 1997; Herbel & others, 2002; most urban campuses are part of a large municipal Gambrell, 1994; Zawislanski & others, 2001). water district, so this section can be skipped if it is Selenium leaches out of the Cretaceous Moreno not applicable. Formation, a marine organic shale and siltstone unit that crops out along the west side of the San

Demonstration of Adequate Water Supplies Joaquin Valley. A summary of the health hazards A new 130–page pdf issued October 2003 is from selenium has been prepared by Fordyce available regarding required demonstration of (2005). adequate water supplies for new large projects. This is newly required by the Water Code, It is beyond the scope of this publication to §190910(c) (2) resulting from 2001 legislation summarize groundwater quality and drinking (SB–610 and SB–221). While geared primarly to water supplies for California schools and new tract subdivisions, this new pdf contains a hospitals. Instead, an extensive bibliography of large amount of water–use efficiency information useful hydrogeology references is compiled as a that will assist large rural and suburban schools point-of-departure. and hospitals. Information about efficient use of water supplies for large rural schools or hospitals can be Selected References for obtained from: Hydrogeology and Groundwater Quality (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Office of Water-Use Efficiency California Department of Water Resources 901 P Street, Third Floor Alford, George, and Cullimore, Roy, 1998, The application of Sacramento, CA 95814 heat and chemicals in the control of biofouling events in ℡ 916–651–7027 wells: Lewis Publishers, 208 p. Homepage: < www.owue.water.ca.gov > Alley, William M., Reilly, Thomas E., and Franke, O. Lehn, 1999, Sustainability of ground–water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1186, 79 p. www. usgs.gov Water Quality ― Nitrate Alley, William M., Healy, R.W., LaBaugh, J.W., and Reilly, According to Bachman and others (1997, p. 20), Thomas E., 2002, Flow and storage in groundwater “California has established a drinking water systems: Science, vol. 296, no. 5575, p. 1985–1990. Anderson, Mary P., and Woessner, William W., 2005, Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for nitrate of nd 45 milligrams per liter (mg/l) NO . EPA’s Safe Applied groundwater modeling, 2 edition: Academic 3 Press, a division of Elsevier, ≈300 p. Drinking Water Interim Health Standard is 10 mg/l API, 1998, Arsenic: chemistry, fate, toxicity, and of nitrate as nitrogen (NO3–N). These two standards wastewater treatment options: American Petroleum express the same quantity of nitrate present, Insititute, Publication # 4676, 196 p. www.api.org differing only in the molecular form of nitrogen. ASCE and AWWA, 2005, Water treatment plant design, 4th edition: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 896 p. Over 800 wells in southern California and 130 wells This manual is co-authored by more than 30 international specialists from in the San Joaquin Valley have been closed because the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Water Works Association; ASCE list price $125, ASCE members $93.75. nitrate levels exceeded 45 mg/l of NO3.”

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 171 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

ASTM, 2002, ASTM D–5092–02, Practice for design and Canter, L.W., 1997, Nitrates in groundwater: Lewis Publishers, installation of groundwater monitoring wells in aquifers: a CRC Company, 263 p. < www.crcpress.com > American Society for Testing & Materials, ASTM Cannon, Helen L., and Hopps, Howard C., MD, editors, 1972, vol. 4.08. < www.astm.org > Geochemical environment in relation to health and disease: ASTM, 2003, Water and environmental technology standards: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 140, nine ASTM International, vol. 11.01, 133 standards on water, papers, 77 p. 1,044 pages, April 2003; and vol. 11.02, 178 standards on Chorus, Ingrid, and Bartram, Jamie, 1999, Toxic cyanobacteria water, 1,188 pages. www.astm.org in water – a guide to their public health consequences, Bachman, S., Hauge, Carl, Neese, K., and Saracino, A., 1997, monitoring, and management: Spon Press, 432 p., 80 illus. California groundwater management: Groundwater Clark, Jordan F., Hudson, G. Bryant, Davisson. M. Lee, Resources Association of California, 145 p.; Woodside, Greg, and Herndon, Roy, 2004, refer to p. 20–29 for nitrates. Geochemical imaging of flow near an artificial recharge Ballantyne, Donald B., 2003, Water and wastewater systems, facility, Orange County, California: NGWA Ground in Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Water, vol. 42, no. 2, March–April 2004 issue, p. 167–174. Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, a division of Taylor The recharge locations are along the Santa Ana River, & Francis Publishers, chap. 24, p. 24–1 to 24–37. from Yorba Linda to Orange. Bernknopf, Richard L., Dinitz, Laura B., and Loague, Keith, Constantz, James, Stonestrom, D., Stewart, A.E., 2002, An interdisciplinary assessment of regional–scale Niswonger, R., and Smith, T.R., 2001, Analysis of nonpoint source ground–water vulnerability: theory and streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to application: U.S. Geological Survey Professional determine streamflow frequency and duration: Water Paper 1645, 25 p. ( ≈ 3.8 MB pdf) Resource Research, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 317-328. Bisson, Robert A., and Lehr, Jay H., 2004, Modern Craun, G.F., 1990, Waterborne giardiasis, in Meyer, E.A., groundwater exploration: discovering new water resources editor, Giardiasis: Elsevier Publishing Co., p. 267–294 in consolidated rocks using innovative hydrogeologic Crompton, T.R., 1999, Determination of organic compounds in concepts, exploration, drilling, aquifer testing, and natural and treated waters: Spon Press, 928 p., 14 chapters. management methods: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 334 p. Cullimore, Roy, 1999, Microbiology of well biofouling: Lewis Bowser, Carl J., and Jones, Blair F., 2002, Mineralogic controls Publishers, 456 p. on the composition of natural waters dominated by silicate Dai, X, and Boll, Jan, 2003, Evaluation of attachment of hydrolysis: American Journal of Science, vol. 302, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia to soil September 2002 issue, p. 582–662. particles: Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 32, Brassington, Rick, 1995, Finding water: a guide to the p. 296–304. construction and maintenance of private water supplies, Davis, Charles, 2005, Ground water monitoring statistics and 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 282 p. regulations: Chapman & Hall Publishers, 320 p. Brassington, Frederick C., and Preene, Martin, 2003, Delleur, J.W., editor, 1998, The handbook of groundwater The design, construction and testing of a horizontal engineering: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis wellpoint in a dune sands aquifer as a water source: Publishers, 27 chapters, 992 p. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Deming, David, 2002, Introduction to hydrogeology: Hydrogeology, vol. 36, p. 355–366. McGraw–Hill Publishers, 14 chapters, 468 p. Butler, James J., Jr., 1998, The design, performance, and Deutsch, William J., 1997, Groundwater geochemistry: analysis of slug tests: Lewis Publishers, a division of the fundamentals and applications to contamination: Lewis Taylor & Francis Publishing Group, 13 chapters, 252 p. Publishers, Inc., 232 p. Dr. Jim Butler is a hydrogeologist with the Kansas Geological Domenico, Patrick A., and Schwartz, Franklin W., 1998, Survey, with a Ph.D. in applied hydrogeology from Stanford Physical and chemical hydrogeology, 2nd edition: John University. The slug test is the best method to empirically Wiley & Sons, Inc., 506 p. calculate hydraulic conductivity of the geologic subgrade. Most Drever, James I., 1997, Geochemistry of natural waters, the hydrogeology texts contain only a few pages on slug tests, while surface and groundwater environments, 3rd edition: Dr.Butler has prepared a comprehensive treatise. Prentice Hall Publishers, 436 p. CalEPA, 2003, Public health goal for arsenic in drinking water: Driscoll, Fletcher G., 1986, Groundwater and wells, California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 2nd edition: Mower House, 1,089 p. Available from: Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Pesticide and www.ngwa.org Environmental Toxicology Section, November 2003 draft, EPA, 1997, Is someone contaminating your drinking water? ― pdf may be downloaded from CalEPA homepage. an overview of potentially harmful shallow injection wells: California Department of Water Resources, 2003, Guidebook U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; available from the for implementation of Senate Bill 610 and Senate Bill 221 Superintendent of Documents report EP 1.2:W 46/5 of 2001 to assist water suppliers, cities, and counties in integratng water and land–use planning: CDWR, 130 p., < www.owue.water.ca.gov > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 172 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Flint, Alan L., Flint, Lorraine E., Hevesi, Joseph A., and Hogan, James F., Phillips, Fred M., Scanlon, Bridget R., Blaney, Joan B., 2004, Fundamental concepts of recharge editors, 2004, Groundwater recharge in a desert in the Desert Southwest ― a regional modeling environment - the southwestern United States: Amercan perspective, in Hogan, James F., Phillips, Fred M., Geophysical Union, water science and application series, Scanlon, Bridget R., editors, Groundwater recharge in a vol. 9, 15 papers, 302 p. < www.agu.org > desert environment - the southwestern United States: Hornberger, M.I., Luoma, S.N, van Geen, A., Fuller, C., and Amercan Geophysical Union, water science and Anima, R., 1999, Historical trends of metals in the application series, vol. 9, 15 papers, 302 p. < www.agu.org > sediments of San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Focazio, Michael J., Reilly, Thomas E., Rupert, Michael G., Chemistry, vol. 64, p. 39–55. and Helsel, Dennis R., 2002, Assessing ground-water Hounslow, Arthur, 2003, Forensic geochemistry: contamination: providing scientifically defensible a practical guide to fingerprinting groundwater and information to decision makers: U.S. Geological Survey groundwater contaminants: CRC Press, a division of Circular 1224, 33 p. Taylor & Francis Publishers, 300 p. Fordyce, Fiona, 2005, The natural environment ― selenium Hudak, Paul F., 2005, Principles of hydrogeology, 3rd edition: deficiency and toxicity; Chapter 15 in Selinus, Olle, CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― impacts of the 248 p., 29 tables, 112 figures & photos. natural environment on public health: Academic Press, Huff, Julia A., 2003, Availability of ground–water data for a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. California, Water Year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Fort, Denise D., 2004, Water policy for the West: Sheet 074–03, download 111 kb file from www.usgs.gov Who makes it? What is it? Will it lead us to a sustainable Ingebritsen, Steven E., and Sanford, Ward E., 1998, future? in Lawford, Richard, Fort, Denise D., Groundwater in geologic processes: Cambridge University Hartmann, Holly, and Eden, Susanna, editors, Water: Press, 365 p. (this book by two USGS hydrogeologists won science, policy, and management: American Geophysical the John Hem Award of the National Ground Water Union, water resources monograph, vol. 16, 422 p., Association) 17 papers < www.agu.org > Ingraham, Neil L., Matthews, Robert A., McFadyen, Rod, and Foster, Harold D., 2002, The geography of disease family trees: Franks, Alvin L., 2004, The use of stable isotopes to the case of selenium, in Bobrowsky, Peter T., editor, identify the hydrologic source of bottled water: Baxter, Geoenvironmental mapping – methods, theory, and California: AEG & GSA Environmental and Engineering practice: A.A. Balkema Publishers, p. 497–529. Selenium Geoscience, vol. 10, no. 4, November 2004 issue, is locally a significant health problem in drinking water in p. 361-365. The mountain town of Baxter is located west the San Joaquin Valley of California. of Donner Summit, Highway 80 area, in Placer County, northern Fountain, John C., chairman, and 16 other hydrogeologists Sierra Nevada. Using stable isotopes and forensic methods, these & toxicologists, 2004, Contaminants in the subsurface: University of California Davis hydrogeologists demonstrated that source zone assessment and remediation: National expensive bottled-water labeled as “spring” water was actually ditch-water from a leaking unlined canal that is uphill from the Academy of Sciences; National Research Council, Water supposed pristine “spring.” Science and Technology Board, Committee on Source Jackson, Richard E., 1999, Anticipating ground-water Removal of Contaminants in the Subsurface, 294 p. contamination by new technologies and chemicals ― Gambrell, R.P., 1994, Trace and toxic metals in wetlands ― the case of chlorinated solvents in California: AEG & a review: Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 23, GSA Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, vol. 5, p. 883–891. no. 3, Fall 1999 issue, p. 331-338. Salient review Goyer, Robert A., chairman, and 15 others, 2001, Arsenic in contamination from TCE, CFC, TCA, and PCE at dozens of drinking water – 2001 update: National Academy of aerospace facilities in the Burbank area, Pomona area, and Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and central Los Angeles Basin. Toxicology, 244 p. (Also refer to the initial National Academy Jambour, J.L., Blowes, D.W., and Ritchie, A.I.M., editors, of Sciences report dated 1999 with 330 p.) 2003, Environmental aspects of mine wastes: Heath, R.C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S. Mineralogical Association of Canada, short course series, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220, 84 p. vol. 31, 430 p. Hem, John D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical Johnson, J. D., chairman, and 13 others, 1987, Drinking rd characteristics of natural water, 3 edition: U.S. water and health ― disinfectants and disinfectant by- Geological Survey, Water–Supply Paper 2254, 263 p. products: National Academy Press, National Research available for download as pdf from: www.usgs.gov Council, Safe Drinking Water Committee, volume 7 in a Herbel, Mitchell J., Johnson, Thomas M., Tanji, Kenneth K, series on drinking water and health, 212 p. The emphasis of Gao, S., and Bullen, Thomas D., 2002, Selenium stable this book is on chlorination and health problems with trihalomethanes isotope ratios in California agricultural drainage water (THM). Other water treatment methods are also evaluated, including management systems: Journal of Enviromental Quality, chloramination, ozonation, and chlorine dioxide. Read .pdf on-line at: www.nap.edu/catalog/1008.html vol. 31, p. 1146–1156. Kehew, Alan E., 2001, Applied chemical hydrogeology: Hiscock, Kevin, 2005, Hydrogeology ― principles and Prentice Hall Publishers, 368 p. practice: Blackwell Publishing, 408 p., 216 illustrations. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 173 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Keller, Susan L., Jenkins, Michael B., Ghiorse, William C., Ongerth, J.E., Hunter, G.D., and DeWalle, F.B., 1995, 2004, Simulating the effect of liquid CO2 on Watershed use and Giardia cyst presence: Water Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in aquifer material: Resources, vol. 290, p. 1295–1299. ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 130, Osborn, Mary Jane (chair), Trussell, R. Rhodes (vice chair) and issue 12, December 2004 issue, p. 1547-1551. ten others, 2004, Indicators for waterborne pathogens: Lamoreaux, Philip E., Hughes, Travis H., Assaad, F.A., National Academy Press, 322 p. Read on-line at: Wangfang, Z., and Jordan, Hans Peter., editors, 2004, http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11010.html Field methods for geologists and hydrogeologists: Phillips, Fred M., Walvoord, Michelle A., and Small, Eric E., Springer Verlag, 377 p. 2004, Effects of environmental change on groundwater Lehr, Jay H., and Keeley, Jack, editors, 2005, recharge in the Desert Southwest, in Hogan, James F., Water encyclopedia: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 5 volumes, Phillips, Fred M., and Scanlon, Bridget R., editors, 4,080 p. Groundwater recharge in a desert environment - the Reichard, Eric G., and Raucher, Robert S., 2004, Economics of southwestern United States: Amercan Geophysical Union, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, water science and application series, vol. 9, 15 papers, in Lawford, Richard, Fort, Denise, Hartmann, Holly, and 302 p. < www.agu.org > Eden, Susanna, editors, Water: science, policy, and Pokhrel, D., Viraraghavan, T., and Braul, Larry, 2005, management: AGU Water Resources Monograph Series, Evaluation of treatment systems for the removal of arsenic vol. 16, 422 p. < www.agu.org > from groundwater: ASCE Practice Periodical of Lapham, W.W., 1989, Use of temperature profiles beneath Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, streams to determine rates of vertical ground-water flow vol. 9, issue 3, July 2005 issue, p. 152-157. and vertical hydraulic conductivity: U.S. Geological Porges, Robert, and Hammer, Matthew, 2001, The Survey Water-Supply Paper 2337, 35 p. compendium of hydrogeology: National Ground Water Lee, Keenan, Fetter, Charles W., and McCray, John E., 2003, Association, 303 p. www.ngwa.org Hydrogeology laboratory manual, 2nd edition: Presser, T.S., and Ohlendorf, H.M, 1988, Biogeochemical Prentice Hall Publishers, 160 p. and software diskette. cycling of selenium in the San Joaquin Valley, California: Lee, Tien–Chang, 1998, Applied mathematics in hydrogeology: Environmental Management, vol. 11, p. 805–821. Lewis Publishers, Inc., 400 p. Dr. Lee is professor of geology Pulido–Velaquez, M., Jenkins, M.W., and Lund, Jay R., 2004, at the University of California at Riverside This text will assist Economic values for conjunctive use and water banking in applied hydrogeologists with higher mathematics. southern California: AGU Water Resources Research, Managa, Michael, 2001, Using springs to study groundwater vol. 40, W03401, doi: 10.1029/2003WR002626, flow and active geologic processes: Annual Reviews in published on–line by AGU on March 2, 2004. Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 29, p. 201–228. Reichard, Eric G., and Raucher, Robert S., 2004, Economics Mansuy, Neil, 1998, Water well rehabilitation: a practical of conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, in guide to understanding well problems and solutions: Lawford, Richard, Fort, Denise D., Hartmann, Holly, and Lewis Publishers, 192 p. Eden, Susanna, editors, Water: science, policy, and Mays, Larry, 2002, Urban water-supply handbook: management: American Geophysical Union, water McGraw-Hill Publishers, 704 p. list price $99.95. resources monograph, vol. 16, 422 p., 17 papers Moore, John E., 2002, Field hydrogeology – a guide for site < www.agu.org > investigations and report preparation: Lewis Publishers; Reilly, Thomas E., and Pollock, David W., 1995, Effect of CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, seasonal and long-term changes in stress on sources of 208 p. www.crcpress.com water to wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Naftz, David, Morrison, Stan J., Davis, James A., and Paper 2445, 25 p. Fuller, Christopher C., editors, 2002, Handbook of Reiter, Lawrence, Falk, Henry, Groat, Charles, and groundwater remediation using permeable reactive Coussens, Christine M., editors, 2004, From source water barriers: applications to radionuclides, trace metals, and to drinking water ― workshop summary: National nutrients: Academic Press, Inc., 17 papers, 544 p. Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Roundtable National Research Council, 2001, Arsenic in drinking water: on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and 2001 update: Board on Environmental Studies & Medicine, 126 p., 5 chapters. Read on-line free at: Toxicology, National Research Council, National www.nap.edu/catalog/11142.html This book is co-edited by Academy Press, 244 p. USGS Director Charles Groat. It reviews the Clean Water Act National Research Council, 2001, Classifying drinking water and the Safe Drinking Water Act, then authoritatively charts the contaminants for regulatory consideration: Board on future public policy for drinking water in America. Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Rose, J.B., 1988, Occurrence and significance of Council, National Academy Press, 255 p. www.nap.edu Cryptosporidium in water: Journal of the American Water toll free (888) 624–8373 Works Association, vol. 80, p. 53–58. Nordstrom, D. Kirk, 2000, Advances in the hydrogeochemistry Rubenowitz-Lundin, Eva, and Hiscock, Kevin, 2005, and microbiology of acid mine waters: International Water hardness and health effects, Chapter 13 in Geology Review, vol. 42, no. 6, June 2000 issue, Selinus, Olle, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― impacts of the natural environment on public health: p. 499 - 515. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 174 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Rubin, Y., 2003, Applied stochastic hydrogeology: Oxford Stone, William J., 1999, Hydrogeology in practice: a guide to University Press, 288 p. characterizing ground–water systems: Prentice–Hall Rushton, Kenneth R., 2003, Groundwater hydrology – Publishers, 248 p. conceptual and computational models: John Wiley & Stonestrom, D.A., and Constantz, James, 2003, Heat as a tool Sons, Inc., 430 p. for studying the movement of ground-water near streams: Sarin, P., Snoeyink, V.L., Lytle, D.A., and Kriven, W.M., 2004, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1260. Iron corrosion scales: model for scale growth, iron release, Su, Grace W., Jasperse, James, Seymour, Donald, and and colored water formation: ASCE Journal of Constantz, James, 2004, Estimation of hydraulic Environmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 4, April 2004 conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures: issue, p. 364–373. Colored drinking water (particulate Ground Water, vol. 42, no. 6, November-December 2004 ferric iron) is locally a problem in California . The authors issue, p. 890-901. The field area for this hydrogeology from the University of Illinois and USEPA present the study is northwest of Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County, along 2002 Simon W. Freese Lecture in published format. the lower Russian River, near Mirabel Park. Saint, P.K., editor, 1986, Hydrogeology of southern California: Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Yun, Joseph, 2003, California’s groundwater: California Meeting, volume and guidebook, field trip #17, twenty Department of Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., chapters, 148 p. 7 chapters, Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures. Savage, Kaye S., Bird, Dennis K., and Ashley, Roger P., 2000, Testa, Stephen M., and Winegardner, Duane L., 2000, Legacy of the California Gold Rush: environmental Restoration of contaminated aquifers; petroleum geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode gold hydrocarbons and organic compounds, 2nd edition: district: International Geology Review, vol. 42, no. 5, CRC Press. May 2000 issue, p. 385 - 415. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Todd, David Keith, and Mays, Larry W., 2004, Groundwater Scanlon, Bridget R., 2004, Evaluation methods of estimating hydrology, 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 656 p. rechange in semi-arid and arid regions in the Torres, Marta E., McManus, James, and Huh, C.A., 2002, Fluid southwestern U.S., in Hogan, James F., Phillips, seepage along the San Clemente Fault scarp: basin-wide Fred M., and Scanlon, Bridget R., editors, Groundwater impact on barium cycling: Earth and Planetary Science recharge in a desert environment - the southwestern United Letters, vol. 203, issue 1, 15 Oct 2002, p. 181-194. States: Amercan Geophysical Union, water science and Walton, William C., 1990, Groundwater pumping tests ― th application series, vol. 9, 302 p. < www.agu.org > design and analysis, 5 edition: Lewis Publishers, 216 p., Schwartz, Franklin W., and Zhang, H., 2002, Introduction to and diskette. groundwater hydrology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 592 p. Weight, Willis D., and Sonderegger, John L., 2001, Manual Simunek, J., van Genuchten, M.Th., Sejna, M., Toride, N., and of applied field hydrogeology: McGraw–Hill Publishing Leij, F.J., 2004, STudio of ANalytical MODels Co., 608 p. < STANMOD >for solving the convection–dispersion Winter, Thomas C., Harvey, Judson W., Franke, O.L., and equation: USDA U.S. Salinity Laboratory at the Alley, William M., 1999, Ground water and surface water University of California, Riverside. Download this ― a single resource: U.S. Geological Survey easy–to–use Windows graphical user interface public– Circular 1139, 79 p. domain software named < STANMOD > from: Younger, P.L., editor, 2002, Mine water hydrogeology and www.ussl.ars.usda.gov/MODELS/stanmod/stanmod.htm geochemistry: Geological Society of London, Special Smedley, Pauline, and Kinniburgh, David G., 2005, Arsenic in Publication 198, 408 p. groundwater and the environment, Chapter 11 in Zawislanski, P.T., Mountford, H.S., Gabet, E.J., Selinus, Olle, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― McGrath, A.E., and Wong, H.C., 2001, impacts of the natural environment on public health: Selenium distribution and fluxes in intertidal wetlands, Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. San Francisco Bay, California: Journal of Smith, Stuart, editor, 1998, Manual of water–well construction Environmental Quality, vol. 30, p. 1080–1091. nd practices, 2 edition: National Ground Water Assoc., 601 Dempsey Road, Westerville, Ohio 43081, ℡ 800-551–7379 www.ngwa.org 13 chapters variously

paginated, 238 p. total, 3–ring looseleaf binder format.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 175 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

36. On–Site Septic Systems Selected References for This exceptional topic typically applies to rural On–Site Septic Systems campuses where sanitary sewers are not available. Using appropriate percolation tests and (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Quaternary geologic mapping, evaluate one or more suitable locations for the septic leach–field ASTM Test D–5879–95ε Standard practice for surface site system. Provide documentation of adequate characterization for on–site septic systems, 4 pages. percolation tests and optimum sizing of the leach– ASTM Test D–5921–96ε Stardard practice for subsurface site field. characterization of test pits for on–site septic systems, 16 pages. ε Ascertain that the leach field will function ASTM Test D–5925–96 Standard practice for preliminary sizing and delineation of soil absorption field areas for on– properly from both a hydrogeology and public site septic systems, 7 pages. health perspective (e–coli, nitrates, and ASTM, 1997, ASTM standards related to on–site septic cryptosporidium). Check the location of the systems: American Society for Testing and Materials, nearest water–well to avoid cross–contamination. 190 pages, July 1997, contains 18 standards, plus photographs and diagrams. For flatland sites with a shallow water table, Alth, M, Alth, C., and Duncan, S.B., 1992, Wells and septic nd plan on a leach–field system with 100% expansion systems, 2 edition: McGraw–Hill, 262 p. (non–technical, practical guide) and a Y–valve to accommodate periods with Bedinger, M.S., Fleming, J.S., and Johnson, A.Ivan., editors, intense winter rains. For hillside projects where 1997, Site characterization and design of on–site septic slope stability is a concern, ascertain that the systems: American Society for Testing and Materials, pore–water pressure from the new leach–field will Special Technical Publication STP–1324, 328 p., $74 not induce landsliding. Leach–fields or seepage– < www.astm.org > Contains 25 peer–reviewed papers: 7 papers in septic system operation & evaluation, 9 papers pits on hillslopes should not the sited directly in site characterization & design, and 9 papers in downslope of the structure for slope–stability alternative systems & component design. reasons. Boving, Thomas B., Meritt, Debra L., Boothroyd, Jon C., 2004, Fingerprinting sources of bacterial input into small Check with the county health department to residential watersheds: fate of fluorescent whitening utilize local rules and regulations for on–site agents: Environmental Geology, vol. 26, p. 228 – 232. The down-stream fate of fecal coliform bacteria in septic effluent can be septic systems. Consider the future expansion traced by use of fluorescent whitening agents that are a component of plans for any school or hospital campus, so that laundry detergent. the septic leach–field will not interfere with Bultman, Mark, Fisher, Frederick S., and Pappagianis, D., 2005, An overview of the ecology of soil-borne human possible future foundations and grading. Mark the pathogens, Chapter 19 in Selinus, Olle, editor, location of the septic system on the as–built Essentials of medical geology ― impacts of the natural grading plans to leave a permanent record of environment on public health: Academic Press, a division where it is located. of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. Carroll, Steven, Goonetilleke, A., and Dawes, Les, 2004, If your geotechnical consulting firm does not Framework for soil suitability evaluation for sewage specialize in the hydrogeology of septic systems, effluent renovation: Environmental Geology, vol. 46, p. 195 – 208. then it might be advisable to subcontract this task Canter, L.W., and Knox, R.C., 1985, Septic tank system effects to a qualified septic specialist with local on ground water quality: Lewis Publishers, Inc. knowledge. Crites, Ronald W., and Tchobanoglous, George, 1998, Small and decentralized wastewater management systems: McGraw–Hill Publishers, 1,104 p. Debrode, D.C., Woessner, William W., Lauerman, B., and Ball, P., 1998, Coliphage prevalence in high-school septic effluent and associated ground water: Water Research, vol. 32, no. 12, p. 3781-3785. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 176 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Franks, Alvin L., 2002, Sewage disposal in the geologic MWH, 2005, Water treatment ― principles and design, environment, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1,968 p. Engineering geology practice in northern California: A comprehensive treatise prepared by the wastewater engineering California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 & Association firm Montgomery Watson Harza, MWH, now merged into Fugro. of Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 549– Scandura, J.E., and Sobsey, M.D., 1997, Viral and bacterial 562. contamination of groundwater from on-site sewage Frazier, C.S., Graham, R.C., Shoiuse, P.J., Yates, M.V., and treatment systems: Water Science and Technology, Anderson, M.A., 2002, A field study of water flow and vol. 35, no. 11 & 12, p. 141-146. virus transport in weathered granitic bedrock: Vadose Seidenstat, Paul, Nadol, Michael, Kaplan, Dean, and Hakim, Zone Journal, vol. 1, p. 113–124. Simon, 2005, Management innovation in U.S. public water Grace, Robert A., 2001, An unusuall marine outfall off central and wastewater systems: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 344 p. California, USA: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Verstraeten, Ingrid M., Fetterman, Gregory S., Meyer, Engineers, Water & Maritime Engineering, vol. 148, Michael T., Bullen, Thomas D., and Sebree, Sonja K., no. 3, September 2001 issue, p. 133-141. This marine 2005, Use of tracers and isotopes to evaluate vulnerability outfall is located in Monterey Bay at the mouth of the of water in domestic wells to septic waste: Ground Water Salinas River. Monitoring & Remediation: vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 2005, Heubach, William F., editor, 2003, Seismic screening checklists p. 107-117. for water and wastewater facilities: American Society of Woodson, R. Dodge, 2003, Water wells and septic systems Civil Engineers, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake handbook: McGraw–Hill Publishers, 448 p., March 2003. Engineering, Monograph no. 22, 200 p. www.asce.org A new comprehensive handbook that combines both water wells ICC, 2003 International private sewage disposal code: and septic systems in a integrated synoptic approach written at the practical level. Whittier, California; International Code Council, 74 p., U.S. EPA, 2002, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems ICC publication #012S2K. < www.iccsafe.org > Manual: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Kahn, Lloyd, Allen, Blair, and Jones, Julie, 2000, The septic Water, EPA Report 625-R-00-008. (comprehensive treatise system owner’s manual: Shelter Publications, Inc., Post in pdf format that is downloadable from U.S. EPA website) Office Box 279, Bolinas, CA 94924, 163 p. U.S. EPA, 2002, Current drinking water standards ― www.shelterpub.com nd national primary and secondary drinking water regulations: Kaplan, O.B., 1991, Septic systems handbook, 2 edition: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Lewis Publishers, Inc., 434 p. www.crcpress.com Water and Drinking Water. Keller, Susan L., Jenkins, Michael B., Ghiorse, William C., www.epa.gov/safewater/standards.html 2004, Simulating the effect of liquid CO2 on Whitehead, J.H., and Geary, P.M., 2000, Geotechnical aspects Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in aquifer material: of domestic on-site effulent management systems: ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 130, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 47, no. 1, issue 12, December 2004 issue, p. 1547-1551. p. 75-82. McAvoy, D.C., White, C.E., Moore, B.L., and Rapaport, R.A., Wilhelm, S.R., Schiff, S.L., and Robertson, W.D., 1996, 1994, Chemical fate and transport in a domestic septic Biochemical evolution of domestic wastewater in septic system ― sorption and transport of anionic and cationic systems: 2. Application of conceptual model in sandy surfactants: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, aquifers: Ground Water, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 853-864. vol. 13, no. 2, p. 213-221. Wilhelm, S.R., Schiff, S.L., and Robertson, W.D., 1994, McCray, John E., Kirkland, Shiloh L., Siegrist, Robert L., Chemical fate and transport in a domestic septic system: and Thyne, Geoffrey D., 2005, Model parameters for unsaturated and saturated geochemistry: Environmental simulating fate and transport of on-site wastewater Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 193-203. nutrients ― a review paper: Ground Water, vol. 43, no. 4, July-August 2005 issue, p. 628-639.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 177 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

37. Non–Tectonic Faulting and Calculate the collapse potential at a number of Hydrocollapse of Alluvial Fan Soils locations across the building pad(s) using geotechnical consolidation tests from closely Non–Tectonic Faulting spaced boreholes of sufficient depth. Annotate the geotechnical laboratory results directly on detailed Suburban areas that may have intense ground– geologic cross–sections so that insights can be water withdrawal or ground–water banking by the gained from the full stratigraphic section. local water–district can subsequently have acute Calculate total and differential collapse potential, problems with non–tectonic faulting. reported as X inches in Y feet

An example of non–tectonic faulting occurred along the Wolf Valley and Murrieta Creek faults in western Riverside County. Here deleterious Standard Adjectives for Collapse Index ground subsidence, fissures, coincident with the faults, took place owing to emplacement of several Provide the collapse index (symbol Ie ) new water–wells and accelerated pumping of the using these standard adjectives from ASTM local ground–water basin. Standard Test D–5333–03:

Similar subsidence, fissures and differential Adjective Collapse Index, Ie settlement occurred in the nearby Murrieta area. Although no faults were rejuvenated, fissures and None 0% differential settlement occurred along the steep, Slight 0.1 to 2.0% subsurface contacts between the alluvium and the adjacent Pleistocene (“bedrock”) sediments of the Moderate 2.1 to 6.0% Pauba Formation. In this case, subsidence and Moderately 6.1 to 10.0% fissure were caused by rise in regional water Severe levels. This illustrates that the “culprit” water may enter a subsurface fluvial system far up– Severe ≥ 10% stream from a planned facility; but its down– stream potential impact must be evaluated for the particular project. Therefore, the consulting Oxidation of Peat geologist must take a regional geomorphology and hydrogeology approach to evaluate the potential Oxidation of peat deposits can lead to local hydro–collapse to a particular site. collapse or regional subsidence in organic

sediments deposited in estuaries and deltas. The Hydrocollapse of Alluvium most extensive peat deposits in California are in the delta of the Sacramento River (Deverel and In areas where fanglomerate and alluvium others, 1998). contain high void–ratios, evaluate the potential for future hydrocollapse or hydroconsolidation of For the Huntington Beach area of coastal soils under structural load. Orange County, evaluate the collapse potential for concealed peat deposits near the ancestral delta of Consider sustained anthropic use of domestic the Santa Ana River. Refer published map of watering on athletic fields by the school or these latent hazards from oxidized peat within hospital gardens, adjacent golf courses with report by Moran and Wiebe (1992). artificial lakes and extensive lawns, or nearby tracts of new homes with lawns and plants. The consulting geologist should make reasoned analysis of potential future water levels that may fluctuate. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 178 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Helm, Donald C., 1994, Hydraulic forces that play a role in generating fissures at depth: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol 31, no. 3, p. 293–304. Selected References for Holzer, Thomas L., 1980, Faulting caused by groundwater Non–Tectonic Faulting and declines, San Joaquin Valley, California: AGU Water Hydrocollapse of Alluvium Resources Research, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 1065–1070. (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Holzer, Thomas L., 1984, Ground failure induced by marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) groundwater withdrawal from unconsolidated sediments, in Holzer, T.L., editor, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 6: Geological Society of America, p. 67–105. ASTM Test D–5333–03, Standard Test Method for Holzer, Thomas L., and Thatcher, Wayne, 1978, Modeling Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils: American deformation due to subsidence faulting, in Saxena, S.K., Society for Testing & Materials, 4 p. www.astm.org editor, Evaluation and Prediction of Subsidence: Basma, A.A., and Tuncer, E.R., 1992, Evaluation and control of American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of collapsible soils: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical International Conference on Evaluation and Prediction of Engineering, vol. 118, no. 10, p. 1491–1504. Subsidence, p. 349–357. Beckwith, George H., and Hansen, L.A., 1989, Identification Houston, Sandra L., Houston, William N., and Spadola, D.J., and characterization of collapsing alluvial soils of the 1988, Prediction of field collapse of soils due to wetting: western United States, in Kulhawy, F.H., editor, Foundation ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 114, no. 1, engineering – current principles and practice, vol. 1, p. 40–58. American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 143–160. Houston, Sandra L., Houston, William N., Zapata, Claudia E., Blair, Terence C., and McPherson, John G., 1994, Alluvial fans and Lawrence, Chris, 2001, Geotechnical engineering and their natural distinction from rivers based on practice for collapsible soils: Geotechnical and Geological morphology, hydraulic processes, sedimentary processes, Engineering, Kluwer Academic Publishers, vol. 19, no. 3–4, and facies: SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, p. 333– 355. vol. 64, p. 451–490. Lawton, E.C., Gragaszy, R.J., and Hetherington, M.D., 1992, Broadbent, F.E., 1960, Factors influencing the decomposition Review of wetting–induced collapse in compacted soils: of organic soils of the California Delta: Hilgardia, vol. 29, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 118, no. 9, p. 587–612. p. 1376–1394. Bull, William B., 1972, Recognition of alluvial fan deposits in Leo, C.J., 2004, Equal strain consolidation by vertical drains: the stratigraphic record, in Rigby, J.K., and Hamblin, W.K., ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental editors, Recognition of ancient sedimentary environments: Engineering, vol. 130, no. 3, March 2004 issue, p. 316– SEPM Special Publication 16, p. 63–83. 327. Bull, William B., 1972, Prehistoric near–surface subsidence Moran, Douglas E., and Wiebe, Karl H., 1992, Holocene cracks in western Fresno County, California: deposition and organic soils near Huntington Beach, U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 437–C, 85 p. Orange County, California, in Heath, Edward G., and Deverel, Steven J., Wang, Bronwen, and Rojstaczer, Stuart A., Lewis, W. Lavon, editors, The Regressive Pleistocene 1998, Subsidence of organic soils, Sacramento – San Shoreline, Coastal Southern California: Southcoast Joaquin Delta, California, in Borchers, James W., editor, Geological Society, Guidebook No. 20, p. 137–156. Land Subsidence Case Studies and Current Research: Ng, Charles W.W., Fung, W.T., Cheuk, C.Y., and Zhang, L., Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on 2004, Influence of stress ratio and stress path on behavior of Land Subsidence: Association of Engineering Geologists, loose decomposed granite: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Special Publication no. 8, p. 489–502. and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 1, Eckis, Roland, 1928, Alluvial fans of the Cucamonga district, January 2004 issue, p. 36–44. southern California: Journal of Geology, vol. 36, Preene, M., 2000, Assessment of settlements caused by p. 224–247. (classic study on alluvial fans in southern groundwater control: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil California; now out–of–print, but available in university Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 143, October libraries). 2000 issue, p. 177-190. El–Ehwany, M., and Houston, S.L., 1990, Settlement and Rodriguez–Iturbe, I., and Porporato, A., 2003, Plants and soil moisture movement in collapsible soils: ASCE Journal of moisture dynamics: a theoretical approach to the Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 116, no. 10, p. 1521–1535. ecohydrology of water–controlled ecosystems: Cambridge FEMA, 1989, Alluvial fans – hazards and management: University Press, Sept. 2003. Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA Rojas, E., Arzate, J., and Arroyo, M., 2002, A method to predict Report 165. the group fissuring and faulting caused by regional Guacci, Gary, 1978, The Pixley fissure, San Joaquin Valley, groundwater decline: Engineering Geology {Elsevier}, California, in Saxena, S.K., editor, Evaluation and vol. 65, p. 245–260. Prediction of Subsidence: American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of International Conference on Evaluation and Prediction of Subsidence, p. 303–319. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 179 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Rucker, Michael L., and Keaton, Jeffrey R., 1998, Tracing an Shlemon, Roy J., and Davis, Paul, 1992, Ground fissures in earth fissure using seismic refracton methods with physical the Temecula area, southwestern Riverside County, verification, in Borchers, James W., editor, Land California, in Pipkin, B.W., and Proctor, R.J., editors, Subsidence Case Studies and Current Research: Engineering Geology Practice in Southern California: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication Land Subsidence: Association of Engineering Geologists, No. 4, p. 275–288. Special Publication no. 8, p. 207–216. Shlemon, Roy J., and Hakakian, M., 1997, Impact of the Schumm, Stanley A., chairman, Baker, Victor R., Bowker, 1992–1993 winter storms on hydroconsolidation, Margaret F., Dixon, J.R., Dunne, Thomas, Hamilton, D.L., differential settlement, and ground fissures, Murrieta area, Hjalmarson, H.W., and Merritts, Dorothy, 1996, southwestern Riverside County, California, in Larson, R.A., Alluvial fan flooding: National Academy Press, 172 p. and Slosson, J.E., editors, Storm–Induced Geologic Hazards Sheng, Z., and Helm, Donald C., 1998, Multiple steps of – case histories from the 1992–1993 winter in southern earth fissuring caused by ground–water withdrawal, California and Arizona: Geological Society of America, in Borchers, James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 11, p. 49–59. Studies and Current Research; Proceedings of the Stevenson, F.J., 1994, Humus chemistry ― genesis, Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: composition, reactions, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication Inc., 512 p. No. 8, p. 149–154. Stewart, Craig A., Colby, Norman D. Kent, Robert T., Egan, Sheng, Z., Helm, Donald C., and Li, J., 2003, Mechanisms of John A., and Hall, Nelson Timothy, 1998, Earth fissuring, earth fissuring caused by groundwater withdrawal: ground–water flow, and groundwater–quality in the Chino AEG/GSA Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Basin, California, in Borchers, James W., editor, vol. 9, no. 4, November 2003 issue, p. 351–362. Land Subsidence Case Studies and Current Research: Shlemon, Roy J., 1995, Groundwater rise and hydrocollapse: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on technical and political implications of “Special Geologic Land Subsidence: Association of Engineering Geologists, Report Zones” in Riverside County, California, USA, in Special Publication no. 8, p. 195–205. Barends, F.B.J, Brouwer, F.J.J., and Schröder, F.H., editors, This field study by Geomatrix Consultants pertains to non– Land Subsidence: IAHS Publication no. 234, Proceedings tectonic faulting at the state prison at Chino. of the Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Xie, H., Guangming, Y., Yang, L., and Zhou, H., 1998, p. 481–486. Reprint available from: [email protected] The influence of proximate fault morphology on ground subsidence due to extraction: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 35, no. 8, December 1998 issue, p. 1107–1111.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 180 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

38. Regional Subsidence Bull, William B., 1964, Alluvial fans and near–surface subsidence in western Fresno County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 437–A, 70 p. In appropriate geomorphic provinces of Cording, Edward J., O’Rourke, Thomas D., and Boscardin, M., California, evaluate regional subsidence due to 1978, Ground movements and damage to structures, fluid withdrawal (petroleum or ground water). in Saxena, S.K., editor, Evaluation and Prediction of Subsidence: American Society of Civil Engineers, Principal areas of concern include the San Proceedings of International Conference on Evaluation and Prediction of Subsidence, p. 349–357. Joaquin Valley, the Santa Clara Valley, Deverel, Steven J., Wang, Bronwen, and Rojstaczer, Stuart A., Sacramento ─ San Joaquin River Delta, Palmdale, 1998, Subsidence of organic soils, Sacramento – San Lancaster, and Long Beach. Joaquin Delta, California, in Borchers, James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Studies and Current Research: Selected References for Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of Engineering Geologists, Regional Subsidence Special Publication no. 8, p. 489–502. (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Deverel, Steven J., and Rojstaczer, Stuart A., 1996, Subsidence marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) and carbon fluxes in the organic soils of the Sacramento– San Joaquin Delta: AGU Water Resources Research. Allen, Dennis R., 1973, Subsidence, rebound, and surface strain Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., editors, associated with oil producing operations, Long Beach, 1999, Land subsidence in the United States: U.S. California, in Moran, D.E., Slosson, J.E., Stone, R.O., and Geological Survey Circular 1182, 177 p. (free from USGS; Yelverton, C.A., editors, Geology, seismicity, and ℡ 303–202–4200 or download from www.usgs.gov); environmental impact: Association of Engineering p. 15–22 (Santa Clara Valley), p. 23–34 (San Joaquin Geologists, Southern California Section, Special Valley), and p. 83–94 (organic soils of the Sacramento– Publication, p. 101–111. San Joaquin Delta) Alley, William M, Healy, Richard W., LaBaugh, J.W., and Gilluly, James, and Grant, Ulysses Simpson, IV, 1949, Reilly, T.E., 2002, Flow and storage in groundwater Subsidence in the Long Beach Harbor area, California: systems – a review: AAAS Science, vol. 296, 14 June Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 60, 2002 issue, p. 1985–1990. no. 3, March 1949 issue, p. 461–530. (a classic study) Bean, Robert T., 1998, Pioneering field study of Grant, Ulysses Simpson, IV, 1954, Subsidence of the hydrocompaction in the San Joaquin Valley, in Borchers, Wilmington Oilfield, California, in Jahns, Richard Henry, James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Studies and editor, The Geology of Southern California: California Current Research: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland Division of Mines, Bulletin 170, chapter 10, Engineering Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of Aspects of Geology, Article 3, p. 19–24. (a classic study) Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 8, p. 37– Holzer, Thomas L., 1998, A history of the aquitard–drainage 49 model, in Borchers, James W., editor, Land Subsidence Borchers, James W., editor, 1998, Land subsidence case Case Studies and Current Research: Proceedings of the studies and current research: Proceedings of the Dr. Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication Association of Engineering Geologists, Special no. 8, p. 7–27. Publication # 8, Star Publishing Company, Belmont, CA, Holzer, Thomas L., editor, 1984, Man–induced land 576 p. subsidence: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Borchers, James W., Gerber, Martin, Wiley, Jeffrey, and Engineering Geology, vol. 6, 221 p. Mitten, Hugh T., 1998, Using down–hole television Ireland, R.L., 1986, Land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, surveys to evaluate land subsidence damage to water wells California, as of 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water– in the Sacramento Valley, California, in Borchers, Resources Investigations Report 95–4196, 50 p. James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Studies and Johnson, A. Ivan, 1998, Land subsidence due to fluid Current Research: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland withdrawal in the United States – an overview, Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of in Borchers, James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 8, Studies and Current Research: Proceedings of the p. 89–105. Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: Bull, William B., 1998, Tectonic controls of geomorphic Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication processes in a land subsidence area, in Borchers, no. 8, p. 51–57. James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Studies and Leighton, D.A., and Phillips, S.P., 2003, Simulation of ground– Current Research: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland water flow and land subsidence in the Antelope Valley Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of ground–water basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 8, p. 29– Water Resources Investigation, WRI–03–4016, 107 p. 44. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 181 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lofgren, Benjamin E., and Klausing, R.L., 1969, Land Prokovich, Nikola P., 1978, Prediction of land subsidence for subsidence due to ground–water withdrawal, Tulare– irrigation , in Saxena, S.K., editor, Evaluation and Wasco area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Prediction of Subsidence: American Society of Civil Professional Paper 437–B, 103 p. Engineers, Proceedings of International Conference on Lofgren, Benjamin E., 1975, Land subsidence due to ground– Evaluation and Prediction of Subsidence, p. 235–253. water withdrawal, Arvin–Maricopa area, California: U.S. (Pertains to the San Luis Aqueduct in western Fresno Geological Survey Prof. Paper 437–D, 55 p. County, with application to nearby schools and hospitals Mayer, Larry, 1987, Subsidence analysis of the Los Angeles due to urban growth in the San Joaquin Valley.) Basin, in Ingersoll, R.V., and Ernst, W.G., editors, Rogers, J. David, 1998, Hydrocompression and hydroswell ─ Cenozoic Basin Development of Coastal California – the new terms in the geotechnical dictionary, Rubey Volume VI: Prentice–Hall, Inc., p. 299–320. in Borchers, James W., editor, Land Subsidence Case Meade, Robert H., 1967, Petrology of sediments underlying Studies and Current Research: Proceedings of the areas of land subsidence in central California: U.S. Dr. Joseph F. Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: Geological Survey Prof. Paper 497–C, 83 p. Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication Moran, Douglas E., and Wiebe, Karl H., 1992, Holocene no. 8, p. 119–145. deposition and organic soils near Huntington Beach, Rojstaczer, Stuart J., and Deverel, Steven J., 1995, Land Orange County, California, in Heath, Edward G., and subsidence in drained histosols and high organic mineral Lewis, W. Lavon, editors, The Regressive Pleistocene soils of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta: Soil Science Shoreline, Coastal Southern California: Southcoast Society of America Journal, vol. 59, p. 1162–1167. Geological Society, Guidebook No. 20, p. 137–156. Rojstaczer, Stuart A., Hamon, R.E., Deverel, Steven J., and National Academy of Sciences, Panel on Land Subsidence, Massey, C.A., 1991, Evaluation of selected data to assess 1991, Mitigating losses from land subsidence in the United the causes of subsidence in the Sacramento – San Joaquin States: National Academy Press, 58 p. Delta, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Page, Ronald W., 1998, A compressible diatomaceous clay, Report 91–193. Sacramento Valley, California, in Borchers, James W., Saxena, S.K., editor, 1979, Evaluation and prediction of editor, Land Subsidence Case Studies and Current subsidence: American Society of Civil Engineers, 594 p. Research: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Poland Schmidt, David A. and Bürgmann, Roland, 2003, Time– Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of dependent land uplift and subsidence in the Santa Clara Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 8, p. 81–87. Valley, California, from a large interferometric synthetic Poland, Joseph F., and Davis, George H., 1969, aperature radar data–set: Journal of Geophysical Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids: Geological Research, vol. 108, no. B–9, published by AGU September Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, 5, 2003 doi: 10.1029/2002JB002267. 115 inverted vol. 2, p. 187–269. differential interferograms derived from 47 Synthetic Poland, Joseph F., and Ireland, R.L., 1988, Land subsidence in Aperature Radar (SAR) scenes indicate about 35 mm the Santa Clara Valley, California, as of 1982: U.S. maximum peak–to–trough amplitudes west of the Silver Geological Survey Prof. Paper 497–F, 61 p. Creek Fault in San Jose. Preene, M., 2000, Assessment of settlements caused by Sneed, Michelle, Ikehara, Marti E., Stork, S.V., Amelung, F., groundwater control: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil and Galloway, D.L., 2003, Detection and measurement of Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 143, October land subsidence using interferometric synthetic aperture 2000 issue, p. 177-190. radar (InSAR) and global position system (GPS) , San Prokovich, Nikola P., 1985, Subsidence of peat in California Bernardino County, Mojave Desert, California: U.S. and Florida: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report, Geologists, vol. 22, p. 395–420. WRI 03–4015, 69 p. Covers the Lucerne Valley, Prokovich, Nikola P., 1978, Genetic classification of land El Mirage, Lockhart, and Newberry Springs areas of the subsidence, in Saxena, S.K., editor, Evaluation and southwestern Mojave Desert. Download 4.7 MB .pdf Prediction of Subsidence: American Society of Civil file from: Engineers, Proceedings of International Conference on < http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri034015 > Evaluation and Prediction of Subsidence, p. 289–399. Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and Yun, Joseph, 2003, California’s groundwater: California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., 7 chapters, Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 182 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

39. Volcanic Eruptions Selected References for For those hospitals and public schools in Volcanic Hazards in California vicinity of active volcanism in California, evaluate (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) the potential for volcanic eruption, volcanic debris flows, and volcanic ash. The consulting geologist is responsible for the initial assessment of Bacon, Charles R., 1982, Time–predictable bimodal volcanism proximity in regard to active volcanism. in the Coso Range, California: Geology, vol. 10, no. 2, February 1982 issue, p. 65–69. Bailey, Roy A., 1989, Geologic map of the Long Valley Areas in California of particular concern caldera, Mono–Inyo Craters volcanic chain, and vicinity, include: Mammoth Lakes (Long Valley Caldera eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey, Map I─1933, and Inyo Craters), Coso Hot Springs, Lassen Peak, 2 map sheets, 11 p. Medicine Lake Highlands, Mount Shasta, and Bailey, Roy A., Dalrymple, G. Brent, and Lanphere, Marvin A., Clear Lake (Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847, 1976, Volcanism, structure, and geochronology of Long Valley Caldera, Mono County, California: Journal of Plate I). Geophysical Research, vol. 81, no. 4, p. 725–744. Blong, Russell, 2000, Volcanic hazards and risk A 2002 emergency response plan for Long management, in Sigurdsson, H., editor, Encyclopedia of Valley Caldera has been prepared by the U.S. Volcanoes: Academic Press, p. 1215–1227. Geological Survey (Hill and others, 2002) for the Borg, Lars E., Brandon, Alan D., Clynne, Michael A., and Walker, Richard J., 2000, Rhenium-Osmium isotopic Mammoth Lakes area of Mono County. Bulletin systematics of primitive lavas from the Lassen region of the 2185 is published on–line and may be expediently Cascade arc, California: Earth and Planetary Science downloaded for use and citation in consulting Letters, vol. 177, issues 3&4, 30 April 2000, p. 301-317. reports. Brown, R.J., and Calder, E.S., 2005, Pyroclastics, in Selley, Richard C., Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, The green ― yellow ― orange ― red Encyclopedia of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 4, p. 386-397. USGS warning system of colors for increasing Castro, Jonathan, Manga, Michael, and Cashman, Katharine, 2002, Dynamics of obsidian flows inferred from levels of volcanic unrest are explained in USGS microstructures: insights from microlite preferred Bulletin 2185. The USGS uses this color system orientations: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 199, for other active volcanoes in California and issues 1&2, 30 May 2002, p. 211-226. elsewhere in the world. The field area is Obsidian , June Lake area, Mono County, California. Current information on volcanic hazards in Christiansen, Robert L., Clynne, Michael A., and Muffler, California can be obtained from the USGS L.J. Patrick, 2002, Geologic map of the Lassen Peak, Chaos Crags, and Upper Hat Creek area, California: Western Region (= Menlo Park) website for the U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Long Valley Observatory: Map I-2723, scale 1:24,000, map sheet 36 × 56 inches, with < http:// lvo.wr.usgs.gov > 17–page text, inset map at scale 1:2,500 shows the geology of the summit area of Lassen Peak. It is recommended to use diagrams, epicentral Christiansen, Robert L., 1982, Volcanic hazard potential in the maps, and related volcanic hazards data from the California Cascades, in Martin, Roger C., and Davis, J.F., USGS website within your consulting report. editors, Status of volcanic prediction and emergency response capabilities in volcanic hazard zones of California: California Division of Mines & Geology, Special Publication 63, p. 41–59. Christiansen, Robert L., and Clynne, Michael A., 1999, Volcanism in California, in Moores, Eldridge M., Sloan, Doris, and Stout, Dorothy L., editors, Classic Cordilleran Concepts – a view from California: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 338, p. 431–438. Contains a comprehensive bibliography of 126 citations to volcanism. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 183 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Clynne, M.A., Christiansen, Robert L., Felger, T.J., Gran, Karen B., and Montgomery, David R., 2005, Stauffer, P.H., and Hendley, J.W., 1999, Eruptions of Spatial and temporal patterns in fluvial recovery Lassen Peak, California, 1914–1917: U.S Geological following volcanic eruptions ― channel response to Survey Fact Sheet 173–98, 2 p. www.volcanoes.usgs.gov/products basin-wide sediment loading at Mount Pinatubo, Clynne, M.A., Christiansen, Robert L., Miller, C. Dan, Philippines: Geological Society of America Bulletin , Stauffer, Peter H., and Hendley, J.W., 2002, vol. 117, p. 195-211. hazards of the Lassen Volcanic National Park area, Hart, Garret L., Johnson, Clark M., Shirey, Steven B., and California, U.S Geological Survey Fact Sheet 022–00, 10 p. Clynne, Michael A., 2002, Osmium isotope constraints on http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/fact–sheet/fs022–00 lower crustal recycling and pluton preservation at Lassen Crandell, Dwight R., 1989, Gigantic debris avalanche of Volcanic Center, California: Earth and Planetary Science Pleistocene age from ancestral Mount Shasta volcano, Letters, vol. 199, issues 3&4, 10 June 2002, p. 269-285. California, and debris–avalanche hazard zonation: Hickson, C.J., 2002, An overview of volcanic hazard maps – U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1861, 32 p. past, present, future, in Bobrowsky, Peter T., editor, Crandell, Dwight R., Miller, C. Dan, Glicken H.X., Geoenvironmental mapping – methods, theory, and Christiansen, R.L., and Newhall, C.G., 1984, Catastrophic practice: A.A. Balkema Publishers, p. 557–575. debris avalance from ancestral Mount Shasta volcano, Hill, David P., 2004, Interdisciplinary discussion of volcanic California: Geology, vol. 12, p. 143–146. processes beneath the Long Valley Caldera – Mono Craters Donnelly–Nolan, Julie M., Champion, D.E., Miller, C.D, area: Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Grose, T.L, and Trimble, D.A., 1990, Post–11,000 year Union, vol. 85, no. 23, June 8, 2004 issue, p. 228–230. volcanism of Medicine Lake Volcano, Cascade Range, Hill, David P., Langbein, J.O., and Prejean, S., 2003, northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, Relations between seismicity and deformation during vol. 95, p. 19693–19704. unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, from 1995 Dzurisin, Daniel, 2005, Volcano deformation ― new through 1999, Journal of & Geothermal geodetic monitoring techniques: Springer–Verlag Resources, vol. 127, p. 175–193. Publishers, 260 p. Hill, David P., Dawson, P., Johnston, M.J.S., Pitt, Andrew Dzurisin, Daniel, 2000, Volcano geodesy: challenges and M., Biasi, G., and Smith, K., 2002, Very–long–period opportunities for the 21st century: Philosophical volcanic earthquakes beneath Mammoth Mountain, Transactions of The Royal Society of London, vol. 358, California: AGU Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 29, p. 1547-1566. Dr. Dzurisin is a USGS at the Johnston no. 10, p. 8–1 to 8–4. Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington. Although Hill, David P., 1996, Earthquakes and carbon dioxide beneath published in England by The Royal Society, this paper describes geodesy Mammoth Mountain Seismological Research Letters, applications to volcanism in the western United States. Available as free pdf download at: < www.ingentaconnect.com > vol. 67, no. 1, p. 8–15. Ewert, John W., and Harpel, Christopher J., 2000, Bibliography Hill, David P., Dzurisin, Daniel, Ellsworth, William L., Endo, of literature pertaining to Long Valley Caldera and E.T., Galloway, D.L., Gerlach, T.M., Johnston, Malcolm associated volcanic fields: U.S. Geological Survey, Open– J.S., Lanbein, J., McGee, Ken A., Miller, C.D., File Report 2000–221, 156 p. (a comprehensive list Oppenheimer, David, and Sorey, M.L., 2002, Response plan 0.6 MB .pdf with 1,612 references on Long Valley Caldera) for volcanic hazards in the Long Valley Caldera and Mono Ewert, John W., and Harpel, Christopher J., 2004, Craters region, California: U.S. Geological Survey In harm’s way: population and volcanic risk: Geotimes, Bulletin 2185, 57 p. download from: vol. 49, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 14–17. www.geopubs.wr.usgs.gov Fink, Jonathan H., and Pollard David D., 1983, Structural Hill, David P., Pollitz, Fred, and Newhall, Christopher, 2002, evidence for dikes beneath silicic domes, Medicine Lake Earthquake–volcano interactions: Physics Today, vol. 55, Highland Volcano, California: Geology, vol. 11, no. 8, no. 11, November 2002 cover–story, p. 41–47. August 1983 issue, p. 458–461. Knesel, Kurt M., and Davidson, Jon P., 1997, The origin and Fisher, Richard V., and Smith, G.A., editors, 1991, evolution of large–volume silicic magma systems – Long Sedimentation in volcanic settings: Society for Valley Caldera: International Geology Review, vol. 39, Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Special Publication 45, 257 p. no. 11, November 1997 issue, p. 1033–1052 Foulger, G.R., Julian, B.R., Hill, David P., Pitt, Andrew M., Lanphere, Marvin A., Champion, D.E., Clynne, M.A., Malin, P.E., and Shalev, E., 2004, Non–double–couple Lowenstern, J.B., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., and Wooden, J.L., microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, 2004, Age of the Rockland tephra, western USA: provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing: Journal of Quaternary Research, vol. 62, p. 94-104. The Rockland Volcanology & Geothermal Resources, vol. 132, no. 1, pumice-fall and ash-flow eruped about 565,000 to 610,000 years ago from the Mount Lassen area. It is a Pleistocene time- p. 45–71. Abstract: http://elsevier.lib.sjtu.edu.cn stratigraphic marker that is widespread over five western states, Francis, Peter, and Oppenheimer, Clive, 2004, Volcanoes, nd including northern and central California. Where locally 2 edition: Oxford University Press, 536 p. www.oup.com preserved, the ash-fall marker bed is useful for dating fault activity. Francis, Peter, and Rothery, David, 2000, Remote sensing of active volcanoes: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 28, May 2000, p. 81–106. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 184 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lescinsky, David T., Fink, Jonathan H., 2000, Lava and ice Prejean, S., Stork, A., Ellsworth, William L., Hill, David P., interaction at stratovolcanoes: use of characteristic features and Julian, B., 2003, High precision earthquake locations to determine past glacial extents and future volcanic reveal seismogenic structure beneath Mammoth hazards: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 105, Mountain, California, AGU Geophysical Research no. B–10, October 10, 2000 issue, p. 23,711 to 23,726. Letters, vol. 30, no. 24, p. 4–1 to 4–4. Major, Jon J., Schilling, S.P., and Pullinger, C.R., 2003, Reid, Mark E., 2004, Massive collapse of volcano edifices Volcanic debris flows in developing countries ― the triggered by hydrothermal pressurization: GSA Geology, extreme need for public education and awareness of debris- vol. 32, no. 5, May 2004 issue, p. 373–376. flow hazards, in Rickenmann, D., and Chen, C.L., Reid, Mark E., Christian, Sarah B., and Brien, Dainne L., 2000, editors, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, Gravitational stability of three–dimensional stratovolcano prediction, and assessment: Millpress Science edifices: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 105, Publishers, Rotterdam; Proceedings of the Third no. B–3, March 10, 2000 issue, p. 6043 to 6056. International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Robock, Alan, and Oppenheimer, Clive, editors, 2004, Mitigation, held at Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, Volcanism and the Earth’s atmosphere: American 2003; vol. 2, p. 1185-1196. www.millpress.com Geophysical Union. < www.agu.org > Marti, Joan, and Ernst, Gerald G.J., editors, 2005, Volcanoes Rogie, John D., Kerrick, Derrill M., Sorey, Michael L., and the environment: Cambridge University Press, 488 p. Chiodini, Giovanni, and Galloway, Devin L., 2001, Martin, Roger C., and Davis, James F., editors, 1982, Status of Dynamics of carbon dioxide emission at Mammoth volcanic prediction and emergency response capabilities in Mountain, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, volcanic hazard zones of California: California Geological vol. 188, issues 3&4, 15 June 2001, p. 535-541. Mammoth Survey, Special Publication 63, 30 papers, 275 p. Mountain has been passively degassing large quantities of cold Mastin, L.G., and Witter, J.B., 2000, The hazards of eruptions magmatic CO2 since 1990. One skier has died from asphyxiation through lakes and seawater: Journal of Volcanology and by carbon dioxide gas (odorless & colorless). Geothermal Research, vol. 97, issue 1–4, p. 195–214. Rundle, J.B., and Hill, David P., 1988, The geophysics of a McCall, G.J.H., 2005, Volcanoes, in Selley, Richard C., restless caldera – Long Valley, California: Annual Reviews Cocks, L. Robin M, and Plimer, I.R., editors, Encyclopedia in Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 16, p. 251–271. of Geology: Elsevier, vol. 5, p. 565-579. Scarpa, R., and Tilling, R.I., editors, 1996, Monitoring and McGee, K.A., Gerlach, T.M., Kessler, R., and Doukas, M.P., mitigation of volcano hazards: Springer–Verlag Publishers, 841 p. 2000, Geochemical evidence for a magmatic CO2 degassing event at Mammoth Mountain, California, September – Scott, Kevin M., Macias, J.L., Naranjo, J.A., Rodriguez, S., and December 1997: Journal of Geophysical Research, McGeehin, John P., 2001, Catastrophic debris flows vol. 105, no. B–4, April 10, 2000 issue, p. 8447–8456. transformed from landslides in volcanic terrains: mobility, McNutt, Stephen R., 2000, Seismic monitoring, in hazard assessment, and mitigation strategies: U.S. Sigurdsson, H., editor, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: Geological Survey Professional Paper 1630, 59 p., 9 tables, Academic Press, p. 1095–1119. 20 figures. Miller, C.Dan, 1980, Potential hazards from future eruptions Scott, Kevin M., 1988, Origins, behavior, and sedimentology of in the vicinity of Mount Shasta volcano, northern California: lahars and lahar―runout flows in the Toutle―Cowlitz U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1503, 43 p. Published on River system: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper the web at: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/shasta 1447-A, 76 p. Miller, C.Dan, 1985, Holocene eruptions at the Inyo volcanic Siebert, Lee, 2002, Landslides resulting from structural failure chain, California: implications for possible eruptions in of volcanoes, in Evans, Stephen G., and DeGraff, Long Valley caldera: Geology: vol. 13, p. 14–17. Jerome V., editors, Catastrophic landslides: effects, Miller, C.Dan, 1989, Potential hazards from future volcanic occurrence, and mechanisms: Geological Society of eruptions in California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 15, 1847, 17 p., plate I, scale 1:500,000. On the web at: p. 209–236. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/colcanoes/California/hazards Sorey, M.L., Evans, W.C., Kennedy, B.M., Farrar, C.D., Nathenson, M., Thompson, J.M., and White, L.D., 2003, Hainsworth, L.J., Hausback, Brian, 1998, Carbon dioxide Slightly thermal springs and non–thermal springs at Mount and helium emissions from a reservoir of magmatic gas Shasta, California: chemistry and recharge elevations: beneath Mammoth Mountain, California: Journal of Journal of Volcanology & Geothermal Research, vol. 121, Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B–7, July 10, 1998 issue, 1–2, February 2003, p. 137–153. issue, p. 15,303 to 15,323. Pierson, Thomas C., and Janda, Richard J., 1994, Volcanic Thouret, J.C., 1999, Volcanic geomorphology ― an overview: mixed avalanches: a distinct eruption–triggered mass–flow Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 47, issues 1&2, July 1999, process at snow–clad volcanoes: Bulletin of the Geological p. 95-131. Society of America, vol. 106, p. 1351–1358. Vallance, James W., 2000, Lahars, in Sigurdsson, H., editor, Pitt, Andrew M., Hill, David P., Walter, S.W., and Johnson, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: Academic Press, p. 601–616. M.J.S., 2002, Midcrustal, long–period earthquakes beneath northern California volcanic areas: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 73, no. 2., March/April 2002 issue, p. 144–152. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 185 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Weinstein, Philip, 2005, Volcanic emissions and health, Chapter 9 in Selinus, Olle, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― impacts of the natural environment on public health: Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. White, James D.L., and Riggs, Nancy R., editors, 2001, Volcaniclastic sedimentation in lacustrine settings: Blackwell Science Publishers; International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 30, 13 articles, 309 p. Wood, C.A., and Kienle, J., editors, 1990, Volcanoes of North America, United States, and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354 p. Wright, Thomas L., and Pierson, Thomas C., 1991, Living with volcanoes – the U.S. Geological Survey’s volcano hazard program: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1073, 57 p. Zimbelman, David, Watters, Robert J., Bowman, Steven, and Firth, Ian, 2003, Quantifying hazard and risk assessment at active volcanoes: EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, vol. 84, no. 23, June 10, 2003 issue, p. 213–217.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 186 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

40. Tsunami or Seiche Public Resources Code § 2692.1 The State Geologist may include in maps compiled pursuant to this chapter information on the If the site is near to the California coastline or potential effects of tsunami and seiche when adjacent to the shoreline of a large body of water information becomes available from other sources (lake or reservoir), then evaluate the potential for and the State Geologist determines the information tsunamis or seiches. Make recommendations for is appropriate for use by local government. The effective remediation, as appropriate. In the State Geologist shall not be required to provide this aftermath of the December 26, 2004 Magnitude 9 information unless additional funding is provided both to make the determination and to distribute earthquake in Sumatra and tragic tsunami deaths the tsunami and seiche information. of 150,000+ people in the Indian Ocean, there is a heightened awareness of the tsunami risk to the California coastline. Southern California Refer to McCulloch (1985, USGS Prof. Paper Since 1812, fourteen tsunamis with wave 1360) for a comprehensive description of tsunami heights greater than 3 feet have struck the potential in southern California and the fluid California Coast. Six of these tsunami waves dynamics of tsunamis. Borrero and others (2004) were destructive. (Governor’s Office of have recently estimated that the tsunami run–up Emergency Services, 1997, p. 3). for the southern California coastline is on the order of ½ to 6 meters, depending on the source Four large tsunami waves generated by the mechanism and location. For their scenario, these March 27, 1964 Good Friday Alaskan Earthquake USC authors used three offshore faults and two significantly affected Crescent City, Del Note marine landslides as potential tsunami sources. County, California. The two largest tsunami waves were about 15–feet high at 1:20 AM, and 21–feet high at 1:45 AM. The 1964 Alaskan Crescent City and Eureka areas tsunami killed 11 people at Crescent City, crushed Tsunami run–up zones are shown for 29 city blocks, sunk 26 commercial fishing boats, Humboldt and Del Note Counties within destroyed 150 businesses and about 1,000 Toppozada and others, 1995, California automobiles, with about $16 million in damage Geological Survey Special Publication 115. Refer (Yeats, 2001, chap. 10; Toppozada and others, to SP–115 Map #SHM–1 for Eureka and Arcata 1995, p. 19–22). The clean–up alone cost areas, and Map #SHM–2 for the Crescent City $1,250,000 (Reported in 1964 dollar–value; area. Existing schools and hospitals are also forty years later this same damage would be plotted on these scenario maps for tsunami run–up locations in low–lying coastal areas. substantially higher cost.).

The 1812 earthquake in Santa Barbara County Ichinose and others (2000) provide convincing generated tsunami waves estimated to be 50 feet evidence for potential damage and loss of life high at Gaviota, 30 to 35 feet at Santa Barbara, from large seiches following earthquakes at Lake Tahoe. and 15+ feet at Ventura.

