DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. * 9 * Geological aspects of geotechnical engineering Aspects geologiques de genie geotechnique G. TER-STEPANIAN, Prof., DrSc. (Eng.), Corr.Mem.Armen.Ac.Sc., Yerevan, Armenia, USSR SYNOPSIS Analytical methods used in soil mechanics are based on considerable simplifica­ tion of geological structure. The influence of geological conditions on geotechnical engineering is discussed. The inverse - influence of Man's activity on geological conditions - has become evident at present. Therefore, the knowledge of engineering geology and some other geological disciplines is important for geotechnical engineers. Geotechnical engineering should be separated from civil engineering and be engaged in foundation, fill, dam, and subsurface problems. Geomechanics is one of the bases of geotechnical engineering; it is concerned with studying the mechanisms of geological processes. Use of back analyses for integral evaluation of earthen masses, the observational method, and monitoring for decreasing the time and costs of construction are discussed. Combating geological hazards is one of the important geotechnical problems in the near future. Discussion topics are commented upon. INTRODUCTION be of prime importance in the turn of the century. It is a great honor for me to deliver this Theme Lecture before the International We live in a very dynamic, difficult, and Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation interesting time. The duration of this century Engineering - the highest forum in our field is negligible compared with the lifetime of of science. Two circumstances make my task humanity. Nevertheless, enormous man-induced more responsible. changes in nature, planned and unforeseen, reasonable and unreasonable, occurred during Firstly, this is the jubilee conference when the present century. Similar environmental we sum up the results of the enormous progress changes would need many milleniums and even in the field of soil mechanics and foundation millions of years in normal natural conditions; engineering during half a century all over they take place nowadays during the lifetime the world. I am among a few of this audience of one generation. These changes are concerned who presented papers to the First International directly with this lecture. Conference in 1936 and, thereby, I can rank myself among the participants of the heroic Our present is not like our past, and the stage of soil mechanics history. future will not be as the present. We apply to history just to understand better our present An immense road almost fifty years long from state and to conceive the forthcoming problems. Harvard to San Francisco passed through many capitals and cities of the world - Rotterdam, The beginning and the end of the last 50-year Zurich, London, Paris, Toronto, Mexico, Moscow, period were important turning points in soil Tokyo, and Stockholm. Many important events mechanics thinking; they deserve to be analyzed. and great changes took place during this time, many prominent scientists astonished us with Terzaghi's brilliant discovery of soil their discoveries, and the need of our knowledge mechanics, marked by publication of grew everywhere. Our science developed in "Erdbaumechanik auf bodenphysikalischer front of the elder generation of soil mechanics Grundlage" and "Principles of Soil Mechanics" experts and became now one of the leading in 1925, gave a great impulse to civil engineers sciences of the civil engineering profile. dealing in foundations and earth structures. They obtained, lastly, a new tool enabling Secondly, the Theme Lectures of this Conference them to calculate the mysterious earth; true, should have a new, particular feature; they as a material with intricate properties that are not meant to be State-of-the-Art or General change depending on stress state and time. reports but more the type of papers presented as Rankine or Terzaghi lectures. I understand The idea that earth may be treated as an this requirement as the wish of the Organizing ordinary building material like concrete or Committee of the Conference to deal not so steel was attractive. Thus, soil mechanics much with the past or the present as to look became a kind of strength of materials applied forward, to think about the future, about to soils. In early investigations soils were the ways of further development of our science. considered exactly as a material, their These ways must be adequate to problems standing structure being of no importance. This is before the human society even now; they will confirmed by methods of soil preparation for 377 testing; they were dried, ground, sifted, of excavated earth structures (cuts, tunnels, and mixed with water. large underground openings, etc.), and foundations of engineering structures, dams, However, soil mechanics, even at the earliest etc., the work is carried out in an environment stage of its development, was never like soil formed during a long history of geological science, dealing with soil properties only; development. Its result depends essentially problems pertaining to soil masses were on disposition, mode of occurrence, and considered as well, such as stability of slopes, properties of soil bodies. It is certainly pile foundations, retaining walls, flow nets, possible