Ancient Scrolls from the Dead Sea: Photographs and Commentary on a Unique Collection of Scrolls
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Frank Moore Cross's Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Classics and Religious Studies Department 2014 Frank Moore Cross’s Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls Sidnie White Crawford University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Classical Literature and Philology Commons, and the Jewish Studies Commons Crawford, Sidnie White, "Frank Moore Cross’s Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls" (2014). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 127. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/127 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Frank Moore Cross’s Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls Sidnie White Crawford This paper examines the impact of Frank Moore Cross on the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Since Cross was a member of the original editorial team responsible for publishing the Cave 4 materials, his influence on the field was vast. The article is limited to those areas of Scrolls study not covered in other articles; the reader is referred especially to the articles on palaeography and textual criticism for further discussion of Cross’s work on the Scrolls. t is difficult to overestimate the impact the discovery They icturedp two columns of a manuscript, columns of of the Dead Sea Scrolls had on the life and career of the Book of Isaiah . -
How We Got Our Bible Part Three: the Text of the New Testament
How We Got Our Bible Part Three: The Text of the New Testament I. The Nature of New Testament Manuscripts A. Early biblical manuscripts were written on papyrus. B. By the 3d century parchment (leather) became the standard paper for biblical manuscripts. C. Writing was done with pen and ink. The ink was usually brown or black. D. Initially New Testament books were written on Scrolls. E. Around the beginning of the 2d century the codex (modern book) became the main book format. II. The Styles of Writing in New Testament Manuscripts A. Cursive (minuscule) Handwriting B. All-Capitals (uncial) C. Because of the cost of parchment many documents were scraped and washed to be reused for other literature. These are called Palimpsests. They are biblical manuscripts that are written on reused parchment. Of the 263 uncial manuscripts of the New Testament 63 are palimpsests. D. In the early centuries of Christianity the gospels were divided into regular readings for services. Scribes marked the beginning and end of these readings so the lector (reader) knew where to begin and end. These manuscripts of the gospels are called lectionaries (Lindisfarne Gospels). E. The advent of monasteries created a class of monks who became scribes. They worked standing at a writing desk in a room called a scriptorium. This was difficult and tedious work. Some monks even added little sentences at the end of manuscripts such as, “The end of the book; thanks be to God.” F. The monks also added footnotes called colophons which include the name of the scribe and sometimes the date and place of writing. -
How Is a Torah Made?
How is a Torah made? By Rabbi Amy R. Scheineman The scribe prepares parchment sheets While printed editions of the Torah abound, in both Hebrew and English translation, and with many different commentaries, when the Torah is read in the synagogue on Shabbat and holidays, it is read from a hand-written scroll, called a Sefer Torah, in keeping with age-old tradition. It takes several months, and often as a long as a year to complete one Sefer Torah. The Sefer Torah is written by a scribe, special trained for this holy task, on sheets of parchment. The parchment must derive from a kosher animal, usually a cow, and is meticulously prepared by the scribe, who first soaks the skin in lime water to remove hairs, and then stretches the skin over a wooden frame to dry. The scribe scrapes the skin while it is stretched over the wooden frame to remove more hair and smooths the surface of the skin in preparation for writing on it with the use of a sanding machine. When the skin is dry, the scribe cuts it into a rectangle. The scribe must prepare many such skins because a Sefer Torah usually contains 248 columns, and one rectangle of parchment yields space for three or four columns. Thus a Sefer Torah may require at more than 80 skins in all. When the parchment sheets are ready, the scribe marks out lines and columns using a stylus, which makes a mark in the skin that has no color, much as if you ran your fingernail across a sheet of paper. -
Jeremiah Commentary
YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLE JEREMIAH BOB UTLEY PROFESSOR OF HERMENEUTICS (BIBLE INTERPRETATION) STUDY GUIDE COMMENTARY SERIES OLD TESTAMENT, VOL. 13A BIBLE LESSONS INTERNATIONAL MARSHALL, TEXAS 2012 www.BibleLessonsIntl.com www.freebiblecommentary.org Copyright ©2001 by Bible Lessons International, Marshall, Texas (Revised 2006, 2012) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any way or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Bible Lessons International P. O. Box 1289 Marshall, TX 75671-1289 1-800-785-1005 ISBN 978-1-892691-45-3 The primary biblical text used in this commentary is: New American Standard Bible (Update, 1995) Copyright ©1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation P. O. Box 2279 La Habra, CA 90632-2279 The paragraph divisions and summary captions as well as selected phrases are from: 1. The New King James Version, Copyright ©1979, 1980, 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. 2. The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, Copyright ©1989 by the Division of Christian Education of National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U. S. A. Used by permission. All rights reserved. 3. Today’s English Version is used by permission of the copyright owner, The American Bible Society, ©1966, 1971. Used by permission. All rights reserved. 4. The New Jerusalem Bible, copyright ©1990 by Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd. and Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. www.freebiblecommentary.org The New American Standard Bible Update — 1995 Easier to read: } Passages with Old English “thee’s” and “thou’s” etc. -
Worthy of Another Look: the Great Isaiah Scroll and the Book of Mormon
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Volume 20 Number 2 Article 7 2011 Worthy of Another Look: The Great Isaiah Scroll and the Book of Mormon Donald W. Perry Stephen D. Ricks Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Perry, Donald W. and Ricks, Stephen D. (2011) "Worthy of Another Look: The Great Isaiah Scroll and the Book of Mormon," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 20 : No. 2 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol20/iss2/7 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Book of Mormon Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Worthy of Another Look: The Great Isaiah Scroll and the Book of Mormon Author(s) Donald W. Parry and Stephen D. Ricks Reference Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 20/2 (2011): 78–80. ISSN 1948-7487 (print), 2167-7565 (online) Abstract Numerous differences exist between the Isaiah pas- sages in the Book of Mormon and the corresponding passages in the King James Version of the Bible. The Great Isaiah Scroll supports several of these differences found in the Book of Mormon. Five parallel passages in the Isaiah scroll, the Book of Mormon, and the King James Version of the Bible are compared to illus- trate the Book of Mormon’s agreement with the Isaiah scroll. WORTHY OF ANOTHER LOOK THE GREAT ISAIAH SCROLL AND THE BOOK OF MORMON DONALD W. -
1 What Are the Dead Sea Scrolls?
1 What are the Dead Sea Scrolls? Setting the Scene The ‘Dead Sea Scrolls’ is the name given first and foremost to a unique collection of nearly 900 ancient Jewish manuscripts written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Roughly two thousand years old, they were dis- covered by chance between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves around a ruined site called Khirbet Qumran on the north-western shore of the Dead Sea.1 Many important texts were published early on, but it was only after the release of fresh material in 1991 that most ordinary scholars gained unrestricted access to the contents of the whole corpus. The aim of this book is to explain to the uninitiated the nature and significance of these amazing manuscripts. For over fifty years now, they have had a dramatic effect on the way experts reconstruct religion in ancient Palestine.2 Cumulatively and subtly, the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) from Qumran have gradually transformed scholars’ understanding of the text of the Bible, Judaism in the time of Jesus, and the rise of Christianity. In the chapters to follow, therefore, each of these subjects will be looked at in turn, while a further chapter will deal with some of the more outlandish proposals made about the documents over the years. First of all, it will be fruitful to clear the ground by defining more carefully just what the DSS from Khirbet Qumran are. Discovery of the Century The DSS from the Qumran area have rightly been described as one of the twentieth century’s most important archaeological finds. -
Dead Sea Scrolls Deciphered: Esoteric Code Reveals Ancient Priestly Calendar 21 February 2018, by Charlotte Hempel