Website Information about Tsunamis California Geological Survey The Governor’s Office of Emergency Services The State Geologist has been granted legal maintains a website < www.oes.ca.gov > for authority under the Seismic Hazards Zoning Act tsunami inundation information of the California of 1990 to evaluate tsunami inundation areas and coastline. Also refer to recent NOAA documents combine this with liquefaction and landslide maps. on Pacific Coast tsunamis < www.noaa.gov >

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 187 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Other useful tsunami websites include: Borrero, José C., Legg, Mark R., and Synolakis, Costas E., 2004, Tsunami sources in the southern California bight, United States Geological Survey Geophysical Research Letters., vol. 31, AGU paper no. < http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami > L13211, published on–line by AGU July 10, 2004; doi:10.1029/2004GL020078. Tsunami run–up for the University of Southern California southern California coast is modeled at ½ to 6 meters, < www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis > depending on location and mechanism. Bryant, Edward, 2001, Tsunami – the underrated hazard: Cambridge University Press, 320 p. West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center nd < http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov > Dudley, Walter C, and Lee, M., 1998, Tsunami!, 2 edition: University of Hawaii Press, 376 p. International Tsunami Information Center Erdman, Craig F., Preuss, Jane, Barnett, Elson T., and Murphy, < www.prh.noaa.gov/itic > Vivyan, 2003, Planning and mitigating for local tsunami effects, in Beavers, James E., editor, Advancing Tsunami Community website Mitigation Technologies and Disaster Response for < www.tsunamicommunity.org > Lifeline Systems: American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of the Sixth U.S. Conference and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, August 2003, ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph No. 25, p. 59–72. Selected References for Garcia, Andrew W., and Houston, James R., 1975, Tsunamis and Seiches Type–16 flood insurance study: tsunami predictions for (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Monterey and San Francisco Bays and : marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Hydraulics Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Technical Report H–75–17, 263 p. Geist, Eric L., 2002, Complex and local Agnew, Duncan C., 1979, Tsunami history of San Diego, tsunamis: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, in Abbott, Patrick L., and Elliott, William .J., editors, vol. 197, no. B5, May 2002 issue, p. 2–1 to 2–16. Earthquakes and other perils, San Diego region: San Geist, Eric L., and Zoback, Mary Lou, 2002, Examination Diego Association of Geologists, p. 117–122. of the tsunami generated by the 1906 San Francisco Atwater, Brian F., 2005, The orphan tsunami of 1700 ― Mw = 7.8 earthquake, using new interpretatons of the Japanese clues to a parent earthquake in North America: offshore San Andreas Fault, in Parsons, Thomas, editor, University of Washington Press, 144 p. Crustal structure and the coastal and marine San Francisco Atwater, Brian F., and 5 others, compilers, 1999, Surviving a Bay region, California: U.S. Geological Survey tsunami – lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan: U.S. Professional Paper 1658, p. 29–42. Geological Survey Circular 1187, 18 p. (also available in http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1658 Spanish language edition) Geist, Eric L., and Zoback, Mary Lou, 1999, Analysis of the Bernard, E.N., Mader, C., Curtis, G., Satake, K., 1994, tsunami generated by the Mw7.8 1906 San Francisco Tsunami inundation model study of Eureka and Crescent earthquake: GSA Geology, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 15–18. City, California: U.S. National Oceanographic and Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, 1997, Findings and Atmospheric Administration, Report #NOAA–TM–ERL– recommendations for mitigating the risks of tsunamis in PMEL–103, 82 p. California: OES, 30 p. booklet. Bernard, E.N., 1998, Program aims to reduce impact of Hebenstreit, Gerald T., editor, 2001, Tsunami research at the tsunamis on Pacific states: American Geophysical end of a critical decade: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Union, EOS, Transactions of AGU, vol. 79, no. 22, Advances in natural and technological hazards research, June 2, 1998 issue, p. 258–263. vol. 18, 304 p. This volume is derived from the Borrero, José C., Cho, S., Moore, James E., Richardson, 1999 International Tsunami Symposium. Harry W., and Synolakis, Costas, 2005, Could it happen Ichinose, Gene A., Anderson, John G., Satake, K., here? ASCE Civil Engineering, vol. 75, no. 4, Schweickert, R.A., and Lahren, M.M., 2000, The potential April 2005 issue, p. 54-65. Written by an hazard from tsunami and seiche waves generated by large interdisciplinary team of civil engineers and economists earthquakes within Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada: AGU at the University of Southern California, this paper Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 27, no. 8, p. 1203– concludes that there is a median possibility of $102 1206. billion damage to southern California from a tsunami. Lander, James F., Lockridge, Patricia A., and Kozuch, Michael J., 1993, Tsunamis affecting the west coast of the United States 1806–1992: National Geophysical Data Center, Publication 29, 7 chapters, 242 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 188 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Legg, Mark R., Borrero, Jose C., and Synolakis, Costas E., Satake, K, and Somerville, Paul G., 1992, Location and size of 2003, Evaluation of tsunami risk to southern California the 1927 Lompoc, California, earthquake from tsunami coastal cities: the 2002 NEHRP Professional Fellowship data: Bulletin Seismological Society of America, vol. 82, Report: 43 p. Available as a free dowloadable .pdf from no. 4, p. 1710–1725. the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Smoot, J.P., Litwin, R.J., Bischoff, J.L., and Lund, S.J., 2000, www.eeri.org Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and “tsunami” Ma, K.F., Satake, K., and Kanamori, H., 1994, The origin of the at Owens Lake, southeast California: Sedimentary tsunami excited by the earthquake; faulting or slumping: Geology, vol. 135, no. 1-4, September 2000 issue, p. in Rojstaczer, S.A., and Holzer, Thomas L, editors, 241-254. The Loma Prieta, California Earthquake of October 17, Stevenson, David, 2005, Tsunamis and earthquakes ― 1989; hydrological disturbances: U.S. Geological Survey What physics is interesting? Physics Today, vol. 58, no. 6, Professional Paper 1551–E, p. E3 to E9. June 2005 issue, p. 10-11. www.aip.org Ma, K.F., Satake, K., and Kanamori, H., 1991, The origin of the Synolakis, Costas, 2003, Tsunami and seiche, in tsunami excited by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: Chen, W.F., and Scawthorn, C., editors, Earthquake Bulletin Seismological Society of America, vol. 81, no. 4, Engineering Handbook: CRC Press, a division of Taylor p. 1396–1397. & Francis Publishers, chap. 9, p. 9–1 to 9–90. McCulloch, D.S., 1985, Evaluating tsunami potential, Toppozada, T.R., Borchardt, G., Haydon, W., Petersen, M.D., in Ziony, J.I., editor, Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Olson, R., Lagorio, H., and Anvik, T., 1995, Planning Los Angeles region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional scenario in Humboldt and Del Norte counties, Califonria, Paper 1360, p. 375–413. for a great earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Mofjeld, Harold O., González, Frank I., and Newman, Jean C., California Geological Survey Special Publication 115, 1998, Tsunami prediction in U.S. coastal regions, 157 p. in Mooers, C.N.K., editor, Coastal Ocean Prediction: Walder, Joseph S., Watts, Philip, Sorensen, Oscar E., and American Geophysical Union, Coastal and Estuarine Janssen, Kenneth, 2003, Tsunamis generated by subaerial Series, vol. 56, 1998, 526 p. These three AGU authors mass flows: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, are at NOAA . no. B–5, published on–line by AGU May 8, 2003, doi: Mooers, Christopher N.K., 1998, Coastal ocean prediction: 10.1029/2001JB00707, 2003. American Geophysical Union, Coastal and Estuarine Ward, Steven N., 2001, Landslide tsunami: AGU Journal of Series, vol. 56, 526 p. Contains a chapter on tsunamis. Geophysical Research, vol. 106, no. 6–B, p. 11201–11215. Nakata, T., Haraguchi, T., and Takata, K., 2000, Geo–slicer, Ward, Steven N., 2002, Tsunamis: Encyclopedia of Physical a new soil sampler for paleo–tsunami studies: Oregon Science and Technology: Academic Press. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Special Ward, Steven N., and Day, Simon, 2002, Suboceanic Paper 33, p. 86. landslides, in 2002 Yearbook of Science and Technology: Nash, J. Madeline, 2005, An American tsunami: Time McGraw–Hill Publishers. (Contains a computer Magazine, vol. 165, no. 2, January 10, 2005 issue, p. simulation of a large submarine landslide offshore Palos 22-44. Excellent color diagrams of the tsunami potential Verdes Peninsula, and how it would affect port facilities for northwestern California and Cascadia. and coastal communities in southern California.) Nelson, Alan R., Asquith, Andrew C., and Grant, Wendy C., Watts, P., and Waythomas, C.F., 2003, Theoretical analysis of 2004, Great earthquakes and tsunamis of the past tsunami generation by pyroclastic flows: AGU Journal of 2,000 years at the Salmon River estuary, central Oregon Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–12, p. 2563, coast, USA: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of published on–line Dec. 19, 2003. America, vol. 94, no. 4, August 2004 issue, p. 1276 - 1292. Yeats, Robert S., 2001, Tsunami!, Chapter 10 in Living with Pelayo, A.M., and Wiens, Douglas A., 1992, Tsunami earthquakes in California: Oregon State University Press, earthquakes: slow thrust–faulting events in the p. 238–259. accretionary wedge: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–11, October 10, 1992 issue, p. 15,321 to 15,337. Satake, K., 2002, Tsunamis, in Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, Paul C., and Kisslinger, Carl, editors, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology: Academic Press, vol. 81A of International Geophysics Series, Chap. 28, p. 437–451.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 189 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

41. Naturally–Occurring Asbestos (NOA) For public schools, reference is made to California Code of Regulations, Title 5, Education As geologically appropriate, evaluate the site Code, Division 1, Chapter 13, Article 2, School for the presence of naturally–occurring asbestos Sites §14010(s)2: “cleanup of…serpentine rock.” (NOA). Refer to California Geological Survey The Education Code considers asbestos dust from Special Publication 124, Guidelines for Geologic NOA occurrences to be a health hazard for school Investigations of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in children. California, for background information on NOA and for information on geologic investigations for The local Air Pollution Control Districts NOA. CGS Special Publication 124 is a (APCDs) are the enforcement agencies for NOA comprehensive 70–page document that contains related dust problems. The APCDs are now guidelines appropriate for site development in responsible for enforcing two new Air Toxic California, including public schools and hospitals. Control Measures (ATCM’s) for NOA recently It is edited by Clinkenbeard, Churchill, and Lee developed and implemented by the California Air (2002), and a digital version is posted on the Resources Board (CARB): website of the California Geological Survey: ♦ Asbestos ATCM for Surfacing Applications, < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > California Code of Regulations, Title 17, §93106. Asbestos is a commercial term for six different “Surfacing” means applications such as aggregates fibrous minerals with special properties of for unpaved roads, parking lots, driveways, and flexibility and strength: chrysotile, amosite walkways. (cummingtonite–grunerite asbestos), crocidolite ♦ Asbestos ATCM for Construction, Grading, (riebeckite asbestos), tremolite asbestos, actinolite Quarrying, and Surface Mining Operations, asbestos and anthophyllite asbestos. Chrysotile is California Code of Regulations, Title 17, §93105. a serpentine group mineral. The remaining five asbestos minerals are amphibole group minerals These two ATCM’s regulate the use of NOA– and these more commonly occur in non– containing material for surfacing applications asbestiform habits (i.e., not as asbestos). In the (aggregate), and the disturbance of NOA– future, the fibrous forms of other amphibole containing areas during grading and construction minerals may be regulated so it is important to activities. check with the appropriate regulatory authorities for the most current list of regulated asbestos The full texts of these two ATCM’s are minerals. available on the CARB website: < www.arb.ca.gov / toxics / asbestos / reginfo.htm > In California, NOA (both chrysotile and the amphibole asbestos minerals) is most commonly CARB works closely with the California found in, and immediately adjacent to ultramafic Geological Survey and the California Department rock / serpentinite bodies. Ultramafic rock / of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) regarding serpentinite terrane occurs widely within 45 of the naturally–occurring asbestos and public schools. 58 counties of California. NOA may be more In some cases, local County and APCD common in fault or shear zones or at geologic unit regulations for naturally–occurring asbestos may boundaries. Less commonly, NOA may be exceed state requirements so it is important to present in other geologic settings such as, but not confer with the local county environmental health limited to, contact metamorphosed carbonate department and the APCD with jurisdiction for the proposed school site. rocks, diagenetically altered gabbros, and along shear zones in greenstones. Asbestos is a significant health problem in the United States. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention in Atlanta, 1,493 people died from asbestos in 2000. Many Engineering Geology and Seismology for 190 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 of these unfortunate deaths were from prior Athletic playing fields (football, baseball, exposure (decades prior) to insulation, ship– soccer, etc) with turf grass will typically need an building during World War II, brake–linings, imported fill-blanket of select loam soil (non- engine gaskets, fireproofing, shingles, and related serpentine, non-greenstone, with use of ARB Test building materials. These are not situations of Method 435) so that the grass can thrive as a thick naturally–occurring asbestos; but there is much durable turf and minimize mineral dust that might that geologists can do within the natural contain tremolite and asbestos fibers. Refer to enviroment of California. Geologists performing DTSC 2004 criteria listed above, plus agricultural CCR Title 24 work will undertake prudent and soils books (such as Keefer, 2000; Jury and diligent evaluation of geologic terrain to minimize Horton, 2004; NRCS, 1999; and ASTM test the exposure to naturally–occurring asbestos and D-5268-02 for top soil) for information about tremolite to school children, hospital patients, and suitability of imported clean loam soils for turf the general population of California. grasses on playing fields.

Papers in ecology of serpentine terrain are For example, ASTM test D-5268-02 for top soil included in the geological references. School includes these parameters: campuses in serpentine terrain will need revegetated slopes with blankets of select Materials passing #4 sieve: imported fill. Refer to DTSC interim guidelines Organic Material, 2 to 20% dated September 24, 2004 for specific instructions. Sand Content, 20 to 60% Silt & Clay Content, 35 to 70% A summary of remediation methods using Deleterious Materials, 5% maximum import of clean loamy soils is provided in DTSC (rock, gravel, slag, cinder, roots, sod) Table 1 (extracted from the DTSC 2004 report, pH, 5 to 7 page 20 and summarized in the following paragraphs): The legal specifications on the grading plans should contain the DTSC (2004) minimum criteria For hardscaped areas (buildings, concrete / (including ARB-435 test method) for these asphalt paved areas, parking lots, and sidewalks, imported clean loam soils. The California no select clean fill will be required by DTSC. Certified Engineering Geologist should coordinate

this work with the California Licensed Landscape For landscaped areas and play-fields, DTSC Contractor and other consultants when writing requires a geotextile marker and a minimum of these specifications for imported clean loam soils. 1 to 2 feet of clean fill.

For utility corridors, DTSC requires one foot Proper Sequence of Earthwork & Grading of over-excavation and clean backfill. It is also important to plan for the installation of

underground utilities before the clean fill blanket For steep embankments with potential is placed. Proper sequential scheduling of storm-water erosion, DTSC requires shotcrete or earthwork is important. There is an unfortunate other form of retaining wall with appropriate chance for the expensive remediation work to be drainage controls. ruined if the sequence of earthwork is vicarious.

Sustained oversight by the Certified Engineering For steep embankments, DTSC requires Geologist is needed for the entire duration of the geotextile marker, landscape cover with hydro- project. For example (in a worst-case scenario), seeding. the underground utility contractor (sewer pipes, water mains, natural gas pipelines, storm drains) could unwittingly destroy the clean fill-blanket Engineering Geology and Seismology for 191 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 and expose asbestos and tremolite in the linear Alexander, Earl B., Coleman, Robert G., Keeler-Wolf, T., mounds (= side-cast) of the utility excavations. and Harrison, Susan P., 2006 book manuscript in press, Serpentine geoecology of western North America ― geology, soils, and vegetation: Oxford University Press, Hardy Native Vegetation for Ground-Cover ≈ 600-page manuscript in editing, 5 chap., Appendix A-G. Ecologically appropriate native plants should Alexander, Earl B., 2004, Serpentine soil redness ― differences be selected that can successfully grow in among peridotite and serpentinite materials, Klamath Mountains, California: International Geology Review, serpentine soil and serve as ground-cover. Refer vol. 46, no. 8, August 2004 issue, p. 754 – 764. botanical reports by Kruckeberg, 2002; Harrison, www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 1997; Baker & others, 1993; and Brooks, 1987. Alexander, Earl B., 1990, Mineralogy and classification of soils Properly selected xeriscape vegetation that can also on serpentinized peridotite of the Trinity Ophiolite, California: Soil Science, vol. 149, p. 138–149. tolerate serpentine soils will tend to minimize Alexander, Earl B., Wildman, W.E., and Lynn, W.C., 1985, mineral-dust hazards on a sustained basis. Ultramafic (serpentinitic) mineralogy class, in McKittrick, J.A., editor, Mineral classification of soils:

Soil Science Society of America, Special Publication no. 16, p. 135-146. The references listed below will serve as a Alexander, Earl B., and Erwin, S., 2002, Serpentine geoecology useful point–of–departure and guide to the current based on soil survey in the Rattlesnake Creek terrane, Klamath Mountains, California: Geological Society of literature on naturally–occurring asbestos in America, Abstracts with Programs, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 546. California. This is a developing field of Alexander, R.J., and Harper, G.D., 1992, The Josephine knowledge, so check for new regulations and ophiolite: an ancient analog for slow- to intermediate- publications that will appear after the date of this spreading oceanic ridges, in Parson, L.M., Murton, B.J., publication. and Browning, P., editors, Ophiolites and their modern oceanic analogues: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 60, p. 3-38. ASTM, 2002, Test D-5268-02, Standard specification for Selected References for topsoil used for landscaping purposes: American Society Naturally–Occurring Asbestos, NOA, for Testing & Materials, 2 p. www.astm.org and Serpentine Terrain in California Bales, Roger C., 1985, Surface chemical and physical behavior of chrysotile asbestos in natural waters and water treatment: Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star University of California, San Diego, unpublished Ph.D. symbol to assist the reader. These interdisciplinary references include a dissertation, 274 p. wide spectrum of papers from diverse journals: mineralogy of asbestos Barnes, Ivan, O’Neil, J.R., Rapp, J.B., and White, Donald E., and tremolite, regional geologic mapping of ultramafic terrain in 1973, Silica-carbonate alteration of serpentine: wall-rock California, the ecology and flora of serpentine terrain, health physics of alteration in mercury deposits of the California Coast asbestos, and new developments in using imaging spectroscopy to map the areal distribution of ultramafic rocks in California. Ranges: , vol. 68, p. 388-398. Beard, Michael E., and Rook, Harry L., editors, 2000, Advances in environmental measurement methods for Addison, J., 2001, Asbestos: Which physical and mineralogical asbestos: American Society for Testing & Materials, differences can or should form the basis for categorization, ASTM Special Technical Publication STP–1342, 30 papers, and how well can these categories be reproducibly separated 416 p. and distinguished in the field? U.S. Environmental Breed, Carol S., and Reheis, Marith C., 2000, Desert winds: Protection Agency, 2001 Asbestos Health Effects monitoring wind–related surface processes in Arizona, Conference, Oakland, California, May 24-25, 2001. New Mexico, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Addison, J., and Davies, L.S.T., 1990 Analysis of amphibole Professional Paper 1598, download 10.4 MB pdf. asbestos in chrysotile and other minerals: Annals of Boudier, F., LeSuer, E., and Nicolas, A., 1989, Structure of an Occupational Hygiene, vol. 34, p. 159-175. atypical ophiolite ― the Trinity complex, eastern Klamath Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, 2001, Mountains, California: Geological Society of America Toxicological profile for asbestos: Agency for Toxic Bulletin, vol. 101, p. 820-833. Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health California Air Resources Board, 2002, Regulations and Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, information on asbestos posted on the web at: report prepared by Syracuse Research Corporation, New < www.arb.ca.gov / toxics / asbestos / reginfo.htm > California Air Resources Board, 2002, ARB Test York, 327 p., plus appendicies; published as NTIS #PB2001–109101. Method 435, Determination of asbestos content in serpentine aggregate: < www.arb.ca.gov/toxics > Use of this test method is required by two asbestos Airborne Toxic Control Measures (ATCM’s). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 192 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Cannat, M., and Boudier, F., 1985, Structural study of intra- Cowan, Darrel S., and Mansfield, C.F., 1970, Serpentinite oceanic thrusting in the Klamath mountains, northern flows on Joaquin Ridge, southern Coast Ranges, California: implications for accretion geometry: Tectonics, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 4, p. 435-452. vol. 81, p. 2615-2628. Casey, Thomas A.L., and Dickinson, William R., 1984, Derbyshire, Edward, 2005, Natural aerosolic mineral dusts and Sedimentary serpentinite of the Miocene Big Blue human health ― potential effects; Chapter 18 in formation near Cantua Creek, California, Selinus, Olle, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― in Frische, A.E., editor, Neogene Symposium Volume: impacts of the natural environment on public health: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. Pacific Section SEPM, p. 65-74. de Reamer, John H., 1994, A geologic and environmental Chernosky, J.V., Jr., Berman, R.G., and Bryndzia, L.T., 1988, investigation of the occurrence of chrysotile asbestos in the Serpentine and chlorite equilibria, in Bailey, S.W., editor, Coalinga region of western Fresno County, California: Hydrous phyllosilicates other than micas: Reviews in University of Cincinnati, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 909 p. Mineralogy, vol. 19, p. 295-346. Dódony, I., and Buseck, Peter R., 2004, Serpentines close-up Christensen, Nikolas I., 2004, Serpentinites, peridotites, and and intimate: a high-resolution transmission electron seismology: International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 9, microscopy (HRTEM) view: International Geology September 2004 issue, p. 795-816. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Review, vol. 46, no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 507-527. Churchill, Ronald K., and Hill, Robert L., 2000, A general < www.bellpub.com/igr > location guide for ultramafic rocks in California – Donato, Mary M., 1987, Evolution of ophiolitic tectonic areas more likely to contain naturally–occurring asbestos: mélange, Marble Mountains, northern California Klamath California Geological Survey Open–File Report 2000–19. Mountains: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 98, Churchill, Ronald K., Higgins, Chris T., and Hill, Robert L., p. 448-464. 2000, Areas more likely to contain natural occurrences of DTSC, 2004, Interim guidance ― naturally occurring asbestos asbestos in western El Dorado County, California: (NOA) at school sites: California Department of Toxic California Geological Survey Open–File Report 2000–2, Substances Control, dated September 24, 2004, 36 p. 66 p. www.dtsc.ca.gov Churg, Andrew, 1993, Asbestos lung burden and disease EPA, 2003, Asbestos homepage, U.S. Environmetal Protection patterns in man, in Guthrie, G.D., and Mossman, B.T., Agency: < www.epa.gov/asbestos > editors, 1993, Health effects of mineral dusts: Reviews in or call the US EPA at: ℡ 202-554–1404 Mineralogy, vol. 28, 584 p., chap. 13, p. 409–426. Ernst, W. Gary, editor, 2005, Serpentine and serpentinites: < www.msa.org > mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, ecology, geophysics, Clinkenbeard, John P., Churchill, Ronald K., and Lee, K., and tectonics: a tribute to Robert G. Coleman: Geological editors, 2002, Guidelines for geologic investigations of Society of America, International Book Series vol. 8, 606 p. naturally occuring asbestos in California: California Evans, Bernard W., 2004, The serpentinite multisystem Geological Survey Special Publication 124, 7 figures, revisited ― chrysotile is metastable: International 6 tables, 70 p. Geology Review, vol. 46, no.6, June 2004 issue, p. 479–506. Coleman, Robert G., 2004, Geologic nature of the Jasper Ridge www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 Biological Preserve, San Francisco Peninsula, California: Faust, G.T., and Fahey, J.J., 1962, The serpentine group International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 7, July 2004 minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 384-A. Finkelman, Robert B., Skinner, H. Catherine W., Plumlee, G.S., issue, p. 629–637. www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 Coleman, Robert G., 1996, New Idria serpentinite; a land and Bunnell, Joseph E., 2001, Medical geology: American management dilemma: Environmental and Engineering Geological Institute, Geotimes, vol. 46, p. 20–23. Geoscience, GSA & AEG, vol. 2., no. 1, p. 9–22. Guthrie, George D., 1992, Biological effects of inhaled Coleman, Robert G., 1971, Petrologic and geophysical nature of minerals: American Mineralogist, vol. 77, p. 225-243. serpentinites: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Guthrie, George D. Jr., and Mossman, Brooke T., editors, vol. 82, p. 918-987. 1993, Health effects of mineral dusts: Reviews in Coleman, Robert G., 1977, Ophiolites: Springer-Verlag Mineralogy, vol. 28, 584 p. Publishers. Harper, Gregory D., 1984, The Josephine ophiolite, Coleman, Robert G., and Keith, Terry E., 1971, A chemical northwestern California: Geological Society of America study of serpentinization ― Burro Mountain, California: Bulletin, vol. 95, p. 1009-1026. Journal of Petrology, vol. 12, p. 311-328. Harper, Gregory D., and Wright, J.E., 1984, Middle to late Coleman, Robert G., and Jove, C., 1992, Geological origin of Jurassic tectonic evolution of the Klamath mountains, serpentinites, in Baker, A.J.M., Proctor, J., and California - Oregon: Tectonics, vol. 3, p. 759-772. Reeves, R.D., editors, 1993, The vegetation of ultramafic Harper, Gregory D., Bowman, J.R., and Kuhns, R., 1988, (serpentine) soils: Proceedings of the First International A field, chemical, and stable isotope study of sub-seafloor Conference on Serpentine Ecology, Intercept Publishers, metamorphism of the Josephine ophiolite, California – p. 1-17. Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 93, p. 4625-4656. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 193 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Harper, Gregory, D., Grady, K., and Wakabayashi, John, 1990, Kanger, A.M., Nolan, R.P., and Addison, J., 1991, A structural study of the metamorphic sole beneath the Distinguishing between amphibole asbestos fibers and Josephine ophiolite, western Klamath terrane, California – elongate cleavage fragments of their non-asbestiform Oregon: Geological Society of America, Special analogues, in Brown, R.C., and others, editors, Paper 255, p. 379-396. Mechanisms in fiber carcinogenesis: Plenum Press, Hayward, Steven B., 1984, Field monitoring of chrysotile p. 253-267. asbestos in California waters: Joiurnal of the American Levadie, Benjamin, editor, 1982, Definitions for asbestos and Water Works Association, March 1984 issue, p. 66–73. other health–related silicates: American Society for Testing Hobson, Clifford A., and Pessagno, Emile A., 2005, & Materials, ASTM Special Technical Publication STP– Tehama-Colusa serpentinite mélange: a remnant of 834, 213 p. Franciscan Jurassic oceanic lithosphere, northern California: Liakhovitch, V., Quick, James E., and Gregory, Robert T., International Geology Review, vol. 47, no. 1, January 2005 2005, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope constraints on issue, p. 65-100. hydrothermal alteration of the Trinity Peridotite, Klamath Hodgson, A.A., 1979, Chemistry and physics of asbestos, Mountains, California: International Geology Review, in Michaels, L., and Chissick, S.S., editors, Asbestos: vol. 47, no. 2, February 2005 issue, p. 203-214. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., vol. 1, p. 67-114. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Hood, Michael, Doyle, F.M., and Dwyer, John P., 1990, Moore, D.E., Lockner, D.A., Tanaka, H., Iwata, K., 2004, Environmental and public health issues related to the The coefficient of friction of chrysotile gouge at disposal of non–fuel mining wastes: California Geology, seismogenic depths: International Geology Review, vol. 46, vol. 43, no. 7, p. 160–164. no. 5, May 2004 issue, p. 385-398. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Hyndman, Roy D., and Peacock, Simon M., 2003, Mumpton, F.A., and Thompson, C.S., 1975, Mineralogy and Serpentinization of the forearc mantle: Earth and Planetary origin of the Coalinga asbestos deposit: Clays and Clay Science Letters, vol. 212, issues 3&4, 25 July 2003, Minerals, vol. 23, p. 131–143. p. 417-432. National Research Council, 1984, Asbestiform fibers: Jones, Jeanine, 1988, Asbestos in the western San Joaquin nonoccupational health risks: National Academy Press, Valley, San Benito and Fresno counties: California 334 p. www.nap.edu Geology, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 160–164. Nolan, R.P., Langer, A.M., Ross, M., Wicks, F.J., and Martin, A report from the California Department of Health Services about R.F., editors, 2001, The health effects of chrysotile asbestos: remediation of acute concentrations of fluvial asbestos in Arroyo Canadian Mineralogist, Special Publication 5, 304 p. Pasajero, a 513 square–mile drainage area, that adversely affects O’Hanley, David S., 1996, Serpentinites: Oxford University Coalinga and Huron in western Fresno County. Press, 277 p. Jung, H., and Green, Harry W., 2004, Experimental faulting of O’Hanley, David S., 1992, Solution to the volume problem in serpentinite during dehydration ― implications for serpentinization: Geology, vol. 20, p. 705-708. earthquakes, seismic low-velocity zones, and anomalous O’Hanley, David S., Chernosky, J.V., Jr., and Wicks, F.J., hypocenter distributions in subduction zones: International 1989, The stability of lizardite and chrysotile: Canadian Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 12, December 2004 issue, Mineralogist, vol. 27, p. 483-493. p. 1089-1102. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Oze, Christopher J.P., Fendorf, Scott, Bird, Dennis K., and Kane, Agnes B., 1993, Epidemiology and pathology of Coleman, Robert G., 2004, Chromium geochemistry of asbestos-related diseases, in Guthrie, G.D., and serpentine soils: International Geology Review, vol. 46, Mossman, B.T., editors, 1993, Health effects of mineral no. 2, February 2004 issue, p. 97–126. dusts: Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 28, chapter 11, www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 p. 347–359. < www.msa.org > Page, Benjamin M., deVito, Leo A., and Coleman, Robert G., Klein, Cornelius, 1993, Rocks, minerals and a dusty world, 1999, Tectonic emplacement of serpentinite southeast of chapter 2, in Guthrie, G.D., and Mossman, B.T., editors, San Jose, California: International Geology Review, 1993, Health effects of mineral dusts: Reviews in vol. 41, no. 6, June 1999 issue, p. 494-505. Mineralogy, vol. 28, 584 p., chap. 2, p. 7–59. < www.bellpub.com/igr > < www.msa.org > Perkins, R.L., 1990, Point-counting technique for friable Koren, Herman, and Bisesi, Michael S., editors, 2003, asbestos-containing materials: Microscope, vol. 38, Handbook of environmental health, 4th edition: Lewis p. 29-39. Publishers, a CRC Company, – volume 1, Biological, Popendorf, William, and Wenk, Hans–Rudolf, 1983, chemical and physical agents of environmentally related Chrysotile asbestos in a vehicular recreation area, disease, 824 p.; volume 2, Pollutant interactions in air, a case study in environmental effects of off–road vehicles: water, and soil, 904 p. (a standard referrence since 1980, Springer–Verlag Publishers, p. 375–396. new 4th edition ― January 2003. Geologists working with asbestos Post, J.L., Borer, L., 2000, High–resolution infared spectra, terrain will find volume 2 is pertinent.) physical properties, and micromorphology of serpentines: Applied Clay Science, Elsevier Publishers, vol. 16, no. 1–2, p. 73–85. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 194 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Rice, Salem J., 1957, Asbestos, in Mineral commodities of Skinner, H. Catherine W., Ross, Malcolm, and Frondel, C. California, California Division of Mines and Geology 1988, Asbestos and other fibrous materials – mineralogy, Bulletin 176, p. 49–58. (out–of–print, but available in crystal chemistry, and health effects: Oxford University university libraries) Press, 204 p. Ross, Malcolm, and Nolan, Robert P., 2003, History of Skinner, H. Catherine, and Berger, Antony R., editors, 2003, asbestos discovery and use and asbestos-related disease in Geology and health ― closing the gap: Oxford University context with the occurrence of asbestos within ophiolite Press, 26 papers, 192 p. complexes, in Dilek, Y., and Newcomb, Sally, editors, Skinner, H. Catherine W., 2000, Minerals and human health, Ophiolite concept and the evolution of geological thought: in Vaughan, D.J., and Wogelius, R.A., editors, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 373, Environmental Mineralogy: European Union of p. 447-470. Dr. Malcolm Ross is emeritus mineralogist with the Mineralogy, Eotvos University Press, p. 383–412. U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia, and spent three Springer, R.K., 1974, Contact metamorphic ultramafic rocks in decades in asbestos research. the western Sierra Nevada foothills: Journal of Petrology, Ross, Malcolm, 1992, The effect of regulations on asbestos and vol. 15, p. 160-195. other designated mineral carcinogens on the vitality of the Swayze, Gregg A., Higgins, Chris T., Clinkenbeard, John P., th industrial minerals industries: 28 Forum on the Geology of Kokaly, Raymond F., Clark, Roger N., Meeker, Gregory P., Industrial Minerals, p. 1-5. and Sutley, Stephen J., 2004, Preliminary report on using Ross, Malcolm, 1981, The geologic occurrences and health imaging spectroscopy to map ultramafic rocks, serpentinites, hazards of amphibole and serpentine asbestos, in and tremolite-actinolite-bearing rocks in California: Veblen, D.R., editor, Amphiboles and other hydrous California Geological Survey Geologic Hazards pyriboles ― mineralogy: Mineralogical Society of Investigation 2004-01, and also numbered as U.S. America, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 9A, p. 279-319. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1304, 23 p. Ross, Malcolm, 1984, A survey of asbestos-related disease in Download this report with colored AVIRIS plates from either trades and mining occupations and in factory and mining ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/dmg/pubs/ghi or www.usgs.gov communities as a means of predicting health risks of websites. nonoccupational exposures to fibrous minerals, in Van Baalen, Marcus R., 1995, The New Idria serpentinite: Levadie, B., editor, Definitions for asbestos and other , unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 372 p. related silicates: ASTM Special Technical Publication 834, Van Gosen, Bradley S., Lowers, Heather A., Sutley, Stephen J., p. 51-104. www.astm.org and Gent, Carol A., 2004, Using the geologic setting of talc Saleeby, Jason B., 1984, Tectonic significance of serpentinite deposits as an indicator of amphibole asbestos content: mobility and ophiolitic melange, in Raymond, Loren A., Environmental Geology, vol. 45, no. 7, May 2004, editor, Melanges: their nature, origin, and significance: p. 920-939. Examples of contact metamorphism from Death Geological Society of America, Special Paper 198, Valley, California, with talc-tremolite deposits. p. 153-168. van Oss, C.J., Naim, J.O., Costanzo, P.M., Giese, R.F., Jr., Schreier, H., 1989, Asbestos in the natural environment: Wu, W., and Sorling, A.F., 1999, Impact of different Elsevier, 159 p. asbestos species and other mineral particles on pulmonary Sederquist, David, and Kroll, Roy, 2002, The site–specific pathogenesis: Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 47, no. 6., evaluation of naturally occurring asbestos in the central p. 697–707. Sierra Nevada foothills of California, in Ferriz, H., and Veblen, David R., and Wylie, Ann G., 1993, Mineralogy of Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice in amphiboles and 1:1 layer silicates, in Guthrie, G.D., and northern California: California Geological Survey Mossman, B.T., editors, 1993, Health effects of mineral Bulletin 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists dusts: Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 28, 584 p., chap. 3, Special Publication 12, p. 619–628. p. 61–137. < www.msa.org > The 1:1 layer silicates include Selinus, Olle, editor, 2005, Essentials of medical geology ― serpentine and chrysotile asbestos. impacts of the natural environment on public health: Virta, R.L., 2002, Asbestos: U.S. Geological Survey, Open– Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. File Report 2002–149, 35 p. Shervais, John W., Kolesar, Peter, and Andreasen, Kyle, 1005, Virta, R.L., 2003, Worldwide asbestos supply and consumption A field and chemical study of serpentinization ― Stonyford, trends from 1900 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey, Open– California: chemical flux and mass balance: International File Report 2003–0083, 59 p. Geology Review, vol. 47, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 1-23. Wakabayaski, John, 2004, Contrasting settings of serpentinite < www.bellpub.com/igr > bodies, San Francisco Bay area, California: derivation from Shervais, John W., Kimbrough, D.L., Renne, Paul, Hanan, the subducting plate versus mantle hanging wall? B.B., Murchey, Bonnie, Snow, CA.A., Shuman, M.M.Z., International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 12, and Beaman, J., 2004, Multi-state origin of the Coast Range December 2004 issue, p. 1103-1118. < www.bellpub.com/igr > ophiolite, California ― implications for the life cycle of Dr. Wakabayashi’s study areas are the Hunter’s Point shear zone supra-subduction zone ophiolites: International Geology and the southern Hayward Hills. Review, vol. 46, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 289-315. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 195 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wicks, F.J., and O’Hanley, David S., 1988, Serpentines: Gram, Wendy K., Borer, Elizabeth T., Cottingham, structure and petrology, in Bailey, S.W., editor, Hydrous Kathryn L., Seabloom, Eric W., Boucher, Virginia L., phyllosilicates exclusive of micas: Mineralogical Society of Goldwasser, Lloyd, Micheli, F., Kendall, Bruce E., and America, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 19, p. 91-168. Burton, Rebecca S., 2004, Distribution of plants in a Wiebelt, J.J., and Smith, C.M., 1959, A reconnaissance of California serpentine grassland: are rocky hummocks asbestos deposits in the serpentine belt of northern spatial refuges for native species? Plant Ecology, California: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular vol. 72, no. 2, June 2004 issue, p. 159-171. 7860, 52 p. Griffin, J., 1984, Serpentine flora of California ― San Benito Mountain: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 22-23. Harrison, Susan P., 1999, Local and regional diversity in a

patchy landscape: native, alien, and endemic herbs on Selected References for the serpentine soils: Ecology, vol. 80, p. 70-80. Dr. Harrison is a professor with the Department of Environmental Ecology of Serpentine Terrain in California Science & Policy at the University of California at Davis. [email protected] Alexander, Earl B., Coleman, Robert G., Keeler-Wolf, T., Harrison, Susan P., 1997, How natural habitat patchiness and Harrison, Susan P., 2006 book manuscript in press, affects the distribution of diversity in Californian serpentine Serpentine geoecology of western North America ― chaparral: Ecology, vol. 78, p. 1898-1906. geology, soils, and vegetation: Oxford University Press, Harrison, Susan P., Safford, Hugh, and Wakabayashi, John, 2004, Does the age of exposure of serpentine explain ≈ 600-page manuscript in editing, 5 chap., Appendix A-G. variation in endemic plant diversity in California? Baker, A.J.M., Proctor, J., and Reeves, R.D., editors, International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 3, March 2004 1993, The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils: issue, p. 235–242. www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Harrison, Susan P., Viers, Joshua H., and Quinn, James F., Serpentine Ecology, Intercept Publishers, 509 p. 2000, Climatic and spatial patterns of diversity in the Barker, L., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― Scott serpentine plants of California: Diversity & Mountain ― China Mountain crest zone: Fremontia, Distributions, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 153-162. vol. 11, no. 1, p. 13-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00082.x Brooks, Robert R., 1987, Serpentine and its vegetation ― Harrison, Susan P., and Inouye, Brian D., 2002, a multidisciplinary approach: Dioscorides Press, Portland, High β diversity in the flora of Californian serpentine Oregon, 454 p. www.TimberPress.com 133 SW Second “islands:” Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 11, Avenue, Portland, OR 97204 ℡ 503-227-2878 no. 10, p. 1869 – 1876. Callizo, J., 1992, Serpentine habitats for the rare plants of Harrison, Susan P., Maron, John, and Huxel, Gary, 2000, Lake, Napa, and Yolo Counties, California, p. 35-51; in Regional turnover and fluctuation in populations of Baker, A.J.M, Proctor, J., and Reeves, R.D., editors, five plants confined to serpentine seeps: Conservation The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils: Intercept Biology, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 769-779. Publishers, 509 p. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98478.x Callizo, J., and Clifton, G., 1984, Serpentine flora in California Jimerson, Thomas M., Daniel, Sabrina L., Hoover, Lisa D., ― Yolo County: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 16-17. McGee, Elizabeth, DeNitto, Gregg, and Creasy, R. Max, Callizo, J., and Clifton, G., 1984, Serpentine flora in California 1995, A field guide to serpentine plant associations and ― Cedar Roughs: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 17-18. sensitive plants in northwestern California: U.S. Crittenden, M., and Grundmann, A., 1984, Serpentine flora in Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific California ― Jasper Ridge: Fremontia, vol. 11, 20-21. Southwest Region, Report #USFS R5-ECOL-TP-006, one Del Moral, R., 1982, Control of vegetation on contrasting volume in loose-leaf binder format. substrates: herb patterns on serpentine and sandstone: Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 2004, The status of conservation of American Journal of Botany, vol. 69, p. 227-238. serpentinite sites in North America: International Geology Frazell, Julie, Elkins, Rachel, and Hoes, Harrison, 2003, Review, vol. 46, no. 9, September 2004 issue, p. 857-860. Lake County serpentine landscape demonstration garden, < www.bellpub.com/igr > Dr. Kruckeberg is professor of botany 2-page flier. Available from: University of California at the University of Washington and specializes in the botany of Cooperative Extension, Asbestos Serpentine Soils serpentine terrain and edaphic flora of California. Education Program, 883 Lakeport Boulevard, Lakeport, Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 2002, Geology and plant life: the CA 94553, ℡ 707-263-6838; download flier from: effects of landforms and rock types on plants: University of http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/1271/17439.pdf Washington Press, 376 p., 98 photos, 47 tables, 21 figures. Goforth, D., 1984, Serpentine flora of California ― Gasquet A low–cost paperback edition was published in July 2004. Mountain: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 11-12. Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 1984, California serpentines: flora, vegetation, geology, soils, and management problems: University of California Publications in Botany, vol. 78, 180 p. Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 1984a, The flora of California’s serpentine: Fremontia, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 3-10. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 196 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 1984b, California’s serpentine: Fremontia, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 11-17.

Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 1969, Plant life on serpentinite and other ferromagnesian rocks in northwestern North America: Selected References for Soils & Turfgrass Syesis, vol. 2, p. 15-114. Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 1967, Ecotypic response to ultramafic with application to select import of clean loam soils soils by some plant species of the northwestern United for healthy turfgrasses on playing fields for school campuses, States: Brittonia, vol. 19, p. 133-151. for the purpose of minimizing asbestos-related dusts. Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 1951, Intraspecific variability in the

response of certain native plant species to serpentine soils: American Journal of Botany, vol. 54, p. 113-126. Brady, Nyle C., and Weil, Ray R., 2001, The nature and Maas, J.L., and Stuntz, D.D., 1969, Mycoecology on serpentine properties of soils, 13th edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, soil: Mycologia, vol. 61,p. 1106-1116. 960 p. Since the first edition in 1922, this has become a Main, L.P., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― venerable standard textbook in soils. Red Mountains in the Mount Hamilton Range: Fremontia, Carrow, R.N., Waddington, D.V., and Rieke, P.E., 2002, vol. 11, p. 21-22. Turfgrass soil fertility & chemical problems ― assessment McCormick, S., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― and management: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 400 p. Ring Mountain: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 18-19. Casler, Michael D., and Duncan, R.R., editors, 2003, Turfgrass Medeiros, J., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― The Red biology, genetics, and breeding: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hills: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 28-29. 384 p. Rajakaruna, N., 2004, The edaphic factor in the origin of plant Christians, Nick, 2003, Fundamentals of turfgrass management, species: International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 5, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 368 p. May 2004 issue, p. 471-478. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Emmons, Robert, 2000, Turfgrass science and management, Edaphic flora of serpentine terrane is evaluated in this paper. 3rd edition: Thomson Delmar Learning, 576 p. Reeves, R.D., Brooks, Robert R., and Macfarlane, R.M., Fitzpatrick, E.A., 1984, Micromorphology of soils: Chapman 1981. Nickel uptake by Californian Streptanthus and & Hall Publishers, 433 p. Petrography of soils in thin– Caulanthus with particular reference to the hyper- section. accumulator S. polygaloides Gray (Brassicaceae). , Jack, and Huang, B., 2004, Applied turfgrass science American Journal of Botany, vol. 68, p. 708–712. and physiology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 320 p.; Safford, H.D., and Harrison, Susan P., 2004, Fire effects on 165 illustrations. Many school campuses are on plant diversity in serpentine versus sandstone chaparral: bedrock cut–pads or engineered fills that are sterile from Ecology, vol. 85, p. 539-548. a pedological viewpoint or may contain asbestos within Sawyer, John O., and Keeler-Wolf, Todd, 1995, A manual of the serpentine host rock. Geologic conditions can result California vegetation: California Native Plant Society, in poor quality turf grass on athletic fields. This book Sacramento, 471 p.; 32 pages of color photographs of provides information on soils, fertilization, soil 163 vegetation series; 40 pages of references. aerification, optimum irrigation, and plant growth For serpentine soils, refer to Jeffrey pine series (p. 266); regulators. McNabb Cypress series (p. 273). www.cnps.org Jury, William A., and Horton, Robert, 2004, Soil physics, Sawyer, J., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― the Lassics: th Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 15-16. 6 edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 384 p., 70 worked Schlising, R.A., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― Magalia problems. Dr. Bill Jury is professor of soil science at the University of California, Riverside in Butte County: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 25-26. Keefer, Robert F., 2000, Handbook of soils for landscape Sommers, S., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― Edgewood architects: Oxford University Press, 272 p. Park: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 25-26. McIntyre, Keith, and Jakobsen, Bent, 2000, Practical drainage Stebbins, G.L., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― the for golf, sportsturf, and horticulture: John Wiley & Sons, northern Sierra Nevada: Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 26-28. Inc., 202 p. Whipple, J., 1984, Serpentine flora in California ― Mt. Eddy: Nahon, Daniel B., 1991, Introduction to the petrology of soils Fremontia, vol. 11, p. 14-15. and chemical weathering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 336 p., Whittaker, R.H., 1954, The ecology of serpentine soils ― 125 figures, 25 pages of references. IV, The vegetation response to serpentine soils: Ecology, NRCS, 1999, Soil taxonomy: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Natural vol. 35, p. 275-288. Resources Conservation Service, Agriculture Handbook No. Whittaker, R.H., 1960, Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, 436, 869 p. (the 1999 national treatise on soils) GPO stock Oregon and California: Ecology Monographs, vol. 30, # 001–000–04663–2 www. gpo.gov p. 279-338. Puhalla, James, Krans, Jeffrey, and Goatley, Michael, 2002, Williamson, J.N., and Harrison, Susan P., 2002, Biotic and Sports fields ― a manual for construction and maintenance: abiotic limits to the spread of exotic revegetation species in John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 464 p. oak and serpentine habitats: Ecological Applications, vol. 12, p. 40-51.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 197 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Schroeder, Charles B., and Sprague, Howard B., 1996, Asbestos in Older Buildings Turf management handbook ― good turf for lawns, playing th fields, and parks, 5 edition: Interstate Publishers, 206 p. CGS Note 48 and this publication are geological, so they SSSA, 2002, Methods of soil analysis, four volumes: only pertain to naturally-occuring asbestos ― located Soil Science Society of America, < www.soils.org > outdoors in the natural environment. It is beyond the scope ℡ 608-273–8095 of this geology publication to include information about Part 1 (1986), Physical & mineralogical methods, 1,188 p. older buildings that may contain asbestos shingles, asbestos Part 2 (1994), Microbiological & biochemical methods, 1,121 p. insulation, asbestos pipe, asbestos paneling, and similar Part 3 (1996), Chemical methods, 1,358 p. manufactured products. The reader is referred to this 2005 Part 4 (2002), Physical methods, 1,692 p. ASTM report for buildings: Taylor, G., and Eggleton, R.A., 2001, Regolith geology and Oberta, Andrew F., 2005, Asbestos control: surveys, geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 392 p. nd Turgeon, Alfred J., 2004, Turfgrass management, 7th edition: removal, and management, 2 edition: American Prentice Hall Publishers, 432 p., 9 chapters. Society for Testing and Materials, 105 p., and one CD- ROM with ASTM asbestos standards. ASTM stock no. nd MNL23-2 . www.astm.org ℡ 610-832-9555

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 198 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

42. Radon–222 Gas Elevated levels of Radon–222 have been reported in the Palos Verdes Peninsula for

schools underlain by the Altimira Shale Radon–222 gas is known to cause lung cancer. member of the Monterey Formation (Duval & It is very difficult to predict whether or not a others, 2004; Churchill, 2005). building will have a radon problem prior to construction because architectural design, the 3. Is the local soil a moderate to low quality of construction, and building use practices permeability, high shrink–swell soil? may have more influence on indoor–radon levels If yes, then the odds of excessive indoor than the underlying rock and soil units. radon may be increased.

A reasonable approach is to consider available 4. If the buildings overlie faults or shear zones indoor data for particular geologic formations in then the odds for excessive indoor radon are the immediate area of the proposed school site. increased.

If a significant portion of the data exceed the U.S. EPA recommended action level of 4 pCi/l 5. If buildings overlie areas with uranium (pico–curies per liter), then radon mitigation steps mineralization, shallow geothermal should be considered within the architectural reservoirs, or shallow oil and gas reservoirs, design of school buildings on the site. It is usually then the odds for excessive indoor radon are significantly less expensive to install radon increased. mitigation measures during construction than to The radon content of soil gas is typically install them after construction is completed. several hundred pCi/L, but such levels are often

not associated with indoor radon hazards. The higher the soil–gas radon level, the greater the Five geologic factors for consideration when odds for indoor–air radon problems. However, a evaluating a site for indoor–radon potential are: universally applicable soil–gas radon threshold

1. What is the likelihood that the rock and soil does not exist for predicting whether or not a units at the site will have higher than crustal building will have indoor radon hazards. average uranium or radium contents? If this is likely, then the odds of excessive indoor The attached bibliography lists pertinent radon are increased. publications of the California Geological Survey, USGS, and others regarding radon in California. 2. Geologic formations of particular interest in For further information about radon issues in regard to indoor–radon issues include California, consulting geologists may contact the (but are not limited to) the following: DHS Radon Program: organic–rich marine shales, diatomaceous

shales, phosphate–rich marine sedimentary Richard Blood, Staff Environmental Scientist units, certain granitic rocks (especially two– DHS Radon Program mica granites), felsic volcanic rocks, and California Dept. of Health Services peat deposits in mountain meadow areas 1616 Capitol Avenue, Second Floor surrounded by granitic rocks (such as in the Post Office Box 997413 Sierra Nevada). Sacramento, CA 95898–7413

In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, < [email protected] > buildings overlying the Rincon Shale and ℡ 916-449–5674 certain areas of the Monterey Formation have a higher potential for excessive indoor–radon levels.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 199 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Hill, F.C., 2000, Identification of uranium–bearing minerals and inorganic phases by X–ray powder diffraction, in Burns, P.C., and Finch, R., editors, Uranium: mineralogy, Selected References for Radon–222 geochemistry, and the environment: Mineralogical Society (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are of America, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) p. 653–679. Jackson, S.A., 1992, Estimating radon potential from an aerial radiometric survey: Health Physics, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 450– 452. Appleton, J. Donald, 2005, Radon in air and water, Chapter 10 Johnson, P.C., and Ettinger, R., 1991, Heuristic model for in Selinus, Olle, editor, Essentials of medical geology ― predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into impacts of the natural environment on public health: buildings: Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 25, Academic Press, a division of Elsevier, 832 p., 80 chapters. no. 8, p. 1445–1452. Appleton, J. Donald, and Ball, T.K., 2002, Geological radon Kline, S.W., and Mose, D.G., 1990, Indoor radon – prediction potential mapping, in Bobrowsky, Peter T., editor, from aero–radioactivity generated by surficial materials: Geoenvironmental mapping – methods, theory, and Geoderma, vol. 47, p. 243–260. practice: A.A. Balkema Publishers, p. 577–613. King, C.Y., and Minissale, A., 1994, Seasonal variability of soil Ball, T.K., Cameron, D.G., Colman, T.B., and Roberts, P.D., gas radon concentration in central California: Radiation 1991, Behavior of radon in the geologic environment: Measurements, vol. 23, p. 683–692. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, vol. 24, Lachassagne, Patrick, Pinault, J.L, and Laporte, P., 2001, p. 169–182. Radon 222 emanometry: a relevant methodology for water Brookins, D.G., 1990, The indoor radon problem: Columbia well siting in hard rock aquifers: AGU Water Resources University Press, 229 p. Research, vol. 37, no. 12, December 2001, p. 3131–3148. Churchill, Ronald K., 2005, Radon zone map for the southern Nason, R., and Cohen, B.L., 1987, Correlation between 226Ra in portion of Los Angeles County, California: California soil, 222Rn soil gas, and 222Rn inside adjacent houses: Geological Survey, Geological Hazards Investigations Health Physics, vol. 52, no. 1, p. 73–77. Report 2005-01, map scale 1:110,000. Nazaroff, William W., and Alvarez-Cohen, Lisa, 2000, Churchill, Ronald K., 1997, Radon mapping – Santa Barbara Environmental engineering science: John Wiley & Sons, and Ventura Counties: California Geology, vol. 50, no. 6, Inc., 704 p. Nov–Dec 1997 issue, p. 167–177. (The full–sized radon maps Nazaroff, William W., and Nero, A.V., Jr., editors, 1988, for Santa Barbara and Ventura counties are posted on the website Radon and its decay products in indoor air: John Wiley & of the California Geological Survey at scale 1:110,000 on a Sons, Inc. planimetric map base.) < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > Nazaroff, William W., 1992, Radon transport from soil to air: Churchill, Ronald K., and Youngs, Leslie G., 1993, AGU Reviews of Geophysics, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 137–160. Relationships between geology, soils, and indoor radon: Niemann, William L., and Trifone, Christie, 2004, A method California Department of Conservation, California for time-integrated measurement of radon in soil gas: Geological Survey, unpublished report for the California description and significance: AEG & GSA Environmental Department of Health Services, Elementary School Radon & Engineering Geoscience, vol. 10, no. 4, November Survey; California State Interagency Agreement No. 91– 2004 issue, p. 367-374. 13524, 109 p. Mose, D.G., Mushrush, G.W., and Chrosniak, C.E., 1990 Carlisle, Donald and Azzouz, H., 1993, Discovery of radon Prediction of indoor radon by aero–radioactivity: Journal of potential in the Rincon Shale, California: Indoor Air, Pure and Applied Physics, vol. 133, p. 213–227. vol. 3, p. 131–142. Oliver, M.A., and Badr, I., 1995, Determining the spatial scale Duval, Joseph S., Fukumoto, Lauren E., Fukumoto, Joseph M., of variation in soil radon concentration: Mathematical and Snyder, Stephen L., 2004, Geology and indoor radon in Geology, vol. 27, no. 8, p. 893–922. schools of the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School Otton, J.K., 1993, Preliminary geologic radon potential District, Palos Verdes Peninsula, California: U.S. assessment of California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open– Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1050. File Report 93–929–I. Download from: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1050 Flexser, S., Wollenberg, H.A., and Smith, A.R., 1993, Otton, J.K., 1992, The geology of radon: U.S. Geological Distribution of radon sources and effects on radon Survey, 30 p. booklet < www.usgs.gov > emanation in granitic soil at Ben Lomond, California: Revzan, K.L., Wish, W.J., Gadgil, A.J., 1991, Modeling radon Environmental Geology, vol. 22, p. 162–177. entry into houses with basements: model description and Gates, A.E., and Gundersen, Linda C.S., editors, 1992, verification: Indoor Air, vol. 2, p. 173–189. Geologic controls on radon: Geological Society of Tsang, Y.W., and Narasimhan, T.N., 1992, Effects of periodic America, Special Paper 271. atmospheric pressure variation on radon entry into buildings: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–6, June 10, 1992 issue, p. 9161–9170. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 200 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

USEPA, 2003, Assessment of risks from radon in homes: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, publication no. EPA 402-R-93-035. USEPA, 1992, A citizen’s guide to radon – the guide to protecting yourself and your family from radon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, publication no. EPA 402–K92–001. Vaupotič, J., Andjelov, M., and Kobal, I., 2002, Relationship between radon concentrations in indoor air and in soil gas: Environmental Geology, vol. 42, p. 583–587. A survey of 130 kindergartens, 228 elementary and high schools in eastern Europe; good quality construction of public schools can alleviate the radon concentration in indoor air. Western Regional Radon Training Center, 1997, Radon control techniques for new building construction in California: Western Regional Radon Training Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 87 p. booklet. March 6, 1997 workshop in Ventura sponsored by California Department of Health Services and the Ventura County Environmental Health Division. Wood, Warren W., Kraemer, Thomas F., and Shapiro, Allen, 2004, Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks: a diffusion/ion exchange model: Ground Water, vol. 42, no. 4, July–August 2004 issue, p. 552–567.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 201 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

43. Unusual Geologic Hazards The Method of Jahns

This is intentionally left blank on Note 48 for Background: In the four decades circa 1943 good reason. It is for use in unusual or to 1983, Richard Henry Jahns was a pioneer in the complicated hazards that are not widespread or practice of engineering geology and seismology in typical for most hospital or public school projects. California. Among dozens of professional awards Use your professional judgment (as both Dr. Karl and high honors, Jahns was president of the Terzaghi and Dr. Ralph Peck would say). Geological Society of America, an Honorary Member of the Association of Engineering Include a prudent evaluation of any unusual Geologists, chairman of the California Seismic geologic hazards on or near the site. The Safety Commission, chairman of the California professional geologist is responsible for evaluating State Mining & Geology Board, member of the all geologic subsurface conditions, including Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, unusual or complicated sites. A simplified a director of the Seismological Society of checklist cannot realistically include all geologic America, and a fellow of the American aspects of every site in California, so §43 is left Geophysical Union. blank on purpose for custom use. As a geology professor at Caltech, later dean An example of an unusual geologic hazard at Penn State, and subsequently dean of Earth might be a new school site in the foothills of the Sciences at Stanford University, Dick Jahns had a Sierras with unmarked abandoned mining adits profound effect on the education of currently and shafts from the Gold Rush Era that are subject practicing engineering geologists in California to collapse or caving. over a period of four decades. Prolific author of more than a hundred geology papers and books, A second example of an unusual geologic Richard Jahns once stated that his most significant hazard is the University of California at Santa publication was Calif. Div. of Mines Bulletin 170, Cruz campus. Boreholes by an uninformed Geology of Southern California (1954). geotechnical engineer were too shallow to reveal karst terrain and open cavities, although the In 1969 the California Board for Geologists & presence of limestone pendants was properly Geophysicists issued Richard H. Jahns a low serial shown on published geologic mapping (Weber and number (CEG #6) in honor of his leadership in others, 1993). Five UCSC buildings had to be engineering geology. He practiced on number of redesigned with deep foundation piers plus large construction projects in California. In 1990 $600,000 for grouting because of the inadequate his seminal work in the evaluation of geologic subsurface drilling by the geotechnical engineer. hazards was republished posthumously in the This underscores the professional difference of Bulletin of the Association of Engineering insights to geologic subgrade and approach to Geologists. drilling between geotechnical enginering and engineering geology. Karst collapse is normally The four investigative steps in engineering geology developed by Richard Henry Jahns are: associated with Florida, but in California can occur in limestone pendants. ♦ Recognition of local geologic conditions and recognition of any geologic hazards; Engineering geologists should be presciently aware of unusual geologic hazards, based on the ♦ Characterization of the local conditions and geologic hazards; geologic setting and thorough geologic field– work. ♦ Assessment of the risk posed by the geologic hazards; and

♦ Mitigation of the geologic hazard so that the subject property can be safely used.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 202 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

For complete explanation of the classical Selected References for Method of Jahns, refer to Jahns (1990) and Cole Concepts of Geologic Hazards, and others (1992). It is suggested that engineering Risk Assessment, and geologists and geotechnical engineers working on Use of Judgement in Geotechnical Engineering public schools and hospitals in California utilize (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) this method of critical thinking for a prudent and rigorous approach to the evaluation of geologic hazards at a particular site. Baecher, Gregory B., and Christian, John, 2003, Reliability and statistics in geotechnical engineering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 616 p. Baecher, Gregory B., 2004, Calibrating engineering judgment in geotechnical risk analyses: National Science Foundation, Four Emerging Trends in two–year research project in progress 2004–2006. Geotechnical Engineering Judgment < [email protected] > Bardossy, G., and Fodor, J., 2004, Evaluation of uncertainties Within the geosciences, there are four emerging and risks in geology: Springer Verlag Publishers, 222 p. Bernknopf, Richard L., Brookshire, D.S., Soller, D.R., trends for geotechnical engineering and McKee, M.J., Sutter, J.F., Matti, Jonathan C., and engineering geology (Baecher & Christian, 2003; Campbell, Russell H., 1993, Societal value of geologic Christian, 2004): maps: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1111, 53 p. Borradaile, Graham, 2003, Statistics of earth science data: Springer Verlag, 280 p. Casagrande, Arthur, 1965, The role of ‘calculated risk’ in ♦ Subjective judgment, based on earthwork and foundation engineering: ASCE Journal of interdisciplinary geology and Soil Mechanics, vol. 91, no. SM4, July 1965 issue, p. 1–40. geotechnical fieldwork, that remains Reprinted in 1974 by ASCE with 14 discussions in this a cornerstone of consulting practice. volume: Terzaghi Lectures, 1963–1972, pages 72–138 as the Second Terzaghi Lecture. Christian, John T., Hon.M.ASCE, 2004, Geotechnical ♦ Importance of organizations using engineering reliability: How well do we know what we are geotechnical risk analysis. doing? The 39th Karl Terzaghi Lecture: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, ♦ Current geotechnical risk analyses no. 10, October 2004 issue, p. 985-1003. that involve expert judgment Chung, H.W., 1999, Understanding quality assurance in construction – a practical guide to ISO 9000 for contractors: Spon Press, 264 p. Current risk–analyses case–studies ♦ Cole, William F., Sayre, Ted M., and Cotton William R., that are a real–life laboratory for 1992, The engineering geology approach; the futhering understanding of how Jahnsian investigative steps, in Stout, Martin L., editor, engineering judgment is quantified, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association how it is validated, and how robust of Engineering Geologists, p. 423–428. Davis, John C., 2002, Statistics and data analysis in geology, the resulting risk analyses are. rd 3 edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 638 p. Demicco, Robert V., and Klir, George J., 2003, Fuzzy logic in geology: Academic Press, Inc., a div. of Elsevier, 347 p. Dowrick, David J., 2003, Earthquake risk reduction: Selected references on forensic engineering John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 520 p. geology, uncertainty in geotechnical engineering, Dunnicliff, John, and Deere, Don U., editors, 1984, Judgment in geotechnical engineering: the professional and use of professional judgment are included the legacy of Ralph B. Peck: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 332 p.; following bibliography: reprinted by BiTech Publishers Ltd., Richmond, BC < www.BiTech.ca > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 203 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Dusenberry, Donald O., and Davie, John R., Effects of Kitts, D.B., 1976, Certainty and uncertainty in geology: construction on structures: American Society of Civil American Journal of Science, vol. 276, p. 29–46. Engineers, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 84, Koller, Glenn, 2005, Risk assessment and decision making in nd 128 p. Basement excavations and pile-driving in downtown business and industry ― a practical guide, 2 edition: environments can result in foundation damage to adjacent structures. Chapman & Hall and CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Vibration, noise, mud, dust, and dewatering may result in construction Francis Group, 456 p. litigation. This ASCE book will help the geotechnical consultant to minimize these predicaments. Also refer to the books by Lewis Oriard listed Kreimer, Alcira, 2001, Social and economic impacts of natural in the engineering geophysics bibliography of this publication. disasters: : International Geology Review, vol. 43, no. 5, Einstein, Herbert H., 1991, Observation, quantification, and May 2001 issue, p. 401-405. < www.bellpub.com/igr > judgment: Terzaghi and engineering geology: Lambe, T. William, 1973, Predictions in soil engineering: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 117, Geotechnique, vol. 23, p. 149–202. no. 11, p. 1172–1178. Lancaster, Patricia J., 2000, Construction in cities: social, Elkateb, T., Chalaturnyk, Rick, and Robertson, Peter K., 2003, environmental, political, and economic concerns: An overview of soil heterogeneity: quantification and CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, implications on geotechnical field problems: Canadian 272 p. < www.crcpress.com > This book brings together the Geotechnical Journal, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 1–15. collective wisdom of 500 years of combined professional experience for Gunn, Angus M., and Babbitt, Bruce, 2001, The impact of successful construction of densely developed urban areas. geology on the United States: a reference guide to benefits Leighton, F. Beach, 1992, Mitigation of geotechnical litigation and hazards: Greenwood Publishing Group, 296 p. (Bruce in California: Munson Book Associates, Post Office Babbitt served as the Secretary of the Interior, 1994–2001.) Box 5446, Huntington Beach, CA 92615, 274 p. Healy, Timothy, Lizundia, Bret, Comartin, Craig, Gath, Eldon, Lind, Niels C, 2003, Three criteria of acceptable risk: Nigg, Joanne M., Tobin, L. Thomas, and Greene, Marjorie, Structural Concrete, Thomas Telford Publishers, vol. 4, 1998, Ethical issues and earthquake risk reduction: EERI no. 1, p. 13-18. Mader, George G., 2003, Redevelopment after earthquakes: Endowment Fund White Paper, 70 p. www.eeri.org Jahns, Richard H., 1990, Geologic hazards, associated risk, William Spangle & Associates, 3240 Alpine Road, Portola and the decision–making process: Bulletin of the Valley, CA 94028–7592, 240 p. 11 case histories Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 27, no. 2, ℡ (650) 854–6001 www.spangleassociates.com p. 215–230. Maher, Steven T., and others, 2001, Risk communication guide Johnson, S., and Lepatner, Barry B., 1982, Structural and for state and local agencies: California Governor’s Office foundation failures: a casebook for architects, engineers, of Emergency Services, 87 p. and lawyers: McGraw Hill Publishing, 249 p. May, Peter J., 2004, Making choices about earthquake Haldar, A., and Mahadean, S., 2000, Probability, reliability, performance: ASCE Natural Hazards Review, vol. 5, no. 2, and statistical methods in engineering design: John Wiley p. 64–70. Performance–based earthquake engineering & Sons, Inc., 304 p. is evaluated by a University of Washington professor of Hatem, David J., editor, 1998, Subsurface conditions: public policy. risk management for design and construction Milton, J. Susan, and Arnold, Jesse, 2003, Introduction to management professionals: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., probability and statistics principles and applications for 465 p. engineering and the computing sciences: Prentice Hall Hunter, Regina L., and Mann, C. John, editors, 1992, Publishers, 816 p. Techniques for determining probabilities of geologic events Morrison, Robert D., 2000, Environmental forensics – and processes: Oxford University Press, 11 papers, 364 p. principles and applications: CRC Press, a division of Taylor Keaton, Jeffrey R., and Eckhoff, David W., 1990, Value & Francis Publishers, 351 p. engineering approach to geologic hazard risk management: Murray, Raymond C., and Tedrow, John C.F., 1992, National Research Council, Transportation Research : Prentice–Hall Publishers, 203 p. Record, no. 1288, p. 168–174. NAS/NRC, 1997, Building a foundation for sound Keaton, Jeffrey R., 1994, Risk–based probabilistic approach to environmental decisions: National Academy of Sciences, site selection, in Keaton, J.R., and Hannan, D.L., editors, National Research Council, 104 p. Uniformity of site selection process: Bulletin of the NAS/NRC, 1996, Linking science and technology to society’s Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 31, no. 2, environmental goals: National Academy of Sciences, p. 217–229. National Research Council, 544 p. Keaton, Jeffrey R., 1996, Geologic hazards and risks; NAS/NRC, 1991, A safer future: reducing the impacts of who is responsible and why? Geotimes, vol. 41, no. 1, natural disasters: National Academy of Sciences, National p. 14–15. Research Council, U.S. National Committee for the Decade Kiersch, George A., and James, Lawrence B., 1991, Error of for Natural Disaster Reduction, 76 p. www.nap.edu geologic judgment and the impact on engineering works, in NAS/NRC, 2002, The age of expert testimony: science in the Kiersch, G.A., editor, The Heritage of Engineering Geology courtroom: National Academy of Sciences, National – the first hundred years: Geological Society of America, Research Council, Scientific Evidence Workshop, 68 p. Decade of North American Geology, centennial special volume 3, chapter 23, p. 517–558. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 204 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Olshansky, Robert B., and Rogers, J. David, 1992, Shackelford, Charles D., Roth, Mary J.S., and Nelson, The concept of ‘reasonable care’ on unstable hillsides, Priscilla P., editors, Uncertainty in the geologic environment in Slosson, J.E., Keene, A.G., and Johnson, J.A., editors, – from theory to practice: American Society of Civil Landslides / Landslide Mitigation: Geological Society Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 58, 1,460 p. of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 9, Shepherd, Robin, and Frost, J. David, editors, 1995, Failures in p. 23–27. civil engineering: structural, foundation, and Peck, Ralph B., 1969, Advantages and limitations of the geoenvironmental case studies: American Society of Civil observational method in applied soil mechanics: Engineers, 104 p. Géotechnique, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 171–187. Shlemon, Roy J., Slosson, James E., and Slosson, Thomas L., Peck, Ralph B., 1973, Influence of non–technical factors on the 1992, Modulation of engineering geology standard of quality of embankment dams, in Hirschfeld, Ronald C., practice, 1928 ― 1992, in Stout, Martin L., editor, and Poulos, S.J., editors: Embankment–Dam Engineering – Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting, Association of the Casagrade Volume: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Engineering Geologists, p. 429–434. p. 201–208. Shlemon, Roy J., 1999, Commentary on Karl Terzaghi’s 1950 Peck, Ralph B., and Deere, Don U., 1977, The role of “Mechanism of Landslides” in Moores, Eldridge M., theory in geotechnical field observations, in Hall, Sloan, Doris, and Stout, Dorothy L., editors, Classic William J., editor, Structural and Geotechnical Mechanics, Cordilleran Concepts – a view from California: Geological a volume honoring Nathan M. Newmark: Prentice–Hall Society of America, Special Paper 338, p. 471–474. Inc., p. 204–219. Shuirman, Gerard, and Slosson, James E., 1992, Forensic Peck, Ralph B, 1980, Where has all the judgment gone? – engineering: environmental case histories for civil the fifth Laurits Bjerrum memorial lecture: Canadian engineers and geologists: Academic Press, 320 p. Geotechnical Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 584–590. Silva, Francisco, and Kavazanjian, Edward, Jr., editors, 2000, Peck, Ralph B., 1985, The last sixty years: Proceedings of Judgement and innovation: the heritage and future of the the 11th International Conference in Soil Mechanics and geotechnical engineering profession: American Society of Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, California; Golden Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 111, Jubilee volume, p. 123–133. Dr. Peck recounts his sixty 144 p. Six papers of timeless value with 250 years of years of practice in geotechnical engineering with focus on collective experience. www.asce.org the use of engineering judgment. Silyn-Roberts, Heather, 2004, Professional communications ― Pollack, Henry N., 2003, Uncertain science; uncertain world: a handbook for civil engineers: ASCE Press, 256 p., $29.25 Cambridge University Press, 256 p. A masterful new Includes report writing, technical editing, preparation of display exposition on scientific uncertainty from a professor of posters for conferences, and Powerpoint presentations. geophysics at the Univ. of Michigan. See a review of this Smith, Elizabeth M., 2005, Protecting your interests: book in EOS, vol. 84, no. 30, July 29, 2003, p. 285–286 Civil Engineering ― the magazine of the American Society Porter, Keith A., Beck, James L., and Shaikhutdinov, R.V., of Civil Engineers, vol. 75, no. 2, February 2005 issue, 2002, Sensitivity of building loss estimates to major p. 46-51. Elizabeth M. Smith, California Registered uncertain variables: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 18, no. Geotechnical Engineer 2373, practices with a large geotechnical 4, November 2002 issue, p. 719–743. firm in San Diego. This significant ASCE Geo-Institute paper is about managing risk in design/build contracts with insights and Press, S. James, and Tanur, Judith M., 2001, The subjectivity of lessons for geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists. scientists and the Bayesian approach: John Wiley & Sons, Smith, Keith, 2004, Environmental hazards ― assessing risk Inc., 296 p. and reducing disaster, 4th edition: Routledge, a division of Reinschmidt, Kenneth F., chairman, and Bostock, Donald J., Taylor & Francis Group, 324 p., 14 chapters. Brand, Donald A., Burman, Allan V., Duscha, Lloyd A., Smith, Joseph V., 2000, Natural hazards: geology, engineering, Estes, G. Brian, Ford, David N., Ginson, G. Edward Jr., agriculture, and sociopolitical / humanitarian considerations Kennedy, Theodore C., and Price, Michael A., 2005, for the twenty-first century: International Geology Review, The owner’s role in project risk management: National vol. 42, no. 7, July 2000 issue, p. 617 - 657. Academy Press, 102 p. Read on-line at: < www.bellpub.com/igr > www.books.nap.edu/catalog/11183.html Stern, Paul C., and Fineberg, H.V., editors, and 17 members While written primary for large electrical power plants, the concepts of risk management in this authoritative monograph from of the Committee on Risk Characterization, 1996, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences are also pertinent to large Understanding risk – informed decisions in a democratic hospital campuses or any large commercial building. society: National Academy Press, 249 p. (contains Rossmanith, H.P., editor, 1996, Failures and the law – definitions of risk terminology from the authoritative structural failure, product liability, and technical insurance, National Academy of Sciences) 5th edition: Spon Press, 576 p., 46 papers, 206 line Tierney, Kathleen, 2004, Deciding what’s safe: making choices drawings, 83 photographs. about earthquake safety: ASCE Natural Hazards Review, Schumm, Stanley A., 1998, To interpret the Earth ― vol. 5, no. 2, p. 61–63. ten ways to be wrong: Cambridge University Press, 144 p. Ulin, David L., 2005, The myth of solid ground ― earthquakes, prediction, and the fault line between reason and faith: Penguin, 304 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 205 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Vick, Steven, 2002, Degrees of belief: subjective probability and engineering judgement: American Society of Civil Engineers, 472 p. Weber, Gerald F., Nolan, Jeffery M., and Zinn, Erik N., 1993, Siting structures in karst terrain at the University of California, Santa Cruz: problems and solutions for long– range planning: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, vol. 25, no.5, p. 161 (abstract), Cordilleran Section Meeting, May 1993. Welby, Charles W., and Gowan, Monica E., editors, 1998, A paradox of power: voice of warning and reason in the geosciences: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 12, 13 papers, 185 p. Whitman, Robert V., 2000, Organizing and evaluating uncertainty in geotechnical engineering: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 126, no. 7, July 2000 issue, p. 583–593. Woo, Gordon, 1999, The mathematics of natural catastrophes: World Scientific Publishing Company, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, New Jersey 07661 292 p. ℡ 201-487–9655 Zhang, L., Tang, Wilson H., Zhang, L., and Zheng, J., 2004, Reducing uncertainty of prediction from empirical correlations: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 5, May 2004 issue, p. 526–534. Uncertainty analysis and use of Bayesian analysis in geotechnical engineering.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 206 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Grading–Plan Review & Steps During Grading Operations Foundation–Plan Review For clear communication with the management officials of hospitals or schools, please list the subsequent steps that the consulting geotechnical firm needs to perform during grading and 44. Grading–Plan Review, foundation work. These usually include: Areas of Cut & Fill, grading–plan review of the penultimate grading Preparation of the Ground, plans, attendance at a pre–grade meeting with Depths of Removals & Recompaction, DSA or OSHPD officials, professional CEG and and Allowable Foundation Pressure. RGE inspections, testing for compaction of engineered fills, foundation inspections, and the requirement for a final (as–built) report at the end This section on Grading Plan Review pertains of grading and foundation work. generally to California Building Code, Chapter 18, Foundations and Retaining Walls, Chapter 33, Use Grading Permit Numbers Excavation and Grading. For hospitals or skilled nursing facilities, please Within the broad concept of “grading–plan use the newly–assigned OSHPD building permit review” are many special details that need to be number on the grading plan review letter next to scrutinized, evaluated, and double–checked prior your consulting firm project number. Both to legal issue of the grading plan and initiation of numbers are essential to avoid misplacing or grading operations. The aphorism “the devil is in misfiling of paperwork. Similarly, for grading the details” applies to this unique moment in plan reviews of public schools and community construction management. colleges, use the DSA file number and application number. A thick consulting geotechnical report has limited value if the grading and foundation work is Allowable Foundation Pressure not properly accomplished, inspected, tested, and reported. The grading and foundation plans must The foundation system might have been reflect the recommendations of the geotechnical changed or modified by the Structural Engineer consultants. since the original geotechnical work was undertaken. The allowable foundation pressure(s) Review of Penultimate Grading Plans should be revisited. Specific allowable foundation pressures (formerly termed “allowable bearing It is important that the architect and structural capacity”) should be calculated for various groups engineer provide the latest (penultimate) copy of of buildings within a large campus (some the grading plans to the geotechnical engineer and buildings perhaps on rock, others perhaps on engineering geologist for review and collateral engineered fill). Refer to 2001 CBC Table 18–1– exchange of information. The latest grading plans A for “Allowable Foundation and Lateral may differ from the generalized grading plans that Pressure” permitted by code. Geotechnical were initially furnished to the consulting calculations for allowable foundation pressure geotechnical firm. should be placed in the appendix.