to improve the soil properties by etc. It should be particularly emphasized means of dewatering, grouting, piling, etc., that homogeneous soil and the simplest in accordance with information obtained as geological structure were meant in all these a result of site exploration. However, such problems. improvements fail in efficiency in a number of cases owing to insufficient knowledge of It could not be otherwise in that stage of geological conditions and their substantial study; our . aim is not to criticize but to simplification on boring results interpretation, understand the state of the problem. Creation due to the unrevealed role of minor geologic of a science on the strength of such material details and inevitable uncertainties associated as soil was a great progress. We all remember with performance forecast at given sites and, the triumphant road of soil mechanics. It finally, with difficulties of execution control. associates in our memory with names of such The misuse of soil mechanics is the well known prominent scientists as Bishop, Bjerrum, result of disregarding the physical side of Casagrande, De Beer, Florin, Gersevanov, the process and of overestimating the Goldstein, Kerisel, Lambe, Leonards, Mitchell, mathematical methods. Such performance may Murayama, Peck, Roscoe, Schultze, Seed, be likened to a case of construction using Skempton, Suklje, Taylor, Terzaghi, the existent complicated structures, when Tschebotarioff, Tystovich, Whitman, and many the type and the elemental properties of these others. However, knowledge of strength of structures are known insufficiently and when materials enables the calculation of compara­ only a little poorly calculable and control­ tively simple elements of structures or machines lable strengthening may be effected. but not the structures or machines themselves. Sciences of subsequent level such as structural Attention is deserved by the fact that soil mechanics or science of machines serve this mechanics in its initial stage of development purpose. produced better results in northern regions laid down by young Quaternary deposits than Unfortunately, the situation regarding earthen in southern areas of the northern hemisphere, structures and foundations was otherwise. composed by overconsolidated Tertiary clays. Soil mechanics and conclusions drawn through Later on, understanding of the nature of consideration of simple soil models were applied overconsolidated clays became possible based to complicated natural conditions. The on concepts of stress history and geological available mathematical machinery was used pressure. They led to important conclusions and numerous design methods were proposed on recoverable strain energy locked in the which have rapidly and extensively spread. clay shales by diagenetic bonds (Bjerrum, These two circumstances are interrelated since 1967). Study of the lithified overconsolidated difficulties of the mathematical analysis clays and clay shales is also of great paleogeo- required accepting a number of assumptions, graphical significance for reconstructing one of which was simplifying the geological the formation conditions of these rocks and setting. the distribution of vertical and horizontal stresses acting in the past. GEOLOGICAL IMPACT ON GEOTECHNICS The tendency towards misuse in soil mechanics, existing undoubtedly even in our days, is Euphoria caused by the possibility to use stimulated by a tradition to publish results freely engineering methods in calculation of successful use of soil mechanics and to and design of foundations and earth structures gloss over the failures. Only the cases of was not long-lasting. Considerable schemati- serious failures and collapse of large zation of geological structure was needed structures gain notoriety, especially when for applying soil mechanics solutions,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California
    The Resources Agency California Geological Survey Michael Chrisman, Secretary for Resources Dr. John G. Parrish, State Geologist Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California to accompany California Geological Survey Note 48 Checklist by Robert H. Sydnor, Senior Engineering Geologist California Geological Survey www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs July 1, 2005 316 pages Engineering Geology and Seismology performance–based analysis, diligent subsurface for Public Schools and Hospitals sampling, careful reading of the extensive geologic in California literature, thorough knowledge of the California Building Code, combined with competent professional geological work. by Robert H. Sydnor Engineering geology aspects of hospital and public California Geological Survey school sites include: regional geology, regional fault July 1, 2005 316 pages maps, site-specific geologic mapping, geologic cross- sections, active faulting, official zones of investigation Abstract for liquefaction and landslides, geotechnical laboratory The 446+ hospitals, 1,400+ skilled nursing facilities testing of samples, expansive soils, soluble sulfate ±9,221 public schools, and 109 community college evaluation for Type II or V Portland-cement selection, campuses in California are regulated under California and flooding. Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Building Code. Seismology aspects include: evaluation of historic These facilities are plan–checked by senior–level seismicity, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Registered Structural Engineers within the Office of earthquake ground–motion, use of proper code terms Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) (Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion and Design– for hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, and the Basis ground–motion), classification of the geologic Division of the State Architect (DSA) for public schools, subgrade by shear–wave velocity to select the correct community colleges, and essential services buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geologist Examination Content