Dead Sea Scrolls deciphered: esoteric code reveals ancient priestly calendar 21 February 2018, by Charlotte Hempel here. These fragments, at most, contain parts of three words and often fewer. The text contains parts of a calendar based on a 364-day solar year, which has the benefit of the annual festivals never falling on a Saturday, which would have clashed with the Jewish Sabbath. This calendar is promoted in a number of Dead Sea Scrolls and was probably used instead of the more widespread approximately 354-day lunar calendar. The Hebrew Bible does not present a clear and complete calendar, which is why ancient Jewish groups debated the issue. The Babylonian calendar was luni-solar comprising 12 lunar months. But the Puzzle: fragments of 2,000-year-old scrolls before Dead Sea Scrolls also provide evidence of a reassembly. Credit: Shay Halevi, Israel Antiquities number of texts that attempt to incorporate both the Authority, The Leon Levy Library of the Dead Sea movements of the sun and the moon into more Scrolls complex calendars. About 1,000 Dead Sea Scrolls discovered just over 70 years ago near Khirbet Qumran on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea have been officially published since the turn of the millennium. But in the case of some, all that was left were poorly preserved remains of texts written in a What the scroll ‘puzzle’ looks like when assembled. Credit: University of Haifa, Shay Halevi, Israel Antiquities cryptic script – and all that had been released to Authority, The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital the world were photos of small pieces of Library manuscript, in a preliminary order. -
Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls: a Question of Access
690 American Archivist / Vol. 56 / Fall 1993 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/56/4/690/2748590/aarc_56_4_w213201818211541.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Question of Access SARA S. HODSON Abstract: The announcement by the Huntington Library in September 1991 of its decision to open for unrestricted research its photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls touched off a battle of wills between the library and the official team of scrolls editors, as well as a blitz of media publicity. The action was based on a commitment to the principle of intellectual freedom, but it must also be considered in light of the ethics of donor agreements and of access restrictions. The author relates the story of the events leading to the Huntington's move and its aftermath, and she analyzes the issues involved. About the author: Sara S. Hodson is curator of literary manuscripts at the Huntington Library. Her articles have appeared in Rare Books & Manuscripts Librarianship, Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook, and the Huntington Library Quarterly. This article is revised from a paper delivered before the Manuscripts Repositories Section meeting of the 1992 Society of American Archivists conference in Montreal. The author wishes to thank William A. Moffett for his encour- agement and his thoughtful and invaluable review of this article in its several revisions. Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls 691 ON 22 SEPTEMBER 1991, THE HUNTINGTON scrolls for historical scholarship lies in their LIBRARY set off a media bomb of cata- status as sources contemporary with the time clysmic proportions when it announced that they illuminate. -
Josephus Takes Pains to Stress The
316 BOOK REVIEWS elsewhere, ‘Josephus takes pains to stress the accomplishments of his biblical heroes by deemphasizing the role of G-d in their actual achievements’), it is not Feldman’s fault that Josephus is serving two masters. That is the way it was for Jews who wished to survive in the first century. We should be very grateful to Louis Feldman — for whom ‘on the one hand’ and ‘on the other hand’, ‘however’ and ‘to be sure’ are among the most common phrases — who has so thoroughly analyzed this difficult material, which pulls in so many directions, and laid it out so clearly. Daniel R. Schwartz The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Hannah Μ. Cotton and Ada Yardeni eds., Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts (The Seiyâl Collection II), Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXVH, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1997. xxiii + 381 pp. + 33 figures + 61 plates. ISBN 0-19-82695-3. The sumptuous and attractive volume under review contains the full publication of several dozen papyri from the Judaean Desert. These are all documentary texts, as the term is used by papyrologists in contradistinction to literary texts. That is to say, they were written to be read by a limited number of potential readers, not for publication. In this volume, specifically, we have mainly legal documents — marriage docu ments, loans, sales, and the like — as well as a few lists and one or two letters. The explicitly dated Aramaic documents all fall in the narrow range of 131-134/5 CE; those datable by palaeography could range up to two centuries earlier. -