For most alluvium, the allowable foundation pressure is 1,500 psf. Some gravel units (GW and GP) are allowed 2,000 psf, which is the same allowance for sedimentary and foliated rock.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 207 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Caution: Do not exceed allowable foundation bearing pressures shown in Over–Excavation / Removal / Stripping Table 18–1–A of 2001 CBC unless detailed calculations are also furnished. Delineate areas on the grading plans where the geologic subgrade is to be over–excavated and For sites underlain by both rock and engineered specify depths of removals. Removal and fill, separate values should be provided for recompaction depths should be substantiated by an allowable foundation pressure. Use a table of adequate number of shallow consolidation tests, numbered or named buildings versus geologic dry density tests, and relative compaction of the subgrade to make it clear which values pertain. shallow subsurface. For grading of new public school sites, it is permissible to specify one depth of removals for structural foundations, and a Grading in Rainy Weather shallower depth of removals for future athletic fields. The grading plan review should include detailed instructions and restrictions about grading during and immediately after wet weather Former Orchard Sites (typically intense winter rains with saturated ground). For former orchard sites, evaluate the depths of tree stumps to be ripped out with deep over– Provide geologic and geotechnical information excavation. Evaluate suitability of alluvium and to the Design Civil Engineer about acute–erosion soils to be used in structural fills. Delineate extent conditions that should be anticipated during rainy and depth of organic soils to be stripped, stock– weather so that proper erosion–control devices piled, and reused for future athletic fields, lawns, (e.g., sandbags, coir, baled straw, silt fences, and ornamental horticulture. If there is evidence catch–basins with standpipes, etc.) are delineated of krotovina (holes from gophers, moles, or other on the grading plans. burrowing rodents), then provide appropriate specifications for sufficient over–excavation and recompaction.

Specifications for Select Import of Fill

Provide minimum specifications for any Organic Content of Engineered Fill imported “select fill” typically: Excavation and Grading Code, 2001 CBC 100% passing 3–inch screen; §3313.3 states that “detrimental amounts of 70 – 100% passing ¾–inch screen; organic material shall not be permitted in fills.” 50 – 100% passing No. 4 screen; 30 – 100% passing No. 40 screen; Most geotechnical engineers typically interpret 30 – 100% passing No. 50 screen, and this section of code to mean less than ≈3 percent 15 – 70% passing No. 200 screen; organics by volume. In practical inspection of grading operations, there should be little or non–expansive, Expansion Index, EI<20 no visible organic material. organic material <1% liquid limit, LL<30). If the site contains detrimental amounts of organics from vegetation, roots, stumps, peat, manure, chapparal, etc., then use ASTM D–2974– 00, Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils, to evaluate the organic content of the soils. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 208 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Specify criteria for acceptance during site grading, validated and used in conjunction with the Sand– and provide guidance to the owner and contractor Cone Test. about proper disposal of any organic–rich soils. Extract from Code regarding Oversized Rocks For some school sites with extensive athletic and Boulders within Engineered Fills: fields, some geotechnical engineers specify 2001 CBC, Chapter 33, §3313.3, Fill Material:

<1% organic content for engineered fills that "Detrimental amounts of organic material shall underlie structural foundations, while allowing not be permitted in fills. Except as permitted by ≈3% organics in top soils for playing fields or the Building Official (meaning DSA or OSHPD), even higher percentages in horticultural areas no rock or similar irreducible material with a (flower beds, gardens, etc.). Experienced grading maximum dimension greater than 12 inches shall contractors will typically stockpile unsuitable be buried or placed in fills. organic–rich soils for later use in final landscaping. "Exception: The building official (meaning DSA or OSHPD) may permit placement of larger Since many new campuses typically have a rock when the soils engineer (meaning the professional Licensed Landscape Architect California Registered Geotechnical Engineer) working with the Architect, this step should be properly devises a method of placement, and coordinated with the Landscape Architect. continuously inspects its placement and approves Reference is made to Ahlvin and Smoots (1988) the fill stability. The following conditions shall for guidance regarding organic content of also apply: structural fills. 1. "Prior to issuance of the grading permit, Some elementary schools have vegetable potential rock disposal areas shall be gardens used for practical instruction and hands on delineated on the grading plan. experience for young children. With prescient planning, the engineering geologist and 2. "Rock sizes greater than 12 inches in geotechnical enginer can make effective use of maximum dimension shall be 10 feet or more organic soils in designated garden plots. These below grade, measured vertically. vegetable garden plots should be clearly marked 3. "Rocks shall be placed so as to assure fill on the as–built geologic map as a "non–structural of all voids with well–graded soil." fill with high organic content in upper 2 feet." This protects the integrity of the geotechnical firm from future misuse of the garden plot for Maximum Fill Slope additional classroom expansion. The maximum allowable ratio for fill slopes is Specifications for Compaction of Fill 2:1 (horizontal:vertical) which is ≈26½ degrees or 50 percent grade. There are no exceptions to 2:1 Provide standard specifications for compaction fills. §3313.5 of 2001CBC is clear: "Fill slopes criteria. Typically this means: shall be no steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units ♦ horizontal ≤6–inch lifts; horizontal (50% slope)." ♦ ≤ 5% above optimum moisture content; ♦ compacted to ≥90% relative compaction; Caution: Do not supply geotechnical ♦ based on 5–layer maximum–density curve, calculations that incorrectly attempt to ASTM D–1557–00 "prove" that 1½:1 fills are somehow satisfactory. These will be disapproved Compaction testing of engineered fill may be because they are not permitted in Code, and performed using either the Sand–Cone Test, there are no exceptions to 2H:1V fill slopes. ASTM Test D–1556–00; or a calibrated nuclear gage, ASTM Test D–2922–96, that is Engineering Geology and Seismology for 209 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Contoured Slopes These velocities are considerably lower for the Suggestion: Engineering Geologists and smaller class D–8 Cats, typically Vp ≤ 6,000 fps Geotechnical Engineers are encouraged to for the upper limit of rippability. Much depends work creatively with the design Civil on joint spacing or foliation of the rock, and the Engineer who prepares the grading plans so lithology of the rock. that contoured fill–slopes are used wherever Refer to the Cat Performance Handbook possible. These contoured fill slopes are th esthetically pleasing because they are (Cat, 2003, 34 edition) for full details about rounded and undulating. Contoured fill– rippability and all the complicated parameters. slopes can be blended into contoured cut– Do not rely on this summary alone, since this slopes and add considerable value to the situation can involve subsequent cost–overuns and landscaping appearance of the property. construction claims. There are adverse economic The face of fill slopes does not have to be consequences with substantially higher costs if planar and angular with an artificial blasting is needed instead of conventional ripping. appearance; contoured slopes and rounded brow–ditches with earthtone (tan colored) Whenever possible, the bulk grading operations concrete are encouraged. should be performed in with the final precise grading for the landscape architecture of On larger projects, the owner/developer may the campus lawn areas (e.g., Keefer, 2000) in possibly retain a Registered Landscape Architect regards to stockpiling and reuse of organic top– who will materially assist with the esthetics of soils. slope design, including plans for xeriscape planting, drip–irrigation, and surficial erosion control, and seasonal slope maintenance. Balanced Earthwork Bulk Volumes

The Geotechnical Engineer should make rough calculations to assist the design Civil Engineer Rock Rippability with balancing earthwork volumes.

Consider the potential for rippability of rock, Provide estimates of loss of bulk volume from production of over–sized rock (cobbles and compaction of low–density soils, dynamic deep boulders), and how these are to be either compaction of alluvium to remediate liquefaction windrowed, stockpiled for erosion control (rip– conditions, hydrocompaction, stripping of rap), used for ornamental landscaping, or exported vegetation, and disposal of unsuitable (organic) off–site. soils.

Use seismic velocity measured in the field by Provide estimates of bulk earthwork volume seismic refraction survey to evaluate rippability of increases from ripping of dense bedrock, rock. Refer to §5 for the bibliography in expansive units that are subject to swelling with engineering geophysics that are not repeated here change in moisture content, deep excavations for sake of brevity. Refer to Sharma, 1997, (basements, parking garages, swimming pools), or p. 177; Milsom, 2002; Telford and others, 1990; production of over–size boulders. McCann and others, 1995, Burger, 1992; and Griffiths & King, 1981.

For crawler–tractors (Caterpillar-type) of class D–10, rocks with average P–wave velocity, Vp ≤ 8,000 fps are rippable with a single shank, about 8,000 to 9,000 fps is considered to be marginal, and over ≈ 9,000 fps needs to be drilled and blasted. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 210 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Chen, F.H., and Morris, M.D., 1999, Soil engineering – Selected References for testing, design, and remediation: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 304 p. Grading and Earthwork Chen, H., Lee, C.F., and Law, K.T., 2004, Causative (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are mechanisms of rainfall–induced fill–slope failures: ASCE marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 593–602. Ahlvin, Richard G., and Smoots, Vernon A., 1988, Cherubini, C., 2000, Reliability evaluation of shallow Construction guide for soils and foundations, 2nd edition: foundation bearing capacity on c′ , φ′ soils: Canadian John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 304 p. Geotechnical Journal, vol. 37, p. 264–269. ASCE, 2002, Minimum design loads for buildings and other Church, Horace K., 1981, Excavation handbook: McGraw–Hill structures: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE 7– Book Company, 18 chapters, 9 appendices, 982 p. 02, edited by Mark Allen Hale, about 400 p., supercedes and Clyde, James E., 1979, Construction inspection – a field guide replaces ASCE 7–98. The new earthquake load provisions are keyed to the 2003 International Building Code, with detailed commentaries. While to practice: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 362 p. this is not the 2001 California Building Code (currently in force for Craul, Phillip J., 1992, Urban soil in landscape design: hospitals and public schools), this is a valuable collateral reference from John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 416 p., >150 illustrations. ASCE. Contains design–load information for earthquake, wind, snow, ice, Das, B.M., 1999, Shallow foundations ─ bearing capacity and floods. and settlement: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & ASCE, 1997, Guidelines of engineering practice for braced and Francis Publishers, 384 p. tied-back excavations: American Society of Civil Davis, Tim, 2001, Geotechnical testing, observation, and Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 74, 160 p. documentation: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASTM, 2002, ASTM D–5195–02, Test method for density 102 p. of soil and rock in–place at depths below the surface by Dewberry, S.O., editor, 2002, Land development handbook, nuclear methods: American Society for Testing & 2nd edition: McGraw–Hill Publishing Co., 1,124 p., Materials. < www.astm.org > 700 illustrations (a ten–year effort by two dozen specialists ASTM, 2002, ASTM D–4564–02, Test method for density of resulted in a comprehensive handbook on development) soil in place by the sleeve method: American Society for El-Tamly, H., Morgenstern, N.R., and Cruden, David M., 2005, Testing & Materials, ASTM vol. 4.08. < www.astm.org > Probabilistic assessment of stability of a cut slope in ASTM, 2004, ASTM Standards in Building Codes, 41st edition: residual soil: Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 1, January 2005, American Society for Testing & Materials, International, p. 77-84. 4 volume set on one CD–ROM with 1,350 standards that are Fenton, Gordon A., and Griffiths, D.V., 2003, Bearing– searchable < www.astm.org > capacity prediction of spatially random c – φ soils: Barton, M.E., Cresswell, A., and Brown, R., 2001, Measuring Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 40, p. 54–65. the effect of mixed grading on the maximum dry density of French, S.E., 1999, Design of shallow foundations: ASCE sands: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, Press, 384 p. p. 121–127. Hitch, Jenny, Howard, Amster,and Baas, Warren, editors, 2004, Bell, Fred, 1993, Engineering treatment of soils: Spon Press, Innovations in controlled low-strength material 320 p. (explains sheet piles, ground freezing, drainage, (flowable fill): ASTM Special Technical Publication groundwater lowering, compaction, consolidation, soil STP-1459, 159 p., 11 papers. Controlled Low-Strength reinforcement, soil anchors, geosynthetics, grouts, soil Material (CLSM) is typically used for pipe-trench backfill and pipe stabilization.) embedment. CLSM is also known as flowable fill. Bergado, D.T., Anderson, Loren R., Miura, N., and Houlsby, A.C., 1990, Construction and design of cement Balasubramaniam, A.S., 1996, Soft ground improvement in grouting ― a guide to grouting rock foundations: John lowland and other environments: American Society of Civil Wiley & Sons, Inc., 466 p. Engineers, 440 p. < www.asce.org > Liu, C., and Evett, Jack, 2003, Soils and foundations, Capachi, Nicholas E., 1996, Excavation and grading handbook, nd sixth edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, 496 p. 2 edition: Craftsman Book Co., 384 p. Liu, C., and Evett, Jack, 2002, Soil properties: testing, Caterpiller Tractor Co., 2003, Caterpillar Performance th measurement, and evaluation, sixth edition: Prentice–Hall Handbook, 34 edition: Caterpiller Tractor Co., Peoria, Publishers, 432 p. plus CD–ROM with forms and software Illinois 61602; 27 chapters. (especially Chapter 1–10, for compiling test data. This practical field and lab book is use of shear–wave velocity to estimate rippability of rock by closely keyed to ASTM tests in geotechnical engineering. D–8, D–9, and D–10 Cats). < www.cat.com > Keefer, Robert F., 2000, Handbook of soils for landscape To obtain this book in California, contact Holt of California architects: Oxford University Press, 272 p. ℡ 209–466–6000, ext. 381 Kumar, J., and Mohan Rao, V.B.K., 2002, Seismic bearing Charles, J. Andrew, and Skinner, Hilary D., 2001, capacity factors for spread foundations: Géotechnque, Compressibility of foundation fills: Proceedings of the vol. 52, no. 2, p. 79–88. Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, Massarsch, K.R., and Fellenius, B.H., 2002, Vibratory vol. 149, no. 3, July 2001 issue, p. 145-157. compaction of coarse–grained soils: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 695–709. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 211 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

McNab, Alan, 2002, Earth retention systems handbook: Schroeder, W.L., Dickenson, Stephen E., and McGraw-Hill Publishers, 531 p. A comprehensive handbook on Warrington, Don C., 2004, Soils in construction, shoring, dewatering of excavations, and earth retention during construction fifth edition: Prentice–Hall, 368 p. of basements and open-faced excavations. Schuster, Robert L., and Fleming, Robert W., 1982, McNally, Greg H., 1998, Soil and rock construction materials: Geologic aspects of landslide control using walls, Spon Press, 416 p., 87 line drawings. in Reeves, R.B., editor, Application of walls to landslide McCarthy, David F., 2002, Essentials of soil mechanics and control problems: American Society of Civil Engineers, foundations: basic geotechnics, sixth edition: Prentice–Hall p. 1–18. Publishers, 788 p. Scullin, C.M., 1983, Excavation and grading code Memos, Constatine D., Kiara, Areti, and Pavlidis, Emmanuel, administration, inspection, and enforcement: International 2003, Coupled seismic response anaysis of rubble-mound Code Council, 405 p., ICC catalog #224S90. breakwaters: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil < www.iccsafe.org > Engineers, Water & Maritime Engineering, vol. 156, no. 1, Shanklin, D.W., Rademacher, K.R., and , J.R., editors, March 2003 issue, p. 23-31. 2000, Construction and controlling compaction of earth fills, Michalowski, R.L., 2004, Load limits on reinforced foundation ASTM Special Technical Publication STP–1384, 336 p. soils: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and www.astm.org Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol 130, no. 4, April 2004 Smith, M.R., editor, and 14 geologist authors, 1999, Stone: issue, p. 381–390. nd building stone, rock fill, and armourstone in construction: Monahan, E.J., 1993, Construction of fills, 2 edition: John The Geological Society of London, Geological Society Wiley & Sons, Inc., 265 p. Engineering Geology Special Publication No. 16, 478 p. Monismith, Carl L., Leahy, R.B., Epps, J.A., and Hongach, A., A modern treatise with many color plates; distributed in the 2001, Asphalt paving technology: McGraw–Hill Publishing USA by the AAPG geology bookstore: www.aapg.org Co., 832 p. Son, M., and Cording, Edward J., 2005, Estimation of building (R–values and specifications for asphalt paving are not damage due to excavation-induced ground movements: required under CCR Title 24, but this information is ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental typically included in most geotechnical reports for parking Engineering, vol. 131, no. 2, February 2005 issue, p. 162– lots of hospitals and public schools) 177. Nichols, Herbert L., and Day, D.A., 1998, Moving the earth: th USACE, 1996, Rock foundations: American Society of Civil the workbook of excavation, 4 edition: McGraw–Hill Engineers, Technical & Engineering Design Guides no. 16, Publishing Co., 1,400 p., 21 chapters. (a comprehensive as adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual of treatise in grading and earthwork) the same title, 130 p. Ortigao, Jose A.R., and Sayao, Alberto S.F.J., editors, 2004, USACE, 1996, Design of sheet pile walls: American Society of Handbook of slope stabilization engineering: Springer– Civil Engineers, Technical & Engineering Design Guides Verlag Publishers, 800 p. no. 15, as adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Persson, Per–Anders, Holmberg, Roger, and Lee, J., 1993, manual of the same title, 75 p. www.asce.org Rock blasting and explosives engineering: CRC Press, USACE, 1993, Bearing capacity of soils: American Society of a division of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 560 p. Civil Engineers, republication of U.S. Army Corps of Pine, R.J., and Harrison, J.P., 2003, Rock mass properties for Engineers, Technical Engineering and Design Guide #7, engineering design: Quarterly Journal of Engineering five chapters, 145 p. Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 5–16. U.S.B.R., 1998, Earth manual, 3 rd edition: U.S. Dept. Interior, Rollings, Marian P., Rollings, Raymond S.,Jr., and Rollings, Bureau of Reclamation; part 1 (properties of soils, field R.S., 1995, Geotechnical materials in construction: investigation, control of earth construction  329 p.), McGraw–Hill Professional Publishing, 523 p. and part 2 (tests and procedures  1,270 p.) Rogers, C.D.F., and Glendinning, S., 1996, Lime stabilization: Warner, James, 2004, Practical handbook of grouting: John American Society of Civil Engineers and Thomas Telford, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 720 p. Ltd., 182 p. Zeng, X, and Steedman, R.S., 1998, Bearing capacity failure of Trenter, N.A., 2001, Earthworks ― a guide: American Society shallow foundations in earthquakes: Géotechnique, vol. 48, of Civil Engineers and Thomas Telford Ltd., 265 p. no. 2, p. 235–256. Schexnayder, Cliff, editor, 2000, Soil-cement and other

construction practices in geotechnical engineering: ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 95, 128 p.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 212 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Geothermal Heating & Cooling Selected References for A growing number of public schools and Geothermal Resources of California hospitals are using geothermal heating and cooling with application to systems to reduce the high costs of energy. If this Geothermal Heating & Cooling campus will use a state–of–the–art geothermal system for seasonal heating and cooling, then Amsterdam, B., 1983, Closed–loop earth–coupled heat–pump systems: Water Well Journal, vol. 37, no. 7, p. 52–53. indicate on the grading plans optimum sites for Beck, A.E., Garven, G., and Stegena, L., editors, 1989, looped conduits or recirculating boreholes. Hydrogeological regimes and their subsurface thermal effects: American Geophysical Union, geophysical The geothermal system needs to be planned in monograph vol. 47, 158 p. < www.agu.org > relation to the as–built geologic subgrade (cut Campion, L.F., Bacon, C. Forrest, Chapman, Rodger H., pads & fill–prisms). The speciality contractor Chase, Gordon W., and Youngs, Leslie G., 1984, who will install the geothermal circulation system Geothermal resources investigatosn of the Sonoma Valley area, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California: California needs reliable geologic information about Geological Survey, Open–File Report 84–29, 137 p. trenchibility of the subgrade, slope stability, 8 folded ozalid plates, 43 figures, 4 tables. ambient ground–water table, and set–backs from Campion, Linda F., Chapman, Rodger H., Chase, Gordon W., possible septic leach–field areas, swimming pools and Youngs, Leslie G., 1983, Resource investigation of excavations, stone columns installed for low– and moderate–temperature geothermal areas, Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo County, California: liquefaction remediation, deep excavations for California Geological Suvey, Open–File Report 83–11, 50 parking basements, or the central HVAC plant. pages, 8 plates, 11 figures, 3 tables. Chapman, Rodger H. and Chase, Gordon W., 1983, For information about the engineering geology Geophysical study of the Santa Rosa geothermal area, aspects of closed–loop geothermal boreholes, refer Sonoma County, California – June 1982: California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 83–09, 36 p., to McCray (1997) and related publications of the 14 figures, 1 folded ozalid plate. National Ground Water Association, Chapman, Rodger H. and Chase, Gordon W., 1983, Report for < www.ngwa.org >. the California Energy Commission: Geophysical study of the Sonoma State Hospital area geothermal prospect, Most of the newly published literature in this Sonoma County, California – June 1982: California rapidly expanding specialty of geothermal HVAC Geological Survey, Open–File Report 83–08, 36 p., 2 ozalid comes from hydrogeologists and NWGA because plates, 14 figures. Chapman, Rodger H. and Chase, Gordon W., 1983, Report for of their experience with water–wells, and not the California Energy Commission: Geophysical study of primarily from ASCE geotechnical and AEG the Rohnert Park geothermal prospect, Sonoma County, engineering geology journals. So this is an California – June 1982: California Geological Survey, incentive to cross–read indisciplinary journals Open–File Report 83–07, 29 p. outside of conventional geotechnical engineering. Chapman, Rodger H., 1978, Preliminary results of a gravity survey in the Kelly Hot Springs area, Modoc County, California: California Geological Survey, Open– File Report 78–05, 13 p., 3 folded ozalid plates. Driscoll, Fletcher G., 1986, Wells for heat pumps, Chapter 22, p. 783–789, in Groundwater and Wells: Johnson Filtration Systems, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1,089 p. Duffield, Wendell A., Sass, John H., and Sorey, Michael L., 1994, Tapping the Earth’s natural heat: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1125, 63 p. free from www.usgs.gov Ferguson, Grant, and Woodbury, Allan D., 2004, Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 109, no. B02402, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002715, published on–line by AGU on February 6, 2004. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 213 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Fuller, S.K., Kalin, Mark, Karolides, A., Lelek, M., Lippiat, B., IGSHPA, 2004, Your business from the ground up: Macaluso, J., Walker, H.A., Chiang, J., Waier, Phillip R., geothermal heat pumps for commercial applications: editors, 2003, Green building: project planning and cost International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, estimating: R.S. Means Publishing Co., 550 p. < 6 page booklet. IGSHPA, Oklahoma State University, www.rsmeans.com > 374 Cordell South, Stillwater, OK, 74078-5283, Gass, T.E., 1980, Sizing water–well systems for ground–water ℡ 800-626-4747 www.igshpa.okstate.edu heat pumps: Ground WaterHeat Pump Journal, Summer Jones, P.D., and Mann, M.E., 2004, Climate of the past 1980 issue, p. 16–21. millennia: American Geophysical Union, Reviews in Gass, T.E., 1983, The earth–coupled heat pump: Water Well Geophysics, vol. 42, no. 2, published on–line May 6, 2004, Journal, vol. 37, no. 7, p. 58–59. AGU paper 10.1029/2003RG000143. Heap. R.D., 1979, Heat pumps: E&FN Spon Publishers, 155 p. Kavanaugh, S.P., and Rafferty, K., 1997, Ground-source heat Higgins, Chris T., compiler, 1980, Geothermal resources of pumps ― design of geothermal systems for commercial and California: California Geological Survey, Geologic Data institutional buildings: American Society of Heating, Map no. 4, map scale 1:750,000. This statewide geothermal map Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), was compiled using a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy, so several Atlanta, Georgia. www.ashrae.org thousand copies were distributed for free over a period of two decades. It is now out-of-print, but archive copies may be reviewed in university libraries. Levias, Edward, and Bacon, C. Forrest, 1982, Reconnaissance Also cross-reference to this current geothermal map which is available for of geothermal resources; assessment of 40 sites in sale: Hodgson, Susan F., and Youngs, Leslie G., 2002, Geothermal map California: California Geological Survey, Open–File of California: California Division of Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources, Report 82–04, 243 p. Map # S–11, map scale 1:1½–million. Higgins, Chris T., Flynn, Thomas, Chapman, Rodger H., Levias, Edward, and Bacon, C. Forrest, 1982, Reconnaissance Trexler, Dennis T., Chase, Gordon R., Bacon. C. Forrest, of geothermal resources; assessment of another 40 sites in and Ghusn, George Jr., 1985, Geothermal systems of the California: California Geological Survey, Open–File Mono Basin – Long Valley region, eastern California and Report 83–12, 218 p. western Nevada: California Geological Survey, Open–File Lienau, P.J., and Lunis, B.C., editors, 1991, Geothermal Report 85–19, 159 p., 9 folded ozalid plates, 34 figures, direct use engineering and design handbook: Geo-Heat 13 tables. Center, Klamath Falls, Oregon, 445 p. Higgins, Chris T., 1982, Reconnaisance of geothermal Lund, J., Sanner, B., Rybach, L., Curtis, G., and Hellstrőm, G., resources in Los Angeles County, California: California 2004, Geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps ― a world Geological Survey, Open–File Report 82–03, 280 p., overview: Quarterly Bulletin of the Oregon Institute of 14 figures, 3 ozalid plates in map pocket. Technology, Geo–Heat Center, Klamath Falls, vol. 25, Higgins, Chris T., and Chapman, Rodger H., 1984, Geothermal no. 3, September 2004 issue, p. 1–10. http://geoheat.oit.edu energy at Long Beach Naval Shipyard and Naval Station, Majmundar, H.H., compiler, 1984, Technical map of the and at Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station, Los Angeles and geothermal resources of California: California Geological Orange Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Survey, Geologic Data Map no. 5, map scale 1:750,000. This statewide geothermal map was compiled using a grant from the U.S. Open–File Report 84–32, 58 p., 12 figures, 9 tables, 4 Department of Energy, so several thousand copies were distributed for free folded ozalid plates. over a period of two decades. It is now out-of-print, but archive copies may Higgins, Chris T., Chapman, Rodger H., and Chase, be reviewed in university libraries. Also cross-reference to this current Gordon W., 1983, Geothermal resources of the Bridgeport– geothermal map which is available for sale: Hodgson, Susan F., and Youngs, Leslie G., 2002, Geothermal map of California: California Bodie Hills region, California: California Geological Division of Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources, Map # S–11, map scale Survey Open–File Report 83–14, 105 p., 26 figures, 1:1½–million. 5 folded ozalid plates, 8 tables. McCray, Kevin, editor, 1997, Guidelines for the construction Hodgson, Susan F., and Youngs, Leslie G., 2002, of vertical boreholes for closed–loop heat–pump systems: Geothermal map of California: California Division of National Ground Water Association, 43 p. www.ngwa.org Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources, Map # S–11, map scale Miller, M.A., 2002, Geothermal heating at the California 1:1½–million. Correctional Center, Susanville, California: IGSHPA, 2004, Making the grade: geothermal heat pumps Quarterly Bulletin of the Oregon Institute of Technology, for schools: International Ground Source Heat Pump Geo–Heat Center, Klamath Falls, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 16–19; Association, 6 page booklet. IGSHPA, Oklahoma State 19 references on geothermal heating. University, 374 Cordell South, Stillwater, OK, 74078-5283, Schaetzle, W.F., Brett, C.E., Grubbs, D.M., and Sepanen, M.S., ℡ 800-626-4747 www.igshpa.okstate.edu 1980, Thermal energy storage in aquifers: Pergamon Press, IGSHPA, 2004, Geothermal heat pumps: opportunities for 177 p. architects, engineers, and building owners: International Taylor, Gary C., and others, 1981, Drilling addendum to Ground Source Heat Pump Association, 6 page booklet. resource assessment of low– and moderate–temperature IGSHPA, Oklahoma State University, 374 Cordell South, geothermal waters in Calistoga, Napa County, California: Stillwater, OK, 74078-5283, ℡ 800-626-4747 California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 81–13A, www.igshpa.okstate.edu 73 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 214 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Youngs, Leslie G., 1990, Contributions and publications of Youngs, Leslie G., Kishi, Emily H., and Campion, Linda F. the Applied Geophysics Project, California Division of 1983, Preliminary report on the low–temperature Mines & Geology, 1965—1989: California Division of geothermal resources of the Big Valley area, Lake County, Mines & Geology Special Publication 106, 49 p. California: California Geological Survey, Open–File Report Youngs, Leslie G., 1984, An annotated bibliography of 83–30, 75 p., 6 ozalid plates in map pocket. geothermal information published or authored by staff of the Youngs, Leslie G., Bezore, S.P., Chapman, Rodger H., and California Division of Mines & Geology, 1960—1984: Chase, Gordon W., 1982, Resource investigation of low– California Division of Mines & Geology, Special and moderate–temperature areas in San Bernardino, San Publication 69, 20 p. A useful guide to previous work in Bernardino County, California: California Geological low– to moderate–temperature geothermal resources. Survey, Open–File Report 82–11, 242 p., 3 tables, 8 ozalid Youngs, Leslie G., Campion, Linda F., Chapman, Rodger H., plates, 38 figures. Higgins, Chris T., Levias, Eddie, Chase, Gordon W., and Youngs, Leslie G., Bacon, C. Forrest, Chapman, Rodger H., Bezore, Steven P., 1983, Geothermal resource of the and Chase, Gordon W., Higgins, Chris T., Majmundar, northern Sonoma Valley area, Sonoma County, California: Hasu H., and Taylor, Gary C., 1981, Resource investigation California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 83–27, of low– and moderate–temperature geothermal waters in 106 p., 3 tables, 37 figures, 6 ozalid plates in map pocket. Calistoga, Napa County, California: California Geological Youngs, Leslie G., and Bacon, C. Forrest, 1984, Survey, Open–File Report 81–13, 168 p., 4 tables, 13 Reconnaissance of geothermal resources near U.S. Naval folded ozalid plates, 18 figures. facilities in San Diego, San Diego County, California: California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 84–33, 45 p., 2 tables, 1 ozalid plate, 5 figures. Youngs, Leslie G., Chapman, Rodger H., Chase, Gordon W., Bezore, Stephen P., and Majmundar, Hasu H., 1983, Investigation of low–temperature geothermal resources in the Sonoma Valley area, Sonoma County, California: California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 83–13, 103 p., 33 figures, 9 folded ozalid plates, 5 tables.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 215 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

45. Geologic & Geotechnical Inspections Suggestion: It is highly useful to include cell and phone numbers (for "called" inspections) and Problems Anticipated During Grading e–mail addresses directly on the signature blocks on the first sheet of the grading plans.

Called Inspections Keyways for Fill Buttresses The Engineering Geologist and Geotechnical Engineer should specify times and circumstances As applicable: For mass grading of hillside of mandatory "called inspections" when the sites, show shear–key dimensions of engineered grading contractor needs to summon the Certified fill buttresses. Each fill buttress should be Engineering Geologist to inspect, evaluate, and numbered on the grading plans and keyed to a approve a locality or sequential step during table in the report text. Plot locations of canyon grading operations. subdrains, gallery drains, and back–drains.

These "called inspections" include, but are not Consider the stability of deep excavations next limited to, the following items or steps during to existing structural foundations. For basement grading operations: canyon clean–out (prior to excavations with shallow groundwater or perched fill placement), subdrain placement, back–drains, water, evaluate dewatering procedures and buttress keyway (location, depth, width, length), temporary shoring (sheet–piles, tied–back soldier back–cut against against an existing landslide or beams, or bracing). Some basements may need unstable natural slope, abandonment of petroleum permanent dewatering systems (drains and sump wells (oil and gas), old cisterns, former seepage pumps) and waterproofing. pits, removals and abandonment of leaking underground tanks and contaminated earth, For schools and hospitals to be located in retaining wall footings, caissons (especially former orchards, indicate the depth of over– caissons with belled footings), pile–driving, pile– excavation to include rip–out of large tree stumps. load tests, tied–back soldier–beam retaining walls, Advise the client about the possibilities of footings for concrete retaining walls, and uncovering unknown sewage systems, leach foundations of the structure(s) prior to placement fields, water wells, or cisterns. of portland cement. If some of the geologic subgrade within the

For hospitals and public schools, these in– campus is Type SB(rock) or Type SA(hard rock), grading inspections should not be performed by a with unjointed rock, then advise the owner/client soils technician who normally performs only that ripping or blasting may be needed during compaction tests, but by licensed CEGs and/or grading operations. Evaluate the production of RGEs (depending on the nature of the inspection, over–size rock and make recommendations for whether primarily geological or geotechnical). proper disposal in deep fills, or stockpile for reuse as decorative landscape boulders. The names, consulting firm, street addresses, telephone numbers (for inspection calls), If improperly abandoned or unknown oil or gas signatures and license numbers of the responsible wells are uncovered, then indicate that these must CEG and RGE should be on the grading plans be properly abandoned according to state and local next to the signatures of the Registered Civil rules (California Division of Oil and Gas and Engineer who prepared the plans and the Architect Geothermal Resources, and local government who designed the buildings. ordinances at the county/city level). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 216 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

46. Subdrainage Plans for Ground Water and Surface Water Selected References for Subdrainage During the grading–plan review, plot all (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) springs, ground–water seepage areas, and planned subdrains directly on the grading plans. Include ASCE, 1998, Urban subsurface drainage: American Society ground water and surface water from adjacent of Civil Engineers, ASCE Manuals and Reports on areas, not just the land within the project Engineering Practice no. 95, 188 p. ASCE member price $31.50 ASCE, 1998, Urban runoff quality managment: American boundaries. Anticipate the hydrological impacts Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Manuals and Reports on of future development on adjacent property, Engineering Practice no. 87, 259 p. particularly accelerated runoff from future paved ASCE, 1993, Design, construction, and maintenance of relief surfaces. wells: American Society Civil Engineers, 90 p. (as adapted by ASCE from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manual no. 3) Aydilek, A.H., Oguz, S.H., and Edil, Tuncer B., 2005, Show dimensions and layout of the subdrains Construction size of geotextile filters: ASCE Journal of on the grading plans. Indicate that these are Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, “called inspections” so the grading contractor no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 28-38. realizes that the Certified Engineering Geologist Brennan, A.J., and Madabhushi, S.P.G., 2005 Liquefaction and or Registered Geotechnical Engineer must drainage in stratified soil: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, approve the clean-out of canyons and the July 2005 issue, p. 876-885. installation of subdrains prior to backfilling and Cedergren, Harry R., 1997, Seepage, drainage, and flow nets, before the first lifts of engineered fill is placed. 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 496 p. Care must be taken not to damage or crush the Chang, W.J, Rathje, Ellen M., Stokoe, Kenneth H., II, and PVC subdrain pipe by the weight of earthmoving Cox, Brady R., 2004, Direct evaluation of effectiveness of prefabricated vertical drains in liquefiable soil: equipment. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 24, p. 723 ― 731. Subdrains are typically Schedule 40 PVC Forrester, Kevin, 2001, Subsurface drainage for slope perforated pipe with holes down; and 9–cubic feet stabilization: American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE per lineal foot of subdrain filter material Press, 208 p. www.asce.org composed of Caltrans Class 2 permeable FHWA, 1986, Prefabricated vertical drains: U.S. Department aggregate. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Publication FHWA RD-86-168, 124 p., volume 1. Caltrans Class 2 aggregate is composed of downloadable as 16 MB pdf. Volume 2 is published in paper format, but not yet available on-line. approximately 50% pea–gravel and 50% washed– Karunaratne, G.P., Chew, S.H., Keong, K.W., Wong, W.K., sand (with Sand Equivalent, SE> 60) Refer to Lim, L.H., Yeo, K.S., and Hee, A.M., 2003, Installation ASTM test D–2419–02 for the Sand Equivalent stress in prefabricated vertical drains: ASCE Journal of test. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 9, September 2003 issue, p. 858–860. Check for adequate design of brow–ditches and Leo, C.J., 2004, Equal strain consolidation by vertical drains: down–drains on cut and fill slopes (refer to ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 3, March 2004 issue, p. 316–327. Chapters 18 and 33 of the California Building Mackey, Robert E., and von Maubeuge, Kent P., editors, 2004, Code). Advances in synthetic clay liner technology ― 2nd symposium: ASTM Special Technical Publication STP 1456, 11 papers, 158 p. < www.astm.org > Nogami, T., and Li, M., 2003, Consolidation of clay with a system of vertical and horizontal drains: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 9, September 2003 issue, p. 838–848. Powers, J. Patrick, 1992, Construction dewatering ― new methods and applications, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 528 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 217 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Preene, M., 2000, Assessment of settlements caused by Suits, L. David, Goddard, James B., and Baldwin, John S., groundwater control: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil editors, 2000, Testing and performance of geosynthetics in Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 143, subsurface drainage: American Society for Testing and October 2000 issue, p. 177-190. Materials, ASTM Special Technical Publication 1390, Reddi, L.N., 2003, Seepage in soils – principles and 121 p., nine papers. applications: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 401 p. Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and Yun, Joseph, Reddi, L.N., and Bonala, M.V.S., editors, 1998, Filtration and 2003, California’s groundwater: California Department of drainage in geotechnical / geoenvironmental engineering: Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., 7 chapters, American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Geotechnical Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures. Special Publication No. 78, 216 p. Tindall, James A., and Kunkel, James R., 1999, Unsaturated Santi, Paul M., Crenshaw, Bradley A., and Elifrits, C. Dale, zone hydrology for scientists and engineers: Prentice–Hall 2003, Demonstration projects using wick drains to stabilize Publishers, 624 p. landslides: AEG/GSA Environmental & Engineering TRB, 1980, Design of sedimentation basins: U.S. National Geoscience, vol. 9, no. 4, Nov. 2003 issue, p. 339–350. Research Council, Transportation Research Board, TRB Sara, Martin N., and Everett, Lorne G., editors, 2002, Report 70, 53 p. Evaluation and remediation of low permeability and dual Warner, James, 2004, Practical handbook of grouting: John porosity environments: ASTM Special Technical Wiley & Sons, Inc., 720 p. Publication STP–1415, 11 papers, 190 p. Woolley, L., 1990, Drainage details, 2nd edition: Spon Press, Stewart, D.I., Studds, P.G., and Cousens, T.W., 2003, 104 p. with 45 information sheets with complete details of The factors controlling the engineering properties of all forms of drainage work. bentonite-enhanced sand: Applied Clay Science, vol. 23, Youd, T. Leslie, and Beckman, C.J., 1996, Highway culvert issues 1-4, August 2003, p. 97-110. performance during past earthquakes: Multidisciplinary Suits, L. David, and Bhatia, S.K., editors, 1996, Recent Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, SUNY at developments in geotextile filters and prefabricated drainage Buffalo, NY; MCEER Technical Report 96–0015, 60 p. composites: ASTM Special Technical Publication 1281, 233 p., 15 papers.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 218 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

47. Cut—Fill Transition Lots: Insight from geotechnical research and post– ground–motion incoherence earthquake inspections of 1994 Northridge and differential settlement epicentral area by Stewart and others (1996, 1998, 2002, 2003): Significant damage at cut–fill transition lots has For transition lots with significant thickness been observed for several decades in post– of cut/fill prisms, engineered fills should be earthquake reconnaissance, but little research was compacted at water contents wet–of–the– actually published on this vital topic. line–of–optimums.

Two issues with cut─fill transition lots that In many cases, a long–span building across a should be considered in three dimensions are: cut─fill line needs to be supported on caisson and grade–beam foundations to minimize the effects of ♦ ground–motion incoherence localized differential settlements. due to relative amplification in the fill prism, Suggestion: The thickness of fill should not and vary by more than about 15% where the fills

♦ differential seismic settlement are over 30 feet in thickness, according to of the in–place natural geologic subgrade Rogers (1992). versus the fill prism

Selected References These mechanisms contributed to acute and for Cut─Fill Transition Lots: widespread foundation damage in hillside fills ground–motion incoherence during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, which and differential seismic settlement (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are was documented by Stewart and others (2001). marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) This research has far–reaching applications to similar hillside fill–prisms for heavier structures (hospitals and public schools) in Seismic Zone 4. Charles, J. Andrew, and Skinner, Hilary D., 2001, Compressibility of foundation fills: Proceedings of the The long–time practice for hillside grading is to Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 149, no. 3, July 2001 issue, p. 145-157. over–excavate all transition pads containing a Das, B.M., 1999, Shallow foundations ─ bearing capacity and cut─fill line at least 3 vertical feet, so to convert settlement: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis the pad to a uniform fill prism. Moreover, plastic Publishers, 384 p. fill soils should be compacted at water contents Hashash, Y.M.A., and Park, D., 2002, Viscous damping wet of the line–of–optimums so as to limit volume formulation and high-frequency motion propagation in non-linear site-response analysis: Soil Dynamics & change and differential settlement in fill Earthquake Engineering, vol. 22, p. 611-624. A convenient embankments (Stewart and others, 2002). .pdf is available from Professor Hashash’s faculty website at the However, for heavier hospital and public school Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois: www.cee.uiuc.edu/faculty buildings with substantial column loads, the 3– Hudson, Martin B., and Idriss, Izzat M., 1996, Quad496: foot over–excavation will not likely be enough for a computer program to evaluate the seismic response of soil sites in Seismic Zone 4 where intense seismic structures using finite element procedures, incorporating a shaking is anticipated. compliant base, and incorporating a segmented equivalent linear procedure: University of California at Davis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Center for Geotechnical Modeling. It is recommended that the consultants evaluate Park, D., and Hashash, Y.M.A., 2004, Soil damping the effects of differential settlement across cut─fill formulation in non-linear time-domain site-response prisms within Seismic Zone 4 where high ground– analysis: Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, motion is likely to occur. p. 249-274. A convenient .pdf is available from Professor Hashash’s faculty website at the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois: www.cee.uiuc.edu/faculty Engineering Geology and Seismology for 219 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Rogers, J. David, 1992, Long–term behavior of urban fill Stewart, Jonathan P., Smith, Patrick M., Whang, D.H., and embankments, in Seed, R.B., and Boulanger, R.W., editors, Bray, Jonathan D., 2002, Documentation and analysis of Stability and performance of slopes and embankments – II: field case histories of seismic compression during the 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Northridge, California Earthquake: Pacific Earthquake Publication no. 31, vol. 2, p. 1258–1273. Engineering Research Center, University of California, Stewart, Jonathan P., and Whang, D.H., 2003, Simplified Berkeley, Report No. PEER–2002/09, 210 p. procedure to estimate ground settlement from seismic download from: http://peer.berkeley.edu compression in compacted soils: 2003 Pacific Conference Tokimatsu, K., and Seed, H. Bolton, 1987, Evaluation of on Earthquake Engineering, Paper no. 46, 8 p. settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking: ASCE A pdf copy may be obained from Dr. Stewart at UCLA: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, no. 8, [email protected] p. 861–878. Stewart, Jonathan P., Bray, Jonathan D., McMahon, David J., von Winterfeldt, Detlof, Roselund, Nels, and Kitsuse, Alicia, Smith, Patrick M., and Kropp, Alan L., 2001, Seismic 2000, Framing earthquake retrofitting decisions: the case of performance of hillside fills: ASCE Journal of hillside homes in Los Angeles: Pacific Earthquake Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Engineering Research Center, PEER report 2000–03, November 2001 issue, vol. 127, no. 11, p. 905 – 919. 1.4 MB file: http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications Stewart, Jonathan P., Seed, Raymond B., and Fenves, Wahls, Harvey E., 1994, Tolerable deformations, in Gregory L., 1998, Empirical evaluation of intertial soil– Yeung, A.T., and Felio, G.Y., editors, Vertical and structure interaction effects: University of California, Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments, Berkeley; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, vol. 2: American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 1611–1628. PEER Report 1998–07, 6 chapters. Download from: Youd, T. Leslie, and Carter Ben L., 2005, Influence of soil http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration ― Stewart, Jonathan P., Seed, Raymond B., and Bray, the Sixth H. Bolton Seed Memorial Lecture: ASCE Jonathan D., 1996, Incidents of ground failure from the Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Northridge earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, July 2005 issue, p. 811-825. Society of America, vol. 86, no. 1B, p. S300–S318. Stewart, Jonathan P., Smith, Patrick M., Whang, Daniel H.,

and Bray, Jonathan D., 2004, Seismic compression of two compacted earth fills shaken by the 1994 Northridge earthquake: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 5, May 2004 issue, p. 461–476. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 220 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

48. Deep Foundation Plans ― Isopach Map of the Bedrock Surface Piles or Caissons; Structural Mat Foundations If the piles or caissons are planned to be end– bearing or rock–socketed, the engineering As appropriate for planned deep foundations, geologist should prepare an isopach map showing the Certified Engineering Geologist should contours on the bedrock surface at depth. It is the prepare large–scale (detailed) geologic cross– responsibility of the consulting Certified sections that indicate embedment depths of driven Engineering Geologist to convey the basic piles or caissons (cast–in–place piers). subsurface concepts that the bedrock surface is either: highly irregular, steeply sloping, gently The Certified Engineering Geologist should sloping, or horizontal. The pile lengths can then coordinate subsurface geology work with the be reliably estimated for cost purposes and Registered Geotechnical Engineer who will prefabrication by the foundation contractor. The undertake the lead in foundation engineering. isopach contours should be transferred to the grading and foundation plans during the “Grading The California Geological Survey will review Plan Review” phase of work. The foundation engineering geology aspects of deep foundations contractor needs to know subsurface geological and the principal geological emphasis of the information (depth to rock surface) in a timely and review will be these four items: reliable manner. This avoids the opportunity for later misunderstandings leading to cost over–runs 1 Has the geologic subgrade been properly and legal predicaments. characterized by detailed geologic cross– sections with sufficient boreholes? Refer to 2001 CBC §1809A.6, Inspection of Piles, and §1809A.7, Inspection of Caissons, for 2 Has the dynamic lateral–load at the pile cap code requirements for geotechnical inspections been properly computed for the Upper– during field construction of deep foundations. Bound Earthquake level of ground–motion? ASCE publishes “Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile Foundations.” This 3 In alluvial areas, has the potential for 40–page guideline contains standardized liquefaction and seismic settlement been information that can be adapted for individual properly quantified and characterized? projects.

4 In hillside terrain, has the potential for seismically–induced landslides been Pile–Load Tests adequately evaluated by the Certified Engineering Geologist, so that the Pile–load tests are recommended for any large Registered Geotechnical Engineer can structure with substantial column–loads that relies properly design for lateral pressure on the on piles for support. There is no guidance in the deep foundation system? California Building Code regarding the minimum number of pile–load tests. Much depends on the The majority of the foundation design will be complexity of the geologic subgrade underlying plan–checked by Registered Structural Engineers the structure. Sedimentary layers with "layer– within OSHPD or DSA. The consulting cake" simplicity would likely need only two or Registered Geotechnical Engineer should prepare three pile–load tests, while subgrade with complex specific calculations for pile design, including sedimentary facies would likely need six or more p–y curves and dynamic lateral load at the pile– pile–load tests. Often four tests are conducted cap based on calculated UBE ground–motion. each corner of the structure, and then several in complex areas.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 221 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Before pile–load tests are planned, there should Much depends on the weathered thickness on be an adequate number of detailed geologic cross– top the hard rock surface. In preliminary geologic sections; refer to section 7 of this publication and exploration for a "Soft Layer A over Hard Note 48 checklist. Pile–load tests are an empirical Layer B" case (where it is likely that end–bearing approach to cost–effective pile–design, so that the piles would be needed), the Engineering Geologist structure is not over–designed, nor under– should drill holes to refusal into the Hard Layer B. designed. Avoid prematurely stopping on the mud–rock interface, but resonably attempt to penetrate for In summary, pile–load tests should follow the some distance into the underlying rock. The professional recommendations found in ASCE Engineering Geologist should select the optimum publications on piles (ASCE Standard Guide drill–rig for this unusual task so there is sufficient No. 20, 1997) and reliable textbooks and torque on the kelly–bar with an appropriate drill– monographs on piles (e.g., Reese & VanImpe, bit. 2001, chapter 8, p. 303–346; Tomlinson, 1994; and ASTM Tests D–1143–94 and D–4945–00) Selected References for Deep Foundations (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Test Piles Broken During Driving

In some cases, hard bedrock underlies very soft sediment. The “Layer A over Layer B” situation ADSC, 2004, Drilled shaft inspector's manual, 2nd edition: typically involves end–bearing driven piles. ADSC, the International Association of Foundation Drilling Layer A might be soft Bay Mud, while hard rock and DFI, Deep Foundations Institute.< www.adsc–iafd.com > might be range from granodiorite to Franciscan Based in Dallas, Texas, ADSC also publishes Foundation Drilling magazine, a widely–read journal for the drilling graywacke. industry published 8 times per year. Anderson, J.B., Townsend, F.C., and Grajales, B., 2003, If the site is within Seismic Zone 4 (with Case history evaluation of laterally loaded piles: typical PGA ≈ 0.6g to 0.9g), and there are high ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering and column loads (e.g., a 4–story hospital), then it Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 3, March 2003 issue, p. 187–196. would be highly advantageous to embed the tips of ASCE, 1997, Standard guidelines for the design and the driven piles into the bedrock surface. installation of pile foundations: American Society of Civil Embedment of pile tips helps to achieve lateral Engineers, Standard Guideline No. 20, 40 p., ASCE resistance to dynamic loads, and greatly enhances Standard No. ASCE 20–96. the static–load capacity. But if the piles are over– ASCE, 1997, Guidelines of engineered practice for braced and tied-back excavations: American Society of Civil driven by the contractor, then they can break in a Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 74, 160 p. latent manner that is not discernable to anyone. It Ashford, Scott A., and Juirnarongrit, T., 2003, Evaluation of is a good approach to have a few test–piles in a pile diameter effect on initial modulus of subgrade reaction: corner of the building pad that are deliberately ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 129, no. 3, over–driven to the point of breakage. Then the March 2003 isue, p. 234 – 242. Ashour, M., and Norris, Gary, 2003, Lateral loaded pile limit of driving is empirically determined, and the response in liquefiable soil: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical foundation contractor will have this preliminary & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 5, insight. The pile–breakage test for end–bearing May 2003 issue, p. 404–414. piles (ASTM Test D–3689–95, tensile strength Ashour, M., Pilling, P., and Norris, Gary, 2004, Lateral pull–out test) should be designed and coordinated behavior of pile groups in layered soils: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, by the Registered Geotechnical Engineer in no. 6, June 2004 issue, p. 580–592. consultation with the Certified Engineering ASTM Test D–1143–94e, Standard Test Method for Piles Geologist and the Structural Engineer. under Static Compressive Load, 11 p. www.astm.org ASTM Test D–4945–00, Standard Test Method for High– Strain Dynamic Testing of Piles, 7 p. www.astm.org Engineering Geology and Seismology for 222 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

ASTM Test D–5882–00, Standard Test Method for Horpibulsuk, S., Miura, N., Koga, H., and Nagara, T.S., Low-Strain Integrity Testing of Piles, 5 p. 2004, Analysis of strength development in deep mixing www.astm.org ― a field study: Ground Improvement, vol. 8, no. 2, Athanasopolous, G.A., and Pelekis, P.C., 2000, Ground p. 59-68. vibrations from sheetpile driving in urban environment: Kane, William F., and Tehaney, John M., editors, 1995, measurements, analysis, and effects on buildings and Foundation upgrading and repair for infrastructure occupants: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, improvement: American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 19, p. 371–387. Geotechnical Special Publication 50, 120 p. Baker, Clyde N., editor, 1985, Drilled piers and caissons II – Kitiyodom, P., Matsumoto, T., and Kanefusa, N., 2003, Influence construction under slurry – non–destructive integrity of reaction piles on the behavior of a test pile in static load evaluation – load testing – geotechnical behavior under testing: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 41, p. 408-420. load: American Society of Civil Engineers, 153 p. Laudeman, Steve, and Chang, N.Y., 2004, Finite element Bell, F.G., editor, 1987, Ground engineer’s reference book: analysis of slope stabilization using piles, in Yegian, M.K., Butterworths Publishing Co., 1,264 p. and Kavazanjian, Edward, editors, Geotechnical Bhattacharya, S., Madabhushi, S.P.G., and Bolton, M.D., 2004, Engineering for Transportation Projects: American Society An alternative mechanism of pile failure in liquefiable of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication deposits during earthquakes: Géotechnique, vol. 54, no. 3, no. 126, vol. two, p. 2000-2009. p. 203-213. This paper studies pile-buckling in 14 case Leung, C.F., Kim, J.K., Shen, R.F., and Chow, Y.K., 2003, histories of pile failures in liquefiable deposits during Behavior of pile groups subject to excavation–induced earthquakes. soil movement: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Bruce, D.A., DiMillio, A.F., and Juran, I., 1997, Micropiles: Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, no. 1, January the state of practice, part 1, characteristics, definitions, 2003 issue, p. 58–65. and classifications: Ground Improvement, vol. 1, no. 1, Love, Jerry P., 2003, Use of settlement reducing piles to January 1997, p. 25–35. support a raft structure: Geotechnical Engineering, download pdf from: < www.t–telford.co.uk > vol. 156, no. GE4, October 2003 issue, p. 177–181. Coduto, Donald P., 2001, Foundation design – principles Mandolini, A., and Viggiani, C., 1997, Settlement of piled and practices, 2nd edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, foundations: Géotechnique, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 791–816. 883 p. Mayoral, J., Pestana, J., and Seed, Raymond B., 2005, El Naggar, M.H., 2004, The 2002 Canadian Geotechnical Determination of multidirectional p-y curves for soft clays: Colloquium: the role of soil―pile interaction in ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, foundation engineering: Canadian Geotechnical May 2005 issue, 11 p. www.astm.org Journal, vol. 41, p. 485-509. Mokwa, Robert L., and Duncan, J. Michael, 2003, Englekirk, Robert E., 2003, Seismic design of reinforced and Rotational restraint of pile caps during lateral loading: precast concrete buildings: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental 848 p. Engineering, vol. 129, no. 9, September 2003 issue, Fellenius, B.H., 1999, Basics of foundation design, p. 829–837. 2nd edition: BiTech Publishers, Richmond, B.C. Mostafa, Y.E., and El Naggar, M.H., 2002, Dynamic Feng, Z, and Deschamps, Richard J., 2000, A study of the analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in sand and clay: factors influencing the penetration and capacity of Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 1358–1383. vibratory driven piles: Soils and Foundations, vol. 40, Nikolaou, S., Mylonakis, G., Gazetas, G., and Tazoh,T, no. 3, June 2000 issue, p. 43-54. 2001, Kinematic pile bending during earthquakes: www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/40-3.html analysis and field measurements: Géotechnique, vol. 51, FHWA, 1998, Design and construction of driven pile no. 5, p. 425–440. foundations: U.S. Department of Transportation, O’Neill, Michael W., and Reese, Lymon C., 1999, Federal Highway Administration, Publication # FHWA Drilled shafts ―construction procedures and design HI-97-013, 830 p. downloadable 66 MB pdf manual: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal FHWA, 2000, Micropile design and construction guidelines Highway Administration, Publication FHWA IF-99-025, ―implementation manual: U.S. Department of 790 p.; download as 128 MB pdf Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Ooi, P., Chang, B., and Seki, G.Y., 2004, Examination of Publication # FHWA SA-97-070, 379 p. proof-test extrapolation for drilled shafts: ASTM downloadable 29 MB pdf Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 1–18. Hannigan, Patrick J., Goble, G.G., Thendean, G., Kikens, Paik, K., Salgado, R., 2003, Determination of bearing G.E., and Rausche, F., 1997, Design and construction of capacity of open–ended piles in sand: ASCE Journal of driven pile foundations: U.S. Federal Highway Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Administration, Report no. FHWA–HI–97–013. vol. 129, no. 1, January 2003 issue, p. 46–57. Hannigan, Patrick J., 1990, Dynamic monitoring and analysis of pile foundation installations: Deep Foundation Institute, Sparta, New Jersey. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 223 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Poulos, Harry G., 2005, Pile behavior ― consequences of Turner, John P., editor, 1995, Performance of deep geological and construction imperfections; the Terzaghi foundations under seismic loading: American Society of Memorial Lecture: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 51, Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 5, 90 p. May 2005 issue, p. 538-563. USACE, 1991, Design of pile foundations: U.S. Army Poulos, Harry G., and Davis, E.H., 1980, Pile foundation Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual EM–1110–2– analysis and design: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2906, dated 15 Jan 1991, 189 p. This U.S. Army manual 16 chapters, 397 p. comprehensive textbook on piles may be downloaded as 2.3 MB .pdf file from: Prakash, S., editor, 1997, Seismic analysis and design for < www.usace.army.mil/publications > soil–pile–structure interactions: American Society of USACE, 1996, Rock foundations: American Society of Civil Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 70, Engineers, Technical & Engineering Design Guides no. 16, 144 p. as adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual of Prakash, S., editor, 1992, Piles under dynamic loads: the same title, 130 p. American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical USACE, 1996, Design of sheet-pile walls: American Society Special Publication 34, 270 p. of Civil Engineers, Technical & Engineering Design Guides Prakash, S., and Sharma, H.D., 1990, Pile foundations in no. 15, as adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers engineering practice: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 768 p. manual of the same title, 75 p. O’Neill, Michael W., and Townsend, Frank C., editors, Vipulanandan, C., and Townsend, F.C., editors, 2005, 2002, Deep foundations 2002: American Society of Advances in designing and testing deep foundations ― Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication 116, the Michael W. O’Neill memorial volume: ASCE 880 p., 110 p. Geotechnical Special Publication no. 129, 376 p. Reese, Lymon C., and Van Impe, William F., 2000, Wang, S., Kutter, Bruce L., Chacko, M.J., Wilson, Daniel W., Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading: Boulanger, Ross W., and Abghari, A., 1998, Nonlinear Balkema Publishers, 480 p., includes CD–ROM with seismic soil-pile structure interaction: EERI Earthquake software for the p–y analysis of piles. Spectra, vol. 14, no. 2, May 1998 issue, p. 377-396. < www.balkema.nl > $49.95 for the paperback edition Weaver, Thomas J., Ashford, Scott, A., and Rollins, Kyle M., Reul, Oliver, and Randolph, Mark F., 2004, Design 2005, Response of a 0.6-meter cast-in-steel-shell pile in strategies for piled rafts subjected to non–uniform liquefied soil under lateral loading: ASCE Journal of vertical loading: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Geoen–vironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 1, January vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 94-102. 2004 issue, p. 1–13. White, D.J., and Bolton, M.D., 2005, Comparing CPT and pile Rollins, Kyle M., Gerber, Travis M., Lane, J.D., and base resistance in sand: Geotechnical Engineering, Ashford, Scott A., 2005, Lateral resistance of a full-scale vol. 158, no. 1, p. 3-14. pile group in liquefied sand: ASCE Journal of Wu, D., Broms, B.B., and Choa, V., 1998, Design of laterally Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, loaded piles in cohesive soils using p-y curves: Soils and vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, p. 115-125. Foundations, vol. 38, no. 2, June 1998 issue, p. 17-26. Serrano, A., and Olalla, C., 2004, Shaft resistance of a pile www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/38-2.html embedded in rock: International Journal of Rock Wyllie, Duncan C., 1999, Rock socketed piers, Chapter 8 Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 41, no. 1, within Foundations on Rock: Spon Press, p. 249–286. January 2004 issue, p. 21–35. www.sciencedirect.com Yang, Zhaohui, and Jeremić, Boris, 2005, Study of soil Serrano, A., and Olalla, C., 2002, Ultimate bearing capacity layering effects on lateral loading behavior of piles: at the tip of a pile in rock: International Journal of Rock ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 39, no. 7, October Engineering, vol. 131, no. 6, June 2005, p.762-770. 2002 issue, p. 833–846 (part 1 – theory) and p. 847–866 Zhang, L., 2004, Reliability verification using proof pile (part 2 – application). www.sciencedirect.com load tests: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and To, Albert C., Ernst, Helmut, and Einstein, Herbert H., 2003, Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 11, Lateral load capacity of drilled shafts in jointed rock: November 2004 issue, p. 1203-1213. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Zhang, L., Silva, Francisco, and Grismala, Ralph, 2005, Engineering, vol. 129, no. 8, August 2003, p. 711–726. Ultimate lateral resistance to piles in cohesionless soils: Tomlinson, M.J., 1994, Pile design and construction ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental practice, 4th edition: Spon Press, 411 p., 11 chapters, Engineering, vol. 131, no. 1, January 2005 issue, 325 illustrations, 40 photographs. p.78-83.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 224 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Selected References for Structural Mat Foundations (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.)

ACI, 1993, Suggested analysis and design procedures for combined footings and mats: American Concrete Institute, ACI 336.2R–88 (reapproved 1993) www.aci.org Bowles, Joseph E., 1995, Mat foundations, in Foundation analysis and design, 5th edition: McGraw–Hill Book Company, chapter 10. Cao, X.D., Wong, I.H., Chang, M.F., 2004, Behavior of model rafts resting on pile–reinforced sand: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 2, February 2004, p. 129–138. Coduto, Donald P., 2001, Mats, in Foundation Design – principles and practice, 2nd edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, chapter 10, p. 352–369. Das, B.M., 2003, Mat foundations, in Principles of Foundation Engineering, 5th edition: PWS Publishing Company, chap. 5, p. 293–333. Dempsey, J.P., and Li, H., 1989, A rigid rectangular footing on an elastic layer: Géotechnique, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 147– 152. Hain, Stephen J. and Lee, Ian K., 1974, Rational analysis of raft foundations: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 100, no. GT–7, p. 843–860. Hemsley, J.A., 1999, Elastic analysis of raft foundations: American Society of Civil Engineers, 663 p. Horvath, John S., 1983, New subgrade model applied to mat foundations: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 109, no. 12, p. 1567–1587. Horikoshi, K., and Randolph, Mark F., 1999, Estimation of overall strength of piled rafts: Soils and Foundations, vol. 39, no. 2, April 1999 issue, p. 59-68. www.jiban.or.jp/e/sf/contents/39-2.html MacGregor, James G., 1996, Reinforced concrete – mechanics and design, 3rd edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, 939 p. McCormac, Jack C., 2000, Design of reinforced concrete, 5th edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 752 p. Teng, Wayne C., 1975, Mat foundations, in Winterkorn, H.F., and Fang, H.Y., editors, Foundation Engineering Handbook: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, chap. 17, p. 528–536. Ulrich, Edward J., 1995, Design and performance of mat foundations, state of the art review: American Concrete Institute, publication SP–152.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 225 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

49. Retaining Walls, Chalermyanont, T., and Benson, Craig H., 2004, Reliability– Engineered Fill Buttresses, based design for internal stability of mechanically stabilized earth walls: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Soil–Nailed Walls, Geosynthetics, and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 2, and Gabions Feb. 2004 issue, p. 163–173. Choukier, M., Juran, I., and Hanna, S., 1997, Seismic design As appropriate, plot geotechnical information of reinforced–earth and soil–nailed structures: Ground on the grading plans. This might include the Improvement, vol. 1, p. 223–238. This research was sponsored by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration locations and dimensions of shear–keys for and a .pdf copy of the paper may be downloaded from: engineered fill buttresses, locations of retaining < www.t–telford.co.uk > walls, soil–nailed walls, geosynthetics, gabions Chu, J., and Gan, C.L., 2004, Effect of void ratio on K0 of and so forth. Number the retaining walls or loose sand: Géotechnique, vol. 54, no. 4, p. 285-288. buttresses for clarity of communication, and key The coefficient of lateral earth-pressure at rest is K0 Clayton, R.I., Milititsky, J., and Woods, R.I., 1993, those numbers to tables in the geotechnical report. Earth pressure and earth–retaining structures, 2nd edition:

Spon Press, 249 line drawings, 25 photographs. Retaining Walls Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Williams, M.B., 2005, §1611A.6 of 2001 CBC requires that Reliability of traditional retaining wall design: "retaining walls higher than 12 feet, as measured Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 55-62. from the top of the foundation, shall be designed FHWA, 1999, Ground anchors and anchored systems: to resist the additional earth pressure caused by U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Geotechnical Engineering Circular no. 4, seismic ground shaking." Retaining walls, Publication no. FHWA-IF-99-015, 304 p. downloadable buttresses, and soil–nailed walls should be as pdf. accompanied with appropriate geotechnical Gaba, A.R., Simpson, B., Powrie, W., and Beadman, D.R., calculations with dynamic analysis (use the 2003, Embedded retaining walls: guidance for economic Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion). design: American Society of Civil Engineers and CIRIA, ASCE stock no. 7580, 450 p. and 150 figures. Hobst, L., and Zajic, J., 1977, Anchoring in rock: Elsevier Selected References for Scientific Publishing Company, Developments in Retaining Walls Geotechnical Engineering volume 13, 390 p. (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Holden, Tony, Restrepo, J. and Mander, John B., 2003, marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Seismic performance of precast reinforced and prestressed concrete walls: ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 129, no. 3, March 2003 Allen, T.M., Bathurst, Richard J., Holtz, Robert D., issue, p. 286–296. Lee, W.F., and Walters, D., 2004, New method for Houlsby, A.C., 1990, Construction and design of cement prediction of load in steel-reinforced soil walls: grouting ― a guide to grouting rock foundations: John ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Wiley & Sons, Inc., 466 p. Engineering, vol. 130, no. 11, November 2004 issue, Joshi, Bhaskar, 2003, Behavior of calculated nail head p. 1109-1120. strength in soil–nailed structures: ASCE Journal of ASCE, 1997, Guidelines of engineering practice for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, braced and tied–back excavations: American Society vol. 129, no. 9, Spetember 2003 issue, p. 819–828. Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 74, Dr. Joshi is a Sr. Transportation Engineer with Caltrans, 160 p. Sacramento, who specializes in soil–nailed walls. Blackburn, J. Tanner, and Dowding, Charles H., 2004, Kramer, Steven L., 1996, Seismic design of retaining walls, Finite–element analysis of time–domain reflectometry Chapter 11 in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: cable–grout–soil interaction: ASCE Journal of Prentice–Hall, Inc., p. 466 – 505. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Kumar, J., 2001, Seismic passive earth pressure coefficients vol. 130, no. 3, March 2004 issue, p. 231–239. for sands: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 38, p. Byrne, R.J., Cotton, D., Porterfield, J., Wolschlag, C., and 876–881. Ueblacker, G., 1996, Manual for the design and Kumar, J., 2002, Seismic passive earth pressure coefficients construction monitoring of soil–nail walls: Federal using the method of characteristics: Canadian Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, Bridge Geotechnical Journal, vol. 39, p. 463–471. Division, Report No. FHWA–SA–96–069. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 226 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lambe, Philip, and Hansen, Lawrence A., editors, 1990, Simac, M.R., Bathurst, R.J., Berg, R.R., and Lothspeich, Design and performance of earth retaining structures: S.E., 1997, Design manual for segmental retaining walls, American Society Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special 2nd edtion: National Concrete Masonry Association, Publication no. 25, 914 p., 50 papers with 16 invited TR–127, 289 p. Manual and accompanying software are papers from internationally known geotechnical available from NCMA, 13720 Sunrise Valley Drive, engineers. Herndon, VA 20171–4662 ℡ 703–713–1900 Michalowski, R.L., and You, L., 2000, Displacements of www.ncma.org reinforced slopes subject to seismic loads: ASCE Steedman, R. Scott, 1998, Seismic design of retaining walls: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of the Institution Engineering, vol. 126, no. 8, August 2000 issue, of Civil Engineers, ICE, vol 131, no. 1, January 1998 p. 685–694. issue, p. 12–22, ICE paper # 11312. Mitchell, James K., chairman, 1979, Symposium on earth Download pdf from: www.t–telford.co.uk reinforcement – the Kenneth L. Lee Memorial Volume: Whitman, R.V., 1991, Seismic design of earth retaining American Society of Civil Engineers, 900 p. structures (state-of-the-art paper), in Prakash, S., editor, Mitchell, James K., and Villet, W.C.B., 1987, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Reinforcement of earth slopes and embankments: U.S. Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering National Research Council, Transportation Research and Soil Dynamics, vol. 2, p. 1767 – 1778. Board, TRB Report 290, 12 chapters, 323 p. Whitman, R.V., 1990, Seismic design behavior of gravity Nadim, F., and Whitman, R.V., 1984, Coupled sliding and retaining walls: Proceedings of ASCE Specialty tilting of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes: Conference on Design and Performance of Earth Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Earthquake Retaining Structures: ASCE Geotechnical Special Engineering, San Francisco, vol. 3, p. 477–484. Publication 25, p. 817–842. Ortigao, Jose A.R., and Sayao, Alberto S.F.J., editors, 2004, Whitman, R.V., and Liao, S., 1985, Seismic design of Handbook of slope stabilization engineering: Springer– retaining walls: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Verlag Publishers, 800 p. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg; Prakash, S., editor, 1996, Analysis and design of retaining Miscellaneous Paper GL 85–1. structures against earthquakes: American Society of Zhu, D.Y., Qian, Q.H., and Lee, C.F., 2001, Active and Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 60, passive critical slip fields for cohesionless soils and 144 p. < www.asce.org > calculation of lateral earth pressures: Géotechnique, vol. Reeves, R.B., editor, 1982, Application of walls to landslide 51, no. 5, p. 407–423. control problems: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Section, 8 chapters by 13 authors, 127 p. Richards, D.J., Clayton, C.R.I., Powrie, W., and Hayward, T., 2004, Geotechnical analysis of a retaining wall in weak rock: Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 157, no. GE–1, January 2004 issue, p. 13–26. Sabatini, P.J., Pass, D.G., and Bachus, R.C, 1999, Ground anchors and anchored systems: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology, Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4, Report no. FHWA–IF–99–015. Schach, R., Garshol, K., and Heltzen, A.M., 1979, Rock bolting – a practical handbook: Pergamon Press, 84 p. Schuster, Robert L., and Fleming, Robert W., 1982, Geologic aspects of landslide control using walls, in Reeves, R.B., editor, Application of Walls to Landslide Control Problems: American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering Division, p. 1–18. Siddharthan, R.V., Ganeswara, V., Kutter, Bruce L., El–Desouky, M., and Whitman, Robert V., 2004, Seismic deformation of bar mat mechanically stabilized earth walls. I: centrifuge tests; and II: a multiblock model: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 1, January 2004 issue, p. 14–25 and p. 26–35. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 227 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Geosynthetics Collin, James G., 2001, Lessons learned from a segmental retaining wall failure: Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 19, no. 7, September 2001 issue, p. 445–545. The term “geosynthetics” broadly includes Das, B.M., and Khing, K.H., 1994, Foundation on layered soil geofabrics, geogrids, geotextiles, geonets, with geogrid reinforcement – effect of a void: Geotextiles geomembranes, geopipes, and geocomposites. and Geomembranes, vol. 13, no. 8, p. 545–553. Although the California Building Code does not FHWA, 1997, Geosynthetic engineering: Federal Highway adequately address the use geosynthetics, Administration, 452 p. FHWA, 1997, Guidelines for design, specification of consultants are encouraged to use innovative geofabrics: Federal Highway Administration, 88 p. methods for hospitals and public schools. Gabr, M.A., and Hart J.H., 2000, Elastic modulus of geogrid– reinforced sand using plate–load tests: ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 245–250. Geosynthetic Research Institute, 2000, Test properties, testing frequency, and recommended warranty for High Density Selected References for Polyethylene (HDPE) smooth and textured geomembranes: Geosynthetics Geosynthetic Research Institute, 475 Kedron Avenue, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Folsom , PA 19033–1208, GRI test #GM–13, 13 p. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) GFR, 2003, GFR specifiers guide: The Geotechncal Fabrics Report, 500+ geosynthetic products by 50 manufacturers, http:// bookstore.ifai.com Ahn, T.B., Cho, S.D., and Yang, S.C., 2002, Stabilization of Helwany, S.M.B., Reardon, G., and Wu, J.T.H., 1999, Effects soil slope using geosynthetic mulching mat: Geotextiles and of backfill on the performance of GRS retaining walls: Geomembranes, vol. 20, no. 2, April 2002 issue, p. 135– Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 17, no. 1, February 146. 1999, p. 1–16. (GRS = geosynthetic reinforced soil) Alagiyawanna, A.M.N., Sugimoto, M., Soto, S., and Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center, 2003, Toyota, H., 2001, Influence of longitudinal and transverse Evaluation of anchor wall systems landmark reinforced soil members on geogridpullout behaviour during deformation: wall system: with Tc Mirafi’s Miragrid & Miratex geogrid Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 19, no. 8, reinforcements: American Society of Civil Engineers, December 2001 issue, p. 483–507. Reston, Virginia. ASTM, 2004, ASTM Standards on soil and rock: Ho, S.K, and Roe, R. Kerry, 1996, Effect of wall geometry on Geosynthetics: American Society for Testing & Materials, the behavior of reinforced soil walls: Geotextiles and 508 p. This ASTM volume 4.13, published May 2004, Geomembranes, vol. 14, no. 10, October 1996 issue, contains 100 standards in geosynthetics formerly printed in p. 521–541. vol. 4.09, Soil & Rock II. Holtz, R.D., editor, 1988, Geosynthetics for soil improvement: ASTM, 1996, Recent developments in geotextile filters American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special prefabricated drainage geocomposites: American Society Publication no. 18. for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication, Hryciw, Roman D., editor, 1995, Soil improvement for 231 p. earthquake hazard mitigation: proceedings of sessions Aydilek, A.H., and Wrtman, Joseph, editors, 2004, Recycled sponsored by the soil improvement and geosynthetics materials in geotechnics: American Society of Civil committees of the Geotechnical Engineering Division: Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication no. 127, 248 p. American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Includes 15 papers on diverse topics such as shredded tires, Publication no. 49, 141 p. flyash, paper sludge, foundry sands, tire-derived permeable IGS, International Geosynthetics Society, Post Office Box 347, aggregates, asphalt shingles, etc. Easley, South Carolina 29641; about 2,000 members, Borden, Roy H., Holtz, Robert D., and Juran, Ilan, editors, 24 national chapters, and 95 corporate members from 68 countries 1992, Grouting, soil improvement, and geosynthetics: ℡ 864-855-0504 homepage: www.geosynthticssociety.org American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Ismeik, M., and Guler, E., 1998, Effect of wall facing on Publication 30, 1,488 p., two volumes. seismic stability of geosynthetic–reinforced retaining walls: Bowders, J., Broderick, G., and Scranton, H., editors, 1998, Geosynthetics International Journal, vol. 5 no. 1, p. 41–53. Geosynthetics in foundation reinforcement and erosion < www.ifai.com > control system: ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 76, Kim, J., Bray, Jonathan D., and Riemer, M., 2005, Dynamic 160 p. properties of geosynthetic interfaces: ASTM Geotechnical Christopher, Barry, Berg, Ryan, and Holtz, Robert, editors, Testing Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, 9 p. www.astm.org 1997, Geosynthetic engineering: BiTech Publishers Ltd., Koerner, Robert M., 2006 in press, Designing with th 452 p. geosynthetics, 5 edition: Prentice–Hall, Inc., 780 p. Claybourn, Alan F., and Wu, Jonathan T.H., 1993, Koerner, Robert M., and Soong, T.Y., 2005, Analysis and Geosynthetic–reinforced soil wall design: Geotextiles and design of veneer cover soils: Geosynthetics International, Geomembranes, vol.12, no. 8, p. 707–724. vol. 12, no. 1, p. 28-49. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 228 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Koerner, Robert M., and Te–Yang,Soong, 2001, Geosynthetic Sandri, Dean, 1997, A performance summary of reinforced soil reinforced segmental retaining walls: Geotextiles and structures in the greater Los Angeles area after the Geomembranes, vol. 19, no. 6, August 2001 issue, p. 359– Northridge earthquake: Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 386. (summary paper, with estimates that 35,000 vol. 15, no. 4–6, August–December 1997, p. 235–253. segmental retaining walls have been built in the U.S., only Santi, Paul M., Crenshaw, Bradley A., and Elifrits, C. Dale, about 26 have failed.) 2003, Demonstration projects using wick drains to stabilize Koerner, Robert M., Hsuan, Y., and Lord, Arthur E., Jr., landslides: AEG/GSA Environmental & Engineering 1993, Remaining technical barriers to obtaining general Geoscience, vol. 9, no. 4, November 2003 issue, p. 339– acceptance of geosynthetics: Geotextiles and 350. Geomembranes, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1–52. Sharma, J.S., and Bolton, M.D., 1996, Centrifuge modelling of Koerner, Robert M., and Hsuan, Y.G., editors, 1992, an embankment on soft clay reinforced with a geogrid: MQC/MQA and CQC/CQA of geosynthetics: Industrial Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 1–17. Fabric Association International, 300 p. Shukla, Sanjay, editor, 2003, Geosynthetics and their < http://bookstore.ifai.com > applications: American Society of Civil Engineers and Koerner, Robert M., 2000, Emerging and future developments Thomas Telford, Ltd., 416 p. of selected geosynthetic applications – the 32 nd Terzaghi Sugimoto, M., Alagiyawanna, A.M.N., and Kadoguchi, K., Lecture: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvi– 2001, Influence of rigid and flexible face on geogrid pullout ronmental Engineering, April 2000, vol. 126, no. 4, p. tests: Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 19, no. 5, 293–306. July 2001 issue, p. 257–277. Leschinsky, D., and Han, J., 2004, Geosynthetic reinforced Suits, L. David, Goddard, James B., and Baldwin, John S., multi-tiered walls: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and editors, 2000, Testing and performance of geosynthetics in Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 12, subsurface drainage: American Society for Testing and December 2004 issue, p. 1225–1235. Materials, ASTM Special Technical Publication 1390, Leshchinsky, D., 2001, ReSSA(1.0), a Windows–based 121 p., nine papers. software program for analysis and design of reinforced soil Te–Yang, Soong, and Koerner, Robert M., 1996, Seepage– slopes: ADAMA Engineering, Inc. < www.msew.com > induced slope instability: Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Leshchinsky, D., 2001, Design dilemma: use peak or residual vol. 14, nos. 7 & 8, p. 425–445. strength of soil: Geotextiles and Geomembranes: vol. 19, Te–Yang, Soong, and Koerner, Robert M., 1998, On the no. 2, March 2001 issue, p. 111–125. required connection strength of geosynthetically reinforced Leshchinsky, D., 1996, ReSlope(1.2), a Windows–based walls: Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 15, nos. 4–6, software program developed for the U.S. Army Corps of p. 377–393. Engineers for analysis and design of geosynthetic Van Santvoort, Gerard P.T.M., editor–translator, 1995, reinforced steep slopes: ADAMA Engineering, Inc., Geosynthetics in civil engineering: Balkema Publishers, < www.msew.com > 105 p. Leshchinsky, D., 1998, MSEW, a Windows–based software Wu, Jonathan T.H., editor, 1994, Geosynthetic reinforced soil program developed for the Federal Highway Administration retaining walls: A.A. Balkema Publisheers, 375 p. for analysis and design of mechanically–stabilized earth Zornberg, Jorge G., Byler, Brett R., and Knudsen, Justin W., walls: ADAMA Engineering, Inc. < www.msew.com > 2004, Creep of geotextiles using time-temperature Michalowski, R.L., 2004, Load limits on reinforced foundation superposition methods: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and soils: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 11, November Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol 130, no. 4, April 2004 2004 issue, p. 1158-1168. issue, p. 381–390. Zornberg, Jorge G., and Arriaga, F., 2003, Strain distribution Peggs, Ian D., editor, 1990, Geosynthetics: microstructure and within geosynthetic–reinforced slopes: ASCE Journal of performance: American Society for Testing and Materials, Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 129, ASTM Special Technical Publication no. 1076. no. 1, January 2003 issue, p. 32–45. Rowe, R. Kerry, and Gnanendran, C.T., 1994, Geotextile strain Zornberg, Jorge G., and Christopher, Barry R., editors, 2000, in a full–scale reinforced test embankment: Geotextiles and Advances in transportation and geoenvironmental systems Geomembranes, vol 13, no. 12, p. 781–806. using geosynthetics: proceedings of sessions of Geo– Salman, A., Goulias, D., and Elias, V., 1998, Durability of Denver 2000: American Society of Civil Engineers, geosynthetics based on accelerated thermo–oxidation Geotechnical Special Publication no. 103, 422 p., 27 papers. testing: American Society for Testing and Materials, Zornberg, Jorge G., Sitar, Nicholas, and Mitchell, James K., ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation, vol 26, no. 5, 1998, Limit equilibrium as basis for design of geosynthetic– p. 472–480. < www.astm.org > reinforced slopes: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 8, August 1998 issue, p. 684–698.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 229 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Consulting Report GeoScience World