    CONTENT SPECIFICATIONS AND REFERENCES FOR ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST EXAMINATION I. PROJECT PLANNING (17%) – Determine scope and objectives of project, applicable regulatory or jurisdictional statutes, and evaluate research and background information. Tasks T1. Define type and level of engineering geologic investigation for intended application. T2. Plan monitoring system to quantify ground movement and fluctuations in groundwater. T3. Identify types and quantity of subsurface explorations to adequately characterize the geologic conditions at the site for the intended application. T4. Identify regulatory permits and requirements for field exploration and project application. T5. Review grading and development plans to evaluate potential impacts from adverse geologic conditions and impacts to exploration program. T6. Plan areal reconnaissance to evaluate potential geologic impacts and constraints on site exploration and development. T7. Review published and unpublished geologic information to identify geologic conditions that could impact site development. T8. Review site conditions, and historical and anecdotal information to support observed geological conditions, past site usage and site modification. T9. Review aerial photographs and other remote sensing data to plan explorations, and identify past site usage, ground surface changes and landforms. T10.Plan laboratory programs to characterize earth materials for intended application. References • 1997 Uniform Building Code • Bell, F. G. (1998). Environmental geology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. • Burns, S. (1998). Environmental, groundwater and engineering geology: Applications from Oregon. Belmont, CA: Star Publishing Company • Cheny, R. & Chassie, R. (2000). Soils and foundations workshop reference manual. Washington, DC: National Highway Institute Publication NHI-00-045, Federal Highway Administration • Crandell, D. R., & Mullineaux, D. R. (1975). Technique and rationale of volcanic hazards appraisals in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Significance of Engineering Geology to Construction F. G. Bell L
    Downloaded from http://egsp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021 The significance of engineering geology to construction F. G. Bell l, J. C. Cripps 2 & M. G. Culshaw 3 1 Department of Geology and Applied Geology, University of Natal, King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brookhill, Sheffield, $3 7HF, UK 3 Engineering Geology and Geophysics Group, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Abstract. The paper discusses the important contribution that engineering geology makes to the construction processes of excavation and the forming of foundations. The contribution to the construction of highways is described. In particular, the influence of geology on cut slope stability, soft and hard ground excavation (including tunnelling), bearing capacity, settlement, subsidence and the choice of foundation type are all considered. Particular problems associated with the use of fills and waste materials are also mentioned. The importance of adequate site investigation is stressed. In 1993, the International Association of Engineering For any engineering geologist, and particularly those Geology defined the subject of engineering geology as working in the civil engineering and construction 'The science devoted to the investigation, study and industries, an understanding of the relevance of the solution of the engineering and environmental pro- geology to the construction process involved is blems which may arise as the result of the interaction essential. In the following sections, the importance of between geology and the works and activities of man engineering geology to excavation, both at the surface as well as to the prediction of and the development of and below ground, and foundations is discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geologist, 7255