Documentation GeoScience World is a comprehensive web resource for research and communications in the

50. Geology, Seismology, geosciences that is built on an aggregation of and Geotechnical References 30+ peer-reviewed journals indexed, linked, and inter-operable with GeoRef. This bibliographic Consulting geotechnical firms that undertake search engine was launched by the American Title 24 work on a public school or hospital are Geological Institute and its member geological societies on February 25, 2005: expected to cite and use current and relevant publications in geology, seismology, and www.geoscienceworld.org geotechnical engineering. Parse and edit the geological references so each citation is actually This new web portal has a number of distinct used in the text of the report. advantages as an efficient bibliographic tool in engineering geology and seismology:

GeoRef ♦ References will be hyperlinked among the GeoScience World journals and other An excellent and comprehensive High Wire Press journals (such as AAAS bibliographic resource is GeoRef which is owned Science), GeoRef, ISI’s Web of Science, and maintained by the American Geological CrossRef, and Medline; Institute, the umbrella organization for all of the earth sciences. < www.agiweb.org > The GeoRef ♦ Access to the world’s most current edition of homepage is < www.GeoRef.org > It is available GeoRef, with updates scheduled weekly; on a subscription basis from several vendors shown on that website. ♦ Searches may be performed simultaneously among all GeoScience World journals and all GeoRef contains >2.6 million geology of GeoRef; references, and it is growing at a rate of λ ≈ 85,000 new references per year. GeoRef is searchable by ♦ Map coordinates may be used for geography- keywords, authors, geographic locations, and based searching in GeoRef; latitude and longitude. GeoRef is considered a ♦ Maps and images may be looked up in the cost–effective method to stay current with a flood Alexandria Digital Library; of new geology and seismology references each year. ♦ Users may download bibliographic references to various citation managers, including file For California alone, there are 78,665+ formats for software such as: EndNote®, geology references (as of February 2005). The Reference Manager®, ProCite®, BibText®, and growth rate for California publications is λ ≈ 2,500 Medlars®; to 3,000+ per year, far greater than one geologist could reasonably read. However, a competent ♦ Individuals who complete a free registration geologic report would typically include only about form on the website may sign-up for a variety two dozen carefully parsed geology references that of e-mail alerts: notification of publication of are pertinent to a particular site. But how to find a new issue, copies of tables of contents, the optimum references? This dilemma can be notification of a new content available as expediently solved by use of Boolean search specified by author and/or keyword, reporting methods and keywords with GeoRef to find the of corrections to previously published papers, appropriate geologic references for a site. and notice that a paper has been cited by Metaphorically, you can quickly find a needle in a another author; and haystack ― if you use a powerful magnet! Engineering Geology and Seismology for 230 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

♦ The geology literature may be graphically ASTM Test Methods browsed using the “TopicMap” data- Cite current editions (≥ 2005) of geotechnical visualization tool. test methods from ASTM volume 4.08 (1,520 pages & 207 standards, March 2005) and

volume 4.09 (1,572 pages & 166 standards, April 2005) regarding soil and rock. These State and Federal Surveys geotechnical volumes are available from Use and cite geology and seismology < www.astm.org > publications of state and federal surveys: All ASTM tests are editorially updated and California Geological Survey revised by the Geotechnical Committee (#D–18) < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > on a five–year cycle, so ascertain that you are

using and citing the current test–year. ASTM and publishes the 77–volume Annual Book of ASTM

Standards (available on CD–ROM), which contain U.S. Geological Survey < www.usgs.gov > over 11,000 standards written by 34,000 members on 129 technical committees. However, for public schools and hospitals only a few dozen ASTM standards apply, but these are vital to the success Journals in Engineering Geology & Seismology and quality assurance (QA) and quality control The following scientific journals will provide (QC) of your CCR Title 24 project. As the useful papers for CCR Title 24 projects: the responsible professional in charge of work, keep Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, abreast of these ASTM standards for soil, rock, < www.seismosoc.org > AGU Journal of groundwater, and concrete aggregates that are Geophysical Research, < www.agu.org > provided in this report. EERI Earthquake Spectra, < www.eeri.org > AEG–GSA’s Environmental & Engineering Stereoscopic Aerial Photographs Geoscience, < www.geosociety.org > Provide a list or table in the appendix of the ASCE Journal of Geotechnical & stereoscopic aerial photographs that were used in Geoenvironmental Engineering, < www.asce.org >, the investigation. Include: flight date AAAS Science < ww.sciencemag.org >, FEMA (month/day/year), flight–line numbers, photo monographs and reports on seismic safety and numbers of stereo pairs, photo scale, lens earthquake engineering < www.fema.gov >, diameter, and the name of the agency performing the Southern California Earthquake Center the aerial photography (e.g., U.S. Geological < www.scec.org >, reports of the Pacific Survey, Fairchild, USDA–SCS, Eros Data Center, Earthquake Engineering Research Center USFS, Cartwright, NASA, Caltrans, VTN, web– < http://peer.berkeley.edu >, and the authoritative site address, etc.) National Academy of Sciences / National Research Council. < www.nas.org > or < www.nationalacademies.org/earth > Archival Borehole Logs

Federal Science Web Portal It is acceptable to include legible copies of A new web portal for federal science archival borehole logs by former consultants if information provides a free “alert” service that they pertain to the site, and if they are accurately sends subscribers customized weekly e-mails plotted on the current site map. about the most recent developments in science: www.science.gov/alerts/alertmain.shtml

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 231 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Suggestion for Downloading Large Files: Caution: Do not cite unpublished references Large digital files (typically .pdf format with (such as other consulting reports) or non– maps, diagrams, and photgraphs) can be English language journals; these cannot be expediently downloaded from various internet reviewed and audited by the California sources (such as the USGS and CGS Geological Survey. websites). First, right–click on the link to the file. Then choose "Save Target As" from the pop–up dialog box. Then in the "Save As" Caution: The California Geological Survey dialog box, select a sub–directory location on cannot review proprietary seismology your hard–drive. Finally, click "Save." software and private attenuation formulas for earthquake ground–motion that are unique, one–of–a–kind, and not in general use by Caution: Do not cross–reference earlier consulting geotechnical firms. consulting reports on the same site without supplying the borehole logs, trench logs, and

as–built geologic maps in the report, or in an appendix. All new consulting reports must stand independently with complete back–up data supplied anew for each project. The burden of proof always lies on the present consulting geotechnical firm to showcase all cumulative geologic information (borehole logs and trench logs plotted on current grading plans).

Caution: Avoid using out–dated and superseded California Geological Survey (formerly CDMG) maps and reports.

A 30–year old example is 1974 CDMG Map Sheet 23 that shows peak ground–acceleration for rock sites. However, most cities in California are underlain by alluvium, and not rock; the geologic subgrade significantly affects the ground motion. In 1999, Map Sheet 23 was entirely superceded and replaced by California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48, Seismic Shaking Hazard Maps of California (Petersen and others, 1999). Map Sheet 48 properly models the geologic subgrade by appropriate shear–wave velocity (e.g., stiff soil, very dense soil or soft rock, and rock) in accordance with Table 16–J of Code.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 232 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

51. Engineering Geology Report Geologists also hold the higher CEG license, and are Signed by CEG legally qualified to consult on hospitals or public schools. In accordance with the Business and Professions Code §7835, the engineering geology report must be For specialty work in hydrogeology, a prepared by or under the direct supervision of a cumulative total of 809 Certified Hydrogeologist Certified Engineering Geologist. licenses have been issued, beginning in Spring 1995. As of January 2005, there are about 790 CHGs The engineering geology report must be legally (or about 98%) currently active licenses. This signed or stamped with the professional seal by a means that about 17% of current Professional Certified Engineering Geologist. The CEG license Geologists have passed their higher speciality test as number should be legibly provided. a Certified Hydrogeologist. The Certified

Engineering geology reports cannot be author– Hydrogeologist license has no "grandfathers" less and simply issued by the letterhead of a (license by experience only). Every CHG had to pass a written examination in hydrogeology. consulting firm. All engineering geologic reports and geologic maps must be properly signed by a For specialty work in seismology and Certified Engineering Geologist. engineering geophysics, 1,051 Registered

Unsigned “drafts” with the signature block left Geophysicist licenses have been issued in California, blank should never be submitted to OSHPD or DSA and about 236 RGPs are currently active as of January 2005. for a building permit; this is contrary to the Business & Professions Code §7835 cited above. The difference between cumulative total serial

It is not legal for anyone to “initial” the signature numbers for PG, CEG, CHG, and RGP licenses, and of a Certified Engineering Geologist. The manual the currently active licenses would equal the number that are retired, deceased, or otherwise cancelled. signature of a CEG cannot be delegated, transferred, rubber-stamped, or assigned. In summary, about one–third of the total number

CCR Title 24, 2001 CBC §1804.8 defines the of Professional Geologists have passed their higher contents of the engineering geology report, and licensure to become Certified Engineering further states that the engineering geology report Geologists. After subtracting a number of CEGs “shall be prepared by a California–Certified who live out–of–state or work for government Engineering Geologist.” agencies, there are about one thousand CEGs available and legally qualified to perform consulting A “supplemental ground–response” report may work on hospitals and public schools in California. be prepared by a California Registered Geophysicist “having professional specialization in earthquake For reliable current information about required analyses.” 2001 CBC §1804.9.1.3.1 professional affairs in geology, licensure, required CEG signatures, and use of professional seals, please A cumulative total of 7,771 Professional contact: Geologist licenses have been serially issued since California State Board for 1969. Note that the former title “Registered Geologists & Geophysicists Geologist” was changed effective January 1, 2005 to 2535 Capitol Oaks Drive, Suite 300A “Professional Geologist” in accordance with Senate Sacramento, CA 95833–2944 Bill 1914 signed by the Governor in September ℡ 916–263–2113 2005. As of January 2005, there are about 4,550 < www.geology.ca.gov > Professional Geologists with active licenses to practice.

Within this Professional Geologist group, a cumulative total of 2,341 Certified Engineering Geologist licenses have been serially issued. About 1,560 CEGs are currently active as of January 2005. Therefore, about 34% of the active Professional Engineering Geology and Seismology for 233 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

52. Geotechnical Engineering Report In 1982, higher specialty license was created Signed by RGE for Registered Geotechnical Engineer. Of these ±48,000 Registered Civil Engineers with active In accordance with state law (both the professional engineering (PE) licenses, about Business and Professions Code §6735 and ±1,300 Registered Geotechnical Engineers (or CCR Title 24, 2001 CBC §1804.9.1) the roughly ≈3%) have received the required higher geotechnical engineering report must be signed by RGE license to practice on hospitals and public a Registered Geotechnical Engineer and the schools as a California Registered Geotechnical RGE professional seal must be used. Engineer. As of January 2005, the highest serial It is contrary to §6732 of the Business and number is 2689 for the RGE license; the first one Professions Code for an unlicensed person to sign. hundred serial numbers were not used by the PE It is not legal for anyone to “initial” the signature Board. of a Registered Geotechnical Engineer. An RGE The deadline to file for the advanced signature cannot be delegated, transferred, or geotechnical engineering examination is mid–July assigned. of each year, and the RGE examination is Someone with only a Registered Civil administered each October. In 2004, the Engineering license is not yet qualified to perform examination pass-rate was 50%. Specific CCR Title 24 work; a higher RGE specialty examination dates are posted several years in license is required by state law (refer to §6736.1 of advance on the PELS website. < www.dca.ca.gov/pels > the Business and Professions Code). Young engineers should be take advantage of this opportunity for professional career advancement The Building Officials for public schools, by obtaining higher licensure. community colleges, and state–owned essential services buildings are the Registered Structural As of January 2005, there were 4,781 serial Engineers within the Division of the State numbers issued as Registered Structural Engineer, Architect. The Building Officials for hospitals with about 3,400 of these as active SE licenses. and skilled nursing facilities are the Registered The SE license is required to perform structural Structural Engineers within the Office of engineering for hospitals and public schools. The Statewide Health Planning & Development. The Structural Engineers comprise ±7% of the Structural Engineers within these respective cumulative total civil engineering licensure. agencies are responsible for the engineering The California Building Code relies on these aspects of the plan–check process, and they have elite specialty licenses for the seismic safety of the final overall legal responsibility for issuing the hospitals and public schools. building permit. The California Geological Survey advisory review function includes Questions about professional affairs in engineering geology and seismology, but not geotechnical engineering, RGE licensure, required engineering. Technical questions about structural signatures, and required use of RGE seals are engineering, geotechnical engineering, foundation referred to: engineering, and other legal aspects of civil engineering are referred to DSA and OSHPD. California State Board for Professional Engineers & Land Surveyors As of January 2005, there were 67,438 2535 Capitol Oaks Drive, Suite 300 licenses serially issued as a California Registered Sacramento, CA 95833–2944 Civil Engineer, and ±48,000 of these are currently ℡ 916–263–2230 active. Since professional engineering licensing < www.dca.ca.gov/pels > began in 1929, a large percentage of these under serial number 10,000 are typically retired, deceased, or otherwise cancelled.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 234 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Epilogue California Geological Survey The California Geological Survey would be 801 K Street, Mail Stop 12–32 pleased to receive your editorial comments to Sacramento, CA 95814–3531 improve subsequent editions of this 2005 publication. We strive for completeness, CGS homepage: < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > accuracy, and effectiveness. Your insights from CGS Sacramento Office (headquarters) various CCR Title 24 projects may be useful to Publications Desk: 916–445–5716 others. Reference Desk: 916–327–1850 Geology Librarian: 916–327–1851 The title of this publication indicates hospitals and public schools are emphasized, but much of the information will also be pertinent to a wide Engineering Geology Review of Hospitals variety of construction projects within California. 916-323-4399 Engineerng Geology Review of Public Schools This publication is generally limited in scope 916-445-5488 to engineering geology and seismology under Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Program: CCR Title 24, but necessarily makes 916–323–9672 Regional Geologic Mapping: 415–904–7726 interdisciplinary references to a wide variety of Landslides Mapping Program: 415–904–7718 geotechnical literature and a broad spectrum of Seismic Hazards Mapping Program: 916–323–8569 useful information in grading, earthwork, toxics, Strong–Motion Instrumentation Program hydrogeology, CEQA, and environmental 916–322–3105 remediation of contaminated sites. The Building Mineral Resources & Official for public schools is the Division of the Mineral Hazards Mapping Program: 916–322–3119 State Architect, and the Building Official for hospitals is OSHPD. The Registered Structural Engineers within these two agencies are San Francisco Regional Office responsible for the engineering reviews during the California Geological Survey ℡ 415–904–7707 plan–check process. 185 Berry Street, Suite 210 San Francisco 94107–1728 As previously stated on the first page, this Note that about March 2006, the San Francisco office of the California Geological Survey will have a different street address, but will publication is meant to be advisory, practical, and remain within San Francisco. helpful to consultants (rather than regulatory).

The legal text of the California Building Code, Southern California Regional Office CCR Title 24, and state regulations prevail over California Geological Survey ℡ 213–239–0877 this advisory publication. 655 South Hope Street, Suite 700 Los Angeles 90017–3231 Thanks (in advance) for sending us your interdisciplinary technical comments.

Robert H. Sydnor PG 3267, CHG 6, CPG 4496, CEG 968 LM–AEG, LM–SSA, LM–AGU, LM–AAAS, LM–AGI, LM–CAS M–GSA, M-ASCE, M–ASTM, M–EERI, M–AIPG, M–NAGT, M–NGWA, M-IAEG, M-GSIS, M-AQA, M-CNPS, M-FJH, LM-AINA M-AAPG, M-FOP, M-PCL, LM-SGE Senior Engineering Geologist

Robert.Sydnor @ conservation.ca.gov ℡ 916–323–4399 homepage: www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 235 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Diego Metropolitan Area Appendix A within the Peninsular Ranges Province (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader)

Geologic References for Abbott, Patrick L., and Cooper, John D., editors, 1996, Field California by Regions conference, guidebook and volume for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists: Pacific Section The geology references are listed in AAPG, Guidebook #73, 22 papers, 475 p. (broadly covers approximate order from south to north, with southern California region) Abbott, Patrick L., 1999, Rise and fall of San Diego – emphasis on populated areas for the limited 150 million years of history recorded in sedimentary rocks: purpose of hospital and public school Sunbelt Publications, 231 p., 143 figures, 9 chapters. ® construction. Please utilize the GeoRef search www.sunbeltpub.com ℡ 935-258-4911 A well-illustrated engine of the American Geological Institute to popular account of the regional geology of San Diego from a professor at San Diego State University. search for the complete list of 76,800+ geology Abbott, Patrick L., 1981, Cenozoic paleosols, San Diego area, reports, unpublished theses, and abstracts that California: Catena, vol. 8, p. 223-237. apply to California. GeoRef® and the AGI website Abbott, Patrick L., and Smith,T.E., 1978, Trace-element < www.agiweb.org > are described in §50 of this comparison of clasts in Eocene conglomerates, report. Useful cross indexes to geologic mapping southwestern California and northwestern Mexico: Journal of Geology, vol. 86, p. 753-762. are also prepared by the California Geological Abbott, Patrick L., Kies, R.P., Krummenacher, Daniel, and Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey. Martin, D., 1983, Potassium-argon ages of rhyolitic bedrock Do not rely solely on this incomplete and and conglomerate clasts in Eocene strata, northwestern generalized list of current references; most older Mexico and southern California, in Anderson, D.W., and publications are omitted. It is parsed for sake of Rymer, Michael J., editors, Tectonics and sedimentation along faults of the San Andreas system: Society of brevity and is focused on projects that are plan– Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific checked under the California Building Code. On a Section, p. 59-66. sustained basis each month, search for newly Anderson, John G., Rockwell, Thomas K., and Agnew, published geology papers in professional geology Duncan Carr, 1989, Past and possible future earthquakes of journals. significance to the San Diego region: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 299–335. Balch, D.C., Hosken Bartling, S., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1984, Volcaniclastic strata of the Upper Jurassic Santiago Peak Volcanics, San Diego County, California, in Crouch, J.K., and Bachman, S.B., editors, Tectonics and sedimentation along the California margin: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, p. 157-170. Bartling, W.A., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1983, Upper Cretaceous sedimentation and tectonics with reference to the Eocene, San Miguel Island, and San Diego area, California, in Larue, D.K., and Steel, R.J., editors, Cenozoic marine sedimentation, Pacific margin, USA: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, p. 133-150. Benumof, B.T., Storlazzi, C.D., Seymour, R.J., and Griggs, Gary B., 2000, The relationship between incident wave energy and seacliff erosion rates, San Diego County, California: Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 1162-1178. Berry, Richard W., 1991, Deposition of Eocene and Oligocene bentonites and their relationship to Tertiary tectonics, San Diego County, in Abbott, Patrick L., and May, J.A., editors, Eocene geologic history, San Diego area: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, vol. 68, p. 107-113. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 236 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Birnbaum, Barbara B., and Stroh, Robert C., editors, 2003, Kennedy, Michael P., and Moore, George W., 1971, Coastal processes and engineering geology of San Diego, Stratigraphic relations of Upper Cretaceous and Eocene California: Sunbelt Publications, 248 p. formations, San Diego coastal area, California: Bulletin of Cleveland, George B., 1960, Geology of the Otay bentonite the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 55, deposit, San Diego County, California: California p. 709-728. Geological Survey Special Report 64, 16 p. Kennedy, Michael P., and Tan, S.S., 1977, Geology of Deméré, T.A., 1983, The Neogene San Diego basin: a review National City, Imperial Beach, and Otay Mesa of the marine Pliocene San Diego Formation, in quadrangles, southern San Diego metropolitan area: Larue, D.K., and Steel, R.J., editors, Cenozoic marine California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 29. sedimentation, Pacific margin, USA: Society of Economic Kennedy, Michael P., and Tan, S.S., 2004, Digital geologic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, map of the Oceanside 30×60–minute quadrangle: p. 187-195. California Geological Survey, Open–File Report, map scale Eisenberg, L.I., 1985, Depositional processes in the landward 1:100,000; two sheets (geologic map; stratigraphic part of an Eocene tidal lagoon, northern San Diego County, column with legend and bibliographic source index). in Abbott, Patrick L., editor, On the manner of deposition Kern, J.P., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1992, Chronology and of the Eocene strata in northern San Diego County: San deformation of Quaternary marine shorelines, San Diego Diego Association of Geologists, Guidebook, p. 55-68. County, California, in Quaternary Coasts of the United Greene, H.Gary, and Kennedy, Michael P., 1987, Geology of States: Society of Economic Paleontologists and the inner–southern California Continental Margin Mineralogists, Special Publication 48, p. 377-382. California Geological Survey, California Continental Kern, J.P., and Warme, J.E., 1974, Trace fossils and bathymetry Margin Geologic Map Series, Area 1, 4 map sheets, scale of the Upper Cretaceous Point Loma Formation, San Diego, 1:250,000. (covers the Rose Canyon – Newport fault system) California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Hart, Michael W., 1979, Landslides and debris flows in San vol. 85, p. 893-900. Diego County, California, in Abbott, Patrick L. and Elliott, Kies, R.P., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1982, Sedimentology and William J., editors, Earthquakes and other perils, San Diego paleogeography of lower Paleogene conglomerates, region: San Diego Association of Geologists, p. 167–182. Southern California Borderland, in Fife, Donald L., and Hertlein, Leo G., and Grant, Ulysses Simpson IV, 1944, Minch, John A., editors, Geology and Mineral Wealth of the The geology and paleontology of the marine Pliocene of Transverse Ranges: Southcoast Geological Society, San Diego, California, part 1, geology: San Diego Society p. 337-349. of Natural History, Memoir II, 72 p., 18 plates. Kies, R.P., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1983, Rhyolite clast (classic seminal report but out-of-print; available for reference in populations and tectonics in the California continental university libraries) borderland: SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Howell, David G., and Link, Martin H., 1979, Eocene vol. 53, p. 461-475. conglomerate sedimentology and basin analysis, San Diego Kuhn, Gerald C., and Shepard, Francis P., 1984, Sea cliffs, and southern California borderland: SEPM Journal of beaches, and coastal valleys of San Diego County: Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 49, p. 517–540. University of California Press, 193 p. Kennedy, Michael P., 1975, Geology of the San Diego Lindvall, Scott C., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1995, metropolitan area, California: California Geological Holocene activity of the Rose Canyon Fault zone in Survey, Bulletin 200, 56 p., three geologic maps at scale San Diego, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, 1:24,000. (recently reprinted by CGS; available for sale) vol. 100, no. B12, p. 24,121 to 24,132. Kennedy, Michael P., 1977, Recency and character of faulting Magistrale, Harold, and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1997, The along the Elsinore Fault zone in southern Riverside County, central and southern Elsinore Fault Zone, southern California: California Geological Survey, Special California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Report 131, 12 p. America, v. 86, no. 6, December 1996 issue, p. 1793–1803. Kennedy, Michael P., and Clarke, Samuel H., Jr., 2001, May, J.A., Lohmar, J.M., Warme, J.E., and Morgan, S., 1991, Late Quaternary faulting in San Diego Bay and hazard to Early to middle Eocene La Jolla Group of Black’s Beach, the Coronado Bridge: California Geology, vol. 55, no. 4 La Jolla, California, in Abbott, Patrick L., and May, J.A., July-August 2001 issue, p. 4-17. editors, Eocene Geologic History, San Diego Region: Kennedy, Michael P., and Clarke, Samuel H., Jr., 1997A, Society of Economic Geologists and Paleontologists, SEPM Analysis of Late Quaternary faulting in San Diego Bay and Pacific Section, vol. 68, p. 27-36. hazard to the Coronado Bridge: California Geological Nilsen, Tor H., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1981, Paleogeography Survey Open-File Report 97-10A. and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Kennedy, Michael P., and Clarke, Samuel H., Jr., 1997B, Diego, California: Bulletin of the American Association of Age of faulting in San Diego Bay in the vicinity of the Petroleum Geologists, vol. 65, p. 1256-1284. Coronado Bridge ― an addendum to analysis of Late Quaternary faulting in San Diego Bay and hazard to the Coronado Bridge: : California Geological Survey Open- File Report 97-10B. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 237 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Peterson, Gary L., 1970, Quaternary deformation of the San Simons, R.S., 1977, Seismicity of San Diego, 1934―1974: Diego area, southwestern California, in Allison, E.C., and Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 67, others, editors, Pacific slope geology of northern Baja p. 809-826. California and adjacent Alta California, American Steer, B.L., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1984, Paleohydrology of the Association of Petroleum Geologists, AAPG Pacific Section Eocene Ballena Gravels, San Diego County, California: Guidebook, p. 120-126. Sedimentary Geology, vol. 38, p. 181-216. Peterson, Gary L., 1979, Salt weathering textures in Eocene Stuart, C.J., editor, 1979, Miocene lithofacies and depositional conglomerates, southwestern California, in Abbott, environments, coastal California and northwestern Baja Patrick L., editor, Eocene depositional systems, San Diego: California: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, 138 p. SEPM Pacific Section, p. 115-118. Walawender, Michael J., and Hanan, B.B., editors, 1991, Peterson, Gary L., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1979, Mid-Eocene Geological excursions in southern California and Mexico: climatic change, southwestern California and northwestern Geological Society of America, annual meeting guidebook, Baja California: , Palaeoclimatology, 23 papers, 515 p. Palaeoecology, vol. 26, p. 73-87. Vanderhurst, W. Lee, McCarthy, Richard J., and Hannan, Peterson, Gary L, and Nordstrom, Charles E., 1970, Dennis L., 1982, Black’s Beach Landslide, January 1982, in Sub-La Jolla unconformity in vicinity of San Diego, Abbott, Patrick L., editor, Geologic studies in San Diego: California: Bulletin of the American Association of San Diego Association of Geologists, p. 46-58. Petroleum Geologists, vol. 54, p. 265-274. Walsh, S.L., and Deméré, T.A., 1991, Age and stratigraphy of Prothero, Donald R., 1991, Magnetic stratigraphy of Eocene the Sweetwater and Otay formations, San Diego County, and Oligocene mammal localities in southern San Diego Calfornia, in Abbott, Patrick L., and May, J.A., editors, County, in Abbott, Patrick L., and May, J.A., editors, Eocene Geologic History, San Diego Region: Society of Eocene Geologic History, San Diego Region: Society of Economic Geologists and Paleontologists, SEPM Pacific Economic Geologists and Paleontologists, SEPM Pacific Section, vol. 68, p. 131-148. Section, vol. 68, p. 125-130. Woodford, Arnold O., Welday, Edward E., and Merriam, Reichle, Michael S., Kahle, James E., Atkinson, T.G., Richard, 1968, Siliceous tuff clasts in the upper Paleogene Johnson, E.H., Olson, R.A., Lagorio, H.J., Steinbrugge, of southern California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Karl V., Cluff, Lloyd S., Haney, T.P., Powers, J.E., 1990, America, vol. 79, p. 1461-1486. Planning scenario for a major earthquake, San Diego– Tiajuana metropolitan area: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 100, 189 p. Rockwell, Thomas K., Lindvall, Scott, C., Haraden, C.C., Hirabayashi, C.K., and Baker, E., 1991, Minimum Holocene slip-rate for the Rose Canyon Fault in San Diego, California, in Abbott, Patrick L., and Elliott, William J., editors, Environmental Perils, San Diego area: San Diego Association of Geologists, p. 37-46.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 238 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Peninsular Ranges Province Kendrick, Katherine J., McFadden, Leslie D., and excluding the San Diego metropolitan area Morton, Douglas M., 1994, Soils and slip rates along the (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are northern San Jacinto Fault, in McGill, Sally F., and marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Ross, Timothy M, editors, Geologic Investigations of an Active Margin Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Guidebook, p. 146–151. Abbott, Patrick L., and Cooper, John D., editors, 1996, Field Kuhn, Gerald G., 2005, Paleoseismic features as indicators of conference, guidebook and volume for the American earthquake hazards in north coastal San Diego County, Association of Petroleum Geologists: Pacific Section California, USA: Engineering Geology, June 4, 2005. AAPG, Guidebook #73, 22 papers, 475 p. (broadly covers Langenheim, Victoria E., Jachens, Robert C., Morton, southern California region) Douglas M., Kistler, Ronald W., and Matti, Jonathan C., Bennett, Richard A., Friedrich, Anke M., and Furlong, Kevin P., 2004, Geophysical and isotopic mapping of preexisting 2004, Codependent histories of the San Andreas and crustal structures that influenced the location and San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement development of the San Jacinto Fault zone, southern rates: Geology, vol. 32, no. 11, November 2004 issue, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, p. 961-964. vol. 116, no. 9/10, September/October 2004 issue, Blanc, Robert P., and Cleveland, George B., 1968, Natural p. 1143―1157. slope stability as related to geology, San Clemente area, Magistrale, Harold, and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1997, The Orange and San Diego Counties, California: California central and southern Elsinore Fault Zone, southern Geological Survey, Special Report 98, 19 p., map scale California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of 1:24,000. America, v. 86, no. 6, December 1996 issue, p. 1793–1803. Clark, Malcolm M., 1982, Map showing recently active breaks Merriam, Richard, and Stewart, Richard M., 1958, Geology and along the Elsinore and associated fualts, Califronia, between mineral resources of the San Ysabel Quadrangle, San Diego Lake Henshaw and Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey County, California: California Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I–1329, two sheets. Bulletin 177, 42 p., colored geologic map at scale 1:62,500. Dorsey, Rebecca J., 2002, Stratigraphic record of Pleistocene The mapping area is located southeast of Lake Henshaw and is initiation and slip on the Coyote Creek fault, Lower Coyote bisected by the Elsinore Fault. This CGS bulletin is now out-of- Creek, southern California, in Barth, Andrew, editor, print, but may be reviewed in university libraries. Dr. Richard Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern Merriam taught engineering geology for 35 years at the University of Southern California, and Richard Stewart was District Geologist United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig memorial for San Francisco of the California Geological Survey. volume: Geological Society of America, Special Minch, John A., and Abbott, Patrick L., 1973, Post-batholithic Paper 365, p. 251–269. Neotectonics of the Borrego Springs area. geology of the Jacumba area, southeastern San Diego Gastil, R. Gordon, and Miller, R.H., editors, 1993, The County, California: Transactions of the San Diego Society prebatholithic stratigraphy of peninsular California: of Natural History, vol. 17, p. 129-136. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 279, 170 p. Morton, Douglas M., and Gray, Cliffton H., Jr., 2002, Geologic Gray, Cliffton H., Jr., Morton, Douglas M., and map of the Corona North 7½–minute quadrangle, Weber, F. Harold, Jr., 2002, Geologic map of the Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California: U.S. Corona South 7½–minute quadrangle, Riverside and Geological Survey Open–File Report 02–022, scale: Orange Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000. Open–File Report 02–021, scale 1:24,000. Morton, Douglas M., 2003, Preliminary geologic map of the Grove, Martin, Lovera, Oscar, and Marrison, Mark, 2003, Perris 7½–minute quadrangle, Riverside County, Late Cretaceous cooling of the east-central Peninsular California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 03– Rnages batholith (33°N): relationship to La Posta Pluton 270, scale: 1:24,000. emplacement, Laramide shallow subduction, and forearc Morton, Douglas M., 1972, Geology of the Lakeview-Perris sedimentation, in Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., 7½-minute quadrangle, Riverside County, California: Fletcher, J.M., Girty, G.H., Kimbrough, D.L., and Martin- California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 19, map scale Barajas, A., editors, Tectonic evolution of northwestern 1:24,000. Mexico and southwestern USA; the R. Gordon Gastil Morton, Douglas M., Alvarez, R.M., and Campbell, Russell H., volume: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 374, 2003, Preliminary soil–slip susceptibility maps, p. 255-379. southwestern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open– Hull, A.G., and Nicholson, C., 1992, Seismotectonics of the File Report 03–17. northern Elsinore fault zone, southern California: Bulletin Morton, Douglas M., and Weber, F. Harold, Jr., 2003, of the Seismological Society of America, v. 82, p. 800–818. Preliminary geologic map of the Elsinore 7½–minute Kendrick, Katherine J., Morton, Douglas M., Wells, quadrangle, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Stephen G., and Simpson, R.W., 2002, Spatial and temporal Survey Open–File Report 03–281, scale: 1:24,000 deformation along the northern San Jacinto Fault, southern California: implications for slip rates: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, p. 2782–2802. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 239 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Morton, Douglas M., 1999, Preliminary digital geologic map Shaw, Stirling E., Todd, Victoria R., and Grove, Martin, 2003, of the Santa Ana 30×60–minute quadrangle, southern Jurassic peraluminous gneissic granites in the axial zone of California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 99– the Peninsular Rnages, southern Califonria, in 172, map scale 1:100,000. (covers eastern Orange County, Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., Fletcher, J.M., Girty, G.H., Santa Ana Mountains, and parts of the Perris Block) Kimbrough, D.L., and Martin-Barajas, A., editors, Tectonic Park, Stephen K., Pendergraft, D., Stephenson, William J., evolution of northwestern Mexico and southwestern USA; Shedlock, Kaye M., and Lee, T.C., 1995, Delineation of the R. Gordon Gastil volume: Geological Society of intrabasin structure in a dilational jog of the San Jacinto America, Special Paper 374, p. 157 - 183. Covers the area Fault zone, southern California: Journal of Geophysical south of Julian and Cuyamaca Reservoir, principally in the Research, vol. 100, no. B–1, p. 691–702. Laguna Mountains of San Diego County. Remeika, Paul, and Lindsay, Lowell, 1992, Geology of Anza– Todd, Victoria R., Shaw, Stirling E., and Hammarstrom, Borrego: Sunbelt Publications, 208 p. Jane M., 2003, Cretaceous plutons of the Peninsular Ranges Rockwell, Thomas K., and Loughman, Christopher, 1990, batholith, San Diego and westernmost Imperial Counties, Late Quaternary rate of slip along the San Jacinto Fault zone California: intrusion across a Late Jurassic continental near Anza, southern California: Journal of Geophysical margin, in Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., Fletcher, J.M., Research, vol. 95, no. B6, p. 8593–8605. Girty, G.H., Kimbrough, D.L., and Martin-Barajas, A., Sanders, C.O., and Kanamori, H., 1984, A seismotectonic editors, Tectonic evolution of northwestern Mexico and analysis of the Anza seismic gap, San Jacinto Fault Zone, southwestern USA; the R. Gordon Gastil volume: southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 374, vol. 89, no. B-7, p. 5873-5890. p. 285-235. Sanders, C.O., Magistrale, H., and Kanamori, H., 1986, Wagner, Gregory S., 1998, Local wave propagation near the Rupture patterns and preshocks of large earthquakes in the San Jacinto Fault zone, southern California: observations southern San Jacinto Fault Zone: Bulletin of the from a three–component seismic array: Journal of Seismological Society of America, vol. 76, p. 1173-1187. Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B–4, p. 7231–7246. Schmidt, Keegan L., and Patterson, Scott R., 2002, A doubly Walawender, Michael J., and Hanan, B.B., editors, 1991, vergent fan structure in the Peninsular Ranges batholith: Geological excursions in southern California and Mexico: transpression or local complex flow around a continental Geological Society America, annual mtg., 23 papers, 515 p. margin buttress? AGU Tectonics, vol. 21, no. 5, paper Weber, F. Harold, 1977, Seismic hazards related to geologic # 10.1029/2001TC001353, published 26 Oct 2002. factors, Elsinore and Chino Fault zones, northwestern Schmidt, Keegan L., Wetmore, P.H., Johnson, S.E., and Riverside County, California: California Geological Patterson, Scott R., 2002, Controls on orogenesis along Survey, Open–File Report 77–4, 96 p. an ocean–continent margin transition in the Jura–Cretaceous Wetmore, Paul H., Herzig, Charles, Alsleben, Helge, Peninsular Ranges batholith, in Barth, A., editor, Sutherland, Michelle, Schmidt, Keegan L., Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern Schultz, Paul W., and Paterson, Scott R., 2003, Mesozoic United States ― the Perry Lawrence Ehlig memorial tectonic evolution of the Peninsular Ranges of southern and volume: Geological Society of America Special Paper 365, Baja California, in Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., p. 49–71. Fletcher, J.M., Girty, G.H., Kimbrough, D.L., and Martin- Sharp, Robert Victor, 1972, Map showing recently active Barajas, A., editors, Tectonic evolution of northwestern breaks along the San Jacinto fault zone between the San Mexico and southwestern USA; the R. Gordon Gastil Bernardino area and Borrego Valley, California: U.S. volume: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 374, Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigations p. 93-116. Map I–675, scale 1:24,000. Sharp, Robert Victor, 1981, Variable rates of late Quaternary strike-slip on the San Jacinto Fault Zone, southern California: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 86, p. 1754-1762.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 240 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Frost, Eric, Suitt, Steve, and Fattahipour, M., 1997, Emerging Imperial Valley and Salton Trough perspectives of the Salton Trough region, with an emphasis (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are on extensional faulting and its implications for later San marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Andreas deformation, in Baldwin, Joan, Lewis, Lavon, Payne, Marshall, and Roquemore, Glenn, editors, Southern

San Andreas Fault – Whitewater to Bombay Beach, Salton

Trough, California: Southcoast Geological Society, Field Anderson, Greg, Agnew, Duncan C., and Johnson, Hadley O., Trip Guidebook no. 25, p. 57–98. 2003, Salton Trough regional deformation estimated from Gilmore, Thomas D., and Castle, Robert O., 1983, combined trilateration and survey–mode GPS data: Bulletin Tectonic preservation of the divide between the Salton basin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 6, and the Gulf of California: Geology, vol. 11, no. 8, December 2003 issue, p. 2402–2414. August 1983 issue, p. 474–477. Anderson, Greg, and Johnson, Hadley, 1999, A new statistical Griscom, A, and Muffler, L.J. Patrick, 1971, Aeromagnetic map test for static stress triggering: application to the 1987 and interpretation of the Salton Sea Geothermal Area, Superstition Hills earthquake sequence: Journal of California: U.S. Geological Survey, Geophysical Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–9, September 10, Investigations Map GP–754. 1999 issue, p. 20,153 to 20,168. Guptill, Paul D., Gath, Eldon M., and Ruff, Robert W., editors, Arnal, Robert E., 1961, Limnology, sedimentation, and 1986, Geology of the Imperial Valley, California: microorganisms of the Salton Sea, California: Bulletin of Southcoast Geological Society, Field Trip Guidebook #14, the Geological Society of America, vol. 72, p. 427-478. 225 p. Bilham, Roger, and Williams, Patrick E., 1985, Sawtooth Hely, A.G., 1969, Lower Colorado River water supply ― its segmentation and deformation processes of the southern magnitude and distribution: U.S. Geological Survey San Andreas Fault, California: Geophysical Research Professional Paper 486-D, 54 p. Letters, vol. 12, p. 557-560. Hely, A.G., Hughes, G.H., and Irelan, Burdge, 1966, Bourdeau, P.L., and Amundaray, J.I., 2005, Non-parametric Hydrologic regimen of Salton Sea, California: U.S. simulation of geotechnical variability: Géotechnique, Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-C, 32 p. vol. 55, no. 2, p. 95-108. Contains an extensive Hely, A.G., and Peck, E.L., 1964, Precipitation, runoff, and geotechnical database from the Heber Road site, Imperial water loss in the lower Colorado River ― Salton Sea area: Valley. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-B, 16 p. Bürgmann, Roland, 1991, Transpression along the southern San Hudnut, Kenneth W., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1989, Behavior of the Andreas fault, Durmid Hill, California: Tectonics, vol. 10, Superstition Hills Fault during the past 330 years, in p. 1152-1163. The Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills earthquakes of Carriquiry, José D., Sanchez, Alberto, and Camacho-Ibar, 24 November 1987: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Victor F., 2001, Sedimentation in the northern Gulf of America, vol. 79, no. 2, p. 304–329. California after cessation of the Colorado River discharge: Hudnut, Kenneth W., Seeber, Leonardo, and Pacheco, Javier F, Sedimentary Geology, vol. 144, issues 1&2, 1 Oct 2001, 1989, Cross–fault triggering in the November 1987 p. 37-62. Superstition Hills Earthquake sequence, southern California: Dillon, John, and Ehlig, Perry, 1997, Displacement on the AGU Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 16, p. 199–202. southern San Andreas Fault, in Baldwin, Joan, Irelan, Burdge, 1971, Salinity of surface water in the lower Lewis, Lavon, Payne, Marshall, and Roquemore, Glenn, Colorado River – Salton Sea area: U.S. Geological Survey editors, Southern San Andreas Fault – Whitewater to Professional Paper 486-E, 40 p. Bombay Beach, Salton Trough, California: Southcoast Jacobson, Carl E., Grove, M., Stamp, M.M., Vucic, A., Geological Society, Field Trip Guidebook no. 25, p. 188– Oyarzabal, F.R., Haxel, Gordon B., Tosdal, R.M., and 205. Sherrod, D.R., 2002, Exhumation history of the Orocopia Dozer, Diane, and Kanamori, H., 1986, Depth of seismicity in Schist and related rocks in the Gavilan Hills area of the Imperial Valley region (1977–1983) and its relationship southeasternmost California, in Barth, Andrew, editor, to heat flow, crustal structure, and the October 15, 1979 Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 91, United States, the Perry Lawrence Ehlig memorial volume: p. 675–688. Geological Society of America Special Paper 365, Elam, N.G., 1974, Soil survey of Palo Verde area, California: p. 129-154. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Jaume, Steven C., and Sykes, Lynn R., 1992, Changes in state 38 p., 12 map plates. of stress on the southern San Andreas Fault resulting from Elders, Wilfred A., Rex, Robert W., Meidav, T., Robinson, the California earthquake sequence of April to June 1992: Paul T., and Biehler, Shawn, 1972, Crustal spreading in Science, vol. 258, p. 1325–1328. southern California: Science, vol. 178, no. 4056, p. 15–24. Johnson, N.M., Officer, Charles B., Opdyke, N.D., (Crustal structure of the Imperial Trough; geothermal heatflow and volcanism in the Imperial Valley by five University of California, Woodard, G.D., Zeitler, P.K., and Lindsay, E.H., 1983, Riverside geologists and geophysicists) Rates of late Cenozoic tectonism in the Vallecito–Fish Favreau, Pascal, and Archuleta, Ralph J., 2003, Direct seismic Creek basin, western Imperial Valley, California: Geology, energy modeling and application to the 1979 Imperial vol. 11, p. 664–667. Valley earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 30, no. 5, published March 4, 2003, AGU paper no. 10.1029/2002GL015968. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 241 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

King, Nancy E., and Thatcher, Wayne, 1998, The coseismic Moss, Robb E.S., Collins, Brian D., Whang, Daniel H., 2005, slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, Retesting of liquefaction / non-liquefaction case histories California, earthquakes and their implications: Journal of in the Imperial Valley (California): EERI Earthquake Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B–8, August 10, 1998 Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 issue, p. 179-196. issue, p. 18,069 to 18,086. Moyle, W.R., and Mermod, M.J., 1978, Water wells and Lachenbruch, Arthur H., Sass, John H., and Galanis, S.P., 1985, springs in Palo Verde Valley, Riverside and Imperial Heat flow in southernmost California and the origin of the Counties, California: California Department of Water Salton Trough: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 90, Resources, Bulletin 91-23, 261 p. p. 6709-6736. Norris, Robert, Keller, Edward A., and Meyer, George, 1997, Larsen, Shawn, and Reilinger, Robert, 1992, Global positioning Geomorphology of the Salton Basin, California – selected system measurements of strain accumulation across the observations, in Baldwin, Joan, Lewis, Lavon, Payne, Imperial Valley, California, 1986–1989: Journal of Marshall, and Roquemore, Glenn, editors, Southern San Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–4, June 10, 1992 Andreas Fault – Whitewater to Bombay Beach, Salton issue, p. 8865–8876. Trough, California: Southcoast Geological Society, Field Lindsay, Lowell, and Hample, W.G., editors, 1998, Geology Trip Guidebook no. 25, p. 213–224. and geothermal resources of the Imperial and Mexicalli Olmsted, Franklin H., Loeltz, O.J., and Irelan, Burdge, 1973, Valleys: San Diego Association of Geologists annual field– Geohydrology of the Yuma area, Arizona and California: trip guidebook; Sunbelt Publications, 12 chapters, roadlogs, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-H, 227 p. 192 p. Owen-Joyce, Sandra J., and Raymond, Lee H., 1996, Lindsay, Lowell, 2004, Geology of San Diego County – An accounting system for water and consumptive use along journey through time, 2nd edition: Sunbelt Publications. the Colorado River, Hoover Dam to Mexico: U.S. Loeltz, O.J., Irelan,Burdge, Robison, J.H., and Olmsted, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2407, 94 p., Franklin H., 1975, Geohydrologic reconnaissance of the 41 tables, 27 figures, 3 map plates. Imperial Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Shearer, Peter M., 2002, Parallel fault strands at 9–km depth Professional Paper 486-K, 54 p. resolved on the Imperial Fault, southern California: AGU Lyons, Suzanne N., and Sandwell, David T., 2003, Fault creep Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 29, October 2002, paper along the southern San Andreas from interferometric 10.1029 / 2002 GL015302. (Analysis of 1,500 small synthetic aperture radar, permanent scaters, and stacking: earthquakes indicates that the Imperial Fault zone is >2 km AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–1, wide with multiple strands.) 2047, paper ETG 11, 24 p., doi: 10.1029/2002JB001831, Sieh, Kerry E., and Williams, Patrick L., 1990, Behavior of the 2003 southernmost San Andreas Fault during the past 300 years: Lyons, Suzanne N., Bock, Y., Sandwell, David T, 2002, AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 95, no. B5, Creep along the Imperial Fault, southern California, from p. 6629–6645. GPS measurements: AGU Journal of Geophysical Stein, Ross S., King, Geoffrey C.P., and Lin, P., 1992, Research, vol. 107, no. 10, paper # 10.1029/2001JB00763 Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault dated 23 Oct 2002. system caused by the M=7.4 Landers earthquake: Science, Magistrale, Harold, 2002, The relation of the southern San vol. 258, p. 1328–1332. Jacinto fault zone to the Imperial and Cerro Prieto faults, in Stone, Paul, 1990, Preliminary geologic map of the Barth, Andrew, editor, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of Blythe 30 × 60 Quadrangle, California and Arizona: U.S. the Southwestern United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig Geological Survey Open–File Report 90–497, 32 memorial volume: Geological Society of America, Special references, map scale 1:100,000. (covers eastern Riverside Paper 365, p. 271–278. County) McDonald, C.C., and Loeltz, O.J., 1976, Water resources of Sylvester, Arthur G., and Smith, Robert, 1997, Tectonic lower Colorado River ― Salton Sea area as of 1971, transpression and basement–controlled deformation in the summary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional San Andreas Fault Zone, Salton Trough, California, in Paper 486-A, 34 p. Baldwin, Joan, Lewis, Lavon, Payne, Marshall, and McGill, Sally F., Allen, Clarence R., Hudnut, Kenneth W., Roquemore, Glenn, editors, Southern San Andreas Fault – Johnson, David C., Miller, Wayne F., and Sieh, Kerry E., Whitewater to Bombay Beach, Salton Trough, California: 1989, Slip on the Superstition Hills Fault and on nearby Southcoast Geological Society, Field Trip Guidebook faults associated with the 24 November 1987 Elmore Ranch no. 25, p. 225–246. and Superstition Hills earthquakes, southern California: USGS, 1982, The Imperial Valley, California, earthquake of Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 79, October 15, 1979: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional no. 2, p. 362–375. Paper 1254, 36 papers, 299 figures, 49 tables, 4 folded Metzger, D.G., and Loeltz, O.J., 1973, Geohydrology of the map plates, 451 p. Needles area, Arizona, California, and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-J, 54 p. Metzger, D.G., Loeltz, O.J., and Irelan, Burdge 1973, Geohydrology of the Parker-Blythe-Cibola area, Arizona and California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-G, 130 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 242 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Goodwin, Laurel B., and Renne, Paul R., 1991, Effects of Coachella Valley progressive mylonitization on Ar retention in biotites from (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, southern California, and marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) thermochronologic implications: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol. 108, p. 283-297. Allen, Clarence R., 1957, San Andreas fault zone in San Goodwin, Laurel B., and Wenk, Hans Rudolf, 1995, Gorgonio Pass, southern California: Bulletin of the Development of phyllonite from granodiorite: mechanisms Geological Society of America, vol. 68, p. 315-349. of grain-size reduction in the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, Bennett, Richard A., Friedrich, Anke M., and Furlong, Kevin P., California: Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 17, 2004, Codependent histories of the San Andreas and p. 689 - 707. San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement Jacobson, Carl E., Grove, Martin, Stump, Matthew M., rates: Geology, vol. 32, no. 11, November 2004 issue, Vucic, Ana, Oyarzabal, F.R., Haxel, Gordon B., Tosdal, p. 961-964. Richard M., and Sherrod, David R., 2002, Exhumation Biasi, Glenn P., Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., and history of the Orocopia Schist and related rocks in the Seitz, Gordon G., 2002, Paleoseismic event dating and the Gavilan Hills area of southeasternmost California, in conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern Barth, Andrew, editor, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of San Andreas Fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological the Southwestern United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, volume: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 365, p. 2761-2781. p. 129–154. Bodin, Paul, Bilham, Roger, Behr, J., Gomberg Joan, and Keller, Edward A., Bonkowski, Mark S., Korsch, R.J., and Hudnut, Kenneth, 1994, Slip triggered on southern Shlemon, Roy J., 1982, Tectonic geomorphology of the California faults by the 1992 Joshua Tree, Landers, and San Andreas Fault zone in the southern Indio Hills, Big Bear Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society Coachella Valley, California: Bulletin of the Geological of America, vol. 84, p. 806-816. Society of America, vol. 93, January 1982, p. 46–56. Bortugno, Edward J., and Spittler, Thomas E., compilers, Kendrick, Katherine J., Morton, Douglas M., 1986, Geologic map of the San Bernardino quadrangle: Wells, Stephen G., and Simpson, Robert W., 2002, California Geological Survey, RGM Map 3, Regional Spatial and temporal deformation along the northern Geologic Map Series, 5 map sheets, scale 1:250,000. San Jacinto Fault, southern California: implications for slip Clark, Malcom M., 1984, Map showing recently active breaks rates: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, of the San Andreas Fault and associated faults between vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, p. 2782–2802. Salton Sea and Whitewater River – Mission Creek: Li, Y.G., Henyey, Thomas L., and Leary, Peter C., 1992, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Seismic reflection constraints on the structure of the crust Map I-1483, map scale 1:24,000. beneath the San Bernardino Mountains, Transverse Ranges, Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1997, Geology of the southeastern southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, San Andreas fault zone in the Coachella Valley, in vol. 97, no. B–6, June 10, 1992 issue, p. 8817–8830. Baldwin, Joan, Lewis, Lavon., Payne, Marshall, and Magistrale, Harold, and Sanders, C., 1996, Evidence from Roquemore, Glenn, editors, Southern San Andreas Fault, precise earthquake hypocenters for segmentation of the Whitewater to Bombay Beach, Salton Trough, California: San Andreas Fault in San Gorgonio Pass: Journal of Southcoast Geological Society, annual fieldtrip guidebook Geophysical Research, vol. 101, p. 3031–3044. no. 25, p. 35-56. Matti, Jonathan C., Morton, Douglas M. and Cox, Brett F., Dunne, George, and Cooper, John, editors, 2001, 1992, The San Andreas fault system in the vicinity of the Geologic excursions in southwestern California: Society for central Transverse Ranges province, southern California: Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Pacific Section, U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 92–354, 62 p. Guidebook 89, 4 papers, 185 p. Morton, Douglas M., Alvarez, R.M., and Campbell, Erskine, Bradley C. and Wenk, Hans Rudolf, 1985, Evidence Russell H., 2003, Preliminary soil–slip susceptibility for late Cretaceous crustal thinning in the Santa Rosa maps, southwestern California: U.S. Geological Survey mylonite zone, southern California: Geology, vol. 13, Open–File Report 03–17. p. 274-277. Morton, Douglas M., Matti, Jonathan C., and Tinsley, John C., Fife, Donald L., and Minch, John A., editors, 1982, Geology 1987, Banning Fault, Cottonwood Canyon, San Gorgonio and mineral wealth of the California Transverse Ranges – Pass, southern California: Geological Society of America, the Mason Lowell Hill memorial volume: Southcoast Centennial Field Guide, Cordilleran Section, §42, p. 191– Geological Society, Guidebook #10, 699 p. 192. Fumal, Thomas E., Rymer, Michael J., and Seitz, Gordon G., Nicholson, Craig, 1996, Seismic behavior of the southern San 2002, Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Andreas Fault zone in the northern Coachella Valley, Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at California: comparison of the 1948 and 1986 earthquake Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California: sequences: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, America, vol. 86, no. 5, October 1996 issue, p. 1331–1349. no. 7, October 2002, p. 2841–2860. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 243 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Norris, Robert, 1997, The Indio Hills, in Baldwin, Joan, Spotila, James A., Farley, Kenneth A., and Sieh, Kerry E., Lewis, Lavon, Payne, Marshall, and Roquemore, Glenn, 1998, Uplift and erosion of the San Bernardino Mountains, editors, Southern San Andreas Fault ― Whitewater to associated with transpression along the San Andreas Fault, Bombay Beach, Salton Trough, California: Southcoast California, as constrained by radiogenic helium Geological Society, Field Trip Guidebook no. 25, thermochronometry: Tectonics, vol. 17, p. 360–378. p. 206–212. Stone, Paul, 1990, Preliminary geologic map of the Powell, Robert E., Weldon, Ray J., II, and Matti, Jonathan C., Blythe 30 × 60 Quadrangle, California and Arizona: editors, 1993, The San Andreas fault system: displacement, U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 90–497, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: 32 references, map scale 1:100,000. (covers eastern Riverside Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, 10 papers, 8 County) plates in map case, 332 p. Sydnor, Robert H., 1979, Geology of the northeast border of the Proctor, Richard J., 1968, Geology of the Desert Hot Springs – San Jacinto Pluton, Palm Springs, California, in Crowell, upper Coachella Valley area, California: California John C., and Sylvester, Arthur G., editors, Tectonics of the Geological Survey, Special Report 94, 50 p. juncture between the San Andreas fault system and the Rymer, Michael J., 2000, Triggered slips in the Coachella Salton Trough, southeastern California: Geological Society Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and of America, Cordilleran Section, annual meeting guidebook, Landers, Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society p. 77-85. of America, vol. 90, no. 4, p. 832–848. 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Los Angeles Basin Critelli, S., Rumelhart, Peter E., and Ingersoll, Raymond V., (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are 1995, Petrofacies and provenance of the Puente Formation marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) (middle to upper Miocene), Los Angeles Basin, southern California: implications for rapid uplift and accumulation rates: SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol. A65, Baher, Shirley A., Davis, Paul M., and Fuis, Gary, 2002, no. 4, October 1995, p. 656–667. Separation of site effects and structural focusing in Santa Crook, Richard, Jr., Allen, Clarence R., Kamb, Barclay, Monica, California: a study of high–frequency weak Payne, C. Marshall, and Proctor, Richard J., 1987, motions from earthquakes and blasts recorded during the Quaternary geology and seismic hazard of the Sierra Madre Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment: Bulletin of the and associated faults, western San Gabriel Mountains, Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 8, December in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Transverse Ranges, 2002 issue. California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Baher, Shirley A., and Davis, Paul M., 2003, An application of 1339, p. 27–63, and six geologic maps of the Sierra Madre seismic tomography to basin focusing of seismic waves and and Raymond Faults, plates 2.1 to 2.6, scale 1:24,000. Northridge earthquake damage: Journal of Geophysical Davis, Thomas L., Namson, J., and Yerkes, Robert F., 1989, Research, vol. 108, no. B2, AGU paper no. 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Minch, John A., editors, Conglomerates in basin analysis: Bohannon, Robert G., Gardner, James V., and Sliter, Ray W., a symposium dedicated to Professor Arnold Oswald 2004, Holocene to Pliocene tectonic evolution of the region Woodford: SEPM Pacific Section, Book 62, p. 207–226. offshore of the Los Angeles urban corridor, southern Dolan, James F., Christofferson, Shari A., and Shaw, California: Tectonics, vol. 23, published on–line by AGU on John H., 2003, Recognition of paleoearthquakes on the February 12, 2004, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001504. Puente Hills Blind Thrust Fault, California: Science, Boore, David M., Gibbs, James F., Joyner, William B., vol. 300, 4 April 2003, p. 115–118. 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B5, p. 8349–8369. the Geological Society of America, vol. 109, no. 12, (Elysian Park blind–thrust fault through East Los Angeles) p. 1595–1616. Castle, Robert O., and Yerkes, Robert F., 1976, Recent surface Dolan, James F., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1992, Structural style and movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, tectonic geomorphology of the northern Los Angeles basin California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 882, seismic hazards and kinematics of recent fault movement, in th 125 p. Stout, Martin L., editor, Proceedings of the 35 Annual Cooke, Michele L., and Kameda, A., 2002, Mechanical fault Meeting of the Association of Engineering Geologists, Long interaction within the Los Angeles Basin a two– Beach, California, p. 621–622. dimensional analysis using mechanical efficiency: Journal Dolan, James F., Stevens, Donovan, and Rockwell, Thomas K., of Geophysical Research, vol. 107, no. 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Field, Edward H., Seligson, Hope A., Gupta, N., Gupta, V., Hauksson, Egill, 2000, Crustal structure and seismicity Jordan, Thomas H., and Campbell, Kenneth W., 2005, distribution adjacent to the Pacific and North American Probabilistic loss estimates for a Puente Hills blind-thrust plate boundary in southern California: Journal of earthquake in Los Angeles, California: EERI Earthquake Geophysical Research, vol. 105, no. B–6, June 10, 2000 Spectra (manuscript submitted to EERI). issue, p. 13,875 to 13, 903. Field, Edward H., Zeng, Y., Johnson, Paul A., and Heath, Edward G., and Lewis, W.Lavon, editors, 1992, Beresnev, I.G., 1998, Nonlinear sediment response during The regressive Pleistocene shoreline, southern California: the 1994 Northridge earthquake: observations and finite Southcoast Geological Society, Guidebook No. 20, 371 p. source simulations: Journal of Geophysical Research, Hitchcock, Christopher S., and Wills, Christopher J., 2000, vol. 103, no. B–11, p. 26,869–28,883. 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Palos Verdes Peninsula Fischer, Peter J., editor, 1987, Geology of the Palos Verdes (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Peninsula and San Pedro Bay: Society of Economic marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Paleontologists and Mineralogists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Barrows, Allan G., 1974, A review of the geology and volume and guidebook. earthquake history of the Newport–Inglewood structural Fischer, Peter J., 1992, Neotectonics of the Newport- zone, southern California: California Geological Survey, Inglewood and Palos Verdes fault zones along the Special Report 114, 115 p. offshore margins of the greater Los Angeles basin, in Bohannon, Robert G., Gardner, James V., and Sliter, Ray W., Stout, Martin L., editor, Proceedings of the 35th Annual 2004, Holocene to Pliocene tectonic evolution of the region Meeting (at Long Beach, California) of the Association offshore of the Los Angeles urban corridor, southern of Engineering Geologists, p. 603-615. California: Tectonics, vol. 23, published on–line by AGU on Fisher, Michael A., Normark, William R., Langenheim, February 12, 2004, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001504. Victoria E., Calvert, Andrew J., and Sliter, Ray, 2004, The Bryant, Mark E., 1987, Emergent marine terraces and offshore Palos Verdes Fault Zone near San Pedro, southern Quaternary tectonics, Palos Verdes Peninsula and San California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Pedro Bay, in Fischer, Peter J., editor, 1987, Geology of America, vol. 94, no. 2, April 2004 issue, p. 506–530. the Palos Verdes Peninsula and San Pedro Bay: Society Greene, H. Gary, and Kennedy, Michael P., 1986, of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and Geology of the inner-southern California continental American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific margin: California Geological Survey, Geologic Map Section, volume and guidebook, Part 1, p. 63-78. Series of the California Continental Margin, Area 1 of 7, California Geological Survey, 1999, Seismic Hazard Zone Map scale 1:250,000. of the Redondo Beach Quadrangle: California Geological Heath, Edward G., and Lewis, W. Lavon, editors, 1992, Survey Open-File Report 98-22, official map with landslide The regressive Pleistocene shoreline, southern California: and liquefaction zones dated March 25, 1999; scale Southcoast Geological Society, Guidebook No. 20, 371 p. 1:24,000. Jahns, Richard H., and VonderLinden, Karl V., 1973, Space- California Geological Survey, 1999, Seismic Hazard Zone Map time relationships of landsliding on the southerly side of of the San Pedro Quadrangle: California Geological Palos Verdes Hills, in Moran, D.E., Slosson, J.E, Survey Open-File Report 98-24, official map with landslide Stone, R.O., and Yelverton, C.A., editors, Geology, and liquefaction zones dated March 25, 1999; scale seismicity, and environmental impact: Association of 1:24,000. Engineering Geologists, special publication, p. 123-138. California Geological Survey, 1999, Seismic Hazard Zone Map Kerr, Paul F., and Drew, I.M., 1969, Clay mobility, of the Torrance Quadrangle: California Geological Portuguese Bend, California: California Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-26, official map with landslide Survey, Special Report 100, p. 3–16. and liquefaction zones dated March 25, 1999; scale McNeilan, T., Rockwell, Thomas K., and Resnick, G., 1996, 1:24,000. Style and rate of Holocene slip, Palos Verdes Fault, Churchill, Ronald K., 2005, Radon zone map for the southern southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, portion of Los Angeles County, California: California vol. 101, no. B4, p. 8317–8334. Geological Survey, Geological Hazards Investigations Poland, Joseph F., Garrett, A.A., and Sinnott, A., 1959, Report 2005-01, map scale 1:110,000. Geology, hydrology, and chemical character of ground Clarke, Samuel H., and Kennedy, Michael P., 1998, waters in the Torrance — Santa Monica area, California: Analysis of Late Quaternary faulting in the Los Angeles U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1461, Harbor area and hazard to the Vincent Thomas Bridge: 425 p. California Geological Survey, Open-File Report 98-01, Ponti, Daniel J., and Lajoie, Kenneth R., 1992, price $50 with oversized ozalid plates. Chronostratigraphic implications for tectonic Cleveland, George B., 1975, Landsliding in marine terrace deformation of Palos Verdes and Signal Hills, Los Angeles basin, California, in Stout, Martin L., editor, terrain, California: California Geological Survey, th Special Report 119, 24 p. Proceedings of the 35 Annual Meeting (at Long Beach, Cleveland, George B., 1976, Geology of the northeast part of California) of the Association of Engineering Geologists, the Palos Verdes Hills, Los Angeles County, California: p. 617-620. California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 27, map scale Ponti, Daniel J., 1989, Aminostratigraphy and 1:12,000. chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene marine sediments, Crouch, J.K., and Suppe, John, 1993, Late Cenozoic tectonic southwestern Los Angeles basin, California: University evolution of the Los Angeles basin and inner California of Colorado, Boulder, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 409 p. borderland: a model for core complex-like crustal Proffer, Kathleen Ehlig, 1992, Ground water in the Abalone extension: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Cove landslide, Palos Verdes Peninsula, southern v. 105, p. 1415-1434. California, in Slosson, James E., Keene, Arthur G., and Johnson, Jeffrey A., editors, Landslides/Landslide Mitigation: Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 9, p. 69–82. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 249 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Randell, David H., Reardon, Jeffery B., Hileman, James A., VonderLinden, Karl V., 1982, The Portuguese Bend Matuschka, T., Liang, G.C., Khan, A.I., LaViolette, landslide, in Cooper, John D., compiler, Landslides and John W., 1983, Geology of the City of Long Beach, landslide abatement, Palos Verdes Peninsula, southern California: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering California, Geological Society of America Cordilleran Geologists, v. 20, no. 1, p. 9-94, 151 references cited. Section annual meeting, Anaheim, California: (A useful summary of the geology of Long Beach.) Association of Engineering Geologists, Southern Rowell, H.C., 1982, Chronostratigraphy of the Monterey California Section, p. 49-56. Formation of the Palos Verdes Hills, in Cooper, John D., VonderLinden, Karl V., 1989, The Portuguese Bend compiler, Landslides and landslide abatement, Palos landslide: Engineering Geology, v. 27, p. 301–373. Verdes Peninsula, southern California, Geological Ward, Steven N., and Valensise, G., 1994, The Palos Verdes Society of America Cordilleran Section annual meeting, terraces, California: bathtub rings from a buried reverse Anaheim, California: Association of Engineering fault: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, no. B3, Geologists, Southern California Section, p. 7-13. p. 4485–4494. Schwartz, David E., and Colburn, Ivan P., 1987, Late Tertiary Watry, Stephen M., and Ehlig, Perry L., 1995, Effect of test to recent chronology of the Los Angeles basin, southern method and procedure on measurements of residual shear California, in Fischer, Peter J., editor, Geology of the Palos strength of bentonite from the Portuguese Bend landslide, Verdes Peninsula and San Pedro Bay: Society of Economic in Haneberg, W.C., and Anderson, S.A., editors, Paleontologists and Mineralogists, SEPM Pacific Section, Clay and shale slope instability: Geological Society of p. 5–16. America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, volume 10, Stephenson, William J., Rockwell, Thomas K., Odum, J.K., p. 13-38. Shedlock, Kaye M., and Okaya, D.A., 1995, Seismic Woodring, W.P., and Bramlette, M.N., and Kew, W.S.W., reflection and geomorphic characterization of the onshore 1946, Geology and paleontology of the Palos Verdes Palos Verdes Fault zone, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin Hills, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 3, Paper 207, 145 p. (out-of-print; available in university p. 943–950. libraries; this is the seminal USGS work on the Palos Verdes Peninsula)

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 250 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Gabriel Basin McCulloh, Thane H., Beyer, Larry A., and Enrico, R.J., 2000, Pasadena–San Marino– Sierra Madre–Monrovia–Duarte– Paleocene strata of the eastern Los Angeles Basin, Arcadia–Glendora–El Monte–Montebello–Azusa–West Covina California; paleogeography and constraints on Neogene structural evolution: Geological Society of America (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Bulletin, vol. 112, p. 1155–1178. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) McCulloh, Thane H., Fleck, Robert J., Denison, Rodger E., Beyer, Larry A., and Stanley, Richard G., 2002, Age and Bjorklund, Thomas K., and Burke, Kevin, 2002,Four– tectonic significance of volcanic rocks in the northern Los dimensional analysis of the inversion of a half―graben to Angeles Basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey form the Whittier fold–belt system of the Los Angeles Professional Paper 1669, 24 p. download .pdf from: Basin: Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 24, p. 1369– http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1669 1387. McCulloh, Thane H., Beyer, Larry A., and Morin, Ronald W., Bjorklund, Thomas K., Burke, Kevin, Zhou, H., and 2002, Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive Yeats, Robert S., 2002, Miocene rifting in the Los Angeles complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, Basin ― evidence from the Puente Hills half–graben, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse volcanic rocks, and P–wave tomography: Geology, vol. 30, Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional p. 451–454. Paper 1649, 34 p. download from: Bullard, Thomas F., and Lettis, William R., 1993, http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1649 Quaternary fold deformation associated with blind thrust Morton, Douglas M., 1973, Geology of parts of the Azusa and faulting, Los Angeles Basin, California: Journal of Mount Wilson quadrangles, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Geophysical Research, vol. 98, no. B5, p. 8349–8369. Angeles County, California: California Geological Survey, (Elysian Park blind–thrust fault through East Los Angeles) Special Report 105, 21 p., map scale 1:12,000. (covers the Crook, Richard, Jr., Allen, Clarence R., Kamb, Barclay, Sierra Madre – Monrovia – Duarte – Bradbury – Azusa Payne, C. Marshall, and Proctor, Richard J., 1987, foothill areas along the Sierra Madre fault zone) Quaternary geology and seismic hazard of the Sierra Madre Nourse, Jonathan A., 2002, Middle Miocene reconstruction of and associated faults, western San Gabriel Mountains, the central and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Transverse Ranges, California, with implications for evolution of the San California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Gabriel Fault and Los Angeles basin, in Barth, Andrew, 1339, p. 27–63, and six geologic maps of the Sierra Madre editor, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the and Raymond Faults, plates 2.1 to 2.6, scale 1:24,000. Southwestern United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig Davis, Thomas L., Namson, J., and Yerkes, Robert F., 1989, volume: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 365, A cross–section of the Los Angeles area: seismically active p. 161–185 fold and thrust belt, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, Oskin, Michael E., Sieh, Kerry E., Rockwell, Thomas K., and earthquake hazard: Journal of Geophysical Research, Miller, G., Guptill, Paul., Curtis, Matthew, McArdle, S., and vol. 94, p. 9644–9664. Elliot, P., 2000, Active parasitic folds on the Elysian Park Griffith, William A. and Cooke, Michele L., 2004, Mechanical anticline: implications for seismic hazard in central Los validation of the three–dimensional intersection geometry Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of between the Puente Hills blind–thrust system and the America, vol. 112, no. 5, p. 693–707, 14 figures, 3 tables. Whittier Fault, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Rubin, Charles M., Lindvall, Scott C., and Rockwell, Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 2, April 2004 Thomas K., 1998, Evidence for large earthquakes in issue, p. 493–505. metropolitan Los Angeles: AAAS Science, vol. 281, p. 398– Hauksson, Egil, 1994, The 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake 402. (Trenches across the Sierra Madre Fault at Loma Alta Park sequence in southern California ― seismological and in Altadena reveal multiple Holocene faulting.) tectonic analysis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Saucedo, George J., 1998, Geologic map of the Whittier America, vol. 84, p. 1058–1074. 7½–minute Quadrangle, Los Angeles and Orange Jones, Lucille M., Sieh, Kerry E., Hauksson, Egill, and Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Open– Hutton, L. Katherine, 1990, The 3 December 1988 File Report 99–04, map scale 1:24,000. Pasadena, Earthquake; evidence for strike–slip motion on Saul, Richard B., 1976, Geology of the west―central part of the Raymond Fault: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of the Mount Wilson 7½―minute Quadrangle, San Gabriel America, vol. 80, no. 2, p. 474–482. Mountains, Los Angeles County, California: California Kawase, H., and Aki, K., 1990, Topography effect at the critical Geological Survey, Map Sheet 28, scale 1:12,000. SV–wave incidence: possible explanation of damage Shelton, John S., 1955, Glendora volcanic rocks, Los Angeles pattern by Whittier Narrows, California, Earthquake of 1 Basin, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of October 1987: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 66, p. 45–90. America, vol. 80, no. 1, p. 1–23. Tan, S.S., 1998, Digital geologic map of the El Monte 7½– minute quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 98–29, map scale 1:24,000. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 251 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Tan, S.S., 1998, Digital geologic map of the Baldwin Park Walls, Christian, Rockwell, Thomas, Mueller, Karl, Bock, Y., 7½–minute quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: Williams, S., Pfanner, J., Dolan, James, and Fang, P., 2000, California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 98–30, “Escape” tectonics in the Los Angeles metropolitan region map scale 1:24,000. and implications for seismic risk: Nature, vol. 394, Tan, S.S., 1998, Digital geologic map of the San Dimas 7½– p. 356–360. minute quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: Weaver, Kristin D., and Dolan, James F., 2000, California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 98–31, Paleoseismology and geomorphology of the Raymond map scale 1:24,000. Fault, Los Angeles County, California: Bulletin of the Treiman, Jerome A., 1991, Whittier fault zone, Los Angeles Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 6, p. 1409– and Orange Counties, California: California Geological 1429. Survey, Alquist–Priolo Fault Evaluation Program, Fault Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and Evaluation Report 222, 17 p. Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on Tucker, Allan Z, and Dolan, James F., 2001, the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, Paleoseismologic evidence for a >8 ka age of the most issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. recent surface rupture on the eastern Sierra Madre Fault, Yeats, Robert S., 2004, Tectonics of the San Gabriel Basin northern Los Angeles metropolitan region, California: and surroundings, southern California: Bulletin of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, Geological Society of America, vol. 116, no. 9/10, no. 2, p. 232–249. September/October 2004 issue, p. 1158–1182, 11 figures. Wald, David J., 1992, Strong motion and broadband Yerkes, Robert F., 1972, Geology and oil resources of the teleseismic analysis of the 1991 Sierra Madre, California, western Puente Hills area, southern California: U.S. Earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 420–C, 63 p. B–7, July 10, 1992 issue, p. 11,033 to 11,046.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 252 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

California Geological Survey, 2001, Seismic Hazards Zones, Orange County area, Puente Hills, Laguna Beach 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Map Santa Ana Mountains, San Joaquin Hills, released April 15, 1998 and revised 2001, scale 1:24,000, lower Santa Ana River Basin refer to CGS Seismic Hazard Zone Report 013, 46 p. California Division of Mines and Geology, 1998, Seismic (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Hazards Zones, Orange 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Map released April 15, 1998, scale 1:24,000, refer to CGS Open-File Report 97-19. Barrie, D., Tatnall, T.S., and Gath, Eldon M., 1992, California Geological Survey, 2001, Seismic Hazards Zones, Neotectonic uplift and ages of Pleistocene marine Newport Beach 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Map terraces, San Joaquin Hills, Orange County, California, released April 15, 1998 and revised 2001, scale 1:24,000, in E.G. Heath and W.L. Lewis, editors, The Regressive refer to CGS Seismic Hazard Zone Report 003, 57 p. Pleistocene Shoreline, Southern California: Southcoast California Geological Survey, 1998, Seismic Hazards Zones, Geological Society, Guidebook 20, pages 115-121. Tustin 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Map released Barrows, Allan G., 1974, A review of the geology and April 15, 1998, scale 1:24,000, refer to CGS Open-File earthquake history of the Newport-Inglewood structural Report 97-20, 48 p. zone, southern California: California Division of Mines California Geological Survey, 2001, Seismic Hazards Zones, & Geology, Special Report 114, 115 pages. San Juan Capistrano 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Bartow, Alan J. 1966, Deep submarine channel in upper Map released 2001, scale 1:24,000, refer to CGS Seismic Miocene, Orange County, California: Journal of Hazard Zone Report 053, 60 p. Sedimentary Petrology, v. 36, p. 700-705. (area of the Camacho, H., Busby, Cathy J., and Kneller, Benjamin, 2002, Dana Point Harbor area) A new depositional model fo rthe classical turbidite locality at Bartow, Alan J., 1971, The Doheny channel, a Miocene deep San Clemente State Beach: American Association of sea fan valley deposit, Dana Point, California, in Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 86, no. 9 Bergren, F.W., and others, editors, Geologic Guidebook, September 2002 issue, p. 1543–1560. Newport Lagoon to San Clemente, California: Society of Cann, Lawrence R., and Steiner, Edward A., 1992, Major Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific landslide repairs in southern California - the Seagate Section, p. 43-49. Landslide Repair at Niguel Shores (p. 517-527), and the Cove Road Landslide at Dana Point (p. 527-530), in Blanc, Robert P., and Cleveland, George B., 1968, Pipkin, B.W., and Proctor, R.J., editors, Engineering Natural slope stability as related to geology, San Clemente Geology Practice in Southern California: Association of area, Orange and San Diego Counties, California: Engineering Geologists Special Publication No. 4, California Geological Survey, Special Report 98, 19 p., Star Publishing Co., p. 503-530. map scale 1:24,000. Cann, Lawrence R., and Steiner, Edward A., 1992, Major Bohannon, Robert G., Gardner, James V., and Sliter, Ray W., landslide repairs in southern California ― the Seagate 2004, Holocene to Pliocene tectonic evolution of the region Landslide Repair at Niguel Shores (p. 517-527), and the offshore of the Los Angeles urban corridor, southern Cove Road Landslide at Dana Point (p. 527-530), in California: Tectonics, vol. 23, published on–line by AGU on Pipkin, B.W., and Proctor, R.J., editors, Engineering February 12, 2004, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001504. Geology Practice in Southern California: Association of Bryant, William A., 1988, Recently active traces of the Engineering Geologists Special Publication No. 4, Newport-Inglewood fault zone, Los Angeles and Orange Star Publishing Co., p. 503-530. Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Cann, Lawrence R., and Leighton, Freeman Beach, 1981, Open-File Report 88-14. Principal urban landslide repair techniques in California, Bullard, Thomas F., and Lettis, William R., 1993, in Kent, Mavis, editor, New horizons in engineering Quaternary fold deformation associated with blind thrust geology: Association of Engineering Geologists, Annual faulting, Los Angeles Basin, California: Journal of Meeting, p. 27. Geophysical Research, vol. 98, no. B5, p. 8349–8369. Cann, Lawrence R., and Steiner, Edward A., 1991, Landslides (Elysian Park blind–thrust fault through East Los Angeles in southern California ― an overview of investigation and extending southeastward into Orange County) techniques, in Abbott, Patrick L., and Elliott, William J., California Geological Survey, 1998, Seismic Hazards Zones, editors, Environmental Perils, San Diego Region: San Diego Association of Geologists, p. 145-160. Anaheim 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Map released Cannon, Susan H., 2000, Debris-flow response of southern April 15, 1998, scale 1:24,000, refer to CGS Open-File California watersheds burned by wildfire, in Report 97-08. Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Naeser, Nancy D., editors, California Geological Survey, 2001, Seismic Hazards Zones, Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and Dana Point 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Map assessment: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam; released 2001, scale 1:24,000, refer to CGS Seismic Hazard Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Zone Report 049, 58 p. Debris Flows, p. 45-52. Application to the hillslopes above California Geological Survey, 2000, Seismic Hazards Zones, Laguna Beach that have been burned by wildfires. Dr. Susan El Toro 7½-minute Quadrangle: Official Map released Cannon is a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. 2000, scale 1:24,000, refer to CGS Open-File Report 2000- 13, 54 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 253 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Chen, P., Jordan, Thomas H., and Zhao, Li, 2005, Finite Goodman, William, and Darras, Jules, 1997, LaVentana moment tensor of the 3 September 2002 Yorba Linda Landslide, cities of San Clemente and Dana Point, California, Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of in Larson, Robert A., and Slosson, James E., editors, America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 issue, p. 1170-1180. Storm-induced geologic hazards: case histories from the Churchill, Ronald K., 2005, Radon zone map for the southern 1992-1993 winter in southern California and Arizona: portion of Los Angeles County, California: California Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geological Survey, Geological Hazards Investigations Geology, volume 11, p. 99-117. Report 2005-01, map scale 1:110,000. An acute multi-million dollar landslide that closed Coast Highway Conrey, Bert L., 1967, Early Pliocene sedimentary history of the Los Angeles Basin, Los Angeles and Orange and buried the Santa Fe railroad tracks. Grant, Lisa B., Muller, Karl J., Gath, Eldon M., Cheng, H., Counties, California: California Geological Survey Edwards, R.L., Munro, R., and Kennedy, G., 1999, Special Report 93. still in-print at $8.00 Late Quaternary uplift and earthquake potential of the San Critelli, S., Rumelhart, Peter E., and Ingersoll, Raymond V., Joaquin Hills, southern Los Angeles basin, California: 1995, Petrofacies and provenance of the Puente Formation Geology, vol. 27, p. 1031-1034. (middle to upper Miocene), Los Angeles Basin, southern Grant, Lisa B., Waggoner, John T., Rockwell, T.K., and California: implications for rapid uplift and accumulation von Stein, Carmen, 1997, Paleoseismicity of the north rates: SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol. A65, branch of the Newport-Inglewood fault zone in no. 4, October 1995, p. 656–667. Huntington Beach, California, from cone penetrometer Dolan, James F., Christofferson, Shari A., and Shaw, John H., test data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of 2003, Recognition of paleoearthquakes on the Puente Hills America, vol. 87, no. 2, pages 277-293. Blind Thrust Fault, California: Science, vol. 300, Grant, Lisa Baugh, and Shearer, Peter M., 2004, Activity of the 4 April 2003, p. 115–118. offshore Newport–Inglewood Rose Canyon Fault Zone, Durham, David L., and Yerkes, Robert F., 1964, Geology and coastal southern California, from relocated microseismicity: oil resources of the eastern Puente Hills area, southern Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 2, April 2004 issue, p. 747–752 420–B, 62 p. Grant, Lisa Baugh, and Rockwell, Thomas K., 2002, Edgington, William J., 1974, Geology of the Dana Point A northward–propagating earthquake sequence in coastal Quadrangle, Orange County, California: California southern California? Seismological Research Letters, Geological Survey Special Report 109, 31 p., geologic map vol. 73, no. 4, July/August 2002 issue, p. 461–469. scale 1:12,000. Grant, Lisa Baugh, Ballenger, Leslie J., and Runnerstrom, Field, Edward H., Seligson, Hope A., Gupta, N., Gupta, V., Eric E., 2002, Coastal uplift of the San Joaquin Hills, Jordan, Thomas H., and Campbell, Kenneth W., 2005, Los Angeles Basin, California, by a large earthquake since Probabilistic loss estimates for a Puente Hills blind-thrust 1635 A.D.: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of earthquake in Los Angeles, California: EERI Earthquake America, vol. 92, p. 590–599. Spectra (manuscript submitted to EERI). Gray, Cliffton H., 1961, Geology and mineral resources of the Fife, Donald L., Minch, John A., and Crampton, Perry J., 1967, Corona South Quadrangle, California: California Late Jurassic age of the Santiago Peak volcanics, California: Geological Survey Bulletin 178, 119 p. (still in-print at $8.00) Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 78, p. 299-305. Greene, H.Gary, and Kennedy, Michael P., 1987, Geology of the Fife, Donald L., 1974, Geology of the south half of the El Toro inner-southern California Continental Margin: California 7½-minute Quadrangle, Orange County, California: Geological Survey, California Continental Margin Geologic California Geological Survey Special Report 110, 27 p., Map Series, Area 1, 4 map sheets, scale 1:250,000. (covers the map scale 1:12,000. Rose Canyon - Newport fault system) Fischer, Peter J., Gorsline, Donn S., and Shlemon, Roy J., 1992, Greenwood, Richard B., 1992, Geologic map of the Late Quaternary geology of the Dana Point - San Onofre - Alberhill 7½-minute Quadrangle, Orange and Carlsbad Margin, California, in Heath, E.G., and Riverside Counties, California: California Geological Lewis, W.L., editors, The Regressive Pleistocene Shoreline, Survey Open-File Report 92-10. Guptill, Paul, Armstrong, C., and Egli, M., 1992, Southern California: Southcoast Geological Society, Annual Structural features of West Newport Mesa, in E.G. Heath Field Trip Guidebook No. 20, p. 195-218. and W.L. Lewis, editors, The Regressive Pleistocene Freeman, S. Thomas, Heath, Edward G., Guptil, Paul D., Shoreline, Southern California: Southcoast Geological Waggoner, John T., 1992, Seismic Hazard Assessment, Society, Guidebook 20, pages 123-136. Summary of the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone, in Pipkin, B.W., and Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone through the West Proctor, R.J., editors, Engineering Geology Practice in Newport Oil Field. Southern California, Association of Engineering Hauksson, E., 1987, Seismotectonics of the Newport-Inglewood Geologists, special publication no. 4, pages 211-231. fault zone in the Los Angeles Basin, southern California: Fumal, Thomas E., and Tinsley, John C., 1985, Mapping shear–wave velocities of near–surface geologic materials, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 77, in Ziony, J.I., editor, Evaluating earthquake hazards in the p. 539–561. Los Angeles region ― an earth-science perspective: U.S. Heath, Edward G., and Lewis, W.Lavon, editors, 1992, Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, p. 127-149. The regressive Pleistocene shoreline, southern California: Southcoast Geological Society, Guidebook No. 20, 371 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 254 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Herndon, Roy, 1992, Hydrogeology of Orange County ground- Miller, Russell V., 1994, Mineral land classification of water basin – an overview, in E.G. Heath and W.L. Lewis, portland-cement concrete aggregate in Ventura, editors, The Regressive Pleistocene Shoreline, Southern Los Angeles, and Orange Counties, California; Part III, California: Southcoast Geological Society, Guidebook 20, Orange County: California Geological Survey, Open- pages 237-259. Hess, G.R., 1979, Miocene and Pliocene inner suprafan channel File Report 94-15, scale 1:100,000. complex, San Clemente, California, in Stuart, C.J., editor, Moran, Andrew I., 1976, Allochthonous carbonate debris in Guidebook to Miocene lithofacies and depositional Mesozoic flysch deposits in Santa Ana Mountains, California: environments, coastal southern California and northwestern Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Baja California: Pacific Section SEPM, p. 99-105. vol. 60, no. 11, p. 2038–2043. Ingle, James C., 1971, Paleoecologic and paleobathymetric Moran, Douglas E., and Wiebe, Karl H., 1992, history of the late Miocene – Pliocene Capistrano Formation, Holocene deposition and organic soils near Huntington Dana Point area, Orange County, California, in Beach, Orange County, California, in E.G. Heath and Bergen, F.W., editor, Geologic guidebook, Newport Lagoon W.L. Lewis, editors, The Regressive Pleistocene Shoreline, to San Clemente, Orange County, California ― coastal Southern California: Southcoast Geological Society, exposures of Miocene and early Pliocene rocks: Pacific Guidebook 20, pages 137-156. Contains an important Section SEPM, p. 71-88. geologic hazard map of unique peat deposits in eastern Klemme, Daniel N., 1979, Dana Point Harbor, geology and Huntington Beach and western Costa Mesa. Morton, Douglas M., 1999, Preliminary digital geologic construction methods, in Keaton, Jeffrey R., editor, map of the Santa Ana 30×60–minute quadrangle, Guidebook to selected geologic features in coastal areas of southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File southern Orange County and northern San Diego County, Report 99–172, map scale 1:100,000. (covers central and California: Southcoast Geological Society, p. 67-69. eastern Orange County, San Joaquin Hills, Santa Ana Leighton, F. Beach, Cann, Lawrence R., and Poormand, Iraj, Mountains, and parts of the Perris Block) 1986, Emergency repair operations for the Bluebird Canyon Landslide of October 2, 1978, in Ehlig, Perry L., editor and Morton, Paul K., 1974,Geology and engineering geologic aspects compiler, Landslides and landslide mitigation in southern of the south half of the Cañada Gobernadora 7½-minute California: Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Quadrangle, Orange County, California: California Section, guidebook and volume, p. 35-43. Geological Survey Special Report 111, map scale 1:12,000. Leighton, F. Beach, 1982, Geotechnical origin and repair of the Morton, Paul K., 1970, Geology of the northeast quarter and the Bluebird Canyon Landslide, Laguna Beach, California, in northwest quarter of the Cañada Gobernadora 7½-minute Jennings, Paul C., and Brooks, Norman H., editors and Quadrangle, Orange County, California: California chairmen, Proceedings of a symposium ― storms, floods, Geological Survey Preliminary Report 10, map scale and debris flows in southern California and Arizona 1978 1:12,000. and 1980: National Technical Information Service report # Morton, Paul K., Edington, William J., and Fife, Donald L., PB82-224239, p. 335-346. The total damage from the Bluebird Canyon Landslide of 1978 in Laguna Beach was about $15 million in 1978 1974, Geology and engineering geologic aspects of the dollars, and 25 homes were destroyed. This report by Dr. Leighton explains San Juan Capistrano Quadrangle, Orange County, the origin of the remobilized ancient landslide and how it was successfully California: California Geological Survey Special Report 112, repaired with an earth buttress. Leighton, F. Beach, 1980, Bluebird Canyon landslide, 64 p., map scale 1:12,000. Laguna Beach ― a threshold event, in Coats, Donald R., Morton, Paul K., and Miller, Russell V., 1981, Geologic map and Vitek, John D., editors, Thresholds in Geomorphology: of Orange County: California Division of Mines and George Allen & Unwin, Publishers, p. 387-400. Geology, Miscellaneous Map 7, scale 1:48,000. McCulloh, Thane H., Beyer, Larry A., and Enrico, R.J., 2000, Morton, Paul K., Miller, Russell V., Evans, James R., and others, Paleocene strata of the eastern Los Angeles Basin, 1976, Environmental geology of Orange County, California: California; paleogeography and constraints on Neogene California Division of Mines and Geology, Open-File Report structural evolution: Geological Society of America 79-8 LA. Bulletin, vol. 112, p. 1155–1178. Morton, Paul K., Miller, Russell V., and Fife, Donald L., 1973, Miller, Russell V., and Tan, S.S., 1976, Geology and Geo-environmental maps of Orange County, California: engineering geologic aspects of the south half of the California Geological Survey Preliminary Report 15, plate 1. Tustin quadrangle, Orange County, California: Munro, Rosalind, 1992, Marine terraces along the frontal California Geological Survey, Special Report 126, slopes of the Newport coast, Orange County, California, map scale 1:12,000. in E.G. Heath and W.L. Lewis, editors, The Regressive Miller, Russell V., and Tan, S.S., 1983, Geologic map of Pleistocene Shoreline, Southern California: Southcoast part of the south half of the Blackstar Canyon 7½- Geological Society, Guidebook 20, p. 105-113. minute Quadrangle, Orange County, California: Petersen, M.D., Bryant, W.A., Cramer, C.H., Reichle, M.S., California Geological Survey, Open-File Report 83-34, and Real, Charles R., 1997, Seismic ground–motion map scale 1:12,000. hazard mapping incorporating site effects for Los Miller, Russell V., and Morton, Paul K., 1984, Engineering Angeles, Orange, and Ventura Counties ―a geographical geology of part of the western half of the Santiago Peak 7½– information system approach: Bulletin of the minute Quadrangle, Orange County, California: California Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 1, p. 249-255. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-58. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 255 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Piper, A.M., 1953, Native and contaminated ground waters in the Sydnor, Robert H., 1982, Engineering geology of the Capistrano Long Beach ― Santa Ana area, California: U.S. Geological Beach area, County of Orange: R&M Consultants, Survey Water-Supply Paper 1136, 320 p. 110 pages, in Orange County EMA, Capistrano Beach Poland, Jospeh F., and Sinnot, A., 1959, Hydrology of the Long Specific Plan / Local Coastal Program, South Coast Planning Beach — Santa Ana area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Unit, Capistrano Beach, Volume 4, technical appendixes. Water-Supply Paper 1471, 257 p. Tan, S.S., and Edington, William J., 1976, Geology and Poland, J.F., Piper, A.M., and others, 1956, Groundwater geology engineering geologic aspects of the Laguna Beach of the coastal zone, Long Beach - Santa Ana area, California: Quadrangle, Orange County, California: California U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1109. Geological Survey Special Report 127, map scale 1:12,000. Popenoe, Willis P., 1941, The Trabuco and Baker Tan, S.S., 1995, Landslide hazards in the Orange Quadrangle, conglomerates in the Santa Ana Mountains: Journal of Orange County, California: California Geological Survey Geology, vol. 49, no. 7, p. 738-752. Open-File Report 95–11, 4 p., two plates, map scale Richmond, James F., 1952, Geology of Burruel Ridge, 1:12,000. northwestern Santa Ana Mountains, California: California Geological Survey, Special Report 21, 16 p. Tan, S.S., and others, 1984, Environmental geology of parts of Rivero, C., Shaw, John H., and Mueller, K., 2000, the LaHabra, Yorba Linda, and Prado Dam 7½-minute Oceanside and Thirtymile Bank blind thrust: Quadrangles, Orange County, California: California implications for earthquake hazards in coastal southern Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-24. California: Geology, vol. 28, no. 10, pages 891-894. Tan, S.S., and Weber, F. Harold, Jr., 1984, Inventory and analysis Schoellhamer, Jack E., Vedder, John G., Yerkes, Robert F., of recent damaging slope failures and debris flooding, and Kinney, D.M., 1981, Geology of the northern Santa southern coastal Orange County, California: California Ana Mountains, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-27. Professional Paper 420–D, 109 p. (this is the definitive Tan, S.S., 1984, Engineering geology of the north half of the treatise on the geology of the Santa Ana Mountains) El Toro 7½–minute Quadrangle, Orange County, Shlemon, Roy J., editor, 2000, Neotectonics and coastal California: California Geological Survey Open-File Report instability, Orange and northern San Diego Counties, 84-28. California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tan, S.S., 1984, Classification of landslide propensity in the Pacific Section, and the Los Angeles Basin Geological Society (LABGS); CD-ROM edition (digitally released Dana Point 7½–minute Quadrangle, Orange County, October 2004) of the Pacific Section AAPG guidebook from California: California Geological Survey Open-File Report the 2000, two volumes, CD-ROM, $30.00 www.labgs.org 84-57. Volume 1 includes 5 new papers and 8 recently published papers; Tan, S.S., 1988, Landslide hazards in the Puente and San Jose Volume 2 contains 13 previously unpublished consulting reports Hills, southern California, Los Angeles, Orange , and San (especially from Professor Perry L. Ehlig and Dr. Roy J. Shlemon) Bernardino Counties, California: California Geological from the 1970’s regarding San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. Survey Open-File Report 88-21, map scale 1:24,000. These seminal reports and unique geologic maps are now readily Tan, S.S., 1990, Landslide hazards in the north half of the available to the geological community through PS-AAPG and LABGS. Blackstar Canyon 7½–minute Quadrangle, Orange and Silberling, Norman J., Schoellhamer, Jack E., Gray, Cliffton H., Riverside Counties, California: California Geological Survey Jr., and Imlay, Ralph W., 1961, Upper Jurassic fossils from Open-File Report 90-19, map scale 1:24,000. Bedford Canyon Formation, southern California: Bulletin of Tinsley, John C., and Fumal, Thomas E., 1985, Mapping Quaternary the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 45, sedimentary deposits for areal variations in shaking response, no. 10, p. 1746-1765. in Ziony, J.I., editor, 1985, Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Singer, J.A., 1973, Geohydrology and artificial–recharge Los Angeles region — an earth-science perspective: U.S. potential of the Irvine area, Orange County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, p. 101-125. Geological Survey Open-File Report 5018-16, 41 p. Toppozada, T.R., Bennett, J.H., Borchardt, G., Saul, R., and Smith, Patsy B., 1960, Foraminifera of the Monterey Shale and Davis, J.F., 1988, Planning scenario for a major earthquake Puente formations, Santa Ana Mountains and San Juan on the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone: California Division Capistrano area, California: U.S. Geological Survey of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 99, 199 p. Professional Paper 294-M, p. 463-495. Treiman, Jerome A., 1993, The Rose Canyon fault zone, southern Stout, Martin L., 1969, Radiocarbon dating of landslides in California: California Geological Survey, Open–File southern California and engineering geology implications: Report 93-2. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 123. Vedder, John G., Yerkes, Robert F., Schoellhamer, Jack E., 1957, Sydnor, Robert H., 1979, Bluebird Canyon Landslide, Laguna Geologic map of the San Joaquin Hills―San Juan Capistrano Beach, California, in Fife, D.L., editor, Geologic Guide of area, Orange County: U.S. Geological Survey Oil & Gas San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station and adjacent regions Investigations Map OM-193, map scale 1:24,000. of southern California: American Association of Petroleum Walker, R.G., 1975, Nested submarine–fan channels in the Geologists, Pacific Section Guidebook #46, p. 25-37. Capistrano Formation, San Clemente, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 86, p. 915–924. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 256 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wiegand, Peter W., 1994, Middle Miocene igneous rocks in the El Modeno, San Joaquin Hills, and Laguna Beach areas, southern California, in Hughes, R.P., and Roquemore, Glenn R., editors, Field Geology in Orange County, southern California, 1994 Field Conference Guidebook: National Association of Geology Teachers, Far Western Section, p. 55-88. Wills, Christopher J., and Silva, Walter, 1998, Shear–wave velocity characteristics of geologic units in California: EERI Earthquake Spectra, v. 14, no. 3, August 1998, p. 533-556. Woodford, Alfred O., 1925, The San Onofre Breccia― its nature and origin: University of California Publications in the Geological Sciences, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 159-280, plate 23 at map scale 1:42,240; plate 35 at map scale 1:62,500. This is seminal paper on the San Onofre Breccia by Professor A.O. Woodford, and is the published version of his PhD thesis at University of California, Berkeley, circa 1922. Woodford taught at Pomona College for about sixty years and was one of the most influential pioneer geologists in California. Woodford, Alfred O., McCulloh, Thane H., and Schoellhamer, Jack E., 1973, Paleographic significance of metatuff boulders in middle Tertiary strata, Santa Ana Mountains, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol., 83, no. 11, p. 3433–3436. Yerkes, Robert F., 1972, Geology and oil resources of the western Puente Hills area, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 420–C, 63 p. Yerkes, Robert F., 1957, Volcanic rocks of the El Modeno area, Orange County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 247–L, p. 313 - 334. Youngs, Leslie G., and Mattison, Elise, 1991, Complete Bouguer gravity map of the Santa Ana Quadrangle, California: California Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-14, scale 1:100,000.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 257 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Fernando Valley and the Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1992, Geologic map of the Calabasas Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: Santa Monica Moutains area Dibblee Foundation Map DF-37, map-scale 1:24,000. (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are www.sbnature.org/dibblee marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1992, Geologic map of the Oat Mountain and Canoga Park (north half) Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: Dibblee Azor, Antonio, Keller, Edward A., and Yeats, Robert S., 2002, Foundation Map DF-36, map-scale 1:24,000. Geomorphic indicators of active fold growth: South www.sbnature.org/dibblee Mountain–Oak Ridge anticline, Ventura Basin, southern Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1992, Geologic map of the California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Topanga and Canoga Park (south half) Quadrangle, vol. 114, no. 6, June 2002 issue, p. 745–753. Los Angeles County, California: Dibblee Foundation Map Baldwin, John N., Kelson, Keith I, and Randolph, Carolyn E., DF-35, map-scale 1:24,000. www.sbnature.org/dibblee 2000, Late Quaternary deformation along the Northridge Evans, James R., and Miller, Russell V., 1978, Geology of the Hills Fault, Northridge, California: deformation coincident southwestern part of the Oat Mountain Quadrangle, with past Northridge blind–thrust earthquakes and other Los Angeles County, California: California Geological nearby structures? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Survey Map Sheet 33, map-scale 1:12,000. America, vol. 90, no. 3, June 2000 issue, p. 629–642. Hitchcock, Christopher S., and Wills, Christopher J., 2000, Barrows, Allan G., Kahle, James E., Saul, Richard B., and Quaternary geology of the San Fernando Valley, Los Weber, F. Harold, Jr., 1975, Geologic map of the Angeles County, California: California Geological Survey, San Fernando earthquake area, in Oakshott, Gordon B., Map Sheet 50, scale 1:48,000. editor, San Fernando Earthquake of 9 February 1971: Hoots, Harold W., 1930, Geology of the eastern part of the California Geological Survey Bulletin 196, plate 2, Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles County, map scale 1:18,000. California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Bennett, Michael J., Ponti, Daniel J., Tinsley, John C. III, 165-C, 134 p. (classic paper, out-of-print; available in Holzer, Thomas L., and Conaway, C.H., 1998, university libraries and as a private reprint.) Subsurface geotechnical investigations near sites of ground Izbicki, John A., Christensen, Allen H., Newhouse, Mark W., deformation caused by the January 17, 1994 Northridge, Smith, Gregory A., and Hanson, Randall T., 2005, California, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of flow and Report 98–373, 145 p. chloride in deep wells: Ground Water, vol. 43, no. 4, Boatwright, John, Thywissen, Katharina, and Seekins, Linda C., p. 531-544. The USGS hydrogeology study area is in the 2001, Correlation of ground motion and intensity for the Calleguas Creek drainage, eastern Oxnard Plain, south of 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake: Camarillo, Ventura County, on the west end of the Santa Monica Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, Mountains. no. 4, August 2001 issue, p. 739–752. Irvine, Pamela J., 1989, Landslide hazards in the north half of Churchill, Ronald K., 2005, Radon zone map for the southern the Calabasas Quadrangle, Los Angeles and Ventura portion of Los Angeles County, California: California Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Open- Geological Survey, Geological Hazards Investigations File Report 89-18, map-scale 1:12,000. Report 2005-01, map scale 1:110,000. Jeon, S.S., and O’Rourke, Thomas D., 2005, Northridge Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1989, Mid–Tertiary Earthquake effects on pipelines and residential buildings: conglomerates and sandstones on the margins of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, Ventura and Los Angeles basins and their tectonic no. 1, February 2005 issue. significance, in Colburn, Ivan P., Abbott, Patrick L., and King, E.J., Tinsley, John C., III, and Preston, R.F., 1981, Minch, John A., editors, Conglomerates in basin analysis: Maps showing historic flooding in the San Fernando Valley, a symposium dedicated to Professor Arnold Oswald 1934 to 1956: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Woodford: SEPM Pacific Section, Book 62, p. 207–226. Report 81-153, 6 p. Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1991, Geologic map of the Levi, S., and Yeats, Robert S., 2003, Paleomagnetic definition Beverly Hills and Van Nuys (south-half) Quadrangles, of crustal fragmentation and Quaternary block rotations in Los Angeles County, California: Dibblee Foundation Map the east Ventura Basin and the San Fernando Valley, DF-31, map-scale 1:24,000. www.sbnature.org/dibblee southern California: AGU Tectonics, vol. 22, no. 5, Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1991, Geologic map of the published on–line by AGU on 30 Oct 2003. Hollywood and Burbank (south-half) Quadrangles, Los Defines new tectonic domains: Magic Mountain, Merrick Syncline, Angeles County, California: Dibblee Foundation Map Van Norman Lake, and Soledad Canyon. DF-30, map-scale 1:24,000. www.sbnature.org/dibblee Lutter, William J., Fuis, Gary S., Ryberg, T., Okaya, D.A., Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1991, Geologic map of the Clayton, Robert W., Davis, Paul M., and ten others, 2004, San Fernando and Van Nuys (north-half) Quadrangles, Upper crustal structure from the Santa Monica Mountains to Los Angeles County, California: Dibblee Foundation Map the Sierra Nevada: tomographic results from the Los DF-33, map-scale 1:24,000. www.sbnature.org/dibblee Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment, Phase II Dibblee, Thomas Wilson, Jr., 1991, Geologic map of the (LARSE II): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Sunland and Burbank (north-half) Quadrangles, Los America, vol. 94, no. 2, April 2004 issue, p. 619–632. Angeles County, California: Dibblee Foundation Map DF-32, map-scale 1:24,000. www.sbnature.org/dibblee Engineering Geology and Seismology for 258 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lutter, William J., Fuis, Gary S., Thurber, Clifford H., and Weigand, Peter W., Savage, Karen L., and Nicholson, Craig, Murphy, Janice, 1999, Tomographic images of the upper 2002, The Conejo volcanics and other Miocene volcanic crust from the Los Angeles basin to the Mojave Desert, suites in southwestern California, in Barth, Andrew, California: results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic editor, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, Southwestern United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig no. B–11, November 10, 1999 issue, p. 25,543–25,565. memorial volume: Geological Society of America, Special Meigs, Andrew J., and Oskin, Michael E, 2002, Convergence, Paper 365, p. 187–204. The Miocene Conejo volcanics form the block rotation, and structural interference across the western Santa Monica Mountains. This paper focuses on petrology and Peninsular-Transverse Ranges boundary, eastern Santa geochemistry of the Conejo volcanics in relation to regional Miocene volcanism in southern California. Monica Mountains, California, in Barth, Andrew, editor, Wills, Christopher J., and Hitchcock, Christopher S., 1999, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern Late Quaternary sedimentation and liquefaction hazard in United States, the Perry Lawrence Ehlig memorial volume: the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 365, AEG & GSA Environmental & Engineeering Geoscience, p. 279-293. This paper explains the structural geology and vol. 5, no. 4, winter 1999 issue, p. 419–439. seismotectonic setting of the Hollywood Fault and the Santa Monica Fault systems on the southern margin of the Santa Monica Mountains, including Wright, Thomas L., and Yeats, Robert S., editors, 1991, the Griffith Park area. Because of the large number of hospitals and public Geology and tectonics of the San Fernando Valley and east schools in the Hollywood district, this structural geology paper will be of Ventura Basin, California: American Association of particular interest to consulting engineering geologists. Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, 14 papers, 224 p. Meigs, Andrew J., Brozovic, N., and Johnson, M.L., 1999, Yeats, Robert S., 1987, Late Cenozoic structure of the Santa Steady, balanced rates of uplift and erosion of the Santa Susana Fault zone, in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Monica Mountains, California: Basin Research, vol. 11, Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey p. 59–73. Professional Paper 1339, p. 137–160, and plate 9.1, scale Neuerburg, G.J., 1953, Geology of the Griffith Park area, 1:24,000. Los Angeles County, California: Calif. Division of Mines, Yerkes, Robert F., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the Special Report 33, 29 p. (out–of–print, available in university Burbank 7½-minute quadrangle, southern California: libraries) Pipkin, Bernard W., and Proctor, Richard J., editors, 1992, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-253, map Engineering geology practice in southern California: scale 1:24,000. Association of Engineering Geologists, special publication Yerkes, Robert F., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the no. 4, 769 p. San Fernando 7½-minute quadrangle, southern Rumelhart, P.E., and Ingersoll, Raymond V., 1994, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96- Petrology and provenance of the Modelo Formation, 88, map scale 1:24,000. Santa Monica Mountains, southern California: constraints Yerkes, Robert F., 1996, Preliminary geologic map of the on displacement along the San Gabriel Fault: Bulletin of the Sunland 7½-minute quadrangle, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 78, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-87, map scale p. 674 – 675. 1:24,000. Saul, Richard B., 1979, Geology of the southeast ¼ of the Yerkes, Robert F., and Campbell, Russell H., 1979, Oat Mountain quadrangle, Los Angeles County, Stratigraphic nomenclature of the central Santa Monica California: California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 30, Mountains, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. scale 1:12,000. Geological Survey Bulletin 1457–E, 31 p. Sharp, Robert P., 1994, A field guide to southern California, Yerkes, Robert F., and Campbell, Russell H., 1993, Preliminary 3rd edition: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 301 p. geologic map of the Canoga Park 7½-minute quadrangle, Stephenson, William J., Williams, Robert A., Odum, Jack K., southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File and Worley, David M., 2000, High–resolution seismic Report 93-206, map scale 1:24,000. reflection surveys and modeling across an area of high Yerkes, Robert F., and Campbell, Russell H., 1993, Preliminary damage from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Sherman geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7½-minute Oaks, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of quadrangle, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey America, vol. 90, no. 3, p. 643–654. Open-File Report 93-525, map scale 1:24,000. U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, USGS response to an urban Yerkes, Robert F., and Campbell, Russell H., 1995, Preliminary earthquake – Northridge ’94: U.S. Geological Survey geologic map of the Calabasas 7½-minute quadrangle, Open–File Report 96–263, 78 p. (a concise but comprehensive southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File review of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake) Report 95-51, map scale 1:24,000. Weber, F. Harold, 1984, Geology of the Calabasas – Agoura - Yerkes, Robert F., and Campbell, Russell H., 1996, Eastern Thousand Oaks area, Los Angeles and Ventura Preliminary geologic map of the Van Nuys 7½-minute counties, California: California Geological Survey Open- quadrangle, southern California: U.S. Geological File Report 84-1, 191 p. Survey Open-File Report 96-86, map scale 1:24,000.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 259 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, Paleoenvironments and Eastern Transverse Ranges paleohydrology of the Mojave Desert and southern Great and the San Bernardino Valley area Basin deserts, California, the Robert P. Sharp volume: (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Geological Society of America Special Paper 368, p. 1 - 42. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Dunne, George, and Cooper, John, editors, 2001, Geologic excursions in southwestern California: Society for Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Pacific Section, Albright, L. Barry, 1997, Magnetostratigraphy and Guidebook 89, 4 papers, 185 p. biochronology of the San Timoteo badlands, southern Dutcher, L.C., and Garrett, A.A., 1963, Geologic and California, with implications for local Pliocene–Pleistocene hydrologic features of the San Bernardino area, California: tectonic and depositional patterns: Geological Society of U.S. Geological Survey Water–Supply Paper 1419, 114 p. America Bulletin, vol. 111, p. 1265–1293. Eckis, Roland, 1934, Geology and ground–water storage Albright, L. Barry, 1999, Biostratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology capacity of valley fill, south coastal basin investigation: of the San Timoteo Badlands, Southern California: University California Department of Water Resources, Bulletin 45, of California Publications in the Geological Sciences, vol. 144, 273 p. (written 68 years ago and long out–of–print, this is 121 p. considered a classic treatise on deep alluvial basins by a Anderson, Megan, Matti, Jonathan C., and Jachens, Robert, Caltech–trained geologist. Available in university 2004, Structural model of the San Bernardino basin, libraries.) California, from analysis of gravity, aeromagnetic, and Eppes, Martha C., McFadden, Leslie D., Matti, Jonathan C., and seismicity data: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, Powell, Robert, 2002, Influence of soil development on the vol. 109, B04404, published on–line April 6, 2004. geomorphic evolution of landscapes ― an example from Astiz, Luciana, Shearer, Peter M., and Agnew, Duncan C., the Transverse Ranges of California: Geology, vol. 30, 2000, Precise relocations and stress change calculations for p. 195-198. the Upland earthquake sequence in southern California: Fife, Donald L., and Minch, John A., editors, 1982, Geology Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 105, no. B–2, and mineral wealth of the California Transverse Ranges – February 10, 2000 issue, p. 2937 to 2953. {1988 ML=4.7 the Mason Lowell Hill memorial volume: Southcoast & 1990 ML=5.5 earthquakes} Geological Society, Guidebook #10, 699 p. Bennett, Richard A., Friedrich, Anke M., and Furlong, Kevin P., Frankel, Arthur D., 1993, Three–dimensional simulations of 2004, Codependent histories of the San Andreas and ground motion in the San Bernardino Valley, California, San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement for hypothetical earthquakes on the San Andreas fault: rates: Geology, vol. 32, no. 11, November 2004 issue, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, p. 961-964. p. 1020–1041. Bent, Allison L., and Helmberger, Donald V., 1991, Goetz, Christopher, Brainard, Ray, Carlson, Jill, Cato, Kerry, A reexamination of historic earthquakes in the San Jacinto Holst, Norman, Johnson, Dan, Riley, Don, and Siem, Martin, fault zone, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society 1999, Geology of the Eastside Reservoir Project, Riverside of America, vol. 81, no. 6, p. 2289-2309. County, California, in Cranham, Greg T., editor, Water for Biasi, Glenn P., Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., and Southern California – water resources development at the Seitz, Gordon G., 2002, Paleoseismic event dating and the close of the century: San Diego Association of Geologists, p. conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern 41-56. San Andreas Fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Graves, Robert W., and Wald, David J., 2004, Observed and Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue. simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region Blythe, Ann E., House, Martha A., and Spotila, James A., 2002, for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Low–temperature thermochronology of the San Gabriel and Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 1, February San Bernardino Mountains, southern California: 2004 issue, p. 131–146. constraining structural evolution, in Barth, Andrew, editor, Hadley, David, and Combs, James, 1974, Microearthquake Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern distribution and mechanisms of faulting in the Fontana United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig memorial volume: ― San Bernardino area of southern California: Bulletin of Geological Society of America, Special Paper 365, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 64, no. 5, p. 231–250. p. 1477 – 1499. Bortugno, Edward J., and Spittler, Thomas E., compilers, Harden, Jennifer W., and Matti, Jonathan C., 1989, Holocene 1986, Geologic map of the San Bernardino quadrangle: and Pleistocene slip–rates on the San Andreas Fault in California Geological Survey, RGM Map 3, Regional Yucaipa, California using displaced alluvial–fan deposits Geologic Map Series, 5 map sheets, scale 1:250,000. and soil chronology: Geological Society of American Cox, Brett, F., Hillhouse, John W., and Owen, Lewis A., Bulletin, vol. 101, no. 9, p. 1107–1117. 2003, Pliocene and Pleistocene evolution of the Mojave Desert, and associated tectonic development of the Transverse Ranges and Mojave Desert, based on borehole stratigraphy studies and mapping of landforms and sediments near Victorville, California, in Enzel, Y., Wells, Engineering Geology and Seismology for 260 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Huang, M.J., and Shakal, A.F., 1995, CSMIP strong-motion Matti, Jonathan C., Morton, Douglas M., Cox, Brett F., instrumentation and records from the I-10/215 Interchange Carson, Scott E., and Yetter, T.J., 2003, Geologic map and Bridge near San Bernardino: EERI Earthquake Spectra, digital database of the Yucaipa 7½–minute quadrangle, vol. 11, no. 2, May 1995 issue, p. 193-215. These CSMIP San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California: records are from the 1992 M7.5 Landers earthquake and the U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 03–301, 1992 M6.6 Big Bear earthquake. All CSMIP records are posted map scale 1:24,000. on the California Geological Survey website. Matti, Jonathan C., Morton, Douglas M., Cox, Brett F., Kendrick, Katherine J., and Graham, Robert C., 2004, Carson, Scott E., and Yetter, T.J., 2003, Geologic map Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, and digital database of the Redlands 7½–minute southern California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 68, p. 1295-1303. quadrangle, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, The field localities are the San Timoteo Badlands and Cajon California: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report Pass. These geologists are at the US Geological Survey and 03–302, map scale 1:24,000. University of California Riverside. May, Steven R., and Repenning, Charles A., 1982, New Kendrick, Katherine J., Morton, Douglas M., evidence for the age of the Mount Eden fauna, southern Wells, Stephen G., and Simpson, Robert W., 2002, California: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 2, Spatial and temporal deformation along the northern no. 1, p. 109-113. San Jacinto Fault, southern California: implications for slip Meisling, Kristian E., and Weldon, Ray J., 1989, rates: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Late Cenozoic tectonics of the northwestern San vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue, p. 2782–2802. Bernardino Mountains, southern California: Kendrick, Katherine J., and McFadden, Leslie D., 1996, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, Comparison and contrast of processes of soil formation in the San Timoteo Badlands with chronosequences in California: p. 106–128. Quaternary Research, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 149-160. Merrifield, Paul M., and Lamar, Donald L., 1984, Possible Li, Y.G., Henyey, Thomas L., and Leary, Peter C., 1992, strain events reflected in water-levels in wells along the Seismic reflection constraints on the structure of the crust San Jacinto Fault zone, southern California: Pure and beneath the San Bernardino Mountains, Transverse Applied Geophysics, vol. 122, no. 2-4, p. 245-254. Ranges, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Dr. Merrifield and Dr. Lamar spent many years in the late 1970s and early 1980s carefully monitoring water wells in the Research, vol. 97, no. B–6, June 10, 1992 issue, p. Moreno Valley-San Jacinto graben. They prepared annual 8817–8830. reports of their studies (as Open-File Reports by the USGS). Marquis, Samuel A., Jr., and Stewart, Edward, 1994, This published journal article conveniently summarizes their The delineation of wellhead protection areas in entire project. fractured bedrock terrains using groundwater flow Morton, Douglas M., 2001, Geologic map of the models: Proceedings of the 8th National Outdoor Sunnymead 7½-minute Quadrangle, Riverside County, Action Conference & Exposition, Ground Water California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01- Management, vol. 18, p. 327-343. The study area is 450, map scale 1:24,000. www.usgs.gov the Moreno Valley. Morton, Douglas M., 1972, Geology of the Lakeview-Perris Magistrale, Harold, and Sanders, C., 1996, Evidence from 7½-minute quadrangle, Riverside County, California: precise earthquake hypocenters for segmentation of the California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 19, map scale San Andreas Fault in San Gorgonio Pass: Journal of 1:24,000. Geophysical Research, vol. 101, p. 3031–3044. Morton, Douglas M., 1977, Surface deformation in part of the Maison, Bruce F., and Ventura, Carlos E., 1992, Seismic San Jacinto Valley, southern California: Journal of analysis of base-isolated San Bernardino County building: Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 5, no. 1, EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 605-633. p. 117-124. One of the first base-isolated buildings that was subsequently instrumented Morton, Douglas M., Matti, Jonathan C., and Tinsley, by the California Strong-Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) is the John C., 1987, Banning Fault, Cottonwood Canyon, San Law & Justice Center building in Rancho Cucamonga. This CSMIP station Gorgonio Pass, southern California: Geological Society of has captured several notable earthquakes including 1986 Whittier Narrows America, Centennial Field Guide, Cordilleran Section, and 1992 Landers. Matti, Jonathan C., Morton, Douglas M. and Cox, Brett F., §42, p. 191–192. 1992, The San Andreas fault system in the vicinity of the Morton, Douglas M., Alvarez, R.M., and Campbell, Russell H., central Transverse Ranges province, southern California: 2003, Preliminary soil–slip susceptibility maps, U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 92–354, 62 p. southwestern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open– Matti, Jonathan C., Brown, Howard J., Miller, Fred K., File Report 03–17. Wrucke, Chester T., Calzia, James P., Conway, Clay M., Morton, Douglas M., and Matti, Jonathan C., 1990, Geologic 1993, Preliminary geologic map of the north–central map of the Devore 7½–minute quadrangle, San Bernardino San Bernardino Mountains, California: U.S. Geological County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Survey Open–File Report 93–544, 9 page text, 61 Report 90–695, 10 page text, map scale 1:24,000. references, map scale 1:100,000. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 261 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Morton, Douglas M., and Matti, Jonathan C., 1989, A vanished Sadler, Peter M., and Morton, Douglas M., editors, 1989, late Pliocene to early Pleistocene alluvial-fan complex in the Landslides in a semi–arid environment, with emphasis on northern Perris Block, southern California, in Colburn, I.P., the inland valleys of southern California: Inland Geological Abbott, P.L., and Minch, J.A., editors, Conglomerates in Society and University of California, Riverside, vol. 2, Basin Analysis, the A.O. Woodford memorial volume: 29 papers, 386 p. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Sadler, Peter M., Kooser, Marilyn A., Renfrew, James M., Pacific Section SEPM, vol. 62, p. 73-80. Hillenbrand, John M., 1989, Conglomerates and the Morton, Douglas M., and Miller, Fred K., 2003, Preliminary reconstruction of strike-slip fault zones; lessons from the geologic map of the San Bernardino 30×60–minute Transverse Ranges, southern California, in Colburn, I.P., Abbott, quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File P.L., and Minch, J.A., editors, Conglomerates in Basin Analysis, Report 03–293, version 1.0; map scale 1:100,000, the A.O. Woodford memorial volume: Society of Economic five sheets, including description of petrologic map units Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section SEPM, and bibliographic citations. vol. 62, p. 33-52. This is one of the most significant regional geologic maps ever produced for Seeber, Leonardo and Armbruster, J.G., 1995, The San Andreas the rapidly growing Inland Empire. The corners of this map are Fault system through the Transverse Ranges as illuminated approximately: by earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, SE corner ≈ Yuciapa, Redlands; SW corner ≈ Hacienda Heights, West Covina, Monrovia; no. B5, p. 8285–8310. NW corner ≈ Little Rock, Pearblossom; Spotila, James A., House, Martha A., Blythe, Ann E., NE corner ≈ Lucerne Valley. Niemi, Nathan A., and Bank, Gregory C., 2002, Controls on The center of USGS OFR 03-293 is the Blue Cut in Cajon Pass. This USGS the erosion and geomorphic evolution of the San Bernardino map is highly relevant to Monrovia, Azusa, Baldwin Park, San Dimas, LaVerne, Glendora, Pomona, Claremont, Covina, Ontario, Chino, Jurupa and San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, in Barth, Hills, Rancho Cucamonga, Colton, Rialto, Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Andrew, editor, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Highland, Redlands, Yucaipa, Grand Terrace, Loma Linda, Wrightwood, Southwestern United States ― the Perry Lawrence Ehlig Valyermo, Phelan,and Lucerne Valley ― areas of rapid growth with memorial volume: Geological Society of America, abundant geologic hazards. Morton & Miller (2003) is recommended as a point-of-departure for all engineering geology reports in the Inland Empire. Special Paper 365, p. 205–230. This digital map can be readily extracted to a convenient page-size Spotila, James A., Farley, Kenneth A., and Sieh, Kerry E., illustration. USGS OFR 03-293 can be downloaded for free, so it can be 1998, Uplift and erosion of the San Bernardino Mountains, conveniently used in consulting engineerng geology and seismology work associated with transpression along the San Andreas Fault, for the Inland Empire. California, as constrained by radiogenic helium Norton-Hehn, Victoria, MacFadden, Bruce J., Albright, L.Barry, and Woodburne, Michael O., 1996, Magnetic polarity, thermochronometry: Tectonics, vol. 17, p. 360–378. stratigraphy, and possible differential tectonic rotation of the Spotila, James A. and Sieh, Kerry E., 2000, Architecture of Miocene-Pliocene mammal-bearing San Timoteo Badlands, transpressional thrust faulting in the San Bernardino southern California: Earth & Planetary Science Letters, vol. Mountains, southern California, from deformation of a 141, no. 1-4, p. 35-49. deeply weathered surface: Tectonics, vol. 19, no. 4, Park, Stephen K., Pendergraft, Darin, Stephenson, William J., p. 589–615. Shedlock, Kaye M., and Lee, Tien Chang, 1995, Delineation Spotila, James A., and Anderson, Kevin B., 2004, Fault of intrabasin structure in a dilational jog of the San Jacinto interaction at the junction of the Transverse Ranges and the Fault Zone, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Eastern California Shear Zone: a case study of intersecting Research, vol. 100, no. B-1, p. 691-702. faults: Tectonophysics, vol. 379, issues 1-4, 13 February Powell, Robert E., Weldon, Ray J., II, and Matti, Jonathan C., 2004, p. 43-60. Evaluates the Pipes Creek fault, the Helendale fault, the editors, 1993, The San Andreas fault system: displacement, eastern corner of the North Frontal Fault System, and the neotectonics of palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: the northeastern San Bernardino Mountains. Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, 10 papers, Spotila, James A., Farley, Kenneth A., Yule, J. Douglas, and 8 plates in map case, 332 p. Reiners, Peter W., 2001, Near–field transpressive Proctor, Richard James, Geologic features of a section across the deformation along the San Andreas fault zone in southern Casa Loma Fault (a branch of the San Jacinto Fault), exposed in California, based on exhumation constrained by (U–Th) / He an aqueduct trench near San Jacinto, California: Bulletin of the dating: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 106, Geological Society of America, vol. 73, no. 10, p. 1293-1295. no. B–12, p. 30909 to 30922. Reynolds, Robert E., and Reeder, Wessly A., 1986, Age and fossil Indicates vertical exumation of Yucaipa Ridge at rate of ≈ 5 to 7 mm/year assemblages of the San Timoteo Formation, Riverside County, and total exumation of ≈ 3 to 6 km since 1.8 Ma. California, in Kooser, M.A., and Reynolds, R.E., editors, Stephenson, William J., Odum, J.K., Williams, R.A., and Geology around the Margins of the eastern San Bernardino Anderson, M.L., 2002, Delineation of faulting and basin Mountains: Publications of the Inland Geological Society, vol. 1, geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized p. 51-56. San Bernardino Valley, California: Bulletin of the The San Timoteo Badlands on the northeastern side of Moreno Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 6, Valley contain a rich faunal assemblage. Also refer to the August 2002 issue, p. 2504–2520. paleontology report by Albright (1999). Rymer, Michael J., 2000, Triggered slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 4, p. 832–848. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 262 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Streit, Jürgen E., 1999, Conditions for earthquake surface rupture along the San Andreas Fault system, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–8, August 10, 1999 issue, p. 17,929 to 17,939. Emphasis on the bends in the fault azimuth in the San Bernardino Valley area as the probable location for future large earthquakes. Toppozada, T.R., Borchardt, G., Hallstrom, C., Johnson, C., Per, R., and Lagario, H. 1993, Planning scenario for a major earthquake on the San Jacinto fault, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 102, 219 p. Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. Weldon, Ray J., and Sieh, Kerry E., 1985, Holocene rate of slip and tentative recurrence interval for large earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault, Cajon Pass, southern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 96, no. 6, p. 793– 812. Wells, Stephen G., Connell, S.D., and Williamson, T.N., 1994, Soil development in valley floor deposits along the southern margin of the San Timoteo Badlands, Riverside County, California, in McGill, S.F., and Ross, T.M., editors, Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section annual meeting, Guidebook 27, p. 140-146. Williams, Patrick L, Sykes, Lynn R., Nicholson, Craig, and Seeber, Leonardo, 1990, Seismotectonics of the easternmost Transverse Ranges, California: relevance for seismic potential of the southern San Andreas Fault: Tectonics: vol. 9, p. 185–204. Yule, J. Douglas, and Sieh, Kerry E., 2003, Complexities of the San Andreas fault near San Gorgonio Pass: implications for large earthquakes: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–11, published on the web November 29, 2003, p. 2545; www.agu.org doi: 10.1029/2001JB00451, 2003. Yule, J. Douglas, Fumal, Thomas, McGill, Sally F., and Seitz, Gordon G., 2001, Active tectonics and paleosiesmic record of the San Andreas Fault, Wrightwood to Indio, in Dunne, George, and Cooper, John, editors, 2001, Geologic excursions in the California deserts and adjacent Transverse Ranges: Society for Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Pacific Section, Book #88, 126 p.; field trip #4, p. 91–126.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 263 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Western Transverse Ranges & Ridge Basin Dibblee, Thomas W. Jr., 1966, Geology of the central Santa (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California: marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) California Geological Survey Bulletin 186, 99 p., 4 plates, 9 figures, 25 photographs; geologic maps include the Little Pine Mountain, Hildreth Peak, Santa Barbara, and Anderson, J. Lawford, Osborne, Robert H., and Carpinteria Quadrangles. Updated editions of these colored Palmer, Donald F., 1983, Cataclastic rocks of the San geologic maps can be obtained from the Dibblee Foundation. Gabriel Fault; an expression of deformation at deeper crustal Although out-of-print, the text of Bulletin 186 can be reviewed at university libraries. levels in the San Andreas Fault zone: Tectonophysics, Dolan, James F., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 2001, vol. 98, no. 3–4, p. 209–251. Paleoseismologic evidence for a very large (Mw>7), post– Azor, Antonio, Keller, Edward A., and Yeats, Robert S., 2002, AD 1660 surface rupture on the eastern San Cayetano Fault, Geomorphic indicators of active fold growth: South Ventura County, California: was this the elusive source of Mountain–Oak Ridge anticline, Ventura Basin, southern the damaging 21 December 1812 Earthquake? Bulletin of California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, no. 6, vol. 114, no. 6, June 2002 issue, p. 745–753. December 2001 issue, p. 1417–1432. Baldwin, John N., Kelson, Keith I, and Randolph, Carolyn E., Duebendorfer, Ernest M., and Meyer, Karin L., 2002, 2000, Late Quaternary deformation along the Northridge penetrative strain at shallow crustal levels: the role of Hills Fault, Northridge, California: deformation coincident pressure solution in accommodating regional shortening with past Northridge blind–thrust earthquakes and other strain, Ventura basin, western Transverse Ranges, nearby structures? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of California, in Barth, Andrew, editor, Contributions to America, vol. 90, no. 3, June 2000 issue, p. 629–642. Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern United States – the Blythe, Ann E., Burbank, Douglas W., Farley, Kenneth A., and Perry Lawrence Ehlig memorial volume: Geological Fielding, Eric J., 2000, Structure and topographic evolution Society of America, Special Paper 365, p. 295–314. of the central Transverse Ranges, California, from apatite Ehlig, Perry L., 1981, Origin and tectonic history of the fission–track, (U–Th / He), and digital elevation model basement terrane of the San Gabriel Mountains, central analysis: Basin Research, vol. 12, p. 97–114. Transverse Ranges, in Ernst, W. Gary, editor, Bohannon, Rober G., and Howell, David G., 1982, Kinematic The Geotectonic Development of California – evolution of the junction of the San Andreas, Garlock, and Rubey volume 1: Prentice–Hall, Inc., p. 253–283. Big Pine faults, California: Geology, vol. 10, no. 7, Fife, Donald L., and Minch, John A., editors, 1982, Geology July 1982 issue, p. 358–363. and mineral wealth of the California Transverse Ranges – Crowell, John C. and Dreisbach, Daniel L., editors, 2003, the Mason Lowell Hill memorial volume: Southcoast Evolution of Ridge Basin, southern California: an interplay Geological Society, Guidebook #10, 699 p. of sedimentation and tectonics: Geological Society of Fisher, Michael A., Greene, H. Gary, Normark, William R., and America, Special Paper 367, 247 p. Sliter, Ray W., 2005, Neotectonics of the offshore Oak Crowell, John C., 2003, Tectonics of Ridge Basin region, Ridge Fault near Ventura, southern California: Bulletin of southern California, in Crowell, John C., editor, Evolution the Seismological Society of America, vol 95, no. 2, of Ridge Basin, southern California: an interplay of April 2005 edition, p. 739-744. sedimentation and tectonics: Geological Society of Fitzenz, D.D., and Miller, S.A., 2004, New insights on stress America, Special Paper 367, p. 157-203. rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas Crowell, John C., and Link, Martin H., editors, 1982, Geologic fault system near its Big Bend in southern California: history of the Ridge Basin, southern California: American AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 109, Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, no. B08404, published by AGU on 11 August 2004. 33 papers, 304 p. Fritsche, A. Eugene, 1998, Miocene paleogeography of Crook, Richard, Jr., Allen, Clarence R., Kamb, Barclay, southwestern California and its implications regarding basin Payne, C. Marshall, and Proctor, Richard J., 1987, terminology: International Geology Review, vol. 40, Quaternary geology and seismic hazard of the Sierra Madre p. 452-470. and associated faults, western San Gabriel Mountains, Fuis, Gary S., Ryberg, T., Lutter, W.J., and Ehlig, Perry L., in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Transverse Ranges, 2001, Seismic mapping of shallow fault zones in the California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper San Gabriel Mountains from the Los Angeles Region 1339, p. 27–63, and six geologic maps of the Sierra Madre Seismic Experiment, southern California: Journal of and Raymond Faults, plates 2.1 to 2.6, scale 1:24,000. Geophysical Research, vol. 106, no. B4, April 10, 2001 issue, p. 6549–6568. Contains a geological cross–section from the LARSE Experiment through the crust from Whittier, through Azusa, through the San Gabriel River drainage and through Pallet Creek area to the Mojave Block. New insights on the deep structure of the Vincent Thrust Fault. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 264 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Godfrey, Nicola J., Fuis, Gary S., Langenheim, Victoria, Levi, S., and Yeats, Robert S., 2003, Paleomagnetic definition Okaya, David A., and Brocher, Thomas M., 2002, Lower of crustal fragmentation and Quaternary block rotations in crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, the east Ventura Basin and the San Fernando Valley, southern California: results from the Los Angeles Regional southern California: AGU Tectonics, vol. 22, no. 5, Seismic Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research, published on–line by AGU on 30 Oct 2003. vol. 107, no. B–7, July 2002 issue, p. 8–1 to 8–18. The 1994 Defines new tectonic domains: Magic Mountain, LARSE experiment by USGS and SCEC indicates ≈36 km of north–south Merrick Syncline, Van Norman Lake, and Soledad Canyon. crustal shortening at a rate of ≈7 mm/year across the central Transverse Link, Martin H., 2003, Depositional systems and sedimentary Ranges, if compression began when the Big Bend formed ~5 Ma. However, facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ridge Basin Group, Ridge if the north–south compression began when the Transverse Ranges formed Basin, southern California, in Crowell, John C., editor, at 3.4 to 3.9 Ma, then the compression rate was ≈9.2 to 10.6 mm/year. Gratier, J.P., Hopps, T., Sorlien, C., and Wright, Thomas, 1999, Evolution of Ridge Basin, southern California: an interplay Recent crustal deformation in southern California deduced of sedimentation and tectonics: Geological Society of from the restoration of folded and faulted strata: Journal of America, Special Paper 367, p. 17-87. Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–3, March 10, 1999 Link, Martin H., 1975, Matilija Sandstone: a transition from issue, p. 4887–4899. deep–water turbidite to shallow–marine deposition in the Grove, Martin, Jacobson, Carl E., Barth, Andrew P., and Eocene of California: SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Vucic, Ana, 2003, Temporal and spatial trends of Late Petrology, vol. 45, p. 63–78. Cretaceous – early Tertiary underplating of Pelona and Link, Martin H., and Welton, J.E., 1982, Sedimentology and related schist beneath southern California and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone: an Eocene sand– southwestern Arizona, in Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., rich deep–sea fan and shallow–marine complex, California: Fletcher, J.M., Girty, G.H., Kimbrough, D.L., and Martin- Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Barajas, A., editors, Tectonic evolution of northwestern Geologists, vol. 66, p. 1514–1534. Mexico and southwestern USA; the R. Gordon Gastil Lutter, William J., Fuis, Gary S., Thurber, Clifford H., and volume: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 374, Murphy, Janice, 1999, Tomographic images of the upper p. 381 – 406. crust from the Los Angeles basin to the Mojave Desert, Hagar, Bradford H., Lyzenga, Gregory A., Donnellan, Andrea, California: results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic and Dong, Danan, 1999, Reconciling rapid strain Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, accumulation with deep seismogenic fault planes in the no. B–11, November 10, 1999 issue, p. 25,543 ― 25,565. Ventura basin, California: Journal of Geophysical Lutter, William J., Fuis, Gary S., Ryberg, T., Okaya, D.A., Research, vol. 104, no. B–11, November 10, 1999 issue, Clayton, Robert W., Davis, Paul M., and ten others, 2004, p. 25,207 to 25,219. Upper crustal structure from the Santa Monica Mountains to Hauksson, Egill, 1994, The 1991 Sierra Madre Earthquake the Sierra Nevada: tomographic results from the Los sequence in southern California: seismological and tectonic Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment, Phase II analysis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, (LARSE II): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of vol. 84, no. 4, August 1994 issue, p. 1058–1074. America, vol. 94, no. 2, April 2004 issue, p. 619–632. Houseman, Gregory A., Neil, Emily A., and Kohler, Matmon, Ari, Schwartz, David P., Finkel, R., Clemmens, S., Monica D., 2000, Lithospheric instability beneath the and Hanks, Thomas C., 2005, Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault using cosmogenic Transverse Ranges of California: Journal of Geophysical 26 10 Research, vol. 105, no. B–7, July 10, 2000 issue, p. 16,237 Al and Be: Geological Society of American Bulletin, to 16,250. vol. 117, no. 5/6, May/June 2005 issue, p. 795-807. The field area is at Little Rock Creek, southeast of Palmdale. Jacobson, Carl E., 1997, Metamorphic convergence of the May, D.J., and Walker, N.W., 1989, Juxtaposition of upper and lower plates of the Vincent thrust, San Gabriel metamorphic terranes in the southeastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern California: Journal of Metamorphic Mountains, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Petrology, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 155-165. America, vol. 101, p. 1246-1276. Kellogg, Karl S., and Minor, Scott, A., 2005, Pliocene McCulloh, Thane H., Beyer, Larry A., and Morin, Ronald W., transpressional modification of depositional basins by 2002, Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive convergent thrusting adjacent to the “Big Bend” of the San complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, Andreas Fault ― an example from Lockwood Valley, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse California: AGU Tectonics, vol. 24, paper TC1004, 12 p., published by AGU on-line January 26, 2005. Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Kohler, Monica D., 1999, Lithospheric deformation benearth Paper 1649, 34 p. download from: the San Gabriel Mountains in the southern California http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1649 Transverse Ranges: Journal of Geophysical Research, Meltzner, Aron J., and Rockwell,Thomas K., 2004, The Tejon vol. 104, no. B–7, p. 15,025 to 15,041. Pass earthquake of 22 October 1916: an M 5.6 event on the Lockwood Valley and San Andreas Faults, southern Califonria: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 4, August 2004 issue, p. 1293-1304. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 265 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Morton, Douglas M., and Miller, Fred K., 2003, Preliminary Rockwell, Thomas K., 1988, Neotectonics of the San Cayetano geologic map of the San Bernardino 30×60–minute Fault, Transverse Ranges, California: Bulletin of the quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Geological Society of America, vol. 100, p. 500–513. Report 03–293, version 1.0; map scale 1:100,000, Rockwell, Thomas K., Keller, Edward A. Clark, M.N., and five sheets, including description of petrologic map units Johnson, Donald L., 1984, Chronology and rates of faulting and bibliographic citations. of Ventura River terraces: Bulletin of the Geological This is one of the most significant regional geologic maps ever produced for Society of America, vol. 95, p. 1466–1474. the rapidly growing Inland Empire. The corners of this map are Ryberg, Trond, and Fuis, Gary S., 1998, The San Gabriel approximately: SE corner ≈ Yuciapa, Redlands; Mountains bright reflective zone: possible evidence of SW corner ≈ Hacienda Heights, West Covina, Monrovia; young mid–crustal thrust faulting in southern California: NW corner ≈ Little Rock, Pearblossom; Tectonophysics, vol. 286, p. 31–46. NE corner ≈ Lucerne Valley. Savage, James C., and Lisowski, Mark, 1998, The center of USGS OFR 03-293 is the Blue Cut in Cajon Pass. This USGS Viscoelastic coupling model of the San Andreas Fault along map is highly relevant to Monrovia, Azusa, Baldwin Park, San Dimas, LaVerne, Glendora, Pomona, Claremont, Covina, Ontario, Chino, Jurupa the big bend, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Hills, Rancho Cucamonga, Colton, Rialto, Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Research, vol. 103, no. B–4, April 10, 1998 issue, Highland, Redlands, Yucaipa, Grand Terrace, Loma Linda, Wrightwood, p. 7281 - 7292. Valyermo, Phelan,and Lucerne Valley ― areas of rapid growth with Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and abundant geologic hazards. Morton & Miller (2003) is recommended as a Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on point-of-departure for all engineering geology reports in the Inland Empire. This digital map can be readily extracted to a convenient page-size the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, illustration. USGS OFR 03-293 can be downloaded for free, so it can be issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. conveniently used in consulting engineerng geology and seismology work Wright, Thomas L., and Yeats, Robert S., editors, 1991, for the Inland Empire. Geology and tectonics of the San Fernando Valley and east Morton, Douglas M., and Matti, Jonathan C., 1987, Ventura Basin, California: American Association of The Cucamonga Fault zone ― geologic setting and Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, 14 papers, 224 p. Quaternary history, in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Yeats, Robert S., 1987, Late Cenozoic structure of the Santa Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey Susana Fault zone, in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Professional Paper 1339, p. 179―203, and geologic map of Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey the Cucamonga Fault, plate 12.1, scale 1:24,000. Professional Paper 1339, p. 137–160, and plate 9.1, scale Morton, Douglas M., 1973, Geology of parts of the Azusa and 1:24,000. Mount Wilson quadrangles, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Yeats, Robert S., and Stitt, Leonard T., 2003, Ridge Basin Angeles County, California: California Geological Survey, and San Gabriel Fault in the Castaic lowland, southern Special Report 105, 21 p., map scale 1:12,000. California, in Crowell, John C., editor, Evolution of Ridge (covers the Sierra Madre – Monrovia – Duarte – Bradbury – Azusa Basin, southern California: an interplay of sedimentation foothill areas along the Sierra Madre fault zone) and tectonics: Geological Society of America, Special Morton, Douglas M., and others, 1969, Preliminary Paper 367, p. 131-156. reconnaissance map of major landslides, San Gabriel Yeats, Robert S., Lee, William H.K., and Yerkes, Robert F., Mountains, Los Angeles County, California: California 1987, Geology and seismicity of the eastern Red Mountain Geological Survey Map Sheet 15, map scale 1:62,500. Fault, Ventura County, in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Nourse, Jonathan A., 2002, Middle Miocene reconstruction of Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey the central and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern Professional Paper 1339, p. 161–167. California, with implications for evolution of the San Yerkes, Robert F., Sarna–Wojcicki, Andre M., and Lajoie, Gabriel Fault and Los Angeles basin, in Barth, Andrew, Kenneth R., 1987, Geology and Quaternary deformation of editor, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the the Ventura area, in Recent Reverse Faulting in the Southwestern United States – the Perry Lawrence Ehlig Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey memorial volume: Geological Society of America, Special Professional Paper 1339, p. 169–178, and plate 11.1, scale Paper 365, p. 161–185 1:24,000. Powell, Robert E., Weldon, Ray J., II, and Matti, Jonathan C., Zhu, Lupei, 2000, Crustal structure across the San Andreas editors, 1993, The San Andreas fault system: displacement, Fault, southern California, from teleseismic converted palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: waves: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 179, Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, 10 papers, issue 1, 15 June 2000, p. 183-190. Analysis of the Moho 8 plates in map case, 332 p. upwarp under the San Gabriel Mountains.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 266 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Mojave Desert Enzel, Y., Wells, Stephen G., and Lancaster, Nicholas, editors, (There are few hospitals and public schools in this geomorphic 2003, Paleoenvironments and paleohydrogeology of the province, so this is necessarily an abbreviated and concise list. There Mojave and southern Great Basin deserts, the Robert P. are several thousand geology reports for this province. It is Sharp volume: Geological Society of America, Special recommended to use the AGI GeoRef database to find additional Paper 368, 249 p. geology and seismology references for the Mojave Desert. Especially Enzel, Y., Wells, Stephen G., and Lancaster, Nicholas, 2003, useful references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) Late Pleistocene lakes along the Mojave River, southeastern California, in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the Bortugno, Edward J., and Spittler, Thomas E., compilers, 1986, Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin deserts, California, Geologic map of the San Bernardino quadrangle: California the Robert P. Sharp volume: Geological Society of Geological Survey, RGM Map 3, Regional Geologic Map America Special Paper 368, p. 61 - 77. Series, 5 map sheets, scale 1:250,000. Evans, James R., and others, 1975, Carbonate rock resources of Burchfiel, B.C., and Davis, Gregory A., 1981, Mojave Desert the Striped Mountain area, San Bernardino County, and environs, in Ernst, W. Gary, editor, The Geotectonic California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 25, Development of California – Rubey volume 1: Prentice– map scale 1:12,000. Hall, Inc., p. 217–252. Fedo, Christopher M., and Cooper, John D., 2001, Clary, Michael R., 1967, Geology the eastern part of the Clark Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of Neoproterozoic Mountain Range, San Bernardino County, California: and units across a craton-margin hinge zone, California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 6, scale 1:24,000. southeastern California, and implications for the early Cole, Jennifer M., Rasbury, E. Troy, Montanez, Isabel P., evolution of the Cordilleran margin: Sedimentary Geology, Pedone, Vicki A., Lanzirotti, Antonio, and Hanson, Gilbert vols. 141-142, 1 June 2001, p. 501-522. N., 2004, Petrographic and trace element analysis of Fife, Donald L., and Brown, Arthur R., editors, 1980, uranium-rich tufa calcite, middle Miocene Barstow Geology and mineral wealth of the California desert ― Formation, California, USA: Sedimentology, vol. 51, no. 3, the Thomas Wilson Dibblee memorial volume: Southcoast p. 433-453. www.blackwell-synergy.com Geological Society, Field Trip Guidebook #8, 555 p. Cox, Brett, F., Hillhouse, John W., and Owen, Lewis A., Freed, Andrew M., and Bürgmann, Roland, 2004, Evidence of 2003, Pliocene and Pleistocene evolution of the Mojave power―law flow in the Mojave Desert mantle: Nature, Desert, and associated tectonic development of the vol. 430, published July 29, 2004, p. 548–551. Transverse Ranges and Mojave Desert, based on borehole Gan, W., Zhang, P., Shen, Z.K., Prescott, William H. and stratigraphy studies and mapping of landforms and Svarc, J.L., 2003, Initiation of deformation of the Eastern sediments near Victorville, California, in Enzel, Y., California Shear Zone: constraints from Garlock fault Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, Paleoenvironments geometry and GPS observations: Geophysical Research and paleohydrology of the Mojave Desert and southern Letters, vol. 30, no. 10, published by AGU on May 17, Great Basin deserts, California, the Robert P. Sharp volume: 2003, p. 3–1 to 3–4. Geological Society of America Special Paper 368, p. 1 - 42. Glazner, Allen F., Walker, J.D., and Bartley, J.M., editors, Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1967, Areal geology of the western 2003, Geologic evolution of the Mojave Desert and Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey southwestern Basin and Range: Geological Society of Professional Paper 522, 152 p. (out–of–print, but classic America, Memoir 195, 16 papers, CD–ROM with ten regional study) detailed geologic maps, 299 p, regional geologic map of the Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1968, Geology of the Fremont Peak Mojave block at scale 1:250,000. and Opal Mountain Quadrangles, California: California Hauksson, Egil, Jones, Lucile M., and Hutton, Kate, 2002, Geological Survey Bulletin 188, 64 p., 4 plates, 4 figures, The 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California Earthquake 50 photographs; geologic maps at scale 1:62,500. These two sequence: complex conjugate strike–slip faulting: Bulletin quadrangles are located between Boron and Barstow in the western Mojave Desert. of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 4, Eggers, Margaret R., editor, 2004, Mining history and geology of May 2002 dedicated BSSA issue on the 1999 Hector Mine Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino and Riverside Earthquake, p. 1154–1170. Counties, California: San Diego Association of Geologists, Jefferson, George T., 2003, Stratigraphy and paleontology of 128 p. the middle to late Pleistocene Manix Formation, and Eppes, Martha C., McDonald, E.V., and McFadden, Leslie D., paleoenvironemnts of the central Mojave River, southern 2003, Soil geomorphology studies in the Mojave Desert: California, in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., impacts of Quaternary tectonics, climate, and rock type on editors, Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the soils, landscapes, and plant community, in Easterbrook, Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin deserts, California, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology of the United States: the Robert P. Sharp volume: Geological Society of America Geological Society of America, INQUA 2003 Field Trip Special Paper 368, p. 43 - 60. Guide Volume, §4, p. 105-122. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 267 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Harvey, Adrian M., and Wells, Stephen G., 2003, Late Nagy, Elizabeth A., and Murray, Bruce, 1996, Plio-Pleistocene Quaternary variations in alluvial fan sedimentologic and deposits adjacent to the Manix Fault: implications for the geomorphic processes, Soda Lake basin, eastern Mojave history of the Mojave River and Transverse Ranges uplift: Desert, California, in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Sedimentary Geology, vol. 103, issues 1&2, May 1996 Lancaster, N., editors, Paleoenvironments and issue, p. 9 - 21. paleohydrology of the Mojave Desert and southern Oskin, Michael E., and Iriondo, Alex, 2004, Large – magnitude Great Basin deserts, California, the Robert P. Sharp volume: transient strain accumulation on the Blackwater fault, Geological Society of America Special Paper 368, Eastern California Shear Zone: GSA Geology, vol. 32, p. 207 - 230. no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 313 – 316. Lancaster, Nicholas, and Tchakerian, V.P., 2003, Late Peltzer, Gilles, Rosen, Paul, Rogex, Francois, and Hudnut, Quaternary eolian dynamics, Mojave Desert, California, Kenneth, 1998, Poroelastic rebound along the Landers 1992 in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, earthquake surface rupture: Journal of Geophysical Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the Mojave Research, vol. 103, no. B–12, December 10, 1998 issue, Desert and southern Great Basin deserts, California, the p. 30,131 - 30,145. Robert P. Sharp volume: Geological Society of America Plescia, Jeffrey B., and Henyey, Thomas L., 1982, Geophysical Special Paper 368, p. 231 - 249. character of the proposed eastern extension of the Garlock Li, Y.G., Henyey, Thomas L., and Silver, Leon T., 1992, fault and adjacent areas, eastern California: Geology, Aspects of the crustal structure of the western Mojave vol. 10, no. 4, April 1982 issue, p. 209–214. Desert, California, from seismic reflection and gravity data: Rockwell, Thomas K., Lindvall, Scott, Herzberg, M., Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no B–6, June 10, Murbach, Diane, Dawson, Thomas, and Berger, G., 2000, 1992 issue, p. 8805–8816. Paleoseismology of the Johnson Valley, Kickapoo, and Matmon, Ari, Schwartz, David P., Finkel, R., Clemmens, S., Homestead Valley Faults: clustering of earthquakes in and Hanks, Thomas C., 2005, Dating offset fans along the the Eastern California Shear Zone: Bulletin of the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault using cosmogenic Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 5, 26Al and 10Be: Geological Society of American Bulletin, p. 1200–1236. vol. 117, no. 5/6, May/June 2005 issue, p. 795-807. Serpa, Laura, and Dokka, Roy K., 1992, Geometry of the The field area is at Little Rock Creek, southeast of Palmdale. Garlock Fault zone based on seismic relocation data: McDonald, Eric V., McFadden, Leslie D., and Wells, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. B–11, Stephen G., 2003, Regional response of alluvial fans to the October 10, 1992 issue, p. 15,297 to 15,306. Pleistocene - Holocene climatic transition, Mojave Desert, Sieh, Kerry E., Jones, Lucile M., Hauksson, E., Hudnut, California, in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., Kenneth W., and 16 others, 1993, Near–field investigations editors, Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the of the Landers earthquake sequence, April to July 1992: Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin deserts, California, AAAS Science, vol. 260, p. 171–176. the Robert P. Sharp volume: Geological Society of America Spotila, James A., and Anderson, Kevin B., 2004, Fault Special Paper 368, p. 189 – 205. interaction at the junction of the Transverse Ranges and the McGill, Sally F., and Ross, Timothy M., editors, 1994, Eastern California Shear Zone: a case study of intersecting Geological investigations of an active margin Geological faults: Tectonophysics, vol. 379, issues 1-4, 13 February Society of America, Cordilleran Section Guidebook, 2004, p. 43-60. Evaluates the Pipes Creek fault, the Helendale 27th annual meeting, San Bernardino, and the San fault, the eastern corner of the North Frontal Fault System, and the Bernardino County Museum Association, 16 papers, 364 p. neotectonics of the northeastern San Bernardino Mountains. McGill, Sally F., and Rockwell, Thomas K., 1998, Ages of late Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and Holocene earthquakes on the central Garlock Fault near Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on El Paso Peaks, California: Journal of Geophysical the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, Research, vol. 103, no. B–4, April 10, 1998 issue, p. 7265 to issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. 7279. Wells, Stephen G., Brown, William J., Enzel, Yehouda, McGill, Sally F., and Rubin, Charles M., 1999, Surficial slip Anderson, Roger Y., and McFadden, Leslie D., 2003, distribution on the central Emerson Fault during the June 28, Late Quaternary geology and paleohydrology of pluvial 1992, Landers Earthquake, California: Journal of Lake Mojave, southern California, in Enzel, Y., Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–3, March 10, 1999 Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, Paleoenvironments issue, p. 4811–4833. and paleohydrology of the Mojave Desert and southern Meek, Norman, 1989, Geomorphic and hydrologic implications Great Basin deserts, California, the Robert P. Sharp of the rapid incision of Afton Canyon, Mojave Desert, volume: Geological Society of America Special Paper 368, California: Geology, vol. 17, p. 7-10. p. 79 – 114. Meek, Norman, and Battles, D.A., 1991, Displacement along the Manix Fault: California Geology, vol. 44, no. 2, February 1991 issue, p. 33 - 38.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 268 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Cleveland, George B., 1961, Economic geology of the Long Basin & Range Province Valley diatomaceous earth deposit, Mono County, California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 1, There are few hospitals and public schools in this geomorphic map scale 1:31,250. province, so this is necessarily an abbreviated and concise list. There Danskin, Wesley R., 1998, Evaluation of the hydrologic are several thousand geology reports for the Basin & Range province. system and selected water-management alternatives in the It is recommended to use the AGI GeoRef database to find additional Owens Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey geology and seismology references. Especially useful references are Water-Supply Paper 2370-H, 175 p., 3 map plates, 15 tables, marked with a star symbol to assist the reader. 35 figures, $24.00. www.usgs.gov Danskin, Wesley R., Hollett, Kenneth J., McCaffrey, William F., and Walti, Caryl L., 1991, Geology and water resources of Owens Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Anderson, Diana E., and Wells, Stephen G., 2003, Latest Water-Supply Paper 2370-B, $8.00 Pleistocene lake highstands in Death Valley, California, Densmore, Alexander L., and Anderson, Robert S., 1997, in Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, Tectonic geomorphology of the Ash Hill fault, Panamint Paleoenvironments and paleohydrology of the Mojave Valley, California: Basin Research, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 53-63. Desert and southern Great Basin deserts, California, the Danskin, Wesley R., Hollett, Kenneth J., McCaffrey, William Robert P. Sharp volume: Geological Society of America F., and Walti, Caryl L., 1991, Geology and water resources of Special Paper 368, p. 115 - 128. the Owens Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Anderson, Kirk C., and Wells, Stephen G., 2003, Latest Water-Supply Paper 2370-B. Quaternary paleohydrology of Lake and Salt Spring Dickinson, William R., 2002, The Basin & Range Province as a basin, Silurian Valley, California, in Enzel, Y., composite extensional domain: : International Geology Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N., editors, Paleoenvironments Review, vol. 44, no. 1, January 2002 issue, p. 1-38. and paleohydrology of the Mojave Desert and southern < www.bellpub.com/igr > Great Basin deserts, California, the Robert P. Sharp Dunne, George C., and Walker, J. Douglas, 2004, Structure and volume: Geological Society of America Special Paper 368, evolution of the East Sierra thrust system, east-central p. 129 – 141. California: Tectonics, vol. 23, TC4012, published by AGU Beanland, Sarah, and Clark, Malcolm M., 1994, The Owens on 20 August 2004. www.agu.org Valley fault zone, eastern California, and surface faulting Fialko, Yuri, and Simons, Mark, 2000, Deformation and associated with the 1872 earthquake: U.S. Geological seismicity in the Coso geothermal area, Inyo County, Survey Bulletin 1982, 29 p. California: observations and modeling using satellite radar Briggs, Richard W., and Wesnousky, Steven G., 2004, interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 105, Late Pleistocene fault slip–rate, earthquake recurrence, and no. B–9, September 10, 2000 issue, p. 21,781 to 21,793. recency of slip along the Pyramid Lake fault zone, northern Gan, W., Svarc, J.L., Savage, James C., and Prescott, W.H., Walker Lane, United States: Journal of Geophysical 2000, Strain accumulation across the Eastern California Research, vol. 109, no. B08402, published on–line by AGU Shear Zone at latitude 36˚30’ N: Journal of Geophysical on August 9, 2004. Although Walker Lane is principally in Research, vol. 105, no. B–7, July 10, 2000 issue, p. 16,229 Nevada, this regional fault system has an effect on to 16, 236. neotectonics within the western portion of the Basin & Gath, Eldon M, and others, editors, 1987, Geology and Range Province that is within California. mineral wealth of the Owens Valley region, California: Brogan, George E., Kellogg, Karl S., Slemmons, D. Burton, Southcoast Geological Society, Field Trip Guidebook # 15, and Terhune, C.L., Late Quaternary faulting along the Death 179 p. Valley ― Furnace Creek Fault system, California and Hammond, William C., and Thatcher, Wayne, 2004, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1991, 23 p. Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range Bursik, Marcus, and Sieh, Kerry E., 1989, Range–front province, western United States: ten years of observation faulting and volcanism in the Mono Basin, eastern with the Global Positioning System: Journal of California: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 94, Geophysical Research, vol. 109, no. B08403, published no. B–11, p. 15,587–15,609. on–line by AGU on August 9, 2004. Chesterman, Charles W., Chapman, Rodger H., and Gray, Hearn, Elizabeth H., and Humphreys, Eugene D., 1998, Cliffton H., Jr., 1986, Geology and ore deposits of the Kinematics of the southern Walker Lane Belt and motion of Bodie Mining District, Mono County, California: California the central Sierra Nevada block, California: Journal of Geological Survey Bulletin 206, 35 p., 5 plates, 11 figures, Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B–11, p. 27, 033– 7 tables, and 17 photographs. 27,049. Chesterman, Charles W., and others, 1975, Geology of the Hershler, Robert, Madsen, David B., and Currey, Donald R., Bodie 15-minute Quadrangle, Mono County, California: editors, 2002, Great Basin aquatic systems history: California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 21, map scale Smithsonian Institution Press, Smithsonian Contributions to 1:48,000. (also see CGS Bulletin 206) the Earth Sciences, vol. 33, 405 p., 15 chapters. Chesterman, Charles W., 1973, Geology of the northeast quarter of the Shoshone Quadrangle, Inyo County, California: California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 18, map scale 1:24,000. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 269 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Hetzner, S., Richter, M., Rien, M., Spengler, T., and Nelson, Clemens A., 1997, The Bear Creek – Cottonwood Verleger, K., 1997, Climatic–ecological aspects of the arid igneous contact, southern White Mountains, California: American Southwest, with special emphasis on the White International Geology Review, vol. 39, no. 9, Mountains, California: International Geology Review, September 1997 issue, p. 855-860. < www.bellpub.com/igr > vol. 39, no. 11, November 1997 issue, p. 1010–1032. Pakiser, Louis C., Kane, M.F., and Jackson, W.H., 1964, Horton, Travis W., Sjostrom, Derek J., Abruzzese, Mark J., Structural geology and volcanism of the Owens Valley Poage, Michael A., Waldbauer, Jacob R., Hren, Michael, region, California: a geophysical study: U.S. Geological Wooden, Joseph, Chamberlain, C. Page, 2004, Survey Professional Paper 438, 68 p. Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface Park, Stephen K., and Wernicke, Brian, 2003, elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: Electrical conductivity images of Quaternary faults and American Journal of Science, vol. 304, no. 10, Tertiary detachments in the California Basin & Range: December 2004 issue, p. 862-888. AGU Tectonics, vol. 22, no. 4, 1030, doi: Horton, Stephen P., dePolo, Diane M., and Walter, William R., 10.1029/2001TC001324, 2003, published July 9, 2003. 1997, Source parameters and tectonic setting of the 1990 Pretti, Victoria A., and Stewart, Brian W., 2002, Solute sources Lee Vining, California, earthquake sequence: Bulletin of and chemical weathering in the Owens Lake watershed, the Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 4, August eastern California: AGU Water Resources Research, 1997 issue, p. 1035–1045. vol. 38, no. 8, Aug. 2002 issue, document Hollett, K.J., Danskin, W.R., McCaffrey, W.F., and Walti, C.L., ID#10.1029/2001WR0000370. 1991, Geology and water resources of the Owens Valley, Reheis, M., Redwine, J., Adams, K., Stine, Scott, Parker, K., California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper Negrini, R., Burke, R., Kurth, G., McGeehin, J., Paces, J., 2370, 77 p. Phillips, F., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., and Smoot, J., 2003, Humphreys, Eugene, Hessler, E., Dueker, K., Farmer, G.L., Pliocene to Holocene lakes in the western Great Basin: Erslev, E., and Atwater, Tanya, 2003, How Laramide-age new perspectives on paleoclimate, landscape dynamics, hydration of North America lithosphere by Farallon Slab tectonics, and paleodistribution of aquatic species, in controlled subsequent activity in the western United States: Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology of the International Geology Review, vol. 45, no. 7, July 2003 United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA 2003 issue, p. 575-595. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Field Trip Guide Volume, §7, p. 155-194. Kent, D.V., Hemming, S.R., and Turrin, B.D., 2002, Laschamp Seeley, Marc W., and West, Donald O., 1990, Approach to excursion at Mono Lake: Earth and Planetary Science geologic hazard zoning for regional planning, Inyo National Letters, vol. 197, issues 3&4, 15 April 2002, p. 151-164. Forest, California and Nevada: Bulletin of the Association The Laschamp geomagnetic excursion (circa 41 ka) and a related of Engineering Geologists, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 23–35. (covers increase of cosmogenic nuclides provides a global tie-point among engineering geology of northern Inyo County and Mono sedimentary and ice-core records. These geologists from Lamont- County within U.S. Forest Service lands). Doherty at Columbia University found the Laschamp excursion in Slemmons, D.Burton, 1995, Complications in making a section of the Wilson Creek Formation at Mono Lake. paleoseismic evaluations in the Basin and Range Province, Ketner, Keith B., 1998, The nature and timing of tectonism in western United States, in Serva, L., and Slemmons, D.B., the western facies terrain of Nevada and California ― editors, Perspectives in Paleoseismology: Association of an outline of evidence and interpretations derived from Engineering Geologists, Special Publication no. 6, geologic maps of key areas: U.S. Geological Survey, chapter 3, p. 18–33. Professional Paper 1592, download 276k file. Sharp, Robert P., and Glazner, Allen F., 1997, Geology Kylander-Clark, Andrew R.C., Coleman, Drew S., underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley: Mountain Glazner, Allen F., and Bartley, John M., 2005, Evidence for Press, 319 p. 65 km of dextral slip across Owens Valley, California, since Smoot, J.P., Litwin, R.J., Bischoff, J.L., and Lund, S.J., 2000, 83 Ma: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 117, Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and “tsunami” no. 7/8, July/August 2005 issue, p. 962-968. at Owens Lake, southeast California: Sedimentary Geology, Levy, D.B., Schramke, J.A., Esposito, K.J., Erickson, T.A., and vol. 135, no. 1-4, September 2000 issue, p. 241-254. Moore, J.C., 1999, The shallow groundwater chemistry of Stevens, Calvin H., Stone, Paul, Dunne, George C., Greene, arsenic fluorine, and major elements―eastern Owens Lake, David C., Walker, J.Douglas, and Swanson, Brian J., 1997, California: Applied Geochemistry, vol. 14, no. 1, Paleozoic and Mesozoic evolution of east-central California: January 1999 issue, p. 53-65. International Geology Review, vol. 39, no. 9, McAllister, James F., 1970, Geology of the Furnace Creek September 1997 issue, p. 788-829. < www.bellpub.com/igr > borate area, Death Valley, Inyo County, California: Stewart, John H., 1978, Basin Range structure in western North California Geological Survey Map Sheet 14, map scale America, a review: Geological Society of America, 1:24,000. Memoir 152, p. 1–31. Miller, M. Megan, Johnson, Daniel J., Dixon, T.H., and Dokka, Stone, Paul, Dunne, George C., Moore, James G., and Roy K., 2001, Refined kinematics of the Eastern California Smith, George I., 2001, Geologic map of the Lone Pine Shear Zone from GPS observations, 1993–1998: Journal of 7½–minute quadrangle, Inyo County, California: U.S. Geophysical Research, vol. 106, no. B2, Feb. 10, 2001 Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I–2617. issue, p. 2245–2263. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 270 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Unruh, Jeffrey, Humphrey, James, and Barron, Andrew, 2003, Transtensional model for the Sierra Nevada frontal fault system, eastern California: Geology, vol. 31, no. 4, April 2003 issue, p. 327–330. Wright, Lauren A., and Troxel, Bennie W., editors, 1999, Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley region: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 333, 16 papers, 381 p. Zellmer, John T., 1988, Engineering and environmental geology of the Indian Wells Valley area, southeastern California: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 437–457. (covers Ridgecrest and the China Lake Naval Weapons Center, northeastern Kern County)