    Form PDES 8 THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION CLASS SPECIFICATION (04-20-90) ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST (Code 7255) Summary of Duties: Directs, or assists in the directing of, an engineering geology section; conducts and prepares, or reviews for acceptability, professional reports on engineering geological investigations and studies relating to environmental impact reports and the design and construction of tracts, dams, reservoirs, tanks, residential and office buildings, streets and highways, tunnels, electric power generating plants, transmission towers, distributing stations, and other structures; classifies rock and soil samples; performs geologic field inspections and investigations for water bearing strata, methane seepage, geologic hazards, hillside stabilization and landslide repairs, new hillside construction, proposed subdivisions, and grading projects; investigates and provides expert testimony on legal matters involving the City; assigns, reviews and evaluates the work of Assistant Engineering Geologists and other employees engaged in geotechnical or related professional work; applies sound supervisory principles and techniques in building and maintaining an effective work force; fulfills affirmative action responsibilities; and does related work. Distinguishing Features: An Engineering Geologist is responsible for the accuracy and adequacy of professional geological interpretations and reports. The work requires making frequent field trips and being subject to various hazards such as operational grading equipment, hiking on steep and unstable slopes, snake bites, poison oak, exposure, and excessive noise and dust. Such work is normally performed without technical supervision and may affect major engineering and administrative decisions for both private and public projects. An Engineering Geologist is a full supervisor. Incumbents in this class may supervise and review the work of other Engineering Geologists, Geotechnical Engineers, and other personnel engaged in geotechnical engineering work.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Geotechnical Reports City of Santa Monica Building And
    Guidelines for Geotechnical Reports City of Santa Monica Building and Safety Version 1.6 March 2010 Guidelines for Geotechnical Reports City of Santa Monica March 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Review Process ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Definition of Roles ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Applicable Codes ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Courtesy Calling .......................................................................................................................... 3 2 SOME DEFINITIONS AND SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................... 4 2.1 Types of Projects ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 New Construction................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Large Additions/Major Remodels/Specialty Projects .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Aeg Professional Practice Handbook
    PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE HANDBOOK FIRST EDITION, 1981 SECOND EDITION, 1985 Edited by Glenn A. Brown and Richard J. Proctor THIRD EDITION, 1993 Edited by Seena N. Hoose Special Publication #5 ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS 1993 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE HANDBOOK FIRST EDITION, 1981 SECOND EDITION, 1985 Edited by Glenn A. Brown and Richard J. Proctor THIRD EDITION, 1993 Edited by Seena N. Hoose Special Publication #5, Association of Engineering Geologists Available from: AEG Executive Director Edwin A. Blackey, Jr. 323 Boston Post Road, Suite 2D Sudbury, MA 01776 (508) 443-4639 Price $35.00 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 01-67376 COPYRIGHT, 1981, 1985, 1993, ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFACE TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS AEG PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES More than half of the members of the Association of Engineering Geologists practice in the private sector, and many may not be aware of the legal implications in their work (geologists do get sued!). The information presented herein is directed not only to the veteran practitioners, but also will provide a valuable perspective to those just entering the profession. We opted to provide a loose-leaf binder so that users may conveniently insert articles and other information under the appropriate headings. The idea for these Guidelines originated at the AEG Board of Directors meeting held in conjunction with the 1978 Annual Meeting in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Here, Mavis D. Kent of Oregon expressed concern to then-President Richard J. Proctor about the lack of any guidelines or standards for the professional practice of engineering geology. The Oregon legislature had just approved registration for geologists and she felt that most practicing geologists were unaware of the legal ramifications that professional registration brings.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomechanics Challenges and Its Future Direction – Food for Thought*