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 271 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Southern Coast Ranges DeGraff–Surpless,Kathleen, Graham, Stephan A., Wooden, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Joseph L., McWiliams, Michael O., 2002, Detrital zircon marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) provenance analysis of the Great Valley Group, California: evolution of an arc–forarc system: Bulletin of the Abercrombie, Rachel E., 2000, Crustal attenuation and site Geological Society of America, vol. 114, no. 12, effects at Parkfield, California: Journal of Geophysical December 2002 issue, p. 1564–1580. Research, vol. 105, no. B–3, March 10, 2000 issue, p. 6277 Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1950, Geology of southwestern to 6286. Santa Barbara County, California: California Division of Alterman, I.B., McMullen, Robert B., Cluff, Lloyd S., and Mines & Geology, Bulletin 150, 95 p. (classic work, but Slemmons, D. Burton, editors, 1994, Seismotectonics of the out–of–print; available in university libraries) central California Coast Ranges: Geological Society of Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1976, The Rinconada and related America, Special Paper 292, 13 papers, 236 p. faults in the southern Coast Ranges, California, and their Baldwin, E. Joan, Foster, John H., Lewis, W. Lavon, and tectonic significance: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Hardy, J.K., editors, 1989, San Andreas Fault – Cajon Pass Paper 981, 55 p. to Wallace Creek: Southcoast Geological Society, Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1966, Geology of the central Santa volume 1, Guidebook no. 17, 688 p. Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California: Bedrosian, Paul A., Unsworth, Martyn J., and Egbert, Gary, California Geological Survey, Bulletin 186, four folded 2002, Magnetotelluric imaging of the creeping segment of plates in map pocket, 9 figures, 25 photos, 99 p. the San Andreas Fault near Hollister: Geophysical Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1973, Stratigraphy of the southern Research Letters, vol. 29, no. 11, published June 1, 2002, Coast Ranges near the San Andreas Fault from Cholame to p. 1–1 to 1–4. Maricopa, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Bedrosian, Paul A., Unsworth, Martyn J., Egbert, Gary, and Paper 764, 45 p. Thurber, C.H., 2004, Geophysical images of the creeping Dickinson, William R., Ducea, M., Rosenberg, Lewis I, segment of the San Andreas Fault: implications for the role Greene, H. Gary, Graham, Stephan A., Clark, Joseph C., of crustal fluids in the earthquake process: Tectonophysics, Weber, Gerald E., Kidder, Steven, Ernst, W. Gary, and vol. 385, issues 1-4, 19 July 2004, p. 137-158. Brabb, Earl E., 2005, Net dextral slip, Neogene (magnetotellurics at Hollister reveal subsurface fluids within the San Gregorio ― Hosgri Fault Zone, Coastal California: fault plane) geologic evidence and tectonic implications: Geological Bridges, Robert A., and Castle, James W., 2003, Local and Society of America, Special Publication 391, 43 p. regional tectonic control on sedimentology and stratigraphy Dilek, Y., and Newcomb, Sally, editors, 2003, Ophiolite in a strike-slip basin: Miocene Temblor Formation of the concept and evolution of geological thought: Geological Coalinga area, California, USA: Sedimentary Geology, Society of America, Special Publication 373, 470 p. vol. 158, issues 3&4, 15 May 2003, p. 271-297. Durham, David L., 1974, Geology of the southern Salinas Briggs, Louis I., Jr., 1953, Geology of the Ortigalita Peak Valley area, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Quadrangle, California: California Geological Survey Professional Paper 819, 111 p. Bulletin 167, 61 p., 4 plates, geologic map at scale Enos, Paul, 1965, Geology of the western Vallecitos syncline, 1:62,500. The Ortigalita Peak quadrangle is located in southern San Benito County, California: California Geological Merced and western Fresno Counties, within the central Coast Survey, Map Sheet 5, with 12-page booklet, map scale Ranges. This bulletin is now out-of-print, but generally available 1:31,380. in university libraries. Field Edward H., and Jacob, Klaus H., 1993, Monte-Carlo Brocher, Thomas M., ten Brink, Uri S., and Abramovitz, Tanni, simulation of the theoretical site-response variability at 1999, Synthesis of crustal seismic structure and implications Turkey Flat, California, given the uncertainty in the for the concept of a slab gap beneath coastal California: geotechnically-derived input parameters: EERI Earthquake International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 3, March 1999 Spectra, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 669-701. Turkey Flat is located in issue, p. 263-274. < www.bellpub.com/igr > the Cholame Valley at Parkfield; it is the site of the CSMIP array Davis, George H., and Coplen, Tyler B., 1989, Late Cenozoic of strong-motion accelerometers. On September 28, 2004, the paleohydrology of the western San Joaquin Valley, long-awaited Parkfield Earthquake occurred, 11 years after this California, as related to structural movements in the central paper was written by two Lamont-Doherty seismologists. Coast Ranges: Geological Society of America, Special Fisher, Michael A., Greene, H. Gary, Normark, William R., and Paper 234, 40 p. Sliter, Ray W., 2005, Neotectonics of the offshore Oak DeCelles, Peter G., 1988, Deposits of a middle Tertiary Ridge Fault near Ventura, southern California: Bulletin of convulsive geologic event, San Emigdio Range, southern the Seismological Society of America, vol 95, no. 2, California, in Clifton, H. Edward, editor, Sedimentologic April 2005 edition, p. 739-744. Consequences of Convulsive Geologic Events: Geological Fritsche, A. Eugene, 1998, Miocene paleogeography of Society of America Special Paper 229, p. 127-142. southwestern California and its implications regarding basin terminology: International Geology Review, vol. 40, p. 452-470. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 272 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Garrison, Robert E., Greene, H. Gary, Hicks, Karen R., Ingersoll, Raymond V., 1997, Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of Weber, Gerald E., and Wright, T.E., editors, 1990, Geology central California and environs: International Geology and tectonics of the central California coastal region, San Review, vol. 39, no. 11, November 1997, p. 957–972. Francisco to Monterey: American Association of Petroleum Isaacs, Carolyn M, and Rullkotter, J., editors, 2001, Geologists, Pacific Section; Guidebook 67, 17 papers, The Monterey Formation – from rocks to molecules: 314 p. Columbia University Press, 553 p. Graham, Stephen A., 1978, Role of Salinian block in evolution Ji, Chen, Larson, Kristine M., Tan, Y., Hudnut, Kenneth W., of the San Andreas Fault system, California: Bulletin of the and Choi, K., 2004, Slip history of the 2003 San Simeon American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 62, earthquake constrained by combining 1-Hz GPS, no. 11, p. 2214–2231. strong motion, and teleseismic data: Geophysical Research Hall, Clarence A., 2003, Nearshore marine paleoclimatic Letters, vol. 31, 4 p., published by AGU on 15 Sept 2004. regions, increasing zoogeographic provinciality, molluscan The peak slip was ≈ 2.8 m at focal depths ≈ 8½ km, with a total extinctions, and paleoshorelines, California: Geological seismic moment, Mo ≈ 6.2 × 1018 Nm. The rupture propagated Society of America, Special Paper 357, 490 p., 19 maps. southeastward with velocity ≈ 3 km/sec. Hall, Clarence A., Sutherland, Michelle J., and Ingersoll, Kellogg, Karl S., and Minor, Scott, A., 2005, Pliocene Raymond V., 1995, Miocene paleogeography of west– transpressional modification of depositional basins by central California ─ offset along the San Gregorio–Hosgri convergent thrusting adjacent to the “Big Bend” of the San fault zone, in Fritsche, A. Eugene, editor, Cenozoic Andreas Fault ― an example from Lockwood Valley, Paleogeography of the western United States ─ II: SEPM California: AGU Tectonics, vol. 24, paper TC1004, 12 p., (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Pacific Section, published by AGU on-line January 26, 2005. volume 75, p. 85-112. Kendvolden, Keith A., Rosenbauer, Robert J., Hall, Clarence A., 1973, Geology of the Arroyo Grande Hostettler,Frances D., and Lorenson, Thomas D., 2000, 15-minute Quadrangle, San Luis Obispo County, California: Application of organic geochemistry to coastal tar deposits California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 24, map scale from Central California: International Geology Review, 1:48,000. vol. 42, no. 1, January 2000 issue, p. 1 - 14. Hapke, Cheryl J., 2005, Estimation of regional material yield < www.bellpub.com/igr > from coastal landslides based on historical digital terrain Kidder, Steven, Ducea, M., Gehrels, George, Patchett, P.J, and modelling: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vervoort, Jeffrey, 2003, Tectonic and magmatic vol. 30, p. 679-697. development of the Salinian Coast Ridge Belt, California: The USGS study area is along the Big Sur coastline on the west Tectonics, vol. 22, no. 5, p. 1058; published by AGU on side of the Santa Lucia Range, along the landslide-prone October 24, 2003; doi: 10.1029/2002TC001409. U.S. Highway 1 from San Simeon to Monterey. Lagoe, M.B., 1986, Stratigraphic nomenclature and time-rock Hardebeck, Jeanne L., and Michael, Andrew J., 2004, relationships in the Paleogene rocks of the San Emigdio Stress orientations at intermediate angles to the San Andreas Mountains, in Davis, T.L., and Namson, J.S., editors, Fault, California: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, Geologic Transect across the western Transverse Ranges: vol. 109, paper no. B-11303, p. 1-16. Published on-line by Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, AGU on November 9, 2004. www.agu.org Pacific Section Fieldtrip Guidebook #48, p. 11-21. Hart, Earl W., 1976, Basic geology of the Santa Margarita Lienkaemper, James J., 2001, 1857 slip on the San Andreas area, San Luis Obispo County, California: California Fault southeast of Cholame, California: Bulletin of the Geological Survey Bulletin 199, 45 p., 1 colored map at Seismological Society of America, vol. 91, no. 6, scale 1:24,000, 6 figures, 9 tables. The geologic map December 2001 issue, p. 1659–1672. includes parts of the Atascadero, all of the Santa Margarita Linn, A.M., and DePaolo, D.J., 1993, Provenance controls on and part of the Lopez Mountain quadrangles. the Nd-Sr-O isotopic composition of sandstones: example Hart, Earl W., 1966, Mines and mineral resources of Monterey from Late Mesozoic Great Valley forearc basin, California, County, California: California Geological Survey, County in Johnsson, Mark J., and Basu, A., editors, Processes Report #5, 142 p. controlling the composition of clastic sediments: Hauksson, E., Oppenheimer, David, and Brocher, Thomas M., Geological Society of America, Special Paper 284, 2004, Imaging the source region of the 2003 San Simeon p. 121-133. earthquake within the weak Franciscan subduction complex, Liu, J., Klinger Y., Sieh, Kerry E., and Rubin, Charles, 2004, central California: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 31, Six similar sequential ruptures of the San Andreas Fault, published by AGU 29 Oct 2004, 4 p. Carrizo Plain, California: Geology, vol. 32, no. 8, Hickson, Thomas A., and Lowe, Donald R., 2002, Facies August 2004 issue, p. 649–652. Dextral offsets of architecture of a submarine fan channel―levee complex: 7½ to 8 meters per event are shown from new trenching at the {upper Cretaceous} Juniper Ridge Conglomerate, Wallace Creek by this team from Caltech. Coalinga, California: Sedimentology, vol. 49, no. 2, Lynn, Abe, editor, and 16 others, 2005, The San Simeon, p. 335-362. California, Earthquake, December 22, 2003: Earthquake Howie, J.M., Miller, K.C., and Savage, W.U., 1993, Integrated Engineering Research Institute, EERI Report 2005-01, crustal structure across the south-central California margin: 78 p. www.eeri.org Santa Lucia Escarpment to the San Andreas Fault: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 98, p. 8173-8196. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 273 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

McLaren, Marcia K., and Savage, William U., 2001, Seismicity Schimmelmann, A., Lange, C.B., and Meggers, B.J., 2003, of south–central coastal California: October 1987–January Paleoclimatic and archaeological evidence for a ~200 year 1997: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, recurrence of floods and droughts linking California, vol. 91, no. 6, December 2001 issue, p. 1629–1658. Mesoamerica, and South America over the past 2,000 years: Miller, D.D., 1998, Distributed shear, rotation, and partitioned The Holocene, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 763-778. Dating of varved strain along the San Andreas Fault, central California: sediment in the Santa Barbara Basin yields dates of major floods in Geology, vol. 26, p. 867–870. southern California at A.D. 212, 603, 1029, 1418, and 1605. Miller, Kate C., Howie, John M., and Ruppert, Stanley D., Sylvester, Arthur G., and Brown, C.G., editors, 1988, Santa 1992, Shortening within underplated oceanic crust benearth Barbara and Ventura Basins – tectonics, structure, the central California margin Journal of Geophysical sedimentation, oilfields along an east–west transect: Coast Research, vol. 97, no. B–13, December 10, 1992 issue, Geological Society Guidebook #64, nine papers, 166 p. p. 19,961 to 19,980. Sylvester, Arthur G., 1995, Nearfield vertical displacement in Minor, Scott A., Kellogg, Karl S., Stanley, Richard G., the creeping segment of the San Andreas Fault, central Stone, Paul, Powell, Charles L.II, Gurrola, L.D., California, 1975–1994: Tectonophysics, vol. 247, p. 25–47. Selting, Amy J., and Brandt, Theodore R., 2002, (The creeping section of the San Andreas Fault is from Gold Preliminary geologic map of the Santa Barbara coastal plain Hill in Cholame Valley to San Juan Bautista.) area, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Tennyson, Marilyn E., compiler, 1992, Preliminary geologic Survey Open–File Report 2002–136, digital version 1.0., map of the Santa Maria 30×60–minute Quadrangle, with 22 page booklet on the stratigraphic column. California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report Lagoe, Martin B., 1987, Middle Cenozoic basin development, 92–189, 9 p., 33 references, 2 over–size sheets at map scale Cuyama Basin, California, in Ingersoll, R.V., and Ernst, 1:100,000. W.G., editors, Cenozoic Basin Development of Coastal Tennyson, Marilyn E., 1989, Pre–transform early Miocene California – the Rubey Volume VI: Prentice–Hall, Inc., extension in western California: Geology, vol. 17, p. 792– p. 172–206. 796. Page, Benjamin M., Thompson, George A., and Coleman, Unsworth, Martyn, Egbert, Gary, and Booker, John, 1999, Robert G., 1998, Late Cenozoic tectonics of central and High–resolution electromagnetic imaging of the San southern Coast Ranges of California: Geological Society of Andreas Fault in central California: Journal of Geophysical America Bulletin, vol. 110, no. 7, p. 846–876, 18 figures, Research, vol. 104, no. B–1, January 10, 1999 issue, 5 tables. (a comprehensive summary on the Coast Ranges) p. 1131─1150. Covers the Parkfield – Cholame – Carrizo Rockwell, Thomas K., Johnson, Douglas L., Keller, Edward A., Plains – Elk Horn Hills area. and Dembroff, G.R., 1985, A late Pleistocene-Holocene Wagner, David L., Greene, H. Gary, Saucedo, George J., and chronosequence in the Ventura basin, southern California, Pridmore, Cynthia L., 2003, Geologic map of the Monterey USA, in Richards, K.S., Arnett, R.R., and Ellis, S., editors, region, California: California Geological Survey, CD– Geomorphology and Soils: George Allen & Unwin RGM Map no. 1, published digitally June 2003, map scale Publishers, chapter 16, p. 309-327. 1:100,000, three color plates as digital database on shaded Ross, Donald C., 1972, Petrographic and chemical relief base–map. reconnaissance study of some granitic and gneissic rocks Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and near the San Andreas Fault from Bodega Head to Cajon Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on Pass, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, Paper 698, 92 p. issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. Runnerstrom, Eric E., Grant, Lisa Baugh, Arrowsmith, Van Baalen, M.R., 2004, Migration of the Mendocino Triple J. Ramón, Rhodes, Dallas D., and Stone, Elizabeth M., Junction and the origin of titanium–rich mineral suites at 2002, Displacement across the Cholame segment of the San New Idria, California: International Geology Review, Andreas Fault between 1855 and 1893 from cadastral vol. 46, no. 8, August 2004 issue, p. 671–692. surveys: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 issue. van Wijk, J.W., Govers, R., and Furlong, Kevin P., 2001, Ryder, Robert T., and Thompson, Alan, 1989, Tectonically Three-dimensional thermal modeling of the California controlled fan delta and submarine fan sedimentation of upper mantle: a slab window versus stalled slab: Earth and Late Miocene age, southern Temblor Range, California: Planetary Science Letters, vol. 186, issue 2, 30 March 2001, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1442, 59 p. p. 175-186. Analysis of the Arguello and Monterey Shervais, John W., Kimbrough, David L., Renne, Paul, microplates in transpressional tectonics of the central Hanan, Barry B., Murchey, Benita, Snow, Cameron A., California Coast Ranges. Zoglman–Schuman, Marchell M., and Beaman, Joseph, Zinke, Jens C., and Zoback, Mark D., 2000, Structure–related 2004, Mult–stage origin of the Coast Range Ophiolite, and shear–induced shear–wave velocity anisstropy: California: implications for the life cycle of supra– observations from microearthquakes near the Calaveras subduction zone ophiolites: International Geology Review, Fault in central California: Bulletin of the Seismological vol. 46, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 289–315. Society of America, vol. 90, no. 5, p. 1305–1312. (This is www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 regarding the Quien Sabe Fault in the Tres Piños area). Engineering Geology and Seismology for 274 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Francisco Bay Area ― Galehouse, Jon S., and Lienkaemper, James J., 2003, Regional Studies Inferences drawn from two decades of alinement array (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are measurements of creep on faults in the San Francisco Bay marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 6, December 2003 issue, p. 2415–2433. Helley, Edward J., Lajoie, Kenneth R., Spangle, William E., Aydin, A., and Page, Benjamin M., 1984, Diverse Pliocene– and Blair, Martha L., 1979, Flatland deposits of San Quaternary tectonics in a transform environment, Francisco Bay Region, California – their geology and San Francisco Bay region, California: Geological Society of engineering properties and their importance to America Bulletin, vol. 95, no. 11, p. 1,303–1,317. comprehensive planning: U.S. Geological Survey Baise, Laurie G., Dreger, Douglas S., and Glaser, Steven D., Professional Paper 943, 88 p. 2003, The effect of shallow San Francisco Bay sediments on Hole, John A., Brocher, T.M., Klemperer, S.L., waveforms recorded during the Mw 4.6 Bolinas, California, Parsons, Thomas, Benz, H.M., and Furlong, Kevin P., 2000, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Three–dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San America, vol. 93, no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 465–479. Francisco Bay area: Journal of Geophysical Research, (evaluation of ground–motion recorded by the CSMIP vol. 105, no. B–6, June 10, 2000 issue, p. 13,359 to 13,874. down–hole array at the Treasure Island liquefaction test Holzer, Thomas L., editor, 1998, The Loma Prieta, site) California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 – Bakun, William H., 1999, Seismic activity of the San Francisco earth structures and engineering characterization of Bay region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of ground motion: U.S. Geological Survey Professional America, vol. 89, p. 764–784. Paper 1552–D, 80 p. Borcherdt, Roger D., and 14 others, 1990, Ground motion; the Howell, David G., Brabb, Earl E., and Ramsey, David W., 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake: EERI Earthquake Spectra, 1999, How useful is landslide hazard information? vol. 6, no. S1, p. 25-80 of 448-page special volume. This is Lessons learned in the San Francisco Bay region: a convenient summary of all the strong ground-motion recorded in International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 4, April 1999 the Bay Area during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. issue, p. 368 - 382. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Borcherdt, Roger, D., and 12 others, 1990, Geoscience (aspects Jaume, Steven C., and Sykes, Lynn R., 1996, Evolution of of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake): EERI Earthquake moderate seismicity in the San Francisco Bay region, 1850 Spectra, vol. 6, no. S1, p. 7-24 of 448-page special volume. to 1993: seismicity changes related to the occurrence of A summary of the geology and tectonic setting of the 1989 Loma large and great earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Prieta earthquake. Research, vol. 101, no. B–1, p. 765–789. Brown, Robert D., Jr., and Kockelman, William J., 1983, Knudsen, Keith L., Noller, Jay S., Sowers, Janet M., and Geologic principles for prudent land use – a decision– Lettis, William R., 1997, Quaternary geology and maker's guide for the San Francisco Bay Region: U.S. liquefaction susceptibility, San Francisco 1:100,000–scale Geological Survey Professional Paper 946, 97 p. Quadrangle – a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Chieruzzi, Robert; Lew, Marshall; Bardet, J.P., and 12 other Open–File Report 97–715. Also see USGS OFR 2000–444 geotechnical engineers, 1990, Geotechnical aspects (of the (below). 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake): EERI Earthquake Spectra, Knudsen, Keith L., Sowers, Janet M., Witter, Robert C., vol. 6, no. S1, p. 81-125 of 448-page special volume. Wentworth, Carl M., and Helley, Edward J., 2000, A summary of the geotechnical aspects of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Preliminary maps of Quaternary deposits and liquefaction Chin, John L., Wong, Florence L., and Carlson, Paul R., 2004, susceptibility, nine–county San Francisco Bay region, Shifting shoals and shattered rocks ― how man has California: a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey transformed the floor of west-central San Francisco Bay: Open–File Report 2000–444, geologic map, sheet 1 at U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1259, 30 p., with 3-D map map scale 1:275,000. Download from: supplement on CD-ROM. Focuses on the submarine area between http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open–file/of00–444 Angel Island, the Golden Gate, and Alcatraz Island. Contains extensive Liu, H.P., Warrick, Richard E., Westerlund, Robert E., and bibliography and forensic information on Bay Mud that will be useful for projects along shoreline locations within San Francisco Bay. Kayen, Robert E., 1994, In situ measurement of seismic Ellen, Stephen D., and Wentworth, Carl M., 1995, Hillside shear–wave absorption in the San Francisco Holocene Bay materials and slopes of the San Francisco Bay Region, Mud by the pulse–broadening method: Bulletin of the California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 1, 1357, 215 p., 7 plates, 6 figures, 5 tables. February 1994, p. 62–75. Ellen, Stephen D., and Wieczorek, Gerald F., editors, 1988, Lomax, Anthony, 2005, A reanalysis of the hypocentral Landslides, floods, and marine effects of the storm of location and related observations for the great 1906 January 3–5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay Region, California Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional of America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 issue. Paper 1434, 310 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 275 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Michael, Andrew J., Ross, S.L., Simpson, Robert W., Savage, James C., Svarc, Jerry L., and Prescott, William H., Zoback, Mary Lou, Schwartz, David P., and 1999, Geodetic estimates of fault slip rates in the San Blanpied, M.L., 2003, Is a powerful quake likely to strike in Francisco Bay area: Journal of Geophysical Research, the next 30 years? U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet vol. 104, no. B–3, March 10, 1999 issue, p. 4995–5002. FS–00390–03, 4 p. Sleeter, Benjamin M., Calzia, James P., Walter, Stephen R., Nilsen, Tor H., Wright, Robert H., Vlasic, T.H., and Wong, Florence L., and Saucedo, George J., 2004, Spangle, William E., 1979, Relative slope stability and Earthquakes and faults in the San Francisco Bay area land–use planning in the San Francisco Bay region, (1970-2003): U.S. Geological Survey Map SIM-2848. California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 944, Plots the epicenters of 62,750 earthquakes that have occurred in 96 p. the past 30 years, from ML 1½ to 7. Olson, J.A., and Zoback, Mary Lou, 1998, Source character of Sloan, Doris, 2005, Geology of the San Francisco Bay microseismicity in the San Francisco Bay block, and region: University of California Press, 450 p., 139 color implications for seismic hazard: Bulletin of the photographs, 41 drawings, 29 maps. Dr. Sloan is professor of Seismological Society of America, v. 88, p. 543–555. geology at the University of California at Berkeley. The paperback Page, Benjamin M., Thompson, George A., and edition is $17.95 and the hardbound edition is $50.00. Coleman, Robert G., 1998, Late Cenozoic tectonics of Stoffer, Phillip W., 2002, Rocks and geology in the San central and southern Coast Ranges of California: Francisco Bay region: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 110, no. 7, 2195, 63 p., 13 MB file, download from: p. 846–876, 18 figures, 5 tables. (comprehensive review http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/bulletin/b2195 paper with excellent references) Stoffer, Phillip W., and Gordon, Leslie C., editors, 2001, Parsons, Thomas, editor, 2003, Crustal structure of the Geology and natural history of the San Francisco Bay area – coastal and marine San Francisco Bay region, California: a field–trip guidebook: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1658; 145 p., 2188, 85 MB digital file, download from: 7 chapters by individual authors, 2 plates, may be < www.usgs.gov > downloaded as a 11–MB file from Sykes, Lynn R. and Jaumé, Steven C., 1990 Seismic activity on http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1658 neighboring faults as a long–term perecursor to large Parsons, Thomas, McCarthy, Jill, Hart, Patrick E., earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area: Nature, Hole, John A., Childs, Jon, Oppenheimer, David H., and vol. 348, p. 595–598. < www.nature.com > Zoback, Mary Lou, 2003, A review of faults and crustal Thatcher, Wayne, 1975, Strain accumulation and release structure in the San Francisco Bay area as revealed by mechanism of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake: Journal seismic studies: 1991–1997, in Parsons, Thomas, editor, of Geophysical Research, vol. 80, no. 35, p. 4862 – 4880. 2003, Crustal structure of the coastal and marine San USGS, 1997, San Francisco Bay Region, California, Francisco Bay region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Landslide Folio: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report Professional Paper 1658, p. 119–145. Download from: 97–745, parts A to F. http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof–paper/pp1658 USGS, 1999, Major quake likely to strike between 2000 and Rau, Gretchen A., and Sitar, Nicholas, 1998, Post-cyclic 2030: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 152–99. response of Holocene Bay Mud from San Francisco, www.usgs.gov in Dakoulas, P., Yegian, M., and Holtz, R., editors, Wagner, David L., Bortugno, Edward J., and McJunkin, Geotechnical Engineering & Soil Dynamics III: American Richard D., 1990, Geologic map of the San Francisco–San Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Jose Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, RGM–5A, Publication 75, p. 246-257. set of five sheets, map scale 1:250,000. Reasenberg, Paul A., Hanks, Thomas C., and Bakun, Wakabayashi, John, 1999, Distribution of displacement on and William H., 2003, An empirical model for earthquake evolution of a young transform fault system: the northern probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, San Andreas Fault system, California: Tectonics, vol. 18, 2002–2031: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of p. 1245–1274. America, vol. 93, no. 1, February 2003 issue, p. 1–13. Ward, Steven N., 2000, San Francisco Bay area earthquake Savage, James C., Simpson, Robert W., and Murray, M.H., simulations: a step toward a standard physical earthquake 1998, Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay model: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, area, 1972–1989: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 90, no. 2, April 2000 issue, p. 370–386. vol. 103, p. 18,039 to 18,051. Wentworth, Carl M., 1997, General distribution of geologic Savage, James C., Gan, W., Prescott, William H., and Svarc, materials in the San Francisco Bay region, California; a Jerry L., 2004, Strain accumulation across the Coast Ranges digital database, 26 p. download from < www.usgs.gov > at the latitude of San Francisco, 1994–2000: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 109, paper no. B3413, published on–line by AGU on March 30, 2004, p. 1–11. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 276 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wesson, Robert L., Bakun, William H. and Perkins, David M., 2003, Association of earthquakes and faults in the San Francisco Bay area using Bayesian inference: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 3, June 2003 issue, p. 1306–1332. Williams, Robert A., Simpson, Robert W., Jachens, Robert C., Stephenson, William J., Odum, Jack K., and Ponce, David A., Seismic reflection evidence for a northeast- dipping Hayward Fault near Fremont: implications for seismic hazard: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 32, paper #L13301, published on-line by AGU July 2, 2005. Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2003, Earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region: 2002–2031: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 03– 214, 8 chapters, Appendix A to G. (download 56–MB file as .pdf from www.usgs.gov Youd, T. Leslie, and Hoose, Seena N., 1978, Historic ground failures in northern California triggered by earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 993, 177 p. 5 plates, 67 figures, 9 tables.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 277 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Francisco Peninsula Cotton, William R., Fowler, William L., and VanVelsor, Joan E., 1990, Coseismic bedding plane faults and Santa Clara Valley, and South Bay Area ground fissures associted with the Loma Prieta Earthquake of 17 October 1989, in McNutt, Stephen R., and (Abbreviated list for San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, and Sydnor, Robert H., editors, The Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Santa Clara Counties. Especially useful references are Mountains), California, Earthquake of 17 October 1989: marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) California Geological Survey Special Publication 104, p. 95–103. Dibblee, Thomas W., Jr., 1966, Geology of the Palo Alto Quadrangle, Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties, California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 8, map scale 1:24,000. 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California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Chen, Q., and Freymueller, Jeffrey T., 2002, Geodetic evidence America, vol. 84, no. 1, February 1994 issue, p. 76–90. for a near–fault compliant zone along the San Andreas Fault Graham, Stephen A., Stanley, R.G, Bent, J.V., and Carter, J.B., in the San Francisco Bay area: Bulletin of the Seismological 1989, Oligocene and Miocene paleogeography of central Society of America, vol. 92, no. 2, March 2002 issue, California and displacement along the San Andreas Fault: p. 656–671. Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 101, no. 5, Clark, Joseph C., 1981, Stratigraphy, paleontology, and p. 711–730. geology of the central Santa Cruz Mountains, California Graves, Robert W., 1993, Modeling three–dimensional site coast ranges: U.S. Geological Survey Professional response effects in the Marina District basin, San Francisco, Paper 1168, 51 p. California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Coleman, Robert G., 2004, Geologic nature of the Jasper Ridge America, vol. 83, no. 4, August 1993 issue, p. 1042–1063. Hall, N. Timothy, 1984, Holocene history of the San Andreas Biological Preserve, San Francisco Peninsula, California: Fault between Crystal Springs Reservoir and San Andreas International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 7, July 2004 Dam, San Mateo County, California: Bulletin of the issue, p. 629–637. www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 Seismological Society of America, vol. 74, p. 281–299.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 278 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Hall, N. Timothy, Wright, Robert H., and Prentice, Carol S., Manaker, David M., Michael, Andrew J., and Bürgmann, 2002, Studies along the Peninsula segment of the San Roland, 2005, Subsurface structure and kinematics of the Andreas Fault, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Calaveras―Hayward Fault stepover from three-dimensional Engineering geology practice in northern California: Vp and seismicity, San Francisco Bay region, California: California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, Association of Engineering Geologists Special no. 2, April 2005 issue, p. 446–470. Publication 12, p. 193 - 210. Mark, Robert K., 1992, Map of debris–flow probability, Hall, N. Timothy, Wright, Robert H., and Clahan, Kevin B., San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey 1999, Paleoseismic studies of the San Francisco Peninsula Map I–1257–M, two sheets, map scale 1:62,500. segment of the San Andreas Fault zone near Woodside, McLaughlin, Robert J., Clark, Joseph C., Brabb, Earl E., California: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, Helley, Edward J., and Colon, C.J. 2002, Geologic maps no. B–10, October 10, 1999 issue, p. 23,215 - 23,236. and structure sections of the southwestern Santa Clara Hart, Earl W., editor and compiler, 2003, Ridge–top spreading Valley and southern Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Clara and in California: California Geological Survey, CD–ROM Santa Cruz counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey 2003–05, including 7 separate papers: Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–2373, eight sheets, Historical ridge–top cracking and spreading associated with 13–page text. earthquakes in California by E.W. Hart; Contains these quadrangles: Los Gatos, Laurel, Loma Prieta, Catalog of ridge–top spreading localities of probable Santa Teresa Hills, Mount Madonna and SW part of Gilroy; seismic origin in California, by E.W. Hart; map scale 1:24,000. Available on the web at: http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/map–mf/mf2373/lgmap.pdf Ridge–top spreading features and relationship to McLaughlin, Robert J., Langenheim, Victoria E., earthquakes, San Gabriel Mountains region, southern Schmidt, K.M., Jachens, Robert C., Stanley, R.G., California, parts A & B, by J.P. McCalpin and E.W. Hart; Jayko, A.S., McDougall, K.A., Tinsley, John C., and Ridge–top spreading features and associated earthquakes, Valin, Z.C., 1999, Neogene contraction between the Cape Mendocino area, California, by E.W. Hart; San Andreas Fault and the Santa Clara Valley, San Ridge–top spreading, San Francisco Bay area, field–trip Francisco Bay region, California: : International Geology guide, by Kevin B. Clahan and Earl W. Hart; Review, vol. 41, no. 1, January 1999 issue, p. 1 - 30. Criteria for determining the seismic significance of < www.bellpub.com/igr > sachungen and other scarp–like landforms in mountainous McNutt, Stephen R., and Sydnor, Robert H., editors, 1990, regions, by James P. McCalprin. The Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains), California, Hartzell, Stephen, Carver, David, Wlliams, Robert A., Earthquake of 17 October 1989: California Geological Harmsen, Stephen, and Zerva, A., 2003, Site response, Survey, Special Publication 104, 15 papers, 142 p. shallow shear–wave velocity, and wave propagation at the Nelson, James L., 1992, Clay mineralogy and residual shear San Jose, California, Dense Seismic Array: Bulletin of the strength of the Santa Clara Formation claystone, Saratoga Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 1, foothills, California: Bulletin of the Association of February 2003 issue, p. 443–464. Engineering Geologists, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 299–310. Helley, Edward J., 1990, Preliminary contour map showing Page, Benjamin M., deVito, Leo A., and Coleman, Robert G., elevation of surface of Pleistocene alluvium under Santa 1999, Tectonic emplacement of serpentinite southeast of Clara Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open– San Jose, California: International Geology Review, File Report 90–633, map scale 1:24,000. vol. 41, no. 6, June 1999 issue, p. 494-505. Hitchcock, Christopher S., and Kelson, Keith I., 1999, Growth < www.bellpub.com/igr > of late Quaternary folds in the southwest Santa Clara Valley, Parsons, Thomas, 2002, Post–1906 stress recovery of the San San Francisco Bay area, California: implications of Andreas Fault system calculated from three–dimensional triggered slip for seismic hazard and earthquake recurrence: finite element analysis: Journal of Geophysical Research, GSA Geology, vol. 27, no. 5, May 1999 issue, p. 391–394. vol. 107, no. B–8, August 2002 issue, p. 3–1 to 3–13. Jachens, Robert C., and Zoback, Mary Lou, 1999, The San Perfettini, Hugo, Stein, Ross S., Simpson, Robert W., and Andreas Fault in the San Francisco Bay region, California Cocco, Massimo, 1999, Stress transfer by the 1988–1989 ― structure and kinematics of a young plate boundary: M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 3, March 1999 fault: unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip: issue, p. 191 - 205. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–9, James, Eric W., Kimbrough, David L., and Mattinson, September 10, 1999 issue, p. 20,169 to 20,182. James M., 1993, Evaluation of displacements of Prentice, Carol S., and Schwartz, David P., 1991, Re– pre–Tertiary rocks on the northern San Andreas fault using evaluation of 1906 surface faulting, geomorphic expression, U–Pb zircon dating, initial Sr, and common Pb isotopic and seismic hazard along the San Andreas Fault in the ratios, in Powell, Robert E., Weldon, Ray J., II, and southern Santa Cruz Mountains: Bulletin of the Matti, Jonathan C., editors, 1993, The San Andreas fault Seismological Society of America, vol. 81, no. 5, October system: displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and 1991 issue, p. 1424 – 1479, and vol. 94, no. 2, April 1994 geologic evolution: Geological Society of America, issue, p. 486. Memoir 178, 332 p., chapter 7, p. 257–271. 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Rubinstein, Justin L., and Beroza, Gregory C., 2004, Evidence Stanley, Richard G., Jachens, Robert C., Lillis, Paul G., for wide–pread non–linear strong ground–motion effects in McLaughlin, Robert J., Kvenvolden, Keith A. Hostettler, the Mw 6.9 Loma Prieta Earthquake: Bulletin of the Frances D., McDougall, Kristin A., and Magoon, Leslie B., Seismological Society of America, vol. 94, no. 5, Oct. 2004. 2002, Subsurface and petroleum geology of the Schlocker, Julius, 1974, Geology of the San Francisco North southwestern Santa Clara Valley ("Silicon Valley"), quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Professional California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Paper 782, 109 p. 1663, 59 p., download as 1.7 MB pdf from USGS. Segal, Paul, and Lisowski, Michael, 1990, Surface Thatcher, Wayne, Marshall, G., and Lisowski, Michael, 1997, displacements in the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Resolution of fault slip along the 470–km great 1906 San Prieta earthquakes: Science, vol. 250, p. 1241–1244. Francisco earthquake and its implications: Journal of Schulz, M., Harden, Jennifer, and Weber, Gerald E., 2003, Geophysical Research, vol. 102, no. B–3, p. 5353 – 5367. Geo-ubiquity: chemical, hydrological and physical Wakabayaski, John, 2004, Contrasting settings of serpentinite evolution of coastal terraces near Santa Cruz, California, bodies, San Francisco Bay area, California: derivation from in Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology of the the subducting plate versus mantle hanging wall? United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA 2003 International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 12, Field Trip Guide Volume, §16, p. 399-406. December 2004 issue, p. 1103-1118. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Schwartz, David P., Pantosti, D., Okumura, K., Powers, T.J., Dr. Wakabayashi’s study areas are serpentinite from the Hunter’s and Hamilton, J.C., 1998, Paloeseismic investigations in the Point shear zone and the southern Hayward Hills. Santa Cruz Mountains, California: implications for Wakabayashi, John, and Hengesh, James V., 1995, Distribution recurrence of large–magnitude earthquakes on the San of late Cenozoic displacement on the San Andreas Fault Andreas Fault: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, system, northern California, in Sangines, E.M., Andersen, no. B–8, p. 17,985 to 18,001. D.W., and Buising, A.V., editors, Recent Geologic Studies Seekins, Linda C., and Boatwright, John, 1994, Ground motion in the San Francisco Bay area: Pacific Section of SEPM, amplification, geology, and damage from the 1989 Loma Guidebook #76, p. 19–29. Prieta Earthquake in the City of San Francisco: Bulletin of Wald, David J., Kanamori, Hiroo, Helmberger, Donald V., and the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 1, Heaton, Thomas H., 1993, Source study of the 1906 San February 1994 issue, p. 16–30. Francisco Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society Simpson, Gary D., Thompson, Stephen C., Noller, Jay of America, vol. 83, no. 4, August 1993 issue, p. 981–1019. Stratton, and Lettis, William R., 1997, The northern San Wentworth, Carl M., Blake, M. Clark Jr., McLaughlin, Gregorio Fault zone: evidence for the timing of late Robert J., and Graymer, Russell W., 1998, Preliminary Holocene earthquakes near Seal Cove, California: Bulletin geologic map of the San Jose 30×60–minute Quadrangle, of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 87, no. 5, California, a digital map image: U.S. Geological Survey October 1997 issue, p. 1158–1170. Open–File Report 98–795, includes plotfiles for 2 sheets, Simpson, Robert W., editor, 1994, The Loma Prieta, scale 1:100,000, database description pamphlet, 6 p., California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 – tectonic geologic description and interpretation pamphlet, 47 p. processes and models: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Wieczorek, Gerald F., and Wilson, Raymond C., and Paper 1550–F, 131 p. Harp, Edwin L., 1985, Map showing slope stability Spudich, Paul, editor, 1996, The Loma Prieta, California, during earthquakes in San Mateo County, California: Earthquake of October 17, 1989 – main–shock U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Map I-1257E, map scale 1:62,500. 1550–A, 297 p. Zoback, Mary Lou, Jachens, Robert C., and Olson, Jean A., 1999, Abrupt along–strike change in tectonic style: San Andreas fault zone, San Francisco Peninsula: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–5, May 10, 1999 issue, p. 10,719 to 10,742.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 280 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Francisco ― East Bay Area Graymer, Russell W. Jones, David L., and Brabb, Earl E., (Abbreviated list for Contra Costa & Alameda Counties. 1995, Geologic map of the Hayward Fault zone, Contra Especially useful references are marked with Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara Counties, California: a star symbol to assist the reader) a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 95–597, 8 p. text with map. www.usgs.gov Graymer, Russell W., 2000, Geologic map and map database of Blake, M. Clark Jr., and Wentworth, Carl M., 1999, Structure the Oakland metropolitan area, Alameda, Contra Costa, and and metamorphism of the Franciscan complex, Mount San Francisco counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Hamilton area, northern California: International Geology Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–2342, colored map Review, vol. 41, no. 5, May 1999 issue, p. 383-390. scale 1:50,000. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Hayward Fault Paleoearthquake Group, 1999, Timing of Bürgmann, Roland, Feidling, E., and Sukhatme, 1998, Slip paleoearthquakes on the northern Hayward Fault – along the Hayward Fault, California, estimated from space– preliminary evidence from El Cerrito, California: U.S based synthetic aperture radar interferometry: Geology, Geological Survey Open–File Report 99–318, 12 p., vol. 26, p. 559–562. 9 figures. < www.usgs.gov > Bürgmann, Roland, Schmidt, D., Nadeau, R.M., d’Allessio, M., Helley, Edward J., and Graymer, Russell W., compilers, 1997, Felding, E., Manaker, D., McEvilly, Thomas V., and Quaternary geologic map of Contra Costa County, and Murray, M.H., 2000, Earthquake potential along the surrounding parts of Alameda, Marin, Sonoma, Solano, northern Hayward Fault, California: Science, vol. 289, Sacramento, and San Joaquin Counties; a digital database: p. 1178–1182. U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report 97–0098, 12 p., Borchardt, Glenn, and Baldwin, John, 2002, Late Holocene 6 tables, download from www.usgs.gov behavior and seismogenic potential of the Concord–Green Helley, Edward J., and Graymer, Robert W., compilers, 1997, Valley fault system in Contra Costa and Solano counties, Quaternary geologic map of Alameda County, and California, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, surrounding parts of Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Mateo, Engineering geology practice in northern California: San Francisco, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin Counties; California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 & Association of a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 229–239. Report 97–0097, 13 p., 6 tables, download from Borchardt, Glenn, Hirschfeld, Susan E., Lienkaemper, www.usgs.gov James J., McClellan, Patrick., Williams, Patrick L., and Holzer, Thomas L., Padovani, Amy C., Mennett, Michael J., Wong, I.G., editors, 1992, Proceedings of the second Noce, Thomas E., and Tinsley, John C. III, 2005, conference on earthquake hazards in the eastern San Mapping NEHRP VS30 site classes: EERI Earthquake Francisco Bay area: California Geological Survey, Spectra, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 353-370. Special Publication 113, 576 p. Extensive subsurface data for the Oakland area of Alameda Doolin, David M., Wells, Donald L., and Williams, Patrick L., County. Also see companion paper listed below by same authors. 2005, Assessment of fault-creep deformation at Memorial Holzer, Thomas L, Bennett, Michael J., Noce, Thomas E., Stadium, University of California, Berkeley, California: and Tinsley, John C. III, 2005, Shear-wave velocity of AEG & GSA Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, surficial geologic sediments in northern California: vol. 11, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 125-139. statistical distributions and depth dependence: EERI EERI, 1996, Scenario for a magnitude 7.0 earthquake on the Earthquake Spectra, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2005 issue, Hayward Fault: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, p. 161-177. Measurements of Vs at 210 new locations in the Publication no. HF–96, 16 chapters, 109 p. Oakland, Alameda, Berkeley area for these Quaternary formations < www.eeri.org > in the East Bay flatlands: Pleistocene alluvial fans (≈300 m/s); Ellen, Stephen D., and Wieczorek, Gerald F., editors, Merritt sand (≈350 m/s); Holocene alluvial fans (≈240 m/s); 1988, Landslides, floods, and marine effects of the storm Younger Bay Mud (≈125 m/s); and Artificial Fill. Velocities below of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay region, the water table are typically ≈7% less than those above it. Kelson, Keith, 2002, Geologic characterization of the Calaveras California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Fault as a potential seismic source, San Francisco Bay area, 1434, 16 chapters, 310 p. California, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Gans, Christine R., Furlong, Kevin P., and Malservisi, R., 2003, Engineering geology practice in northern California: Fault creep and microseismicity on the Hayward Fault, California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 & Association of California: implications for asperity size: Geophysical Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 179–192. Research Letters, vol. 30, no. 9, published by AGU on Kilb, D., and Rubin, A.M., 2002, Implications of diverse fault October 10, 2003; doi: 10.1029/2003GL017904. orientations imaged in relocated aftershocks of the Mount Graymer, Russell W., Sarna–Wojcicki, Andre M., Walker, J.P., Lewis, M 5.7, California, earthquake: Journal of McLaughlin, Robert J., and Fleck, R.J., 2002, Controls on L Geophysical Research, vol. 107, no. B–11, November 2002 timing and amount of right–lateral offset on the East Bay issue, AGU document ID # 10.1029/2001JB000149. fault system, San Francisco Bay region, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 114, no. 12, Dec. 2002, p. 1471–1479. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 281 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lettis, William, 2002, Late Holocene behavior and seismogenic Morrow, C.A., and Lockner, D.A., 2001, Hayward fault rocks: potential of the Hayward–Rogers Creek fault system in the porosity, density, and strength measurements: U.S. San Francisco Bay area, California, in Ferriz, H., and Geological Survey, Open–File Report 2001–421, 28 p. Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice in Page, Benjamin M., 1999, Geology of the Lick Observatory northern California: California Geological Survey Quadrangle: International Geology Review, vol. 41, no. 4, Bulletin 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists April 1999 issue, p. 355 - 367. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Special Publication 12, p. 167–178. Parsons, Thomas, 1998, Seismic–reflection evidence that the Lienkaemper, James J., Dawson, Timothy E., Personius, Hayward Fault extends into the lower crust of the San Stephen F., Seitz, Gordon G., Reidy, Liam M., and Francisco Bay area, California: Bulletin of the Schwartz, David P., 2002, A record of large earthquakes on Seismological Society of America, vol. 88, p. 1212–1223. the southern Hayward Fault for the past 500 years: Bulletin Parsons, Thomas, Sliter, Ray, Geist, Eric L., Jachens, Robert C., of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, Jaffe, Bruce E., Foxgrover, Amy, Hart, Patrick E., and October 2002, p. 2637–2658. (Based on fault trenching at McCarthy, Jill, 2003, Structure and mechanics of the Tyson’s Lagoon near Fremont BART station, prior Hayward–Rodgers Creek Fault step–over, San Francisco earthquake calendar dates are estimated to be about Bay, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of 1470 AD, 1630 AD, 1730 AD, and 1868 AD.) America, vol. 93, no. 5, October 2003 issue, p. 2187–2200. Lienkaemper, James J., Borchardt, Glenn, and Lisowski, M., Pike, Richard J., Graymer, Russell W., Roberts, S., Kalman, 1991, Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along N.B., and Sobieszczyk, S., 2001 Map and map database of the Hayward Fault, California: Journal of Geophysical susceptibility to slope failure by sliding and earthflow in the Research, vol. 96, p. 18,261–18,283. Oakland area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Lienkaemper, James J., and Galehouse, Jon S., 1998, New Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–2385 evidence doubles the seismic potential of the Hayward http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/map–mf/mf2385 Fault: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 69, p. 519–523. Ponce, D.A., Simpson, Robert W., Graymer, Russell W., and Lienkaemper, James J., 1992, Map of recently active traces of Jachens, Robert C., 2004, Gravity, magnetic, and high- the Hayward Fault, Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern Studies Map MF–2196, map scale 1:24,000; 13 p. booklet. California: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, G3, Maddock, Marshall E., Geology of the Mount Boardman vol. 5, no. Q07004, 39 p., 34 refs.; published on-line by Quadrangle, Santa Clara and Stanislaus Counties, AGU on July 30, 2004. www.agu.org California: California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 3, Ponce, D.A., Hildenbrand, T.G., and Jachens, Robert C., 2003, map scale 1:62,500. Mount Boardman is located in the Gravity and magnetic expression of the San Leandro southern Diablo Range, east of Mount Hamilton and San Jose. Gabbro with implications for the geometry and evolution of Manaker, David M., Michael, Andrew J., and Bürgmann, the Hayward Fault zone, northern California: Bulletin of the Roland, 2005, Subsurface structure and kinematics of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 1, Calaveras―Hayward Fault stepover from three-dimensional February 2003 issue, p. 14–26. Vp and seismicity, San Francisco Bay region, California: Roberts, Sebastian, Roberts, Michelle A., and Brennan, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, Eileen, M., 1999, Landslides in Alameda County, no. 2, April 2005 issue, p. 446–470. California, a digital database extracted from preliminary Manaker, David M., Bürgmann, Roland, Prescott, William H., photointerpretation maps of surficial deposits by Tor H. and Langbein, John, 2003, Distribution of interseismic slip Nilsen in USGS Open–File Report 75–277: U.S. rates and the potential for significant earthquakes on the Geological Survey Open–File Report 99–504, Calaveras Fault, central California: Journal of Geophysical online version 1.0 Research, vol. 108, no. B–6, p. 3–1 to 3–30. doi: http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open–file/of99–504 10.1029/2002JB001749 published digitally by AGU on Saul, Richard B., 1973, Geology and slope stability of the SW¼ June 5, 2003. of the Walnut Creek Quadrangle, Contra Costa County, Melchiorre, E.B., Criss, Robert E., and Davisson, M.L., 1999, California: California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 16, Relationship between seismicity and subsurface fluids, two tables with stratigraphic data for landslides, central Coast Ranges, California: Journal of Geophysical map scale 1:12,000. Research, vol. 104, no. B–1, January 10, 1999 issue, p. 921– Savage, James C., and Lisowski, Michael, 1993, Inferred depth 939. Fluid overpressure in the Diablo Range and its of creep on the Hayward Fault, central California: Journal influence on the Greenville Fault. of Geophysical Research, vol. 98, p. 787–793. Miles, Scott B., and Keefer, David K., 2001, Seismic landslide Schaff, David P., Bokelmann, G.H.R., Beroza, Gregory C., hazard for the city of Berkeley, California: U.S. Geological Waldhauser, F., and Ellsworth, William L., 2002, High– Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2378. resolution image of Calaveras Fault seismicity: Journal of http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/map–mf/mf2378 Geophysical Research, vol 107, no. B–9, p. 5–1 to 5–16. Miles, Scott B., and Keefer, David K., 2001, Seismic landslide hazard for the cities of Oakland and Piedmont, California: U.S. Geological Survey Misc. Field Studies Map 2379. http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/map–mf/mf2379 Engineering Geology and Seismology for 282 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Steinbrugge, Karl V., Bennett, John H., Lagorio, Henry J., Davis, James F., Borchardt, Glenn, and Toppozada, T.R., 1987, Earthquake planning scenario for a magnitude 7½ earthquake on the Hayward Fault in the San Francisco Bay area: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 78, 245 p. Unruh, Jeffrey R., 2002, Seismic hazards associated with blind thrusts in the San Francisco Bay area, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Engineering geology practice in northern California: California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Association of Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 211–228. Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Lettis, William R., 1998, Kinematics of transpressional deformation in the eastern San Francisco Bay region, California: Geology, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 19–22. Wakabayaski, John, 2004, Contrasting settings of serpentinite bodies, San Francisco Bay area, California: derivation from the subducting plate versus mantle hanging wall? International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 12, December 2004 issue, p. 1103-1118. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Dr. Wakabayashi’s study areas are serpentinite from the Hunter’s Point shear zone and the southern Hayward Hills. Williams, Robert A., Simpson, Robert W., Jachens, Robert C., Stephenson, William J., Odum, Jack K., and Ponce, David A., Seismic reflection evidence for a northeast- dipping Hayward Fault near Fremont: implications for seismic hazard: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 32, paper #L13301, published on-line by AGU July 2, 2005. Wills, Christopher J., 1992, The elusive Antioch Fault, in Borchardt, Glenn, editor, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay area: California Geological Survey Special Publication 113, p. 325–331.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 283 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Francisco Bay ― North Bay Area Ellen, Stephen D., and Wieczorek, Gerald F., editors, (Abbreviated list for Marin, Sonoma, Napa and Solano 1988, Landslides, floods, and marine effects of the storm Counties. Especially useful references are marked of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay region, with a star symbol to assist the reader.) California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1434, 16 chapters, 310 p. Fox, Kenneth F., Jr., 1983, Tectonic setting of Late Miocene, Armstrong, Charles F., and Wagner, David L., 1977, Geology Pliocene, and Pleistocene rocks in part of the Coast Ranges of the Porter Creek study area, Sonoma County, California: north of San Francisco: U.S. Geological Survey California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 77–13, Professional Paper 1239, 33 p. (covers the Sebastopol and scale 1:24,000 Santa Rosa tectonic blocks in Sonoma and Napa counties.) Armstrong, Charles F., and Wagner, David L., 1977, Fox, Kenneth F., Jr., Sims, John D., Bartow, John A., and Geology of the Chalk Hill Road study area, Sonoma Helley, Edward J., 1973, Preliminary geologic map of County, California: California Geological Survey, Open– eastern Sonoma County and western Napa County, File Report 79–15, map scale 1:24,000. California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Bezore, Stephen P., Randolph, Carolyn E., Sowers, Janet M., Studies Map MF–383, scale 1:62,500. and Wagner, David L., 2002, Geologic map of the Cordelia Gluskoter, H.J., 1969 Geology of a portion of western Marin and Fairfield South 7½–minute Quadrangles, Solano and County, California: California Geological Survey Map Napa Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Sheet 11, map scale 1:62,500. CD–2002–07. Graymer, Russell W. , Jones, David L., and Brabb, Earl E., Blake, M. Clark, Jr., Bartow, John A., Frizzel, Virgil A., Jr., 2003, Geologic map and map database of northeastern San Schlocker, Julius, Sorg, Dennis, Wentworth, Carl M., Jr., Francisco Bay region, California: U.S. Geological Survey and Wright, Robert H., 1974, Preliminary geologic map of Miscellaneous Field–Studies 2403. Marin and San Francisco Counties, and parts of Alameda, Hart, Earl W., 1992, Recently active traces of the Rodgers Contra Costa, and San Francisco Counties, California: Creek Fault, Sonoma County, California: California U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map Geological Survey, Open–File Report 92–07, 14 p., 1 table, MF–574, scale 1: 62,500. fault map at 1:24,000–scale covers fault segments from Blake, M. Clark, Graymer, Russell W., and Jones, David L., Sears Point to Santa Rosa. 2000, Geologic map and map database of parts of Marin, Hecker, Suzanne, Pantosti, Daniela, Schwartz, David P., San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Sonoma Hamilton, John C., Leidy, Liam M., and Powers, Thomas J., Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, The most recent large earthquake on the Rodgers Miscellaneous Field Studies 2337, digital version 1.0 Creek Fault, San Francisco Bay Area: Bulletin of the Blake, M. Clark, Graymer, Russell W., and Stamski, R.E., Seismological Society of America, vol. 95, no. 3, June 2005 2003, Geologic map and map database of western Sonoma, issue, p. 844-860. The mean recurrence interval on the northernmost Marin, and southernmost Mendocino Rodgers Creek Fault is probably between 229 and 290 years. The Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey, latest large earthquake most likely occurred after A.D. 1715, but before 1824 when a Franciscan mission was built in Sonoma, and Miscellaneous Field Studies 2402, digital map scale probably before 1776 when the Mission Delores and the Presidio 1:62,500. were built in San Francisco. Borchardt, Glenn, and Baldwin, John, 2002, Late Holocene Huffman, Michael E., and Armstrong, Charles F., 1980, behavior and seismogenic potential of the Concord–Green Geology for planning in Sonoma County: California Valley fault system in Contra Costa and Solano counties, Geological Survey, Special Report 120, 8 map plates, 31 p. California, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Kenner, Shelley J., and Segall, Paul, 2000, Postseismic Engineering geology practice in northern California: deformation following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: California Geological Survey Bulletin 210, and Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 105, no. B–6, Association of Engineering Geologists Special June 10, 2000 issue, p. 13,195 to 13,209. Publication 12, p. 229–239. Malamud-Roam, Frances, and Ingram, B. Lynn, 2004, Budding, Karen E., Schwartz, David P., and Oppenheimer, Late Holocene δ13C and pollen records of paleosalinity from David H., 1991, Slip rate, earthquake recurrence, and tidal marshes in the San Francisco Bay estuary, California: seismogenic potential of the Rodgers Creek fault zone, Quaternary Research, vol. 62, p. 134-145. The four field northern California – initial results: Geophysical Research localities for organic marsh sediments are Browns Island (near Antioch), Letters, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 447–450. Roe Island in Suisuin Bay, Benicia State Park, and China Camp State Park. Dickinson, William R., Ingersoll, Raymond V., Cowan, D.S., McLaughlin, Robert J., and Nilsen, Tor H., 1982, Neogene Helmold, K.P., and Suczek, C.A., 1982, Provenance of non–marine sedimentation and tectonics in small pull–apart Franciscan graywackes in coastal California: Geological basins of the San Andreas Fault system, Sonoma County, Society of America Bulletin, vol. 93, p. 95-107. California: Sedimentology, vol. 29, p. 865–876. Elder, William P., editor, 1998, Geology and tectonics of the Niemi, Tina M., and Hall, N. Timothy, 1992, Late Holocene Gualala Block, northern California: Pacific Section SEPM, slip rate and recurrence of great earthquakes on the 220 p. San Andreas Fault in northern California: Geology, vol. 20, p. 195–198. A classic fault trench study at Olema. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 284 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Parsons, Thomas, Sliter, Ray, Geist, Eric L., Jachens, Robert C., Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S., and Lettis, William R., Jaffe, Bruce E., Foxgrover, Amy, Hart, Patrick E., and 1998, Maps showing Quaternary geology and liquefaction McCarthy, Jill, 2003, Structure and mechanics of the susceptibility, Napa, California, 1:100,000–scale Hayward ― Rodgers Creek Fault stepover, San Francisco Quadrangle – a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Bay, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Open–File Report 98–460. www.usgs.gov America, vol. 93, no. 5, October 2003 issue, p. 2187–2200. Spinelli, Glenn A., Fisher, Andrew T., Wheat, C. Geoffrey, Phipps, Stephen Paul, 1984, Ophiolitic olistrostromes in the Tryon, Michael D., Brown, Kevin M., and Flegal, basal Great Valley sequence, Napa County, northern A. Russell, 2002, Groundwater seepage into northern San California Coast Ranges, in Raymond, Loren A., editor, Francisco Bay: implications for dissolved metals budgets: Melanges: their nature, origin, and significance: Geological AGU Water Resources Research, vol. 38, no. 7, July 17, Society of America, Special Paper 198, p. 103-125. 2002 issue, paper no. 10.1029/2001WR00827. Rice, Salem J., and Chase, Gordon W., 1975, Geology for Swinchatt, Jonathan P., and Howell, David G., 2004, planning, Novato area, Marin County, California: The winemaker’s dance: exploring terroir in the California Geological Survey, Open–File Report 75–01, Napa Valley: University of California Press, 240 p., map scale 1:12,000. 62 color photographs, 17 diagrams, 22 maps, 3 tables. Rice, Salem J., Strand, R.G., and Smith, Theodore C., 1976, Toppozada, T.R., Bennett, Jack H., Borchardt, Glenn, Geology for planning: central and southeast Marin County, Hallstrom, C.L., and Youngs, Leslie G., 1994, Planning California: California Geological Survey, Open–File scenario for a major earthquake on the Rodgers Creek Fault Report 76–2. Plate 1A: Geology of the San Geronimo in the northern San Francisco Bay area: California Valley area by T.C. Smith; Plate 1B, Geology of the upper Geological Survey, Special Publication 112, 11 figures, Ross Valley and the western part of the San Rafael area by 14 tables, 263 p. T.C. Smith, S.J. Rice, and R.G. Strand; Plate 1C, Geology Wagner, David L, and Bortugno, Edward J., compilers, 1982, of the eastern part of the San Rafael area, by S.J. Rice, R.G. Geologic map of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle: California Strand, and T.C. Smith.; all at map scale 1:12,000. Geological Survey, RGM #2, Regional Geologic Map Sims, John D., Fox, Kenneth D., Jr., Bartow, John A., and Series, 5 sheets, scale 1:250,000. (reprinted 1999) Helley, Edward J., 1973, Preliminary geologic map of Wagner, David L., 1977, Geology for planning in western Solano County, and parts of Napa, Contra Costa, marin, and Marin County, California: California Geological Survey, Yolo Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report 77–15. Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–484, scale 1:62,500. Wagner, David L., and Graham, Stephan A., editors, 1999, Sloan, Doris, and Wagner, David L., editors, 1991, Geologic Geologic field trips in northern California: California excursions in northern California – San Francisco to the Geological Survey, Special Publication 119, 15 papers, Sierra Nevada: California Geological Survey Special 254 p. Publication 109, 11 papers, 130 p. Wagner, David L., Bortugno, Edward .J., and McJunkin, Richard D., 1990, Geologic map of the San Francisco–San Jose Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, RGM–5A, set of five sheets, map scale 1:250,000.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 285 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

San Joaquin Valley Cole, Judy W., and Fuller, David R., 1988, Mineral land (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are classification ― aggregate material in the Fresno marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Production-Consumption Region, Fresno and Madera Counties, California: California Geological Survey, Special Report 158, 21 page booklet with 18 map plates. Plates 1 Bartow, J. Alan, 1987, Cenozoic nonmarine sedimentation in & 2 @ scale 1:250,000, and Plates 3 – 18 @ scale 1:24,000. the San Joaquin Basin, central California, in Ingersoll, R.V., The field mapping area for aggregate is principally along the San and Ernst, W.G., editors, Cenozoic Basin Development of Joaquin River along the Madera―Fresno county boundary line. Coastal California ― the Rubey Volume VI: Prentice–Hall, Cressy, Frank B., and Simmons, Michael L, editors, 1997, Inc., p. 146–171. Geology of the northern San Joaquin Basin gas province: Bartow, J. Alan, 1991, The Cenozoic evolution of the San American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Section, Publication MP–43, 9 papers, 100 p. Professional Paper 1501, 2 map sheets, 200 references, 40 p. Critelli, S., and Nilsen, Tor H., 2000, Provenance and Bartow, J. Alan, and McDougall, Kristin, 1984, Tertiary stratigraphy of the Eocene Tejon Formation, western stratigraphy of the southeastern San Joaquin Valley, Tehachapi Mountains, San Emigdio Mountains, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1529–J, 41 p. southern San Joaquin Basin, California: Sedimentary Bawden, Gerald W., 2001, Source parameters for the 1952 Geology, vol. 136, issues 1-2, October 2000 issue, p. 7-27. Kern County earthquake, California: a joint inversion of Davis, George H., and Coplen, Tyler B., 1989, Late Cenozoic leveling and triangulation observations: Journal of paleohydrology of the western San Joaquin Valley, Geophysical Research, vol. 106, no. B–1, January 10, 2001 California, as related to structural movements in the central Coast Ranges: Geological Society of America, Special issue, p. 771–785. Evaluation of active tectonics of the White Wolf Fault system. Paper 234, 40 p. Bielecki, A.E., and Muller, Karl J., 2002, Origin of terraced Dickinson, William R., 2002, Reappraisal of hypothetical hillslopes on active folds in the southern San Joaquin Franciscan thrust wedging at Coalinga: implications for Valley, California: Geomorphology, vol. 42, p. 131-152. tectonic relations along the Great Valley flank of the Brune, James N., Anooshehpoor, A., Shi, B., and Zeng, Y., California Coast Ranges: AGU Tectonics, vol. 21, no. 5, 2004, Precarious rock and overturned transformer evidence paper # 10.1029/2001TC001315 dated 12 Sept. 2002. for ground shaking in the Ms 7.7 Kern County Earthquake: Dunbar, W.S., Boore, David M., and Thatcher, Wayne, 1980, an analog for disastrous shaking from a major thrust fault in Pre–, co–,and post–seismic strain changes associated with the Los Angeles Basin: Bulletin of the Seismological the 1952 ML=7.2 Kern County, California earthquake: Society of America, vol. 94, no. 6, December 2004 issue, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 70, p. 1993-2003. Forensic evidence of very intense seismic shaking p. 1893–1905. on the hanging-wall of the White Wolf Fault during the 1952 Arvin- Dundas, Robert G., Smith, Randall B., and Verosub, Tehachapi Earthquake in Kern County. Kenneth L., 1996, The Fairmead Landfill fossil locality Buwalda, John Peter, and St.Amand, Pierre, 1955, Geological (Pleistocene, Irvingtonian), Madera County, California, in effects of the Arvin–Tehachapi earthquake, in Oakeshott, Bell, Christopher J., and Sumida, Stuart S., editors, The uses G.B., editor, Earthquakes in Kern County: California of vertebrate fossils in biostratigraphic correlation: Division of Mines & Geology Bulletin 171, p. 41–56. University of California Museum of Paleontology, Castillo, David A., and Zoback, Mark D., 1994, Systematic PaleoBios, vol. 17, nos. 2–4, p. 50–58. variations in stress state in the southern San Joaquin Valley; Goodman, E.D., and Malin, P., 1992, Evolution of the southern inferences based on well–bore data and contemporary San Joaquin basin and mid–Tertiary transitional tectonics, seismicity: American Association of Petroleum Geologists central California: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 478–498. Bulletin, v. 78, no. 8, August 1994, p. 257–1275. Helley, Edward J., 1978, Geologic map of the alluvial fan of the Castle, Robert O., Church, J.P., Yerkes, Robert F., and Chowchilla River and adjacent foothill area, Mariposa, Manning, John C., 1983, Historic surface deformation near Merced, and Madera counties, California: U.S. Geological Oildale, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Survey, Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF 927. Paper 1245, 42 p. Janda, Richard J., and Croft, M.G., 1967, The stratigraphic Clinkenbeard, John P., 1999, Generalized geologic map of significance of a sequence of noncalcic brown soils formed Merced County: California Geological Survey, Open–File on the Quaternary alluvium of northeastern San Joaquin Report 99–08, plate 2, Geologic map, map scale 1:125,000; Valley, California, in Morrison, Roger B., and Wright, plate 4, Areas zoned Mineral Resource Zone 2 (MRZ–2) H.E., editors, Quaternary Soils: International Association of for concrete aggregate, map scales 1:48,000 and 1:62,500. Quaternary Research, Proceedings of the 7th Congress, held in Reno, Nevada, vol. 9, p. 158–190. Keller, Edward A., Zepeda, R.L., Rockwell, Thomas K., Ku, T.L., and Dinklage, W.S., 1998, Active tectonics at Wheeler Ridge, southern San Joaquin Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 3, March 1998, p. 298–310. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 286 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Kuespert, J.G., and Reid, S.A., editors, 1990, Structure, Page, R.W., and LeBlanc, R.A., 1969, Geology, hydrology and stratigraphy, and hydrocarbon occurrences of the San water quality in the Fresno area, California: U.S. Joaquin Basin, California: American Association of Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Open-File Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Guidebook No. 65, Report, 70 p. 366 p. Piper, A.M., Gale, H.S., Thomas, H.E., and Robinson, T.W., Laudon, Julie, and Belitz, Kenneth, 1991, Texture and 1939, Geology and groundwater hydrology of the depositional history of Late Pleistocene – Holocene Mokelumne area, California: U.S. Geological Survey alluvium in the central part of the western San Joaquin Water-Supply Paper 780, 230 p. Valley, California: Bulletin of the Association of Rymer, Michael J., and Ellsworth, William L., editors, 1990, Engineering Geologists, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 73–88. The Coalinga, California, earthquake of May 2, 1983: Lillis, P.G., and Magoon, L.B., 2004, Oil―oil correlations to U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1487, 23 establish a basis for mapping petroleum systems, chapters, 4 folded plates, 417 p. San Joaquin basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Seiler, Ralph L., Skorupa, Joseph P., Naftz, David L., and Open-File Report 2004-1037, 42 p. Nolan, B. Thomas, 2003, Irrigation-induced contamination Marchand Dennis E., 1976, Prelininary geologic maps showing of water, sediment, and biota in the western United States Quaternary deposts of the Madera area, eastern San Joaquin ― synthesis of data from the National Irrigation Water Valley, Madera and Fresno counties, California: Quality Program: U.S. Geological Survey Professional U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-841, map Paper 1655, 123 p. This useful summary report contains a scale 1:24,000. wealth of 289 bibliographic references and pertinent Marchand, Dennis E., and Allwardt, Alan, 1981, Late Cenozoic interdisciplinary information about toxic selenium in Kesterson stratigraphic units, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, Reservoir and Tulare Lake bed, San Joaquin Valley. California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1470, 70 p. Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S., and Unruh, Jeffrey R., 1992, Marchand, Dennis E., and Allwardt, Alan, 1978, Quaternary Quaternary deformation and blind–thrust faulting on the east deposits, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, California: flank of the Diablo Range near Tracy, California, in U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map Borchardt, Glenn, editor, Proceedings of the Second MF-945. Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the eastern San Marchand, Dennis E., 1976, Preliminary geologic maps Francisco Bay Area: California Geological Survey, Special showing Quaternary deposits of the Madera area (Poso Publication 113, p. 377–383. Farm, Firebaugh NE, Bonita Ranch, Madera, Gregg, Lanes Stein, Ross S., and Ekstrom, G., 1992, Seismicity and geometry Bridge, Friant, and Academy 7½–minute quadrangles), of a 110–km–long blind thrust fault; part 2, Synthesis of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, Madera and Fresno Counties, 1982–1985 California earthquake sequence: Journal of California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report 76– Geophysical Research, v. 97, part B, no. 4, p. 4865–4883. 0841, 12 pages, 8 geologic map sheets. Stein, Ross S. and King, G.C., 1984, Seismic potential revealed Marchand, Dennis E., 1976, Preliminary geologic maps by surface folding: the 1983 Coalinga, California, showing Quaternary deposits of the Chowchilla area (Santa earthquake: Science, vol. 224, p. 869–871. Rita Bridge, Bliss Range, Chowchilla, Berenda, and Kismet Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and Yun, Joseph, 7½–minute quadrangles), eastern San Joaquin Valley, 2003, California’s groundwater: California Department of Madera and Merced Counties, California: U.S. Geological Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., 7 chapters, Survey, Open–File Report 76–0839, 12 pages, 5 geologic Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures. map sheets. For the San Joaquin Valley, this new edition of Bulletin 118 covers both the Tulare Lake and the San Joaquin groundwater basins. Marchand, Dennis E., 1976, Preliminary geologic maps Wakabayashi, John, and Smith, David L., 1994, Evaluation showing Quaternary deposits of the southern Merced area of recurrence intervals, characteristic earthquakes, and slip (San Luis Ranch, Sandy Mush, El Nido, Plainsburg, rates associated with thrusting along the Coast Range– LeGrand, and Raynor Creek 7½–minute quadrangles), Central Valley geomorphic boundary, California: Bulletin eastern San Joaquin Valley, Merced and Madera Counties, of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 6, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open–File Report 76– p. 1960–1970. 0838, 12 pages, 7 geologic map sheets. Weldon, Ray J., Fumal, Thomas E., Biasi, Glenn P., and Mitten, H.T., 1983, Ground water in the Fresno area, California: Scharer, Katherine M., 2005, Past and future earthquakes on U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations the San Andreas Fault: AAAS Science, vol. 308, Report 83-4246, 15 p. issue #5724, 13 May 2005, p. 966-967. Namson, J.S., and Davis, Thomas L. 1988, Seismically active fold and thrust belt in the San Joaquin Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 257–273. Oakeshott, Gordon B., editor, 1955, Earthquakes in Kern County, California, during 1952: California Division of Mines Bulletin 171, 283 p. (The classic report on the 1952 ML7.2 Arvin–Tehachapi earthquake.) Engineering Geology and Seismology for 287 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

The Delta July-August 2005 issue, p. 545-556. The USGS study area of the confluence of the Sacramento & San Joaquin Rivers is at Twitchell Island in the Sacramento―San Joquin Delta. Yolo, Solano, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, and Sacramento counties California Department of Water Resources, 1993, Sacramento ― San Joaquin Delta altas: California There are few hospitals and public schools in the Delta, but Department of Water Resources, 121 p. Contains there is growing pressure for development, aqueducts, comprehensive page-sized maps at scale 1 inch ≈ 7 miles of the pipelines, bridges, and other public works in this area. entire Delta; the full text of the 1959 Burns-Porter Act, and the 1959 However, the geologic hazards in the Delta are acute and Delta Protection Act. The legal boundaries of the Delta are shown in severe: floods, liquefaction, subsidence, soft bearing this official atlas; these boundaries have legal implications for capacity for structural foundations, oxidation of peat geotechnical consulting work and land-use zoning. deposits, levee breaks during floods, and strong earthquake In addition, the California Department of Water Resources has ground-motion from blind-thrust faults. The Delta is an published about two dozen reports on the hydrogeology and important source of natural gas wells and is a vital waterway hydrology of the Delta, with emphasis on levees. Check with the with ship channels to Stockton and West Sacramento. At the Central District offices of DWR for these publications. same time, it is also a biological treasure for wildlife and California Department of Water Resources, 1978, recreation, and is productive for agricultural crops. It is suggested that the reader begin with the DWR Atlas of the Evaluation of ground water resources, Sacramento Delta (1993) and proceed from there. The published Valley: Calif. Dept. Water Resources Bulletin 118-6, literature is scattered in a wide spectrum of journals or 136 p. government documents. This is necessarily an abbreviated California State Water Project Authority, 1956, Investigation list; especially useful references are marked with a star of the Sacramento ― San Joaquin Delta, ground-water symbol to assist the reader. geology: Division of Water Resources, California Water Project Authority, Report no. 1. One of the earliest hydrogeology reports on the Delta – of historic interest. Ake, Jon P., Wilson, John, and Ostenaa, Dean, 1992, Cressy, Frank B., and Simmons, Michael L, editors, 1997, Preliminary seismic risk analysis for the northern Geology of the northern San Joaquin Basin gas province: Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta area, in Borchardt, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Glenn, editor, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Section, Publication MP–43, 9 papers, 100 p. Earthquake Hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay Duncan, James M., and Houston, William N., 1983, Area: California Geological Survey, Special Publication Estimating failure probabilities for California levees: 113, p. 535-541. American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Bartow, J. Alan, 1985, Map and cross sections showing Geotechnical Engineering, v. 109, no. 2, February 1983, Tertiary stratigraphy and structure of the northern San p. 260-268. Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Eaton, J.P., 1986, Tectonic environment of the 1892 Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1711, scale Vacaville/ Winters earthquake, and the potential for large 1:250,000. earthquakes along the western edge of the Sacramento Bartow, J. Alan, 1991, The Cenozoic evolution of the San Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86- Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey, 370, 11 p. Professional Paper 1501, 2 map sheets, 200 references, 40 p. Finch, Michael O., 1985, Earthquake damage in the Bertoldi, G.L., Johnston, R.H., and Evenson, K.D., 1991, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: California Geology, Ground water in the Central Valley, California; a v. 38, p. 39-44. summary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Finch, Michael O., 1988, Estimated performance of the Paper 1401-A, p. A1-A44. (A current summary for the Twitchell Island levee system, Sacramento-San Joaquin entire Central Valley with abundant references to the Delta, under maximum credible earthquake conditions: literature.) Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, Biggar, Norma E., and Wong, Ivan G, 1992, Seismic hazard v. 25, no. 2, p. 207-217. evaluation of the Vaqueros faults in eastern Contra Costa Fischer, K.J., 1994, Fluvial geomorphology and flood County, California, in Borchardt, Glenn, editor, strategies: Sacramento River, California, in Schumm, Proceedings of the Second Conference on Earthquake Stanley A., and Winkley, B.R., editors, The variability of Hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay Area: large alluvial rivers: American Society of Civil Engineers, California Geological Survey Special Publication 113, Reston, Virginia, p. 115–138. p. 365-376. Hanson, B.R., and Carlton, A.B., 1985, Water and salt Broadbent, F.E., 1960, Factors influencing the decomposition movement during sub-irrigation of organic soils of the of organic soils of the California Delta: Hilgardia, vol. 29, Sacramento ― San Joaquin Delta: Tranasctions of the p. 587–612. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol. 28, Burow, Karen R., Constantz, James, and Fujii, Roger, 2005, no. 3, p. 815 – 818. Heat as a tracer to estimate dissolved organic carbon flux from a restored wetland: Ground Water, vol. 43, no. 4, Engineering Geology and Seismology for 288 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Helley, Edward J., 1979, Preliminary geologic map of the Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S., and Lettis, William R., Davis Quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey 1993, Preliminary maps showing Quaternary geology of Open-File Report 79-583, map scale 1:62,500. the Tracy and Midway 7½-minute quadrangles, (Covers the area immediately north of Dixon.) California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Houston, William N., and Duncan, James M., 1978, 93-225, map scale 1:24,000. Probability of failure of levees in the Sacramento ― Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S., and Unruh, Jeffrey R., 1992, San Joaquin Delta, California: U.S. Army Corps of Quaternary deformation and blind–thrust faulting on the east Engineers, Sacramento District, Engineering Division, flank of the Diablo Range near Tracy, California, in Foundation and Materials Branch, Sacramento, Borchardt, Glenn, editor, Proceedings of the Second unpublished consulting report. (The authors are both Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the eastern San geotechnical engineers at the University of California, Francisco Bay Area: California Geological Survey, Special Berkeley.) Publication 113, p. 377–383. Janda, Richard J., and Croft, M.G., 1967, The stratigraphic Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and Yun, Joseph, significance of a sequence of noncalcic brown soils formed 2003, California’s groundwater: California Department of on the Quaternary alluvium of northeastern San Joaquin Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., 7 chapters, Valley, California, in Morrison, Roger B., and Wright, Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures. H.E., editors, Quaternary Soils: International Association of This new edition of Bulletin 118 covers the Delta of the Quaternary Research, Proceedings of the 7th Congress, Sacramento-San Joaquin confluence. held in Reno, Nevada, vol. 9, p. 158–190. Toppozada, Tousson L., 1987, The 1892 Vacaville―Winters Limerinos, J.T., and Smith, W., 1975, Evaluation of the earthquakes and the : California causes of levee erosion in the Sacramento ― San Joaquin Geology, v. 40, p. 84–85. Delta, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Moores, Eldridge M., 1992, Resources Division, unpublished NTIS document Quaternary blind–thrusting in the southwestern Sacramento PB-239-796/AS, 58 p. Valley, California: Tectonics, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 192–203. Logan, Samuel H., 1990, Simulating costs of flooding Unruh, Jeffrey R., Loewen, B.A., and Moores, Eldridge M., under alternative policies for the Sacramento - San 1995, Progressive arcward contraction of a Mesozoic– Joaquin River delta: American Geophysical Union, Tertiary fore–arc basin, southwestern Sacramento Valley, Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 5, p. 799-809. California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, McKevett, N.H., 1992, The Kirby Hills fault zone, p. 38–53. in Cherven, Victor B., and Edmondson, W.F., editors, Volpe, Richard L., Kissick, C.M., and Wakabayashi, John, Structural geology of the Sacramento Basin: American 1992, Seismic hazard in the Sacramento - San Joaquin Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Delta region: insight from probabilistic seismic risk Miscellaneous Publication no. 41, p. 61–78. analyses, in Borchardt, Glenn, editor, Proceedings of the O’Connell, Daniel R.H., Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Block, Second Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the eastern Lisa V., 2001, Source characterization and ground–motion San Francisco Bay Area: California Division of Mines modeling of the 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquake and Geology Special Publication 113, p. 525-534. sequence, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society Wagner, David L., Jennings, Charles W., Bedrossian, of America, vol. 91, no. 6, p. 1471–1497. Trinda L., and Bortugno, Edward J., 1982, Geologic map of Olmsted, F.H., and Davis, G.H., 1961, Geologic features and the Sacramento Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, ground-water storage capacity of the Sacramento Valley, Regional Geologic Map Series 1A, scale 1:250,000. California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper Wakabayashi, John, and Smith, David L., 1994, Evaluation of 1497, 241 p. recurrence intervals, characteristic earthquakes, and slip Shlemon, Roy J., and Begg, Eugene I., 1975, Late rates associated with thrusting along the Coast Range– Quaternary evolution of the Sacramento ― San Joaquin Central Valley geomorphic boundary, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 6, Delta, California: Quaternary Studies; Royal Society of p. 1960–1970. New Zealand Bulletin, vol. 13, p. 259-266. (reprinted in the Wong, Ivan G., 1992, Earthquake activity in the Sacramento Sacramento AEG volume shown below, edited by Dr. Shlemon) Valley, California, and its implications to active geologic Shlemon, Roy J., Horner, Timothy, and Florsheim, Joan, structures and contemporary tectonic stresses, in editors, 2000, Quaternary geology of the Sacramento area: Cherven, V.B., and Edmonston, W.F., editors, Structural Association of Engineering Geologists, Sacramento Section, geology of the Sacramento Basin American Association of Field Trip Guidebook, March 25, 2000, 38 p. Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, p. 5–14.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 289 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Harwood, David S., and Helley, Edward J., 1987, Late Sacramento Valley Cenozoic tectonism of the Sacramento Valley, California: (abbreviated list; especially useful references are U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1359, 46 p. marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Helley, Edward J., and Jaworowski, Cheryl, 1985, The Red Bluff Pediment – a datum plane for locating Quaternary structures in the Sacramento Valley, California: Almgren, Alvin A., and Hacker, Paul D., editors, 1984, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1628, 13 p. Paleogene submarine canyons of the Sacramento Valley, Helley, Edward J., Harwood, David S., Barker, J.A., California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Griffin E.A., 1981, Geologic map of the Battle Creek fault Pacific Section, symposium volume, 14 chapters, 187 p. zone, northern Sacramento Valley, California: U.S. Blake, M.Clark, Jr., Harwood, David S., Helley, Edward J., Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, Irwin, William P., Jayko, Angela S., and Jones, David L., MF–1298, map scale 1:62,500. Hill, D.P., Eaton, J.P., Ellsworth, W.L., Cockerham, R.S., 2000, Geologic map of the Red Bluff 30 × 60–minute Lester, F.W., and Corbett, E.J., 1991, The seismotectonic quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic fabric of central California, in Slemmons, D.B., Engdahl, Investigations Series, Map I–2542, scale 1:100,000. E.R., Zoback, M.D., and Blackwell, D.D., editors, Download from: http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/i–map/i2542 Neotectonics of North America: Geological Society Blake, M.Clark, Helley, Edward J., Jayko, Angela S., America, Decade Map Volume 1, p. 107–132. Jones, David L., Ohlin, H.N., 1992, Geologic map of the Hollister, Victor F., and Evans, James R., 1965, Geology of Willows 1:100,000 quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological the Redding quadrangle, Shasta County, California: Survey Open–File Report 92–271, 38 p., 45 references, map California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 4, map scale scale 1:100,000. Covers portions of Tehama County and 1:24,000. Glenn County. McKevett, N.H., 1992, The Kirby Hills fault zone, in Borchardt, Glenn, Rice, Salem, and Taylor Gary, 1980, Cherven, Victor B., and Edmondson, W.F., editors, Paleosols overlying the Foothills Fault System near Auburn, Structural geology of the Sacramento Basin: American Placer and El Dorado Counties, California: California Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Geological Survey, Special Report 149, 38 p. Miscellaneous Publication no. 41, p. 61–78. Creeley, R. Scott, 1965, Geology of the Oroville quadrangle, Melchiorre, E.B., Criss, R.E., and Davisson, M.L., 1999, California: California Geological Survey Bulletin 184, 86 p. Relationship between seismicity and subsurface fluids, Davisson, M.L., Presser, T.S., and Criss, Robert E., 1994, central Coast Ranges, California: Journal of Geophysical Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the Research, vol. 104, no. B–1, January 10, 1999 issue, p. 921– northern Coast Ranges: Rumsey Hills, California: 939. Saline springs and fluid overpressure in the Rumsey Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 58, no. 7, p. 1687– Hills area of the western margin of the Sacramento Valley. 1699. Murphy, Michael A., Rodda, Peter U., and Morton, DeGraaff–Surpless, Kathleen, Graham, Stephan A., Douglas M., 1969, Geology of the Ono quadrangle, Shasta Wooden, Joseph L., and McWilliams, Michael O., 2002, and Tehama counties, California: California Geological Detrital zircon provenance analysis of the Great Valley Survey, Bulletin 192, 28 p., 1 plate, 3 figures, 10 photos. Group, California, evolution of a arc–forearc system: National Academy of Sciences, 1995, Flood risk management Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 114, and the American River Basin – an evaluation: National no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1564–1580. Academy Press, 235 p. < www.nap.edu > Domagalski, Joseph L., and 6 others, 2000, Water quality in the National Academy of Sciences, 1999, Improving American Sacramento River Basin, California, 1994–1998: U.S. River flood frequency analyses: National Academy Press, Geological Survey Circular 1215, 36 p. 120 p. Erskine, M.C., Unruh, Jeffrey, Lettis, William R., and O’Connell, Daniel R.H., Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Block, Bartow, J.A., editors, Field guide to the tectonics of the Lisa V., 2001, Source characterization and ground–motion boundary between the California Coast Ranges and the modeling of the 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquake Great Valley of California: American Association of sequence, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Guidebook 70, of America, vol. 91, no. 6, p. 1471–1497. ten papers, 140 p. Olmstead, Franklin H., and Davis, George H., 1961, Fischer, K.J., 1994, Fluvial geomorphology and flood Geologic features and ground–water storage capacity of the strategies: Sacramento River, California, in Schumm, Sacramento Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Stanley A., and Winkley, B.R., editors, The variability of Water–Supply Paper 1497, 241 p. large alluvial rivers: American Society of Civil Engineers, Olmsted, Franklin H., 1971, Pre–Cenozoic geology of the south Reston, Virginia, p. 115–138. half of the Auburn 15–minute quadrangle, California: Graham, Stephan A., editor, 1981, Field guide to the Mesozoic– U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1341, 30 p., scale 1:62,500. Cenozoic convergent margin of northern California: Peterson, Gary L., 1966, Structural interpretation of sandstone American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific dikes, northwest Sacramento Valley, California: Bulletin of Section, vol. 50, 15 chapters, 118 p. the Geological Society of America, vol. 77, p. 833-842, 5 figures, 1 plate. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 290 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Saucedo, George J., and Wagner, David L., 1992, Wagner, David L., Jennings, Charles W., Bedrossian, Geologic map of the Chico Quadrangle, California: Trinda L., and Bortugno, Edward J., 1982, Geologic map of California Geological Survey, Regional Geologic Map the Sacramento Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, Series Map 7A, scale 1:250,000. Regional Geologic Map Series 1A, scale 1:250,000. Shlemon, Roy J., Horner, Timothy, and Florsheim, Joan, 2000, Wagner, David L., and Saucedo, George J., 1984, Geologic Quaternary geology of the Sacramento area: Association of structure in the Capay Hills, California: California Engineering Geologists, Sacramento Section, Field Trip Geology, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 23–28. Guidebook, March 25, 2000, 38 p. Wakabayashi, John, and Smith, David L., 1994, Evaluation of Swartz, Robert, Hauge, Carl, Scruggs, Mary, and Yun, recurrence intervals, characteristic earthquakes, and slip Joseph, 2003, California’s groundwater: California rates associated with thrusting along the Coast Range– Department of Water Resources Bulletin 118, 264 p., Central Valley geomorphic boundary, California: Bulletin 7 chapters, Appendix A to G, 41 tables, 44 figures. of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 6, For the Sacramento Valley, this new edition of Bulletin 118 p. 1960–1970. covers all of the Sacramento ground–water basin. Ward, Peter D., Verosub, Kenneth L., Haggart, James W., Toppozada, Tousson L., 1987, The 1892 Vacaville―Winters 1983, Marine magnetic anomaly 33–34–identified in the earthquakes and the 1983 Coalinga earthquake: California Upper Cretaceous of the Great Valley Sequence of Geology, v. 40, p. 84–85. California: Geology, vol. 11, no. 2, Febuary 1983 issue, Unruh, Jeffrey R., and Moores, Eldridge M., 1992, p. 90–93. Quaternary blind–thrusting in the southwestern Sacramento Williams, Howel, and Curtis, Garniss H., 1977, The Sutter Valley, California: Tectonics, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 192–203. Buttes of California ― a study of Plio-Pleistocene Unruh, Jeffrey R., Davisson, M.L., Criss, Robert E., and volcanism: University of California Publications in the Moores, Eldridge M., 1992, Implications of perennial Geological Sciences, vol. 116, 56 p., Figure 4, saline springs for abnormal high fluid pressures and map scale ≈1:70,400. active thrusting in western California: Geology, vol. 20, Wong, Ivan G., 1992, Earthquake activity in the Sacramento p. 431–434. Valley, California, and its implications to active geologic Unruh, Jeffrey R., Loewen, B.A., and Moores, Eldridge M., structures and contemporary tectonic stresses, in 1995, Progressive arcward contraction of a Mesozoic– Cherven, V.B., and Edmonston, W.F., editors, Structural Tertiary fore–arc basin, southwestern Sacramento Valley, geology of the Sacramento Basin American Association of California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, p. 5–14. p. 38–53.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 291 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Granger, Darryl E., and Stock, Greg M., 2004, Using Southern Sierra Nevada deposits as geologic tiltmeters: application to postglacial rebound of the Sierra Nevada, California: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 31, no. L22501, published on-line by This region is generally from Sequoia National Park, Mineral King, AGU on November 19, 2004. Lake Isabella, Walker Pass, and extending to the Tehachapi Mountains. Horton, Travis W., Sjostrom, Derek J., Abruzzese, Mark J., This abbreviated list necessarily omits geology refrences to gold mineralization in the Sierran foothills and wilderness areas of the Sierra Poage, Michael A., Waldbauer, Jacob R., Hren, Michael, Nevada because there are few hospitals or public schools located in this Wooden, Joseph, Chamberlain, C. Page, 2004, region. Especially useful references are marked with a Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface star symbol to assist the reader. elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: American Journal of Science, vol. 304, no. 10, December 2004 issue, p. 862-888. House, M.A., Wernicke, Brian P., and Farley, Kenneth A., Brune, James N., Anooshehpoor, A., Shi, B., and Zeng, Y., 1998, Dating topography of the Sierra Nevada, California, 2004, Precarious rock and overturned transformer evidence using apatite (U–Th)/He ages: Nature, vol. 396, p. 66–69. for ground shaking in the Ms 7.7 Kern County Earthquake: Jones, Craig H., Farmer, G. Lang, and Unruh, Jeffrey, 2004, an analog for disastrous shaking from a major thrust fault in Tectonics of Pliocene removal of lithosphere of the Sierra the Los Angeles Basin: Bulletin of the Seismological Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Society of America, vol. 94, no. 6, December 2004 issue, vol. 116, no. 11, p. 1408-1422. About 1 km of rapid uplift p. 1993-2003. Forensic evidence of very intense seismic shaking occurred along the Sierran crest in the Late Miocene to Pliocene on the hanging-wall of the White Wolf Fault during the 1952 Arvin- Epoch (roughly between ≈8 and ≈3 million years ago). Tehachapi Earthquake in Kern County. Jones, Craig H., and Phinney, Robert A., 1998, Seismic Clark, Douglas H., Gillespie, Alan R., Clark, Malcolm M., and structure of the lithosphere from teleseismic converted Burke, Raymond, 2003, Mountain glaciations of the Sierra arrivals observed at small arrays in the southern Sierra Nevada, in Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology Nevada and vicinity, California: Journal of Geophysical of the United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA Research, vol. 103, no. B–5, May 10, 1998 issue, 2003 Field Trip Guide Volume, §12, p. 287-312. p. 10,065 to 10,090. Clemens–Knott, Diane, Wolf, Michael B, and Saleeby, Kylander-Clark, Andrew R.C., Coleman, Drew S., Jason B., 2000, Middle Mesozoic plutonism and Glazner, Allen F., and Bartley, John M., 2005, Evidence for deformation in the western Sierra Nevada foothills, 65 km of dextral slip across Owens Valley, California, since California, in Lageson, D.R., editor, Great Basin and Sierra 83 Ma: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 117, Nevada, GSA Field Trip Guidebook no. 2, Geological no. 7/8, July/August 2005 issue, p. 962-968. Society of America, p. 205–222. Malin, P.E., Goodman, E.D., Henyey, Thomas L., Li, T.G., Ducea, Mihai N, and Saleeby, Jason B., 1996, Buoyancy Okaya, D.A., and Saleeby, Jason B., 1995, Significance of sources for a large, unrooted mountain range, the Sierra seismic reflections beneath a tilted exposure of deep Nevada, California ― evidence from xenolith continental crust, Tehachapi Mountains, California: Journal thermobarometry: AGU Journal of Geophysical Research, of Geophysical Research, vol. 100, no. B2, p. 2069–2087. vol. 101, p. 8229–8244. Moore, James G., and Dodge, F.C.W., 1980, Late Cenozoic Ducea, Mihai N., and Saleeby, Jason B., 1998, A case for volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California. delamination of the deep batholithic crust beneath the Sierra I. Geology and petrology: Geological Society of America Nevada: International Geology Review, vol. 40, p. 78–93. Bulletin, vol. 91, p. 515–518. Erman, Don C., general editor, and the SNEP Team, 1997, Ross, Donald C., 1989, The metamorphic and plutonic rocks Status of the Sierra Nevada: the Sierra Nevada ecosystem of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their project: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series tectonic framework: U.S. Geological Survey Professional DDS–43, with links to ≈100 pdf files totalling 167 MB. Paper 1381, 188 p., map scale 1:125,000. (comprehensive Farmer, G.L., Glazner, Allen F., and Manley, C.R., 2002, regional study) Did lithospheric delamination trigger late Cenozoic potassic Saleeby, Jason, 2003, Segmentation of the Laramide Slab volcanism in the southern Sierra Nevada, California? evidence from the southern Sierra Nevada region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 114, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 115, no. 6, p. 754 ― 768. June 2003 issue, p. 655–668. Glazner, Allen F., Bartley, John M., Hamilton, Warren B., and Samsel, Howard S., 1962, Geology of the southwest quarter of Carl, Brian S., 2003, Making space for batholiths by the Cross Mountain Quadrangle, Kern County, California: extrusion of sub-batholithic crust: International Geology California Geological Survey Map Sheet 2, map scale Review, vol. 45, no. 11, November 2003 issue, p. 959-967. 1:39,354. The mapping area is at the juncture of the Sierra < www.bellpub.com/igr > Nevada frontal fault and the Garlock Fault. Savage, Kaye S., Bird, Dennis K., and Ashley, Roger P., 2000, Legacy of the California Gold Rush: environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode gold district: International Geology Review, vol. 42, no. 5, May 2000 issue, p. 385 - 415. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 292 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Stock, Greg M., Anderson, Robert S., and Finkel, Robert C., 2004, Pace of landscape evolution in the Sierra Nevada, California, revealed by cosmogenic dating of cave sediments: GSA Geology, vol. 32, no. 3, March 2004 issue, p. 193–196. Data from caves in the Kings River area indicate that the Sierras have been uplifted ~400 meters in the past 2.7 million years. Wiernicke, Brian, and others, 1996, Origin of high mountains in the continents: the southern Sierra Nevada: AAAS Science, vol. 271, p. 190–193. Wood, David J., and Saleeby, Jason B., 1997, Late Cretaceous– Paleocene extension collapse and disaggregation of the southernmost Sierra Nevada Batholith: International Geology Review, vol. 39, no. 11, November 1997 issue, p. 973–1009. www.bellpub.com/igr/1997 Zandt, George, 2003, The southern Sierra Nevada drip and mantle wind direction beneath the southwestern United States: International Geology Review, vol. 45, no. 3, March 2003 issue, p. 213-224. < www.bellpub.com/igr >

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 293 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Central Sierra Nevada Erman, Don C., general editor, and the SNEP Team, 1997, Status of the Sierra Nevada: the Sierra Nevada ecosystem This region is generally south of Lake Tahoe and Highway 50, and project: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series north of Sequoia National Park. It includes all of the Yosemite area DDS–43, with links to ≈100 pdf files totalling 167 MB. and the High Sierra. This abbreviated list necessarily omits geology Glazner, Allen F., Bartley, John M., Hamilton, Warren B., and refrences to gold mineralization in the Sierran foothills along Carl, Brian S., 2003, Making space for batholiths by Highway 49, and wilderness areas of the High Sierra because there are extrusion of sub-batholithic crust: International Geology no hospitals or public schools located in this region. Especially useful Review, vol. 45, no. 11, November 2003 issue, p. 959-967. references are marked with a star symbol to assist the reader. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Higgins, Chris T. and Dupras, Donald L., 1994, Mineral land classification map of Stanislaus County, California: Bateman, Paul C., 1981, Geologic and geophysical constraints California Geological Survey, Special Report 173, 174 p., on models for the origin of the Sierra Nevada batholith, in Appendix A, B, C, D; 11 figures, 8 tables, 11 folded ozalid Ernst, W. Gary, editor, The Geotectonic Development of plates. (Plate no. 1 = geologic map of Stanislaus County) California – Rubey volume 1: Prentice–Hall, Inc., p. 71–86. Hill, Mary, 2005, Geology of the Sierra Nevada, 2nd edition: Bateman, Paul C., 1992, Plutonism in the central part of the University of California Press. Sierra Nevada batholith, California: U.S. Geological Survey Horton, Travis W., Sjostrom, Derek J., Abruzzese, Mark J., Professional Paper 1483, 186 p. (includes regional geologic Poage, Michael A., Waldbauer, Jacob R., Hren, Michael, map of the entire Mariposa 1°× 2° quadrangle across the Wooden, Joseph, Chamberlain, C. Page, 2004, center of the Sierras) Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface Benn, Douglas, and Evans, David, 2004, A practical guide to elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: the study of glacial sediments: Arnold Publishers, 224 p. American Journal of Science, vol. 304, no. 10, December Chesterman, Charles W., 1975, Geology of the Matterhorn 2004 issue, p. 862-888. Peak Quadrangle, Mono and Tuolumne Counties, House, M.A., Wernicke, Brian P., and Farley, Kenneth A., California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 22, 1998, Dating topography of the Sierra Nevada, California, map scale 1:48,000. using apatite (U–Th) / He ages: Nature, vol. 396, p. 66–69. Clark, Douglas H., Gillespie, Alan R., Clark, Malcolm M., and Huber, N. King, 1990, The Late Cenozoic evolution of the Burke, Raymond, 2003, Mountain glaciations of the Sierra Tuolumne River, central Sierra Nevada, Calif.: Geological Nevada, in Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology Society of America Bulletin, vol. 102, p. 102–115. of the United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA Huber, N. King, 1981, Amount and timing of late Cenozoic uplift 2003 Field Trip Guide Volume, §12, p. 287-312. and tilt of the central Sierra Nevada, California ― evidence Clark, Loren D., 1954, Geology and mineral deposits of the from the upper San Joaquin River basin: U.S. Geological Calaveritas quadrangle, Calaveras County, California: Survey Professional Paper 1197, 28 p. California Geological Survey Special Report 40, 23 p. Jones, Craig H., Farmer, G. Lane, and Unruh, Jeffrey, 2004, Clark, Loren D., 1960, The Foothills Fault System, western Tectonics of Pliocene removal of lithosphere of the Sierra Sierra Nevada, California: Bulletin of the Geological Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Society of America, vol. 71, no. 4, p. 483-496. vol. 116, no. 11/12, November/December 2004 issue, Clark, Loren D., 1964, Stratigraphy and structure of part of the p. 1408-1422. western Sierra Nevadan metamorphic belt, California Kiersch, George A., and Treasher, Raymond C., 1955, Geological Survey Professional Paper 410, 70 p. Investigations, areal and engineering geology ― Clark, Loren D., 1970, Geology of the San Andreas 15-minute Folsom Dam project, central California: Economic Geology, Quadrangle, Calaveras County, California: California vol. 50, no. 3, March 1955 issue, p. 271-310. Geological Survey Bulletin 195, 23 p., 1 plate, 7 figures, Lindgren, Waldemar, 1911, The Tertiary gravels of the Sierra 2 tables. (still in-print, as of Autumn 2004) Nevada of California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Clark, Loren D., 1976, Stratigraphy of the north half of the Paper 73, 226 p. (classic treatise, out-of-print, but available western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt, California: in private reprinted editions) U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 923, 26 p. Moore, James G., 2000, Exploring the highest Sierra: Stanford Clark, William B., and Lydon, Philip A., 1962, Mines and University Press, 427 p. Dr. James G. Moore worked four decades mineral resources of Calaveras County, California: for the U.S. Geological Survey and mapped a large portion of the central California Geological Survey, County Report #2, 217 p. Sierra Nevada. This well illustrated book is the story of his life’s work in Coleman, Drew S., and Glazner, Allen F., 1997, The Sierra field geology of the Sierra Nevada. crest magmatic event: rapid formation of juvenile crust Paterson, Scott R., and Vernon, Ronald H., 2001, Inclusion trail during the late Cretaceous in California: International patterns in porphyroblasts from the Foothills Terrane, Geology Review, vol. 39, no. 9, September 1997 issue, California: a record of orogenesis or local strain p. 768-787. < www.bellpub.com/igr > heterogeneity? Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, vol. 19, Eric, J.H., Stromquist, A.A., and Swinney, C.M., 1955, no. 4, p. 351-372. Geology and mineral deposits of the Angels Camp and Piper, A.M., Gale, H.S., Thomas, H.E., and Robinson, T.W., Sonora Quadrangles, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties, 1939, Geology and groundwater hydrology of the California: California Geological Survey Special Report 41, Mokelumne area, California: U.S. Geological Survey 55 p. Water-Supply Paper 780, 230 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 294 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Ramelli, Alan R., dePolo, Craig M., and Yount, James C., 2003, Ground cracks associated with the 1994 Double Spring Flat Earthquake, west–central Nevada: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 6, December 2003 issue, p. 2762–2768. This tectonic geomorphology paper also applies to the Alpine and Mono counties of California (e.g., the California towns of Woodfords, Markleeville, Coleville, and Topaz). Riebe, C.S., Kirchner, James W., Granger, D.E., and Finkel, R.C., 2001, Minimal climatic control of erosion rates in the Sierra Nevada, California: Geology, vol. 29, p. 447–450. Savage, Kaye S., Bird, Dennis K., and Ashley, Roger P., 2000, Legacy of the California Gold Rush: environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode gold district: International Geology Review, vol. 42, no. 5, May 2000 issue, p. 385 - 415. < www.bellpub.com/igr > Schweickert, Richard A., 1976, Shallow–level plutonic complexes in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic implications: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 176, 58 p. (covers the West Walker River area of Mono County). Small, Eric E., and Anderson, Robert S., 1995, Geomorphically driven late Cenozoic rock uplift in the Sierra Nevada, California: AAAS Science, vol. 270, p. 277―280. Wenner, Jennifer M., and Coleman, M.S., 2004, Magma mixing and cretaceous crustal growth: geology and geochemistry of granites in the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California: International Geology Review, vol. 46, no. 10, October 2004 issue, p. 880-903. Wernicke, Brian, Clayton, Rob, Ducea, M., and sixteen others, 1996, Origin of high mountains in the continents ― the southern Sierra Nevada: AAAS Science, vol. 271, p. 190–193.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 295 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lake Tahoe and the Northern Sierra Nevada Day, Howard W., and Bickford, M.E., 2004, Tectonic setting of Generally includes Lake Tahoe and the region north of Highway 50 in the Jurassic Smartville and Slate Creek complexes, northern El Dorado County. This an abbreviated list that necessarily omits the Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America regional geology and petrology of many wilderness areas. Also Bulletin, vol. 116, no. 11/12, November/December 2004 omitted are references to gold mineralization economic geology of the issue, p. 1515-1528. Mother Lode. There are several dozen hospitals and hundreds of rural Day, Howard W., Moores, Eldridge M., and Tuminas, A.C., public schools in this region. Especially useful references are marked 1985, Structure and tectonics of the northern Sierra Nevada: with a star symbol to assist the reader. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 96,

p. 436–450. Day, Howard W., 1992, Tectonic Setting and Metamorphism Benn, Douglas, and Evans, David, 2004, A practical guide to of the Sierra Nevada, California, in Schiffman, Peter, and the study of glacial sediments: Arnold Publishers, 224 p. Wagner, David L., editors, Field Guide to the Geology and Bergquist, J.R., 1986, Geologic map of the East Yuba and West Metamorphism of the Franciscan Complex and Western Yuba roadless areas, Plumas and Sierra Counties, Metamorphic Belt of Northern California: California California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Geological Survey, Special Publication 114, 78 p. Studies Map, scale 1:48,000. Durrell, Cordell, 1988, Geologic history of the Feather River Birkeland, Peter W., 1963, Pleistocene volcanism and country, California: University of California Press, 352 p. deformation of the Truckee area, north of Lake Tahoe, Faulds, James E., Henry, Christopher D., and Hinz, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 74, Nicholas H., 2005, Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: no. 12, December 1963 issue, p. 1453-1464. an incipient transform fault along the Pacific―North Brooks, E.R., and Dida, L.T., editors, 2000, Field guide to the American plate boundary: Geology, vol. 33, no. 6, June geology and tectonics of the northern Sierra Nevada – the 2005 issue, p. 505-508. Pertains to the Honey Lake Fault Zone, southeast of Susanville, within Lassen County, California. Cordell Durrell memorial volume: California Geological Ferguson. H.G., and Gannett, R.W., 1932, Gold quartz veins of Survey, Special Publication 122, 7 papers, 212 p. the Alleghany District, California: U.S. Geological Survey Burnett, John L., Ford, Robert S., and Scott, R.G., 1969, Professional Paper 172, 139 p.; Plate 1, map scale 1:12,000. Geology of the Richardson Springs Quadrangle, California: Franks, Alvin L., 1980, Environmental geology ― land-use California Geological Survey Map Sheet 13, scale 1:62,500. planning, erosion, and sedimentation, West Martis Creek Chandra, D.K., 1961, Geology and mineral resources of the drainage basin, California: University of California Davis, Colfax and Foresthill quadrangles, California: California PhD dissertation, 371 p.; Plate 1, scale 1:12,000. Geological Survey Special Report 67, 50 p.; Plate 1, Girty, Gary H., and Wardlaw, M.S., 1984, Was the Alexander scale 1:31,680. terrane a source of feldspathic sandstones in the Shoo Fly Clark, Douglas H., Gillespie, Alan R., Clark, Malcolm M., and Complex, Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of Burke, Raymond, 2003, Mountain glaciations of the Sierra America Bulletin, vol. 98, p. 176-181. Nevada, in Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology Girty, Gary H., and Wardlaw, M.S., Petrology and provenance of the United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA of pre-Late sandstones, Shoo Fly complex, 2003 Field Trip Guide Volume, §12, p. 287-312. northern Sierra Nevada, Califonir: Geological Society of Clark, L.D., 1976, Stratigraphy of the northern half of the American Bulletin, vol. 96, p. 516-521. western Sierra Nevada Metamorphic belt, California: Girty, Gary H., Gester, K.C., Turner, J.B., 1990, Pre-Late U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 923, 26 p., Devonian geochemical, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and map scale 1:316,800. structural patterns, Shoo Fly Complex, northern Sierra Clark, L.D., and Huber, N. King, 1975, Geologic observations Nevada, California, in Harwood, David S., and and sections along selected stream traverses, northern Sierra Miller, M.M., editors, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Nevada metamorphic belt, California: U.S. Geological paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-690, map Mountains, and related terranes: Geological Society of scale 1:62,500. America Special Paper 255, p. 43-56. Cole, Kenneth A., and McJunkin, Richard D., 1978, Geology of Girty, Gary H., Barber, Robin W., and Knaack, Charles, 1993, the Lake Oroville areas, Butte County, California, in REE, Th, and Sc evidence for the depositional setting and The August 1, 1975 Oroville Earthquake Investigations: source rock characteristics of the Quartz Hill chert, Sierra California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 203-78, Nevada, California: in Johnsson, Mark J., and Basu, A., 669 p., Plate 1, map scale 1:48,000 editors, Processes Controlling the Composition of Clastic Compton, Robert R., 1955, Trondhjemite batholith near Sediments: Geological Society of America, Special Paper Bidwell Bar, California: Geological Society of America 284, p. 109-119. The study area is within the Shoo Fly Complex near Bulletin, vol. 66, no. 1, p. 9-44, plate 1, map scale 1:42,240. Sierra City, northwest of Lake Tahoe. Creeley, R. Scott, 1965, Geology of the Oroville quadrangle, California: California Geological Survey Bulletin 184, 86 p. Crippen, J.R., and Pavelka, B.R., 1970, The Lake Tahoe Basin, California–Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water–Supply Paper 1972, 56 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 296 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Girty, Gary H., Gurrola, L.D., Taylor, G.W., Richards, M.J., Helley, Edward J., and Harwood, David S., 1985, Geologic and Wardlaw, M.S., 1991, The pre-Upper Devonian Lang map of the late Cenozoic deposits of the Sacramento Valley and Black Oaks Springs sequences, Shoo Fly Complex, and northern Sierran foothills, California: U.S. Geological northern Sierra Nevada, California: trench deposits Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1790, sheets 2 composed of continental detritus, in Cooper, John D., and and 3, map scale 1:62,500. Stevens, Calvin H., editors, Paleozoic paleogeography of Hietanen, Anna, 1981, Petrologic and structural studies in the the western United States ― II: Society of Economic northwestern Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, vol. 2, Survey Professional Paper 1226. p. 703-716. Hietanen, Anna, 1976, Metamorphism and plutonism around Hannah, Judith L., and Moores, Eldridge M., 1986, Age the middle and south forks of the Feather River, California: relationships and depositional environments of Paleozoic U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 920, 30 p., strata, northern Sierra Nevada, California: Bulletin of the geologic map scale 1:48,000 (map area is northeast of Lake Geological Society of America, vol. 97, p. 787–797. Oroville) Hanson, R.E., Saleeby, Jason B., and Schweickert, Richard A., Hietanen, Anna, 1977, Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary in the 1988, Composite Devonian island–arc batholith in the Berry Creek Quadrangle, northwestern Sierra Nevada, northern Sierra Nevada,California: Bulletin of the California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Geological Society of America, vol. 100, p. 446–457. Paper 1027, 22 p., quadrangle map scale 1:48,000 Harwood, David S., 1992, Stratigraphy of Paleozoic and (The Berry Creek Quadrangle is located northeast of Lake Oroville.) lower Mesozoic rocks in the northern Sierra terrane, Hietanen, Anna, 1973, Geology of the Pulga and Bucks Lake California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1957, 78 p. Quadrangles, Butte and Plumas Counties, California: Harwood, David S., 1983, Stratigraphy of upper Paleozoic U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 731, 66 p., volcanic rocks and regional unconformities in part of the plates 1 and 2, map scale 1:48,000. northern Sierra terrane, California: Bulletin of the Hudson, F.S., 1951, Mount Lincoln ― Castle Peak area, Geological Society of America, vol. 94, p. 413–422. Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Harwood, David S., 1980, Geologic map of the North Fork of Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 8, p. 931-952, plate 1, map scale the American River Wilderness Study Area, and adjacent 1:62,500. parts of the Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Hyne, Norman J., Chelminski, Paul, Court, James E., Gorsline, Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1177-A, Donn S., and Goldman, C.R., 1972, Quaternary history of map scale 1:62,500. Lake Tahoe, California―Nevada: Geological Society of Harwood, David S., and Fisher, Galen Reid, 1988, Preliminary America Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 5, p. 1435-1448. geologic map of eastern Placer County, California: U.S. James, Odette B., 1971, Origin and placement of the ultramafic Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, rocks of the Emigrant Gap area, California: Journal of scale 1:48,000. Petrology, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 523-560, map scale 1:40,880. Harwood, David S., and Miller, M. Megan, editors, 1990, Joslin, Robert, Smith, Douglas, and Putnam, James, 2002, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleographic relations; Sierra Geological engineering considerations for the Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes: Nevada, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 255, Engineering geology practice in northern California: 25 papers, 422 p. California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 & Association of Harwood, David S., and Helley, Edward J., 1987, Late Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 563–570. Cenozoic tectonism of the Sacramento Valley, California: Kent, Graham M., Babcock, J.M., Driscoll, N.W., Harding, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1359, 46 p. A.J., Dingler, J.A., Seitz, Gordon G., Gardner, J.V., Mayer, Harwood, David S., Helley, Edward J., and Doukas, M.P., L.A., Goldman, Charles R., Heyvaert, A.C., Richards, R.C., 1981, Geologic map of the Chico monocline and Karlin, R., Morgan, C.W., Gayes, P.T., and Owen, northeastern part of the Sacramento Valley, California: Lewis A., 2005, 60 k.y. record of extension across the U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series western boundary of the Basin & Range province: estimate Map I-1238, map scale 1:62,500. Also see later map by of slip rates from offset shoreline terraces and a catastrophic Harwood and Helley, 1987, in USGS Prof. Paper 1359. slide beneath Lake Tahoe: GSA Geology, vol. 33, no. 5, Hawkins, Fred F., LaForge, Roland, and Hansen, Roger A., May 2005 issue, p. 365-368. 1986, Seismotectonic study of the Truckee / Lake Tahoe Krank, Kenneth D., and Watters, Robert J., 1983, Geotechnical area, northeastern Sierra Nevada, California, for Stampede, properties of weathered Sierra Nevada granodiorite: Prosser Creek, Boca, and Lake Tahoe Dams: U.S. Bureau Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, of Reclamation, Engineering & Research Center, Division vol. 20, no. 2, p. 173–184. of Geology, Geologic Services Branch, Seismotectonic Lindgren, Waldemar, 1911, The Tertiary gravels of the Sierra Section, Seismotectonic Report No. 85–4, 173 p., Plate 1, Nevada of California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional scale 1:250,000; Figure 5-2, scale ≈ 1:140,000. Paper 73, 226 p. (classic paper on thegold–bearing Tertiary gravels of the mother lode, out–of–print from USGS, but available in university libraries; several private reprintings are available) Engineering Geology and Seismology for 297 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Loomis, Alden A., 1983, Geology of the Fallen Leaf Lake Schweickert, Richard A., 1981, Tectonic evolution of the 15–minute quadrangle, El Dorado County, California: Sierra Nevada, in Ernst, W. Gary, editor, The Geotectonic California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 32, with 24–page Development of California – Rubey volume 1: Prentice– booklet, map scale 1:62,500. Hall, Inc., p. 87–131. Louie, John N., Thelen, Weston, Smith, Shane B., Scott, Small, Eric E., and Anderson, Robert S., 1995, Geomorphically James B., Clark, Matthew, and Pullammanappalli, S., 2004, driven late Cenozoic uplift in the Sierra Nevada, California: The northern Walker Lane refraction experiment: AAAS Science, vol. 270, p. 277—280. Pn arrivals and the northern Sierra Nevada root: Smith, Kenneth D., von Seggern, David, Blewitt, Geoffrey, Tectonophysics, vol. 388, issues 1-4, September 13, 2004, Preston, Leiph, Anderson, John Gregg, Wernicke, Brian P., p. 253-269. The northern Sierras have an unusually deep and Davis, James L., 2004, Evidence for deep magma crustal root, ≈50 km, based on Pn delays of 4 – 6 seconds. injection benearth Lake Tahoe, Nevada―California: Loyd, Ralph C., and Clinkenbeard, John P., 1990, Mineral Science, vol. 305, four pages published on–line by AAAS land classification of Nevada County, California: California on August 5, 2004. Geological Survey, Special Report 164, 93 p., 6 figures, Snoke, Arthur W., Sharp, Warren D., Wright, James E., and 7 folded ozalid plates, 6 tables. (plate # 1, geologic map of Saleeby, Jason B., 1982, Significance of mid–Mesozoic Nevada County) peridotitic to dioritic intrusive complexes, Klamath Matthews, Robert A., 1968, Geology of the north half of the Mountains ― western Sierra Nevada, California: Geology, Lake Tahoe basin, California and Nevada, in Burnett, J.L., vol. 10, no. 3, March 1982 issue, p. 160–166. 1971, Geology of the Lake Tahoe basin: California Soreghan, Michael J., and Gehrels, George E., editors, 2000, Geology, vol. 24, no. 7, p. 119-127, map scale 1:125,000. Paleozoic and paleogeography and tectonics of McMath, Vernon E., 1966, Geology of the Taylorsville area, western Nevada and Northern California: Geological northern Sierra Nevada, in Bailey, Edgar H., editor, Society of America, Special Paper 347, 14 papers, 252 p. Geology of northern California: California Geological Surpless, Benjamin E., Stockli, Daniel F., Dumitru, T.A., and Survey Bulletin 190, p. 173-183. Miller, Elizabeth L., 2002, Two–phase westward Merguerian, Charles, and Schweickert, Richard A., 1987, encroachment of Basin and Range extension into the Paleozoic gneissic granitoids in the Shoo Fly Complex, northern Sierra Nevada: Tectonics, vol. 21, no. 1, January central Sierra Nevada, California: Bulletin of the 2002 issue, p. 2–1 to 2–13. Geological Society of America, vol. 99, p. 699–717. Unruh, Jeffrey R., 1991, The uplift of the Sierra Nevada and Moores, Eldridge M., 1998, Ophiolites, the Sierra Nevada, implications for late Cenozoic epeirogeny in the western “Cordillera,” and orogeny along the Pacific and Caribbean Cordillera: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, margins of North and South America: International vol. 103, p. 1395–1404. Geology Review, vol. 40, no. 1, January 1998 issue, p. 40– Wakabayashi, John, and Sawyer, Thomas L., 2001, Stream www.bellpub.com/igr/1998 incision, tectonics, uplift, and evolution of the topography of Olmstead, Franklin H., 1971, Pre–Cenozoic geology of the the Sierra Nevada, California: Journal of Geology, vol. 109, south half of the Auburn 15–minute Quadrangle, California: p. 539–562. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1341, 30 p. Wieczorek, Gerald F., 2002, Catastrophic rockfalls and Page, William, and Sawyer, Thomas, 2002, Identifying rockslides in the Sierra Nevada, USA, in Evans, S.G., and Quaternary faulting within the northern and central Sierra DeGraff, J.V., editors, Catastrophic landslides: effects, Nevada, California, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., occurrence, and mechanisms: Geological Society of editors, Engineering geology practice in northern California: America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. 15, 400 p. California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Assoc. of Yeend, Warren H., 1974, Gold–bearing gravel of the ancestral Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, p. 275–294. Yuba River, California: U.S. Geological Survey Peterson, Donald W., Yeend, Warren E., Oliver, Howard W., Professional Paper 722, 44 p.; map scale 1:62,500. and Mattick, Robert E., 1968, Tertiary gold-bearing Zucca, J.J., Fuis, Gary S., Milkereit, B., Mooney, Walter D., channel gravel in northern Nevada County, California: and Catchings, R.D., 1986, Crustal structure of northeastern U.S. Geological Survey Circular 566, 22 p. California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91–B, Saucedo, George J., compiler, 2005, Geologic map of the no. 7, p. 7359–7382 Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada: California Geological Survey, map scale 1:100,000; with 25 p. booklet. Saucedo, George J., and Wagner, David L., compilers, 1992, Geologic map of the Chico Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, Map no. 7A, 5 sheets, map scale 1:250,000. Schweickert, Richard A., Lahren, Mary M., Karlin, Robert, Howle, James, and Smith, Kenneth, 2000, Lake Tahoe active faults, landslides, and tsunamis, in Lageson, D.R., editor, Great Basin and Sierra Nevada, GSA Field Trip Guidebook no. 2, Geological Society of America, p. 1–22. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 298 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Northern Coast Ranges Willows 1:100,000 quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Survey Open–File Report 92–271, 38 p., 45 references, map marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) scale 1:100,000. Burchfiel, B.C., and Davis, Gregory A., 1981, Triassic and Jurassic tectonic evolution of the Klamath Mountains – Atkinson, Gail M., and Boore, David M., 2003, Empirical Sierra Nevada geologic terrane, in Ernst, W. Gary, editor, ground–motion relations for subduction zone earthquakes The Geotectonic Development of California – Rubey and their application to Cascadia and other regions: Bulletin volume 1: Prentice–Hall, Inc., p. 50–70. of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93, no. 4., California Department of Water Resources, 1983, Evaluation of August 2003 issue, p. 1703–1729. (Humboldt and Del Norte ground-water resources: Sonoma County, vol. 5: Counties are within the southern Cascadia subduction zone, so this Alexander Valley and Healdsburg area: California paper applies to seismogenic fault models for this region. Also Department of Water Resources, Bulletin 118-4. refer to Crouse, 1991, listed in this section) Campbell, Kathleen A., Farmer, J.D., and DesMarais, D., 2002, Atwater, Brian F., Nelson, Alan R., Clague, John J., Ancient hydrocarbon seeps from the Mesozoic convergent Carver, Gary A., Yamaguchi, D.K., Bobrowsky, P.T., margin of California – carbonate geochemistry, fluids, and Bourgeois, Joanne, Darienzo, M.E., Grant, Wendy C., paleoenvironments: Geofluids, vol. 2, p. 63-94. Hemphill-Haley, Eileen, Kelsey, Harvey M., Jacoby, These geochemical seeps are located at Paskenta, Wilbur Hot Springs, and Gordon C., Nishenko, Stuart P., Palmer, Stephen P., Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek, in Colusa and Tehama Counties on the Peterson, C.D., and Reinhart, Mary Ann, 1995, Summary western margin of the Sacramento Valley. The senior author received her of coastal geologic evidence for past great earthquakes at the PhD from the University of Southern California on this same topic. Cascadia Subduction Zone: EERI Earthquake Spectra, Carver, Gary A., and Aalto, Kenneth R., editors, 1992, vol. 11, no. 1, February 1995, p. 1-18. Field guide to the Late Cenozoic subduction tectonics and Bachman, Steven B., and Crouch, James K., 1987, Geology and sedimentation of northern coastal California: American Cenozoic history of the northern California margin Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Point Arena to Eel River, in Ingersoll, Raymond V., and Guidebook #71, nine papers, 74 p. Ernst, W. Gary, editors, Cenozoic Basin Development of Carver, Gary A., Jayko, Angela S., Valentine, D.W., and Coastal California – the Rubey Volume VI: Prentice–Hall, Li, W.H., 1994, Coastal uplift associated with the 1992 Inc., p. 124–145. Cape Mendocino earthquake, northern California: Geology, Bailey, Edgar H., editor, 1966, Geology of northern California: vol. 22, no. 3, p. 195–198. California Geological Survey Bulletin 190, 508 p. Castillo, David A., and Ellsworth, William L., 1993, (classic treatise; out–of–print; available in libraries) Seismotectonics of the San Andreas Fault system between Baldwin, John N., Knudsen, Keith L., Lee, Aletha, Point Arena and Cape Mendocino in northern California: Prentice, Carol S., and Gross, R., 2000, Preliminary estimate implications for the development and evolution of a young of coseismic displacement of the penultimate earthquake on transform: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 98, no. the northern San Andreas Fault, Point Arena, California, B4, p. 6543–6550. in Bokelmann, G., and Kovach, Robert L., editors, Chaney, Ronald C., Carver, Gary A., Bickner, Frank, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Tectonic Problems of Conversano, Guy, and Lindberg, David N., 1991, Seismic the San Andreas Fault: Stanford University, Geological risk analysis for a site along the Gorda segment of the Sciences Publication no. XXI, p. 355–369. Cascadia Subduction Zone: Proceedings of the Second Beaudoin, Bruce C., Hole, John A., Klemperer, Simon L., and International Conference on Recent Advances in Tréhu, Anne M., 1998, Location of the southern edge of the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Gorda slab and evidence for an adjacent asthenospheric vol. 2, p. 1313 –1321. window: results from seismic profiling and gravity: Clarke, Samuel H., Jr., 1992, Geology of the Eel River Basin Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. B12, and adjacent region: implications for late Cenozoic p. 30,101 – 30,115. (contains new structural geology tectonics of the southern Cascadia subduction zone and information for northern Mendocino County and Mendocino triple junction: American Association of Humboldt County) Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 76, no. 2, p. 199–224. Blake, M. Clark, and Jones, David L., 1981, The Franciscan Clague, John J., 1997, Evidence for large earthquakes at the assemblage and related rocks in northern California: Cascadia subduction zone: Reviews in Geophysics, vol. 35, a reinterpretation, in Ernst, W.G., editor, The geotectonic no. 4, November 1997 issue, p. 439–460. Pertains to development of California – the Rubey Volume I: Prentice– Humboldt and Del Norte Counties which are underlain by Hall, Inc., p. 307–328. the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone. Blake, M. Clark, Jayko, Angela S., and McLaughlin, Crouse, C.B., 1991, Ground–motion attenuation equations for Robert J., 1985, Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone: EERI northern Coast Ranges, California, in D.G. Howell, editor, Earthquake Spectra, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 201–236. Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the circum–Pacific region: Circum–Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series 1, p. 159–171. Blake, M.Clark, Helley, Edward J., Jayko, Angela S., Jones, David L., Ohlin, H.N., 1992, Geologic map of the Engineering Geology and Seismology for 299 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Davies, Robert I., and Spittler, Thomas E., 1999, Index to Goldfinger, Chris, Nelson, C. Hans, and Johnson, Joel E., 2003, published landslide maps, California Coast Ranges, Holocene earthquake records from the Cascadia subduction Monterey County and north for use in Timber Harvesting zone and northern San Andreas Fault based on precise Plan preparation on non-federal land: California Geological dating of offshore turbidites: Annual Reviews in Earth and Survey, Special Publication 120, 20 p. Planetary Sciences, vol. 31, p. 555–577. A ten–thousand Highly useful index to finding quadrangle-scale geologic mapping year record within offshore marine turbides yields sedimentary in Sonoma, Mendocino, and Humboldt counties. evidence of 18 Cascadia–type ≈ M9 earthquakes, with an average Dickinson, William R., Ingersoll, Raymond V., Cowan, D.S., repeat time of about 600 years. The last three M9 earthquakes Helmold, K.P., and Suczek, C.A., 1982, Provenance of occurred in January 1700, mid–1600s, and about 1300 A.D. Franciscan graywackes in coastal California: Geological Gulick, Sean P.S., and Meltzer, Anne S., 2002, Effect of Society of America Bulletin, vol. 93, p. 95-107. northward–migrating Mendocino triple junction on the Eberhart–Phillips, Donna, 1988, Seismicity in the Clear Lake Eel River forearc basin, California: structural evolution: area, California, 1975–1983, in Sims, John D., editor, Late Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 114, Quaternary climate, tectonism, and sedimentation in Clear no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1505 – 1519. Lake, northern California Coast Ranges: Geological Harwood, David S., and Miller, M. Megan, editors, 1990, Society of America Special Paper 214, p. 195–206. Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleographic relations; Sierra Elder, William P., editor, 1998, Geology and tectonics of the Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes: Gualala Block, northern California: Pacific Section SEPM, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 255, 422 p. 220 p. Heaton, Thomas H., and Hartzell, Stephen H., 1987, Field, Michael E., Gardner, James V., Jennings, Anne E., and Earthquake hazards on the Cascadia subduction zone: Edwards, Brian D., 1982, Earthquake―induced sediment Science, vol. 236, April 10, 1987 issue, p. 162–168. failures on a 0.25° slope, Klamath River delta, California: Hobson, Clifford A., and Pessagno, Emile A., 2005, Geology, vol. 10, no. 10, October 1982 issue, p. 542–546. Tehama-Colusa serpentinite mélange: a remnant of The November 8, 1980 M 6½ earthquake triggered a giant Franciscan Jurassic oceanic lithosphere, northern California: submarine landslide in Humboldt County. International Geology Review, vol. 47, no. 1, January 2005 Freymueller, Jeffrey T., Murray, Mark H., Segall, Paul, and issue, p. 65-100. Castillo, David, 1999, Kinematics of the Pacific–North Ingersoll, Raymond V., 1983, Petrofacies and provenance of America plate boundary zone, northern California: Journal late Mesozoic forearc basin, northern and central California: of Geophysical Research, vol. 104, no. B–4, April 10, 1999 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, issue, p. 7419–7441. vol. 67, p. 1125-1142. New GPS data in Mendocino County with updated slip rates on Irwin, William Porter, 1981, Tectonic accretion of the Klamath Bartlett Springs Fault, Maacama Fault, and San Andreas Fault. Mountains, in Ernst, W. Gary, editor, The Geotectonic Fox, Kenneth F., Jr., 1983, Tectonic setting of Late Miocene, Development of California – Rubey volume 1: Prentice– Pliocene, and Pleistocene rocks in part of the Coast Ranges Hall, Inc., p. 29–49. north of San Francisco: U.S. Geological Survey Jayco, Angela S., Blake, M. Clark, McLaughlin, Robert J., Professional Paper 1239, 33 p. (covers the Sebastopol and Ohlin, H.N., Ellen, Stephen D., and Kelsey, Harvey M., Santa Rosa tectonic blocks in Sonoma and Napa counties.) 1989, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Covelo 30×60 Furlong, Kevin P., Lock, Jane, Buzofski, Chris, quadrangle, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Whitlock, Jamie, and Benz, Harley, 2003, The Mendocino Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–2001, scale crustal conveyor: making and breaking the California crust: 1:100,000. International Geology Review, vol. 45, no. 9, Sept. 2003 Kelsey, Harvey, 2002, Active faulting associated with the issue, p. 767-779. < www.bellpub.com/igr > southern Cascadia subduction zone in northern California, Furlong, Kevin P., Hugo, W.D., and Zandt, George, 1989, in Ferriz, H., and Anderson, R.L., editors, Geometry and evolution of the San Andreas Fault zone in Engineering geology practice in northern California: northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and vol. 94, p. 3100–3110. Association of Engineering Geologists Special Furlong, Kevin P., and Schwartz, Susan Y., 2004, Influence of Publication 12, p. 259–274. the Mendocino Triple Junction on the tectonics of coastal Kelsey, Harvey M., and Hagans, Daniel K., 1982, Major right– California: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary lateral faulting in the Franciscan assemblage of northern Sciences, vol. 32, January 2004, p. 403–433. California in late Tertiary time: Geology, vol. 10, no. 7, Gross, R., Green, Alan, Holliger, K., Horstmeyer, H., and July 1982 issue, p. 387–391. Baldwin, John N., 2002, Shallow geometry and Knudsen, Keith L., Witter, Robert C., Garrison–Laney, displacements on the San Andreas Fault near Point Arena Carolyn E., Baldwin, John N., and Carver, Gary A., 2002, based on trenching and 3–D georadar surveying: AGU Past earthquake–induced rapid subsidence along the Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 29, no. 20, paper # northern San Andreas Fault: a paleoseismological method 10.1029/2002GL015534 dated 24 Oct 2002. for strike–slip faults: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 7, October 2002 special issue on Paleoseismology of the San Andreas Fault System. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 300 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Lageson, D.R., Peters, S.G., and Lahren, Mary M., Nelson, Alan R., Atwater, Brian F., and ten others, 1995, editors,2000, Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: Geological Radiocarbon evidence for an extensive plate–boundary Society of America, GSA Field Guide #2, 20 papers, 430 p. rupture about 300 years ago at the Cascadia subduction Leonard, Lucinda J., Hyndman, Roy D., and Mazzotti, zone: Nature, vol. 378, Nov. 23, 1995 issue, p. 371–374. Stéphane, 2004, Coseismic subsidence in the 1700 great Satake, K., Wang, K., and Atwater, Brian F., 2003, Fault slip Cascadia earthquake: coastal estimates versus elastic and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake dislocation models: Geological Society of America Bulletin, inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions: Journal of vol. 116, no. 5/6, May/June 2004 issue, p. 655–670. Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. B–11, p. 2535, Loomis, Karen B., and Ingle, James C., Jr., 1994, Subsidence published by AGU on Nov. 20, 2003, and uplift of the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic margin of doi: 10.1029/2003JB002521,2003. The January 26, 1700 California: new evidence from the Gualala and Point Area M9 earthquake is inferred to have 19 m of coseismic slip on the basins: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Cascadia subduction zone that is 1100 km long. vol. 106, no. 7, 11 figures, p. 915–931. Schymiczek, Herman, and Suchsland, Reinhard, editors, 1987, McLaughlin, Robert J., Ellen, Steven D., Blake, M. Clark, Tectonics, sedimentation, and evolution of the Eel River and Jayko, Angela S., Irwin, William Porter, Aalto, Kenneth R., associated coastal basins of northern California: Carver, Gary A., and Clarke, Samuel H., Jr., 2000, Geology San Joaquin Geological Society, Miscellaneous of the Cape Mendocino, Eureka, Garberville, and Publication 37, 15 papers, 137 p. southwestern part of the Hayfork 30x60 quadrangles and Shervais, John W., Kimbrough, David L., Renne, Paul, adjacent offshore area, northern California: U.S. Geological Hanan, Barry B., Murchey, Benita, Snow, Cameron A., Survey Miscellaneous Field–Studies Map MF–2336. Zoglman–Schuman, Marchell M., and Beaman, Joseph, McLaughlin, Robert J., Sliter, W.V., Frederiksen, N.O., 2004, Mult–stage origin of the Coast Range Ophiolite, Harbert, W.P, and McCulloch, D.S., 1993, Plate motion California: implications for the life cycle of supra– recorded by tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Franciscan subduction zone ophiolites: International Geology Review, Complex in the vicinity of the Mendocino triple junction: vol. 46, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 289–315. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1997, 128 references, 60 p. www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 McLaughlin, Robert J., and Nilsen, Tor H., 1982, Neogene Sloan, Doris, and Wagner, David L., editors, 1991, Geologic non–marine sedimentation and tectonics in small pull–apart excursions in northern California – San Francisco to the basins of the San Andreas Fault system, Sonoma County, Sierra Nevada: California Geological Survey Special California: Sedimentology, vol. 29, p. 865–876. Publication 109, 11 papers, 130 p. McLaughlin, Robert J., Lajoie, Kenneth R., Sorg, Dennis H., Snyder, Noah P., Whipple, Kelin X., Tucker, Gregory E., and Morrison, Samuel D., and Wolfe, J.A., 1983, Tectonic uplift Merritts, Dorothy J., 2002, Interactions between onshore of a middle–Wisconsin marine–platform near the bedrock-channel incision and nearshore wave-based Mendocino triple junction, California: Geology, vol. 11, no. erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics: Basin Research, 1, January 1983 issue, p. 35–39. vol. 14, no. 2, p. 105-127. The coastal field area is the McNitt, James R., Geology of the Kelseyville Quadrangle, Mendocino triple-junction with its high rate of uplift and incision Lake, Mendocino, and Sonoma Counties, California: of bedrock streams. California Geological Survey Map Sheet 9, map scale Su, Grace W., Jasperse, James, Seymour, Donald, and 1:62,500. Constantz, Jim, 2004, Estimation of hydraulic conductivity McNitt, James R., Geology of the Lakeport Quadrangle, Lake in an alluvial system using temperatures: Ground Water, County, California: California Geological Survey Map vol. 42, no. 6, November-December 2004 issue, Sheet 10, map scale 1:62,500. p. 890-901. The field area for this hydrogeology study is northwest of Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County, along the lower Merritts, Dorothy J., 1996, The Mendocino triple junction: Russian River, near Mirabel Park. active faults, episodic coastal emergence, and rapid uplift: Sydnor, Robert H., and Sowma–Bawcom, Julie A., 1991, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 101, no. B3, p. 6051– Landslides and engineering geology of the western Ukiah 6070. area, central Mendocino County, California: California Muhs, Daniel R., Prentice, Carol S., and Merritts, Dorothy J., Geological Survey, Open–File Report 91–16, 62 p., 3 ozalid 2003, Marine terraces, sea-level history, and Quaternary geologic maps, scale 1:6,000. tectonics of the San Andreas Fault on the coast of California, Toppozada, T.R., Borchardt, G., Haydon, W., Petersen, M.D., in Easterbrook, Don J., editor, Quaternary Geology of the Olson, R., Lagorio, H., and Anvik, T., 1995, Planning United States: Geological Society of America, INQUA 2003 scenario in Humboldt and Del Norte counties, California, Field Trip Guide Volume, §1, p. 1-18. for a great earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Murray, Mark H., Marshall, Grant A., Lisowski, Michael, and California Geological Survey Special Publication 115, Stein, Ross S., 1996, The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, 157 p. California, earthquake: coseismic deformation at the south Upp, Robert Rexford, 1989, Holocene activity and tectonic end of the Cascadia megathrust: Journal of Geophysical setting of the Maacama fault zone, Mendocino County, Research, vol. 101, no. B8, p. 17,707 – 17,725. California, in Johnson, Arvid M., Burnham, C.Wayne, Allen, Clarence R., and Muehlberger, William R., editors, The Richard Henry Jahns Memorial Volume: Engineering Geology, vol. 27, p. 375–412. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 301 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wagner, David L, and Bortugno, Edward J., compilers, 1982, Geologic map of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, RGM #2, Regional Geologic Map Series, 5 sheets, scale 1:250,000. (reprinted 1999) Wagner, David L., and Graham, Stephan A., editors, 1999, Geologic field trips in northern California: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 119, 15 papers, 254 p. Wagner, David L., and Saucedo, George J., compilers, 1992, Geologic map of the Weed Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, RGM #4, Regional Geologic Map Series, 4 sheets, scale 1:250,000. Wakabayashi, John, 1999, Distribution of displacement on and evolution of a young transform fault system: the northern San Andreas Fault system, California: Tectonics, vol. 18, p. 1245–1274. Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Potential, 1996, Database of potential sources for earthquakes larger than magnitude 6 in northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 96–705, 13 figures, 40 p.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 302 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Klamath Mountains – Trinity Alps Kinkel, A.R., Jr., Hall, Wayne E., and Albers, John P., 1956, (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Geology and base metal deposits of the west Shasta copper– marked with a star symbol to assist the reader.) zinc district, Shasta County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 285, 156 p. Albers, John P., 1964, Geology of the French Gulch Lydon, Philip A., and others, 1969, Geology of the southeast Quadrangle, Shasta and Trinity Counties, California: U.S. quarter of the Trinity Lake Quadrangle, Trinity County, Geological Survey Bulletin 1141-J, 70 p. California: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 12, Albers, John P., and Robertson, J.F., 1961, Geology and ore map scale 1:24,000. deposits of the East Shasta copper-zinc district, Shasta Mack, Seymour, 1960, Geology and groundwater features of County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County, California: U.S. Paper 338, 107 p. Geological Survey Water–Supply Paper 1484, 115 p. Cashman, Susan M., and Elder, Don R., 2002, Post–Nevadan Mankinen, Edward A., and Irwin, William Porter, 1982, detachment faulting in the Klamath Mountains, California: Paleomagnetic study of some Cretaceous and Tertiary Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 114, sedimentary rocks of the Klamath Mountains province, no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1520–1534. California: Geology, vol. 10, no. 2, February 1982 issue, Ernst, W. Gary, 1998, Geology of the Sawyers Bar area, p. 82–87. Klamath Mountains, northern California: California Mohr, J.A., Whitlock, C., and Skinner, C.N., 2000, Post-glacial Geological Survey, Map Sheet 47, 59 page booklet, map vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, scale 1:48,000. California, USA: The Holocene, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 587-601. Fraticelli, L.A., Albers, John P., Irwin, William Porter, and Nilsen, Tor H., 2000, The Hilt Bed, an upper Cretaceous Blake, M.Clark, Jr., 1987, Geologic map of the compound basin-plain seismoturbidite in the Hornbrook Redding 1×2 degree quadrangle, Shasta, Tehama, forearc basin of southern Oregon and northern California, Humboldt, and Trinity counties, California: U.S. USA: Sedimentary Geology, vol. 135, no. 1-4, September Geological Survey Open–File Report 87–257, 21–page 2000 issue, p. 51-63. stratigraphic column, ozalid map scale 1:250,000. Renne, Paul R., and Irwin, William Porter, 1989, Extensional Hollister, Victor F., and Evans, James R., 1965, Geology of the faulting in southern Klamath Mountains, California: Redding Quadrangle, Shasta County, California: Tectonics, vol. 8, p. 135–149. California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 4, scale 1:24,000. Saleeby, Jason B., 1990, Geochronological and Hotz, Preston E., 1977, Geology of the Yreka Quadrangle, tectonostratigraphic framework of Sierran–Klamath Siskiyou County, California: U.S. Geological Survey ophiolitic assemblages, in Harwood, D.S., and Bulletin 1436, 72 p. Miller, M.M., editors, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Irwin, William Porter, 1994, Geologic map of the Klamath paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Mountains, and related terranes: Geological Society of Investigations Series Map I–2148, scale 1:500,000. America Special Paper 255, p. 93–114. Irwin, William Porter, 2003, A bibliography of Klamath Shervais, John W., Kimbrough, David L., Renne, Paul, Mountains geology, California and Oregon, listing authors Hanan, Barry B., Murchey, Benita, Snow, Cameron A., from Aalto to Zucca for the years 1849 to mid–2003: U.S. Zoglman–Schuman, Marchell M., and Beaman, Joseph, Geological Survey Open–File Report 03–306, 227 pages, 2004, Mult–stage origin of the Coast Range Ophiolite, 1,995 references spanning 154 years of geologic work. California: implications for the life cycle of supra– Irwin, William Porter, 1981, Tectonic accretion of the Klamath subduction zone ophiolites: International Geology Review, Mountains, in Ernst, W.G., editor, The Geotectonic vol. 46, no. 4, April 2004 issue, p. 289–315. Development of California, Rubey Volume: Prentice–Hall, www.bellpub.com/igr/2004 p. 29–49. Sharp, Robert P., 1960, Pleistocene glaciation in the Trinity Alps of northern California: American Journal of Science, vol. 258, p. 305-340. Wagner, David L., and Saucedo, George J., compilers, 1992, Geologic map of the Weed Quadrangle: California Geological Survey, RGM #4, Regional Geologic Map Series, 4 sheets, scale 1:250,000.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 303 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Grose, T.L.T., Saucedo, George J., and Wagner, David L., Modoc Plateau 1991, Geology of the Susanville Quadrangle, Lassen and (Abbreviated list; especially useful references are Plumas Counties, California: California Geological Survey, marked with a star symbol to assist the reader) Open–File Report 91–01, ozalid map scale 1:100,000. Grose, Thomas L.T., 2000, Volcanoes in the Susanville region, Lassen, Modoc, and Plumas counties, northeastern Adam, David P., Bradbury, J.P., Rieck, H.J., and Sarna– California: California Geology, vol. 53, no. 5, p. 4–23. Wojcicki, A.M., 1990, Environmental changes in the Hedel, C.W., 1984, Maps showing geomorphic and geologic Tule Lake basin, Siskiyou and Modoc counties, California, evidence for late Quaternary displacement along the from 3 to 2 million years before present: U.S. Geological Surprise Valley and associated faults, Modoc County, Survey Bulletin 1933, 13 p. California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Field Bryant, William A., 1979, Earthquakes near Honey Lake, Studies Map, MF–1429, 2 sheets. Lassen County, California: California Geology, v. 32, Kramer, J. Curtis, editor, 1980, Geologic guide to the Modoc no. 5, p. 106–109. Plateau and the Warner Mountains: Geological Society of Donnelly–Nolan, Julie M., 1987, Medicine Lake Volcano and Sacramento, 156 p. Lava Beds National Monument, California, in McKee, Edwin H., Duffield, Wendell A., and Stern, Robert J., Hill, Mason Lowell, editor, Centennial Field Guide, 1983, Late Miocene and Early Pliocene basaltic rocks and Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, their implications for crustal structure, northeastern Decade of North American Geology, p. 289–294. California and south–central Oregon: Geological Society of Donnelly–Nolan, Julie M., 1988, A magmatic model of America Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 2, p. 292–304. Medicine Lake Volcano, California, in Tilling, R.I., editor, Roberts, C.T., 1985, Cenozoic evolution of the northwestern How Volcanoes Work, part 2: Journal of Geophysical Honey Lake basin, Lassen County, California: Colorado Research, vol. 93, no. 5, p. 4412–4420. School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 80, no. 1, 64 p. Donnelly–Nolan, Julie M., 1992, Medicine Lake Volcano Sawlan, Michael G., Frisken, James G., and Miller, Michael S., and Lava Beds National Monument, Siskiyou and Modoc 1989, Mineral resources of the South Warner Contiguous counties, California: California Geology, vol. 45, no. 5, Wilderness study area, Modoc County, California: U.S. p. 145–153. Geological Survey Bulletin 1706–F, 22 p. Duffield, Wendell A., and McKee, Edwin H., 1986, Urhammer, Robert A., 1991, Northern California seismicity, Geochronology, structure, and basin–range tectonism of the in Slemmons, D.B., Engdahl, D.R., Zoback, M.D., and Warner Range, northeastern California: Geological Society Blackwell, D.D., editors, Neotectonics of north America: of America Bulletin, vol. 97, no. 2, p. 142–146. Geological Society of America, Decade of North American Dzurisin, Daniel, Poland, Michael P., and Bürgmann, Roland, Geology, p. 99–106. 2002, Steady subsidence of Medicine Lake Volcano, Wills, Chris J., 1991, Active faults north of Lassen Volcanic northern California, revealed by repeated leveling surveys: National Park, northern California: California Geology, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 107, no. B–12, vol. 44, no. 3, March 1991 issue, p. 51–58. December 2002 issue, AGU document ID Wills, Christopher J., and Borchardt, Glenn, 1993, 10.1029/2001JB000893. Holocene slip–rate and earthquake recurrence on the Honey Faulds, James E., Henry, Christopher D., and Hinz, Lake fault zone, northeastern California: Geology, v. 21, Nicholas H., 2005, Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: no. 9, p. 853–856. an incipient transform fault along the Pacific―North Zucca, John J., Fuis, Gary S., Milkereit, B., Mooney, W.D., and American plate boundary: Geology, vol. 33, no. 6, June Catchings, R.D., 1986, Crustal structure of northeastern 2005 issue, p. 505-508. Pertains to the Honey Lake Fault Zone, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 91, no. 7, southeast of Susanville, within Lassen County, California. p. 7359–7382. Fink, Jonathan H., and Pollard David D., 1983, Structural evidence for dikes beneath silicic domes, Medicine Lake Highland Volcano, California: Geology, vol. 11, no. 8, August 1983 issue, p. 458–461. Finn, Carol, and Williams, David L., 1982, Gravity evidence for a shallow intrusion under Medicine Lake volcano, California: Geology, vol. 10, October 1982 issue, no. 10, p. 503–507. Grose, T.L.T., and others, 1992, Geologic map of the Eagle Lake 30×60–minute Quadrangle, Lassen County, California: California Geological Survey Open–File Report 92–14, map scale 1:100,000. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 304 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Appendix B Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Southern