    Geomechanics Challenges and its Future Direction – Food for Thought* F. T. Suorineni Suorineni F. T. (2013), “Geomechanics Challenges and its Future Direction – Food for Thought”, Ghana Mining Journal, pp. 14 - 20. Abstract Geomechanics has proven to be the backbone of safe and cost effective mining practice. However, experience shows it still does not have the appreciation of most mine managements until there is a fatality or costly ore sterilization. The problem can be traced back to the training of mining engineers. The subject is also picked up later in life by other professionals with limited background in geology. The consequences of these limitations are lack of fundamental knowledge in the subject by some who practice it. This lack of understanding has affected the growth and maturity of the subject of rock mechanics, a key component of geomechanics. Today, we are beginning to understand that failure criteria that were inherited from soil mechanics for appli- cation to rock are wrong and misleading. Despite these problems, some major achievements have been made towards a better understanding of rock behavior under load. Many more challenges still lie ahead. This paper takes a look at the history of rock mechanics, and therefore geomechanics, its development, required training, present status and what lies ahead in the future. The goal is to provide educators, industry and practicing engineers what it takes to be a good rock engineer and the real benefits of the subject for the good of society. 1 Introduction was in 1963 Professor Bjerrum, from Norway, speaking on behalf of A. Casagrande (President of Even the definition of geomechanics is confusing.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology Exam Reference List 2009
    ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST REFERENCE LIST Abramson, L. W., Lee, T. L., Sharma, S., & Boyce, G. M. (1995). Slope stability and stabilization methods. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. American Society of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc. (1988). Manual on subsurface investigations. Washington, DC. ASTM (1994) D 2938-86 Bell, F. G. (1998). Environmental geology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Bieniawski, Z. T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classifications. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Birkeland, P. W. (1984). Soils and geomorphology. New York, NY: Oxford University. Bolt, B. A (1993), Earthquakes (4th ed.), New York, W.H. Freeman (new) Bowles, J. E. (1988). Foundation analysis and design (4th ed.) New York: McGraw Hill. Cheny, R. & Chassie, R. (2000). Soils and foundations workshop reference manual. Washington, DC: National Highway Institute Publication NHI-00-045, Federal Highway Administration. Cobuto, D. P. (1994). Foundation design: Principles and practice. Prentice Hall. Compton, R. R. (1985). Geology in the field. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Cornforth, DH. (2005). Landslide in practice: Investigation, analysis, and remedial/preventative options in soils. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Das, B. (1994). Principles of geotechnical engineering (3rd Ed.). Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company. Desai, C. S., & Abel, J. F. (1972). Introduction of the finite element method: A numerical method for engineering analysis. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, pp. 436-438. Driscoll, F. (1986). Groundwater and wells (2nd ed). St. Paul, MN: Johnson Division Dunne, T., & Leopold, L. (1978). Water in environmental planning. New York: W. H. Freeman, Chapter 16. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR), US Department of Defense, US Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Energy, US Department of Interior, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • SECTION 8 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Table of Contents
    scs NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION 8 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Table of Contents Chapter 1 -- Description of Materials Chapter 2 -- Exploration Methods and Equipment Chapter 3 -- Samples Chapter 4 -- Logging Test Holes Chapter 5 -- Requirements for Geologic Investigations and Sampling Chapter 6 -- Preliminary Site Investigation Chapter 7 -- Detailed Site Investigation Index SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE scs NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION 8 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRI CULTURE PREFACE The portion of the Handbook contained herein presents criteria, methods, and equipment for making geologic investigations of damsites and taking samples for laboratory analyses. It is for the use of geologists and engineers in the Soil Conservation Service. Numerous individuals, both geologists and engineers, have contributed generously to the preparation of this section of the handbook. Their contributions are herewith gratefully acknowledged. Note: This issue is for in-Service use and material contained here is not released for publication. Washington, D. C. 1961 Reprinted with minor revisions and corrections, May, 1978. NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION 8 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Safety and Precautions All safety practices and procedures currently established by safety handbooks and guides of the Soil Conservation Service must be adhered to in field operations. Emphasis on safety measures as regards drill crews should be placed on the use of safety helmets and other protective devices such as gloves and hard-toed shoes. Personnel operating drill rigs or other persons whose duties require close proximity to machinery in operation or transit, should rid themselves of ragged or torn clothing. Machinery in operation should be equipped with guards on any moving parts insofar as practicable.
    [Show full text]