Region, Calif.: California Geological Survey CD 2001– Concise Bibliography of 05, 235 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab files, ESRI shape files, and .dxf export files. Engineering Geology and Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Northern and Seismology References Eastern Region, Calif.: California Geological Survey CD 2001–06, 170 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab files, ESRI shape files, and .dxf export files. Burbank, Douglas W., and Anderson, Robert S., 2001, that are principally used and widely cited Tectonic geomorphology: Blackwell Science, 274 p. by consulting geology and geotechnical firms Byrne, R.J., Cotton, D., Porterfield, J., Wolschlag, C., and for public schools and hospitals in California Ueblacker, G., 1996, Manual for the design and construction monitoring of soil–nail walls: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, Bridge Division, Report No. FHWA–SA–96–069. Abramson, L.W., Lee, T.S., Sharma, S., and Boyce, G.M., California Geological Survey, 1997, Guidelines for evaluating 2001, Slope stability and stabilization methods, 2nd edition: and mitigating seismic hazards in California: California John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 736 p. Geological Survey, Special Publication 117, 74 p., ASTM, 2002, Standards on environmental site characterization, 7 chapters, Appendix A, B, C, and D. (Appendix A includes 2nd edition: American Society for Testing and Materials, the full text of the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of 1990) 1,827 p., 163 tests methods, practices, guides; available in SP–117 is downloadable from the CGS website: book format (paper copy, 8½×11 size) or CD–ROM. < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > < www.astm.org > California Geological Survey, 1998, Maps of known active ASCE, 1997, Guidelines of engineering practice for braced fault near–source zones in California and adjacent portions and tied–back excavations: Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers, of Nevada, 215 p., state–wide atlas with large format spiral– Geotechnical Special Publication no. 74, 160 p. bound (11×17 inches). The atlas also contains a ASCE, 1997, Standard guidelines for the design and installation comprehensive list of “Type A” and “Type B” faults in of pile foundations: American Society of Civil Engineers, California with Mmax and fault slip–rates. This near–source Standard Guideline No. 20, 40 p. atlas was authored by the California Geological Survey, but Baecher, Gregory, and Christian, John, 2003, Reliability and is published and sold by ICC. < www.iccsafe.org > statistics in geotechnical engineering: John Wiley & Sons, California Geological Survey, 1999, Recommended Inc., 616 p. criteria for delineating Seismic Hazards Zones in Boone, S.J., 1996, Ground–movement related building damage: California: California Geological Survey, Special ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 122, Publication 118, 12 p. no. 11, November 1996 issue, p. 886–896, and addendum California Geological Survey, 2004+, Seismic Hazard Zone May 1998, vol. 124, no. 5, p. 462–465. Maps of California, scale 1:24,000, official liquefaction and Boore, David M., Joyner, William B., and Fumal, Thomas E., landslide zones of 115+ quadrangles (on–going program). 1997, Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra < www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs > and peak accelerations from western North American Cedergren, Harry R., 1997, Seepage, drainage, and flow nets, rd earthquakes – a summary of recent work: Seismological 3 edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 496 p. Research Letters, vol. 68, no. 1, Jan. 1997 issue, p. 128-153. Clinkenbeard, John P., Churchill, Ronald K., and Lee, K., Boore, David M., 2005, Erratum for 1997 paper: Equations for editors, 2002, Guidelines for geologic investigations of estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration naturally occuring asbestos in California: California from western North American earthquakes ― a summary of Geological Survey Special Publication 124, 7 fig., 6 tables, recent work: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 76, no. 3, 70 p. May/June 2005 issue, p. 128-153. Coduto, Donald P., 1999, Geotechnical engineering – principles Borchers, James W., editor, 1998, Land subsidence case studies and practice: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 759 p. and current research: Proceedings of the Dr. Joseph F. Coduto, Donald P., 2001, Foundation design – principles and nd Poland Symposium on Land Subsidence: Association of practices, 2 edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 883 p. Engineering Geologists, Special Publication # 8, Domenico, Patrick A., and Schwartz, Franklin W., 1998, nd Star Publishing Company, Belmont, CA, 576 p. Physical and chemical hydrogeology, 2 edition: Bryant, William A., and 5 others, 2001, GIS Files of Official John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 506 p. Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, Central Coastal Ferriz, Horatio, and Anderson, Robert L., editors, 2002, Region, Calif.: California Geological Survey CD 2001– Engineering geology practice in northern California: 04, 211 Alquist–Priolo quads as MapInfo tab files, ESRI California Geological Survey Bulletin 210 and Association shape files, and .dxf export files. of Engineering Geologists Special Publication 12, 54 chapters, 658 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 305 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Fetter, C.W., 1998, Contaminant hydrogeology, 2nd edition: McGuire, Robin K., 2004, Seismic hazard and risk analysis: Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 500 p. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Fetter, C.W., 2001, Applied hydrogeology, 4th edition: Monograph No. 10, 240 p. This authoritative monograph Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 598 p. is one of the most significant publications in probabilistic FHWA, 1997, Geosynthetic engineering: Federal Highway seismic hazard analysis and strong–motion seismology in Administration, 452 p. the past decade. www.eeri.org Gupta, A.K., 1990, Response spectrum method in seismic Mount, Jeffrey F., 1995, California rivers and streams – analysis and design of structures: CRC Press, a division the conflict between fluvial processes and land use: of Taylor & Francis Publishers, 170 p. University of California Press, 359 p. Harden, Deborah R., 2004, California geology, 2nd edition: Naeim, F., editor, 2001, The Seismic Design Handbook, Pearson Education, 479 p. 2nd edition: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 830 p. Hart, Earl W., and Bryant, William A., 1997, Fault–rupture Nelson, John D., and Miller, Deborah J., 1997, Expansive soils, hazard zones in California: California Geological Survey, 2nd edition: problems and practice in foundation engineering Special Publication 42, with 1999 supplements, 38 p. and pavement engineering: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 288 p. Hoek, Evert, and Bray, John W., 1981, Rock slope engineering, Onder Cetin, K., Seed, Raymond B., Der Kiureghian, A., 3rd edition: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Tokimatsu, K., Harder, Leslie F.,Jr., Kayen, Robert E., London; and Spon Press, 358 p. Moss, Robert E.S., 2004, Standard Penetration Test-based Hudson, John A., and Harrison, John P., 1997, Engineering probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil rock mechanics: Pergamon Press, 444 p. liquefaction potential: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Idriss, Izzat M., and Boulanger, Ross W., 2004, Semi–empirical Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 130, no. 12, procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during December 2004 issue, p. 1314–1340. earthquakes: Proceedings of the 11th SDEE and O’Rourke, Thomas D., Stewart, H.E., and Jeon, S.S., 2001, 3rd ICEGE, University of California, Berkeley, Geotechnical aspects of lifeline engineering: invited paper, 25 p. Geotechnical Engineering, proceedings of the Institution of Jennings, Charles W., 1977 and reprinted 2000, Geologic map Civil Engineers, vol. 149, no. 1, January 2001 issue, of California: California Geological Survey, Geologic Data p. 13–26. Contains several examples of pipeline failures Map #2, scale 1:750,000. in the San Fernando Valley from the 1994 Northridge Jennings, Charles W., 1985, An explanatory text to accompany earthquake. the 1:750,000–scale fault and geologic maps of California: O’Rourke, Michael J., and Liu, X, 1999, Response of buried California Geological Survey Bulletin 201, 197 p. pipelines subject to earthquake effects: MCEER Jennings, Charles W., 1994, Fault activity map of California Monograph #3, 249 p. < http://mceer.buffalo.edu > and adjacent areas: California Geological Survey, Geologic Pipkin, Bernard W., and Proctor, Richard J., editors, 1992, Data Map # 6, scale 1:750,000, with 92–page booklet. Engineering geology practice in southern California: Jordan, Thomas H., chairman, Beroza, Gregory, Cornell, Association of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication C. Allin, Crouse, C.B, Dieterich, James, Frankel, Arthur, No. 4, 769 p. Jackson, David D., Johnston, A., Kanamori, H., Langer, Pollard, David, and Fletcher, Ray, 2006 in press, Fundamentals James, McNutt, Marcia, Rice, James R., Romanowicz, of structural geology: Cambridge University Press. Barbara A., Sieh, Kerry E., and Somerville, Paul G, Powell, Robert E., Weldon, Ray J., II, and Matti, Jonathan C., 2003, Living on an active Earth: perspectives on earthquake editors, 1993, The San Andreas fault system: displacement, science: National Academy of Sciences, 6 chapters, 432 p. palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: Keller, Edward A., and Pinter, Nicholas, 2002, Active tectonics, Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, 10 papers, 2nd edition: Prentice–Hall, 9 chapters, 362 p. 8 plates in map case, 332 p. Koerner, Robert M., 1998, Designing with geosynthetics, Pradel, Daniel, 1998, Procedure to evaluate earthquake–induced 4 th edition: Prentice–Hall, Inc., 761 p. settlements in dry sandy soils: ASCE Journal of Kramer, Steven L., 1996, Geotechnical earthquake engineering: Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, Prentice–Hall Publishers, 653 p. no. 4, April 1998 issue, p. 364–368, and addendum on Lee, William H.K., Kanamori, Hiroo, Jennings, Paul C., and p. 1048 (October 1998 issue of vol. 124). Kisslinger, Carl, editors, 2003, International handbook of Rahn, Perry H., 1996, Engineering geology, 2 nd edition: earthquake and engineering seismology: Academic Press, Prentice–Hall, Inc., 657 p. 1,942 p. in two volumes with CD–ROMs. Reese, Lymon C., and Van Impe, William F., 2000, Single Liu, C., and Evett, Jack B., 2002, Soil properties: testing, piles and pile groups under lateral loading: Balkema measurement, and evaluation, 5th edition: Prentice Hall Publishers, 480 p., includes CD–ROM with software for Publishers, 432 p., with software diskette, 23 chapters on the p–y analysis of piles. < www.balkema.nl > geotechnical lab testing methods. $49.95 for the paperback edition Lunne, Thomas, Powell, J.J.M., and Robertson, Peter K., Reiter, Leon, 1990, Earthquake hazard analysis: Columbia 1997, Cone Penetration Testing in geotechnical University Press, 254 p. practice: Spon Press, 352 p., 11 chapters. Scholz, Christopher H., 2002, The mechanics of earthquakes McCalpin, James P., editor, 1996, Paleoseismology: and faulting, 2nd edition: Cambridge Univ. Press, 471 p. Academic Press, 9 chapters, 588 p. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 306 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Schroeder, W.L., Dickenson, Stephen E., and Toppozada, T.R., and Branum, David, 2002, California Warrington, Don C. 2004, Soils in construction, earthquakes of M≥5.5  their history and the areas fifth edition: Prentice–Hall, 368 p. damaged, in Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C., Seed, Raymond B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, Robb E.S., and Kisslinger, C., editors, International Handbook of Kammerer, Ann Marie, Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, M.F., Earthquake and Engineering Seismology: Academic Press, Sancio, R.B., Bray, Jonathan D., Kayen, Robert E., and vol. 81A of International Geophysics Series, chapter 48.2, Faris, A., 2003, Recent advances in soil liquefaction p. 793–798, plus complete archive .pdf file on CD–ROM. engineering ― a unified and consistent framework: Toppozada, T.R., Branum, D., Petersen, M., Hallstrom, C., University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research Cramer, C., and Reichle, M., 2000, Epicenters of and areas Center Report 2003–06, 72 p. download 10MB file from: damaged by M≥5.5 California earthquakes, 1800–1999: http://eerc.berkeley.edu/reports California Geological Survey, Map Sheet 49. Shlemon, Roy J., 1985, Application of soil–stratigraphic Turner, A.K., and Schuster, Robert L., editors, 1996, techniques to engineering geology: Bulletin of the Assoc– Landslides – investigation and mitigation: National iation of Engineering Geologists, vol. 22, no 2, p. 129–142. Academy Press, Transportation Research Board Special Sowers, Janet M., Noller, Jay S. and Lettis, William R., 2000, Report 247, 673 p. Methods for dating Quaternary surficial materials, in The national treatise on landslides with 25 chapters by a Noller, J.S., Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, team of geologists and geotechnical engineers. Quaternary Geochronology: American Geophysical Union, Twiss, Robert J., and Moores, Eldridge M., 2005, Structural Reference Shelf vol. 4, with fold–out plate 1 on p. 567 geology, 2nd edition: W.H. Freeman and Company, 532+ p. Spencer, Edgar W., 2000, Geologic maps: a practical guide to U.S. Department of the Interior, 2001 reprint, Engineering the preparation and interpretation of geologic maps, geology field manual: U.S. Government Printing Office, nd 2 edition: Prentice–Hall Publishers, 184 p. 496 p. USDI # I–27.19/2:EN 3/2/998/v.1 St. John, D.A., Poole, A.B., and Sims, I., 1998, Varnes, David J., 1974, The logic of geological maps, with Concrete petrography: a handbook of investigative reference to their interpretation and use for engineering techniques: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 474 p. purposes: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 837, 48 p. Stewart, Jonathan P., Blake, Thomas F., and Hollingsworth, Waddell, Joseph J., 1998, Concrete manual: concrete quality Robert A., 2003, A screen analysis procedure for seismic and field practice, 4th edition: International Code Council, slope stability: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 19, no. 3, Whittier, CA. < www.iccsafe.org > August 2003 issue, p. 697–712. Wallace, Robert E., editor, 1990, The San Andreas fault Stewart, Jonathan P., Bray, Jonathan D., McMahon, David J., system, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Smith, Patrick M., and Kropp, Alan L., 2001, Seismic Paper 1515, 283 p. performance of hillside fills: ASCE Journal of West, Terry R., 1995, Geology applied to engineering: Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Prentice–Hall Publishers, Inc., 560 p. November 2001 issue, vol. 127, no. 11, p. 905 – 919. Wills, Chris J., and Silva, Walter J., 1998, Shear–wave velocity Stewart, Jonathan P., Chiou, S.J., Bray, Jonathan D., characteristics of geologic units in California: EERI Graves, Robert W., Somerville, Paul G., and Abrahamson, Earthquake Spectra, vol. 14, no. 3, August 1998 issue, Norman A., 2001, Ground motion evaluation procedures for p. 533–556. performance–based design: University of California, Wills, Chris J., Petersen, Mark D., Bryant, William A, and Berkeley; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 5 others, 2000, A site–conditions map for California based Report PEER 2001–09, 8 chapters, 229 p. on geology and shear–wave velocity: Bulletin of the Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., 1990, Applied Seismological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 6B, nd geophysics, 2 edition: Cambridge University Press, 790 p. December 2000 issue, p. S187–S208, special BSSA issue Terzaghi, Karl, Peck, Ralph B., and Mesri, G., 1996, on site effects in PSHA analyses of southern California. rd Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3 edition: Wohl, Ellen E., editor, 2000, Inland flood hazards: human, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 549 p. riparian, and aquatic communities: Cambridge University Tokimatsu, K., and Seed, H. Bolton, 1987, Evaluation of Press, 498 p., 74 figures, 22 photographs, 34 tables, 4 plates. settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking: ASCE Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1995, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 113, no. GT8, Seismic hazards in southern California – probable August 1987 issue, p. 861–878. earthquakes, 1994–2024: Bulletin of the Seismological Tomlinson, M.J., 1994, Pile design and construction Society of America, vol. 85, no. 2, p. 379–439. th practice, 4 edition: Spon Press, 411 p., 11 chapters, Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2003, 325 illus. Earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region: 2002–2031: U.S. Geological Survey Open–File Report 03–214, 8 chapters, Appendix A to G. download 56–MB file as .pdf from < www.usgs.gov > Engineering Geology and Seismology for 307 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Wyllie, Duncan C., 1999, Foundations on rock, 2nd edition: Spon Press, 384 p. Yeats, Robert S., Sieh, Kerry E., and Allen, Clarence R., 1997, The geology of earthquakes: Oxford Univ. Press, 568 p. Youd, T. Leslie., Hansen, Corbett M., and Bartlett, Steven F., 2002, Revised multilinear regression equations for prediction of lateral spread displacement: ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 128, no. 12, December 2002 issue, p. 1007–1017. Youd, T.Leslie, and Idriss, Izzat M., co–chairmen, and Andrus, R.D, Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian J.T., Dobry, R., Liam Finn, W.D., Harder, L.F., Jr., Hynes, M.E., Ishiara, K., Koester, J.P., Liao, S.S.C., Marcuson, W.F., III, Martin, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, Peter K., Seed, Raymond B., and Stokoe, Kenneth H., 2001, Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils: ASCE Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Journal, Oct. 2001 issue, vol. 127, no. 10, p. 817–833.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 308 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Appendix C This working–level, practical bibliography omits educational policy, educational funding, and pupil instruction; these are vital but separate issues of Concise Bibliography of paramount importance for higher official forums. California Public–School During the compilation of this bibliography, Site Construction emphasis was placed on California publications, with lesser priority to national references. Textbooks and manuals were favored over short journal articles of Compiled in cooperation with the School Facilities Planning ephemeral value. Out–of–print books and quaint Division of the California Department of Education; “school–house” manuals from the early 1900s were the Office of Public School Construction, and Division of the omitted for sake of brevity. At a later date, it is State Architect within the California Department of General Services, and the College Finance & Facilities Planning planned to include relevant magazine articles on Section within the California Community Colleges planning for school construction. Chancellor's Office. The California Geological Survey and other government agencies do not furnish copies of by Robert H. Sydnor, Senior Engineering Geologist textbooks and building code, so you will have to California Geological Survey independently obtain copies through university July 1, 2005 libraries, technical bookstores, and internet sources. Library of Congress Catalog numbers are included This concise bibliography is intended to serve as a where available to assist with finding the books on practical and interdisciplinary resource for a wide library shelves. Approximate prices for books are spectrum of professionals involved in the planning provided simply to guide the reader, but prices need and design of new construction and seismic retrofit of to be independently verified since they are subject to public schools in California. This is compiled to be a change without notice. If California is spending point of departure for engineering geologists, school about $3½ billion each year for public school architects, structural engineers, geotechnical construction, then it makes sense for consulting engineers, school facility planners, civil engineers, professionals to spend a reasonable amount on environmental planners, deputy superintendents for special books to facilitate prudent planning. school construction, elected school board officials, landscape architects, real estate developers of planned Many documents and manuals by the California communities, and interested citizens of the Office of Public School Construction (OPSC) and the communities where new schools are being planned California Department of Education’s School and built. Facilities Planning Division can be freely down– loaded as portable document files (.pdf) using Adobe Inclusion on this list does not imply official Acrobat Reader®. Some of these reports are 15 to endorsement from any California state government 80 pages in length and contain a wealth of useful agency, nor does omission indicate lack of suitability information specifically for school construction in or relevance. Current (in–print) publications were California. Whenever possible, homepages or selected on the basis of practical relevance to websites and telephone numbers are supplied for construction of public school buildings and school practical convenience to the reader so that books can campuses. be obtained expediently.

The Library of Congress catalog number for This bibliography is necessarily focused on school construction is LB3212, and this extensive public schools, but hundreds of private schools in library catalog may be searched at: www.loc.gov California may also derive some benefit to the information contained herein. Private schools in California are considered to be “regular” commercial Engineering Geology and Seismology for 309 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005 buildings, so building permits are obtained from the local Building Official, not the Division of the State California Building Standards Commission, 2001, California Building Code, California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Architect. Private schools are plan–checked under Part 2, three volumes in ring binders: International Code the Uniform Building Code. Public schools are Council, Whittier, California, www.iccsafe.org. carefully plan–checked by senior–level Registered ℡ 800-786–4452. Refer to Chapters 16A (seismic design and Structural Engineers within the Division of the State earthquake engineering), 18A (geotechnical and foundations), and 33 (grading and excavation). This is an enhanced and substantially Architect under the California Code of Regulations, modified version of 1997 Uniform Building Code with special Title 24, California Building Code. California amendments and unique California seismology terms such as “Upper–Bound Earthquake Ground Motion” and Alquist–Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones. The four ring–binders that compose 2001 With the passage of time, this bibliography will CBC are not posted on the Internet, so you will need to obtain your be updated as new books and reports are published. own copies of Code before undertaking professional consulting work For example, the 2001 edition of the California for public school sites in California. Building Code (CBC) was legally enforced beginning California Code of Regulations, Title 2, Administration, November 1, 2002. A new edition is planned on a Division 2, Chapter 3, Subchapter 4, Group 1, State triennial cycle for future editions of CBC. Readers Allocation Board, Subgroup 5.5. Regulations relating to the are asked to send additions and corrections so future Leroy F. Greene School Facilities Act of 1998 editions of this bibliography will be reliable and (School Facility Program), CCR Title 2, Section 1859. useful on a sustained basis to a wide spectrum of Consists of 43 pages of legal text (.pdf), down–loadable from the Office of Public School Construction website: professionals in public–school site construction. www.dgs.ca.gov/opsc or from www.leginfo.ca.gov.

California Seismic Safety Commission, 2004, Seismic safety in California’s schools ― findings and recommendations on seismic safety policies and requirements for public, private, and charter schools: SSC Publication 2004-04, 15 p. www.seismic.ca.gov State of California Publications from OPSC, DSA, CGS & DTSC DTSC, 2001, Site Mitigation Process, Chapter 3 of Public Participation Policy and Procedures Manual: California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 38 pages, “Draft copy” dated March 2001. These procedures are used by DTSC Barnecut, Carrie, Eisner, Richard, Bellet, Dennis E., and the community to evaluate the possibility of toxic substances at Smith, Howard, Fong, Terence, Turner, Fred, and planned school sites prior to development. The current draft copy ten others, 2003, Guide and checklist for non– (.pdf) is posted on the DTSC website. www.dtsc.ca.gov structural earthquake hazards in California schools: California Department of General Services, 49 p. DTSC, 2004, Interim Guidance ― Naturally Occurring (download pdf from DGS website) Asbestos (NOA) at School Sites: California Department of A joint project of the Division of the State Architect, the Toxic Substances Control, dated September 24, 2004, 36 p. Governor's Office of Emergency Services, the California www.dtsc.ca.gov Seismic Safety Commission, and the California Department of Education. OPSC, 2000, Guidebook to the school facility program: Office of Public School Construction, California Department Cal EPA, 2003, Guidance for school site risk assessment of General Services, 10 chapters, 5 appendices, about 80 pursuant to Health & Safety Code §901(f): pages. This essential and essential guidebook was prepared California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of by OPSC on behalf of the State Allocation Board. It is Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated available for download from: www.dgs.ca.gov/opsc or Risk Assessment Section, 67 p. download from: purchase from Office of Public School Construction, www.oehha.ca.gov/public_info/public/kids/schools1103.htm 1130 K Street, Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95814 ℡ 916–324–2829 ℡ 916–445–3160.

California Building Standards Commission, 2001, California OPSC, 2000, State relocatable classroom program: Office of Building Standards Administrative Code, California Public School Construction, California Department of Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 1: International Code General Services, 9 pages. Handbook available for Council, Whittier, California, www.iccsafe.org download from: www.dgs.ca.gov/opsc or purchase from Office of Public School Construction, 1130 K Street, Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95814; ℡ 916–445–3160. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 310 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

OPSC, 2001, Architect’s Submittal Guidelines: Office of Castaldi, Basil, 1994, Educational facilities: planning, Public School Construction, California Department of modernization, and management, 4th edition: Allyn & General Services, 46 pages. Informative guidelines with 8 Bacon publishers, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., 448 appendices of forms, spreadsheets, tables, and checklists pages, 18 chapters, $88.00 hardcover. Library of Congress available for download from: www.dgs.ca.gov/opsc Catalog # LB3241.C37.1994. This fourth edition is a or purchase from Office of Public School Construction, comprehensive treatise that blends theory and practice. Can 1130 K Street, Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95814 be used by educational administrators and practitioners as a ℡ 916–445–3160. sourcebook, while graduate students in school administration can use it as a textbook. OPSC, 2001, State School Building Program: Office of Public School Construction, California Department of General Dober, Richard P., 2000, Campus landscape: functions, forms, Services, 2–page flier. Contains informative flow–chart of the features: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 288 p., 175 photographs entire school construction process and telephone numbers for and drawings. OPSC. Available for download from: www.dgs.ca.gov/opsc or write to the Office of Public Dudek, Mark, 2000, Architecture of schools ― School Construction, 1130 K Street, Suite 400, Sacramento, the new learning environments: Architectural Press, CA 95814; ℡ 916–445–3160. 256 pages, $69.95 paperback. Dudek is a professor of architecture at the University of OPSC, 2001, Unused site program handbook: Office of Sheffield. This is the standard design guide on schools Public School Construction, California Department of architecture. Evaluation of the functional requirement of General Services, 9 pages. Useful and informative individual spaces such as classrooms, music rooms, craft guidebook was prepared by OPSC on behalf of the State areas, and the gymnasium, and the dynamics of their Allocation Board. It is available for download from: incorporation within a single institution as a defining www.dgs.ca.gov/opsc or purchase from characteristic of the educational environment. Highly Office of Public School Construction, 1130 K Street, illustrated including 25 color plates. Includes 20 worldwide Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95814; ℡ 916–445–3160. case histories of school architecture.

SFPD–DOE, 2000, School site selection and approval guide: Earthman, Glen I., 1990, Administering the planning process California Department of Education, School Facilities for educational facilities: J.L. Wilkerson Publishing Planning Division, 48 pages. Available for download from Company, $29.95 hardcover. Department of Education website www.cde.ca.gov/facilities/field/publications.htm Haar, Sharon, and Robbins, Mark, 2002, Schools for Cities: urban strategies: Princeton Architectural Press and the Sydnor, Robert H., 2004, Checklist for the Review of National Endowment for the Arts, 101 p., softbound, $8.96. Engineering Geology and Seismology Reports for California Public Schools, Hospitals, and Essential Holcomb, John H., 1994, A guide to the planning of education Services Buildings: California Geological Survey, facilities, 3rd edition: University Press of America, 116 CGS Note 48, 2 pages. pages, $45.50 hardcover. A handbook for local school districts for the planning and development process of a school building. School Site Development Kowalski, Theodore J., 2001, Planning and managing school

facilities, 2nd edition: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 296 p. Brubaker, C. William, 1998, Planning and designing schools: Library of Congress Cat. # LB3218.A1.K638.2001. McGraw–Hill Professional Publishing, 203 pages, $64.95 Written for school administrators, superintendents, and hardcover; Library of Congress Cat.# LB3218.A1.B78.1998. school board members. Dr. Kowalski is Professor of The author is America’s leading educational architect on Educational Administration at the University of Dayton. designing the schools of the future. Includes a wide range of

school campuses from large single–unit high–schools to small Meek, Ann, editor, 1995, Designing places for learning: park–like, multi–unit elementary schools and every Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, permutation in between. Includes physical setting of Alexandria, VA, and Council of Educational Facility classrooms that allows teachers to utilize the latest Planners, Scottsdale, Arizona, 101 pages, ℡ 480-391–0840 innovations in educational theory. Architect Brubaker has www.cefpi.org Library of Congress Catalog # 30+ years of experience with many architectural awards for LB3218.A1.D47.1995. school design. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 311 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Perkins, L. Bradford, 2001, Building Type Basics for Dobry, R., Borcherdt, R.D., Crouse, C.B., Idriss, I.M., Joyner, Elementary and Secondary Schools: John Wiley & Sons, W.B., Martin, G.R., Power, M.S., Rinne, E.E., and Seed, Inc., 368 pages; $69.95. Library of Congress Catalog # R.B., 2000, New site coefficients and site classification LB3218.A1.P47.2000. system used in recent building seismic code provisions: Contains 20 chapters on school construction with many EERI Earthquake Spectra, February 2000 issue, vol. 16, beautiful color photographs of award–winning innovative no. 1, pages 41–67. www.eeri.org architectural designs. Provides architects and design professionals with creative conceptual designs of elementary Hart, Earl W., and Bryant, William A., 1997, Fault rupture and secondary schools. Highly useful for early planning and hazard zones in California – Alquist–Priolo Earthquake conceptual layout of the school campus. Does not provide Fault Zoning Act with index to Earthquake Fault Zoning details of site grading, earthwork, expansive soils, faulting, maps: California Geological Survey, Special Publication 42, landslides, or related code items, but instead focuses on 38 pages, with 2 supplements added in 2003. Available in beautiful and functional design by the school architect. paper copy from CGS or down–load from the CGS website Highly readable and informative for non–architect; will be at: www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs useful to school board members who are considering building a new school campus that far exceeds minimum requirements McGuire, Robin K., 2004, Seismic hazard and risk analysis: of building code. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Monograph No. 10, 240 p. This authoritative Yee, Roger, AIA Architect, 2003, Educational Environments: monograph is one of the most significant publications in Visual Reference Publications, 300 p., hardbound; $37.77. probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and strong–motion Roger Yee is a graduate of the Yale School of Architecture seismology in the past decade. www.eeri.org and has won several prizes from AIA. This book is a broad survey of primary and secondary schools, plus colleges and Mujumdar, Vilas, and McGavin, Gary, 1999, Field Act public universities. schools – a need for safety reviews: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 15, no. 3, August 1999 issue, pages 585 – 595. Engineering Geology & Seismology www.eeri.org

National Academy of Sciences, 2003, Living on an active Bachman, Robert E., and Bonneville, David R., 2000, earth: perspectives on earthquake science: National Seismic Provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code: Research Council, Board of Earth Sciences, Committee on EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 16, no. 1, February 2000, the Science of Earthquakes, National Academy Press, p. 85–100. 418 pages, www.nap.edu/catalog/6165.html

A new treatise on seismology by a select panel of Bolt, Bruce A., 1999, Earthquakes, 4th edition: W.H. Freeman 15 seismologists by the National Academy of Sciences. & Company, 366 pages.

Noller, J.S, Sowers, J.M., and Lettis, W.R., editors, 2000, Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B., and Fumal, T.E., 1997, Equations Quaternary Geochronology – methods and applications: for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak American Geophysical Union, AGU Reference Shelf acceleration from western North American earthquakes – volume 4, 581 pages. www.agu.org A definitive treatise a summary of recent work, in Abrahamson, N., and on methods used for dating of earthquake faults. Shedlock, K., editors, 1997, Ground motion attenuation

relationships: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 1, Petersen, Mark D., Beeby, D.J., Bryant, W.A., Cao, C., Jan. 1997, 256 p. Cramer, C.H., Davis, J.F., Reichle, M., Saucedo, G., Tan, S.,

Taylor, G., Toppozada, T., Treiman, J., and Wills, C.J., 1999, Burbank, Douglas W., and Anderson, Robert S., 2001, Tectonic Seismic shaking hazard maps of California: Calif. geomorphology: Blackwell Science, 274 pages. Library of Division of Mines & Geology, Map Sheet 48, approximate Congress Catalog #GB401.5.B86.2001 scale ≅ 1:2,127,600. www.conservation.ca.gov/dmg California Geological Survey, 1997, Guidelines for evaluating and mitigating seismic hazards in California: California Petersen, Mark D., Toppozada, T.R., Cao, T., Cramer, C.H., Geological Survey, Special Publication 117, 74 pages. Reichle, M.S., and Bryant, William A., 2000, Active fault (download free from homepage at near–source zones within and bordering the State of www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs) California for the 1997 Uniform Building Code: EERI Earthquake Spectra, February 2000 issue, vol. 16, California Geological Survey, 1998, Maps of known active no. 1, p. 69–83. www.eeri.org fault near–source zones in California and adjacent Contains a table listing all Type A and Type B faults in portions of Nevada: International Code Council, Whittier, California with Mmax and slip–rate.

California, 11 × 17 atlas format, www.iccsafe.org ℡ 800-786–4452 Engineering Geology and Seismology for 312 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Reiter, Leon, 1990, Earthquake hazard analysis: Columbia Earthquake Engineering University Press, 254 pages. Bellet, Dennis E., Ranous, Richard A., and McGavin, Gary 1994, Showers, Mary Ann, 1999, Nursery Sources for California Post–earthquake damage evaluation for California Native Plants: California Geological Survey Open–File schools: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Report 90–04 (revised 1999), 7 chapters, 198 pages. Fifth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs vol. 3, p. 447–456. Native California, drought–resistant, hardy plants suitable for California public school campuses, with complete addresses, Bellet, Dennis E., and Mujumdar, V., 1995, Northridge telephone numbers and specialties for each plant nursery. earthquake damage to public school buildings, in Woods, Mary C., and Seiple, W. Ray, editors, The Northridge Toppozada, T.R., Branum, D., Petersen, M.D., Hallstrom, C., Earthquake of 17 January 1994: California Geological Cramer, C.H., and Reichle, M.S, 2000, Epicenters of and Survey Special Publication 116, p. 203–208. Areas Damaged by M≥5 California Earthquakes, www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs 1800−1999: California Division of Mines & Geology, Map Sheet 49, map scale: 1:1 million. The key title word is “damaging” earthquakes in California– Geothermal Heating and Cooling where these occurred in the past two centuries is an insight to the future. for Schools

Turner, A. Keith, and Schuster, Robert L, editors, 1996, Duffield, Wendell A., Sass, John H., and Sorey, Michael L., Landslides – investigation and mitigation: 1994, Tapping the Earth’s natural heat: U.S. Geological National Academy Press, Transportation Research Board Survey Circular 1125, 63 p. free from www.usgs.gov Special Publication 247, 673 pages. www.nap.edu Libr. Congress Catalog # QE599.2.L36.1996 Ferguson, Grant, and Woodbury, Allan D., 2004, Subsurface Authoritative treatise by the National Academy of Sciences on heat flow in an urban environment: Journal of landslides. Contains 25 chapters by 30 authors in Geophysical Research, vol. 109, no. B02402, doi: engineering geology and geotechnical engineering. 10.1029/2003JB002715, published on–line by AGU on February 6, 2004. Wald, David J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, Thomas H., and Kanamori, H., 1999, Relationships between peak ground Krarti, M., 2000, Energy audit of building systems – an acceleration, peak ground velocity, and modified Mercalli engineering approach: CRC Press, a division of Taylor intensity in California: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 15, & Francis Publishers, 512 pages, $89.95 no. 3, August 1999 issue, pages 557–564. www.eeri.org www.crcpress.com

Wills, C.J., Petersen, M., Bryant, W.A., Reichle, M., Saucedo, Kreider, Jan F., 2000, Handbook of heating, ventilation, and G.J., Tan, S., Taylor, G., and Treiman, J., 2000, A site– air conditioning: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & conditions map for California based on geology and Francis Publishers, 680 pages, $139.95. shear–wave velocity: Bulletin of the Seismological Society www.crcpress.com of America, vol. 90, no. B6, pages 187–208. Kreith, Frank, and West, Ronald E., 1996, CRC Handbook Wills, Christopher J., and Silva, Walter, 1998, Shear–wave on energy efficiency: CRC Press, a division of Taylor & velocity characteristics of geologic units in California: Francis Publishers, 1,136 pages, $139.95 EERI Earthquake Spectra, v. 14, no. 3, August 1998, p. 533– www.crcpress.com Comprehensive handbook by 53 556. Needed for classification of the geologic subgrade authors from academia, government, and industry with under school campuses; refer to Table 16–J and Section 1636 over 600 figures. of 1998 California Building Code. Lienau, P.J., and Lunis, B.C., editors, 1991, Geothermal Yeats, Robert S., 2001, Living with earthquakes in California – direct use engineering and design handbook: Geo-Heat a survivor’s guide: Oregon State University Press, 406 pages. Center, Klamath Falls, Oregon, 445 p. Dr. Yeats is professor of geology at OSU with 35 years of experience working on seismology and structural geology of McCray, Kevin, editor, 1997, Guidelines for the California. He is a specialist in blind–thrust faults and construction of vertical boreholes for closed–loop heat– seismotectonics of coastal southern California. pump systems: National Ground Water Association, 43 p. www.ngwa.org Yeats, Robert S., Sieh, Kerry E., and Allen, Clarence R., 1997, The geology of earthquakes: Oxford University Press, Miller, M.A., 2002, Geothermal heating at the California 568 pages. www.oup.com Correctional Center, Susanville, California: Quarterly Bulletin of the Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo–Heat Center, Klamath Falls, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 16–19; 19 references on geothermal heating. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 313 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

FEMA Report 310, Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings – a prestandard, 5 chapters, appendix, about FEMA Publications for 320 pages total.

Schools in California FEMA Report 318, March 1998, Existing School Buildings – incremental seismic retrofit opportunities. Available free from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, ℡ 800–480–2520, or online at www.fema.gov. Also FEMA Report 366, HAZUS®99 Estimated Annualized ask for FEMA Publication No. 20, the comprehensive list of all Earthquake Losses for the United States, 33 pages. Also FEMA publications. Each of the 1,056 public school districts obtain the free HAZUS software package of compact diskettes and 9,000 school campuses in California should avail themselves (CD–ROMs) for the western United States. This western set of these free FEMA publications, and utilize them in both contains the seismology database for California. strategic and long–range planning for seismic safety of school children and school facilities. FEMA Report 368, 2000, NEHRP recommended provisions for the seismic design of new buildings and other FEMA Report 48, 1996, Coping with Children’s Reactions to structures: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Earthquakes and Other Disasters. Washington, D.C., www.fema.gov (800) 480–2520.

FEMA Report 88, 1990 edition,Guidebook for Developing a FEMA Report 428, 2003, Primer to Design Safe School School Earthquake Safety Program, 50 pages. Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., www.fema.gov FEMA Report 88a, 1990 edition, Earthquake Safety Activities (800) 480–2520. for Children, 37 pages, plus 16 pages of "master" templates for unlimited photocopying by teachers.

FEMA Report 102, May 1986, Flood–Proofing Non– Specialized References for Schools Residential Structures, 199 pages Applied Management Engineering, Inc., 2004, Preventive FEMA Report 149, Revised May 1990, Seismic Considerations maintenance guidelines for higher education facilities: – Elementary and Secondary Schools, 102 pages R.S. Means Publishing Co., 150 p., 3–ring binder format with downloadable electronic files. < www.rsmeans.com > FEMA Report 159, 1992 edition, Earthquakes – a Teacher's Birnberg, Howard G., 1998, Project management for building Package for Kindergarten to 6th Grade. About 200 pages, nd 8½x11–inch looseleaf 3–hole punched format, containing designers and owners, 2 edition: CRC Press, a division of 6 major teaching units divided into 63 sections, each with Taylor & Francis Publishers, 256 pages, $54.95. reproducible masters for photocopying by the local school www.crcpress.com district. Produced by the National Science Teacher's Association for FEMA. California School Design & Construction, a special magazine supplement to California Construction, published by FEMA Report 174, 1989 edition, Establishing Programs and McGraw-Hill Companies Regional Publications, ≈ 30 p. Priorities for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings – Paul Napolitano, editor, [email protected]; Seismic Rehabilitation a Handbook, 122 pages. ℡ 626-932-6160 This is a glossy trade-journal with informative short articles, excellent color photographs, and FEMA Report 182, August 1989, Landslide Loss Reduction: successful case-histories regarding new construction of a guide for state and local government planning, 50 pages. schools in California. It also contains advertisements for professional services from architects and contractors. FEMA Report 227, 1992 edition, A Benefit–Cost Model for the of Buildings, volume 1, a User's Manual, 5 chapters, about 80 DiLima, Sara N., editor, 1996, Safety and security pages. administration in school facilities: forms, checklists, and guidelines: Aspen Publishers, Inc., $150.00 hardbound. FEMA Report 241, 1993 edition, Identification and Reduction of Nonstructural Earthquake Hazards in Schools, Dudek, Mark, 1996, Kindergarten architecture: space for the 18 pages. imagination: E&FN Spon, $80.00 hardcover.

FEMA Report 254, August 1994, Seismic Retrofit Incentive Erikson, Rolf, and Markuson, Carolyn, 2000, Designing a school Programs –a handbook for local governments, 133 pages library media center for the future: American Library Association, 109 pages, $39.00 paperback.

Johnson, John A., 1997, California school district mapping: American Cartography, 143 pages, $99.00 paperback. Engineering Geology and Seismology for 314 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

9 chapters, 11 illustrations, with minimum required standards Clarke, Bruce B., and Gould, Ann B., 1993, Turfgrass for descriptions of California State Board of Education patch diseases ― caused by ectotrophic root-infecting boundary maps. fungi: American Phytopathological Society, 161 p.

Maciha, John C., 2004, Preventive maintenance guidelines for Craul, Phillip J., 1992, Urban soil in landscape design: school facilities K–12 ― expert guidance on the John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 416 p., >150 illustrations. requirements unique to schools, complete PM checklists for buildings: Robert S. Means Company, 230 pages, three– Fry, Jack, and Huang, B., 2004, Applied turfgrass science ring binder with downloadable electronic files and laminated and physiology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 320 p.; wall chart. < www.rsmeans.com > 165 illustrations. Many school campuses are on This unique system for K–12 schools helps maintenance bedrock cut–pads or engineered fills that are sterile from professionals identify, assess, and address equipment and a pedological viewpoint. Geologic conditions can result material deficiencies before they lead to costly malfunctions in poor quality turf grass on athletic fields. This new and major repairs. The three–part system features book provides information on soils, fertilization, soil 40 checklists, work–orders, reusable laminated wall–chart to aerification, optimum irrigation, and plant growth record and monitor progress, and down–loadable electronic regulators. checklists for customizing preventive maintenance (PM) inspections. The author has supervised public school Fuller, S.K., Kalin, Mark, Karolides, A., Lelek, M., facilities for more than 30 years, and serves as consultant to Lippiat, B., Macaluso, J., Walker, H.A., Chiang, J., several school districts in California. Waier, Phillip R., editors, 2003, Green building: project planning and cost estimating: R.S. Means Mayne, Thom; Gannon, Todd; and Kipnis, Jeffrey, 2001, Publishing Co., 550 p. < www.rsmeans.com > Morphosis / Diamond Ranch High School: Monacelli Press, 272 pages, $40.00 paperback. This is a morphosis Hopper, Leonard, and Droge, Martha, 2005, Security and study of an excellent new high–school campus in California. site design ― a landscape architectural approach to analysis, assessment and design implementation: Olds, Anita R., 2000, Child care design guide: McGraw–Hill John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 208 p. Professional Publishing, 352 pages, $69.95 hardcover. By the preeminent authority on design for child care with 25–years Kirkwood, Niall, 2004, Weathering and durability in of experience in architectural design of childcare facilities landscape architecture – fundamentals, practices, and which are often located on campus or adjacent to public case studies: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 320 p., elementary schools. 125 illustrations.

Ruth, Linda C., 1999, Design standards for children’s LaGro, James A., Jr., 2001, Site analysis ― linking program environments: McGraw–Hill Professional Publishing, 306 and concept in land planning and design: John Wiley & pages, $59.95 hardcover. Considered the most essential and Sons, Inc., 240 p. complete book for architects, landscape architects, and interior designers for public school design, including Miller, Norma L., editor, 1995, The healthy school handbook: extensive anthropometric data on sizes, heights, and conquering the sick building syndrome and other clearances for all ages of children. environmental hazards in and around your school: National Education Association, $24.95 paperback. Deals with indoor air pollution at schools. Note: For special problems unique to California (methane gas, asbestos in Environmental Aspects for Schools serpentine terrain, and radon gas) see reports and special geologic maps by the California Geological Survey. Cal EPA, 2003, Guidance for school site risk assessment Examples include CGS Open–File Report 2000–002 pursuant to Health & Safety Code §901(f): California regarding asbestos occurrences in western El Dorado Environmental Protection Agency, Office of County, California, by Dr. Ronald K. Churchill, Senior Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated Geologist, Calif. Geological Survey. Risk Assessment Section, 67 p. download from: www.oehha.ca.gov/public_info/public/kids/schools1103.htm Moore, Robin C., 1993, Plants for play ― a plant selection ℡ 916–324–2829 guide for children’s outdoor environments: MIG Communications, Berkeley $16.95 paperback, Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, 1999, Environmental public health ℡ 800-790–8444 www.migcom.com policy for asbestos in schools ― unintended consequences: Dr. Robin Moore is professor of landscape and architecture Lewis Publishers, 160 pages, $49.95 hardcover. Unique and at North Carolina State University with 25 years of timely book covering the history of asbestos inside older experience in selecting optimum plants for children’s play school buildings, and how policy and regulations evolved. areas (shade, climbing, play, and toxic plants to avoid).

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 315 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

Moore, Robin C., and Wong, Herbert H., 1997, Lackney, Jeffrey A., Park, Peter, and Witzling, Larry, 2000, Natural learning: the life history of an environmental The costs of facility development: a comparative analysis schoolyard: MIG Communications, Berkeley, $29.95 of public and private sector facility development processes paperback. The seminal work on play environments for and costs: University of Wisconsin Press, $20.00 hardcover. school children, (800) 790–8444 www.migcom.com. Means, 2004, Means Building Construction Cost Data – Moore, Robin C., Goltsman, Susan M., Iacofano, D.S., 1992, Western edition 2004 book, 17th edition: Robert S. Means “Play For All” guidelines ― planning, designing and Company, 625 pages. < www.rsmeans.com > management of outdoor plan settings for all children, second edition: MIG Communications, Berkeley $39.95 Means, 2004, Site work & landscape cost data 2004 book, paperback. ℡ 800-790–8444 22th edition: Robert S. Means Company, 580 pages. These are the “Play For All” (PFA) guidelines widely cited and used for Includes 57 reference tables for earthwork, sewerage, piped pre–school through secondary schools and public recreational areas. www.migcom.com utilities, site improvements, pavement, etc.

Schroeder, Charles B., and Sprague, Howard B., 1996, Mossman, Melville J. (editor), 2001, Facilities maintenance & Turf management handbook ― good turf for lawns, repair cost data: Robert S. Means Company, 620 p., ring– playing fields, and parks, 5th edition: Interstate Publishers, bound format. 206 p. NRC, Building Research Board, 1991, Pay now or pay later: controlling cost of ownership from design through the Stine, Sharon, 1996, Landscapes for learning: creating service life of public buildings: Building Research Board of outdoor environments for children and youth: John Wiley the U.S. National Research Council, National Academy & Sons, Inc., 272 p., $75.00 hardbound. Helps to extend the Press, $19.00 paperback. classroom out into the play area as a safe and stimulating place for learning and environmental experience with rich sensory input. Includes school vegetable gardens. Contains 140 photographs and eleven case-histories. School Financing for Construction Strom, Steven, and Nathan, Kurt, Woland, Jake, and Lamm, David, 2004, Site engineering for landscape architects, Bittle, Edgar H., editor, 1996, Planning and financing school 4th edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 352 p. improvement and construction projects: Education Law Association, $32.00 paperback. Tessmer, Martin, and Harris, Duncan, 1992, Analyzing the instructional setting ― environmental analysis: Krop, Cathy S., Carroll, Stephen J., and Ross, Randy L., 1995, Kogan Page Ltd., 192 p., $55.00 hardcover. Tracking K–12 education spending in California: who, where, and how much: Rand Corporation, Santa UNESCO, 1982, School buildings and natural disasters: Monica: $13.00 paperback. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, $6.00 paperback. Sonstellie, Jon; Brunner, Eric; and Ardon, Kenneth, 2000, For better or for worse? School finance reform in USDA, 1994, Grass varieties in the United States: California: Public Policy Institute of California, 267 pages, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, $20.00 paperback. Evaluates the history of the past 25 years Handbook 170; republished by CRC Press, 304 p. with fundamental reforms in California school finances.

Weiner, Michael, 1992, Plant a tree: choosing, planting, and maintaining this precious resource, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 304 p.

Zion, Robert L., 1994, Trees for architecture and landscape, 2nd edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 384 p. Lifelines, Schools, & Seismic Safety

School Construction Cost Estimation A public school campus is not an isolated, self–contained facility. During a natural disaster, a school is not an island ECS, 1998, Making better decisions about funding school unto itself. Instead, it is very much connected by lifelines. facilities: Education Commission of the States, 15 pages. Libr. Congress Cat. # LB3218.A1.M235 available from Within California Seismic Zone 4 (all of coastal ECS, 707–17th Street, Suite 2700, Denver, CO 80202–3427, California and all of interior southern California), lifelines ℡ 303–299–3600; www.ecs.org for public schools are typically vulnerable to geologic hazards including intense seismic shaking, surface faulting, landslides, and liquefaction.

Engineering Geology and Seismology for 316 Public Schools and Hospitals in California California Geological Survey July 1, 2005

When a public school is severed from its lifelines due to a McDonough, Peter W., 1995, Seismic design guide for natural natural disaster, there are immediate adverse effects for that gas distributors: American Society of Civil Engineers, school to function for teaching or as a center of emergency Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, shelter for the community. Monograph no. 9, 96 p.

School facility planners should review the Seismic Safety Muhlbauer, W. Kent, 2004, Pipeline risk management rd text within the Safety Element of the General Plan of the manual ― ideas, techniques, and resources, 3 edition: local government agency. The Safety Element should Gulf Professional Publishing, a division of Elsevier, 395 p. provide geologic hazards information for the general Najafi, M., editor, New pipeline technologies, security, and community setting of a school campus. School safety: American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings administrators should also maintain close liaison with the of the Pipelines 2003 Conference, 200 papers, 1,896 p. Office of Emergency Services of appropriate county governments, as well as the Governor’s Office of Emergency O’Rourke, Thomas D., and Palmer, M.C., 1996, Earthquake Services. www.oes.ca.gov performance of gas transmission pipelines: EERI Earthquake Spectra, vol. 12, no. 3, August 1996 issue, These publications will be of assistance for strategic p. 493-527. A comprehensive evaluation of the gas transmission planning regarding electricity, natural gas, potable water, pipelines of the Southern California Gas Company over 61 years of telephone, sewer lines, and optical fiber cables for Internet earthquake performance. communications. Transportation lifelines (= school bus routes) for public schools include residential streets, arterial O’Rourke, Thomas D., Stewart, H.E., and Jeon, S.S., 2001, county roads, state highways, railroads, and metrorail. Geotechnical aspects of lifeline engineering: Geotechnical Engineering, proceedings of the Institution of ASCE, 1999, Earthquake–actuated automatic gas shut–off Civil Engineers, vol. 149, no. 1, January 2001 issue, devices: American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 13–26. Contains several examples of pipeline failures ASCE Standard No. ASCE 25–97, 11 pages, $24.00. in the San Fernando Valley from the 1994 Northridge www.asce.org earthquake.

Beavers, James E., editor, 2003, Advancing Mitigation O’Rourke, Michael J., and X. Liu, 1999, Response of buried Technologies and Disaster Response for Lifeline pipelines subject to earthquake effects: Multi– Systems: American Society of Civil Engineers, disciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Proceedings of the Sixth U.S. Conference and Workshop SUNY Buffalo, New York; MCEER Monograph #3, on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, August 2003, ASCE 249 pages, $25.00, http://mceer.eng.buffalo.edu Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Monograph no. 25, 1,078 p. with 107 separate papers. Palmer, A.C., White, D.J., Baumgard, A.J., Bolton, M.D., Barefoot, A.J., Finch, M., Powell, T., Faranski, A.S., Cassaro, Michael A., editor, 1991, Lifeline earthquake and Baldry, J.A.S., 2003, Uplift resistance of buried engineering: American Society of Civil Engineers, submarine pipelines: comparison between centrifuge Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering modeling and full-scale tests: Géotechnique, vol. 53, Monograph No. 4, 1,189 pages. www.asce.org no. 10, p. 877-883. A comprehensive treatise on all facets of lifelines. Surampalli, Rao Y., editor, 2000, Environmental and Cal EPA, 2003, Guidance for school site risk assessment pipeline engineering 2000: American Society of Civil pursuant to Health & Safety Code §901(f): California Engineers, 616 p. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of URS, 2002, Proposed standard protocol for pipeline risk Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Integrated analysis: unpublished consulting report Risk Assessment Section, 67 p. download from: (working draft dated May 13, 2002) for California www.oehha.ca.gov/public_info/public/kids/schools1103.htm Department of Education, School Facilities Planning ℡ 916–324–2829 Division, Sacramento, 6 chapters, appendix A to F.

Hitch, J., Howard, A., and Baas,W., editors, 2004, Innovations Watkins, R.K, and Anderson, Loren R., 2000, Structural in controlled low-strength material (flowable fill): mechanics of buried pipes: CRC Press, a division of American Society for Testing & Materials, Special Taylor & Francis Publishers, 464 p. Technical Publication, STP 1459, 159 p. Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is widely used as Wijewickreme, D., Honegger, Douglas G., Mitchell, Allen, flowable fill for pipeline bedding and backfill. This new and Fitzell, Trevor, 2005, Seismic vulnerablility ASTM book contains 11 papers on geotechnical assessment and retrofit of a major natural gas pipeline system ― a case history: EERI Earthquake engineering of flowable fills for pipeline bedding. Spectra, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2005 issue, p. 539-567.

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