The Poetry of the Damascus Document
The Poetry of the Damascus Document by Mark Boyce Ph.D. University of Edinburgh 1988 For Carole. I hereby declare that the research undertaken in this thesis is the result of my own investigation and that it has been composed by myself. No part of it has been previously published in any other work. ýzýa Get Acknowledgements I should begin by thanking my financial benefactors without whom I would not have been able to produce this thesis - firstly Edinburgh University who initially awarded me a one year postgraduate scholarship, and secondly the British Academy who awarded me a further two full year's scholarship and in addition have covered my expenses for important study trips. I should like to thank the Geniza Unit of the Cambridge University Library who gave me access to the original Cairo Document fragments: T-S 10 K6 and T-S 16-311. On the academic side I must first and foremost acknowledge the great assistance and time given to me by my supervisor Prof. J. C.L. Gibson. In addition I would like to thank two other members of the Divinity Faculty, Dr. B.Capper who acted for a time as my second supervisor, and Dr. P.Hayman, who allowed me to consult him on several matters. I would also like to thank those scholars who have replied to my letters. Sa.. Finally I must acknowledge the use of the IM"IF-LinSual 10r package which is responsible for the interleaved pages of Hebrew, and I would also like to thank the Edinburgh Regional Computing Centre who have answered all my computing queries over the last three years and so helped in the word-processing of this thesis. -
The Concept of Atonement in the Qumran Literature and the New Covenant
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate Faculty Publications and Presentations School 2010 The onceptC of Atonement in the Qumran Literature and the New Covenant Jintae Kim Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, History of Religions of Western Origin Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Kim, Jintae, "The oncC ept of Atonement in the Qumran Literature and the New Covenant" (2010). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 374. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs/374 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate School at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. [JGRChJ 7 (2010) 98-111] THE CONCEPT OF ATONEMENT IN THE QUMRAN LITERatURE AND THE NEW COVENANT Jintae Kim Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, Lynchburg, VA Since their first discovery in 1947, the Qumran Scrolls have drawn tremendous scholarly attention. One of the centers of the early discussion was whether one could find clues to the origin of Christianity in the Qumran literature.1 Among the areas of discussion were the possible connections between the Qumran literature and the New Testament con- cept of atonement.2 No overall consensus has yet been reached among scholars concerning this issue. -
Exodus in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Exodus in the Dead Sea Scrolls Sidnie White Crawford The book of Exodus is a very important text among the Dead Sea Scrolls, especially in the collection found in the eleven caves in the vicinity of Khirbet Qumran (“the Qumran collection”). Because of the variety of texts and the fragmentary nature of the manuscripts, each text (or group of texts) will be treated individually. At the end of this essay, I will draw some conclusions concerning the status and use of Exodus in the Qumran collection. 1 Exodus Manuscripts Eighteen fragmentary manuscripts of the book of Exodus itself were found in caves 1, 2, and 4 at Qumran.1 The oldest, 4QExod-Levf, dates paleographi- cally to c. 250bce, while the latest, 4QExodk, dates between 30–135ce.2 The eighteen manuscripts between them cover parts of all the chapters of Exodus, beginning with 1:1–6 (4QExodb, 4QpaleoGen-Exodl) and ending with 40:8–27 1 D. Barthélemy, “Exode,” in Qumran Cave i (ed. D. Barthélemy and J.T. Milik; djd 1; Oxford: Clarendon, 1955), 50–51; M. Baillet, “Exode (i),” in Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran (ed. M. Bail- let, J.T. Milik, R. de Vaux; djd 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 49–52; M. Baillet, “Exode (ii),” in Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran (ed. M. Baillet, J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux; djd 3; Oxford: Claren- don, 1962), 52–55; M. Baillet, “Exode (iii),” in Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran (ed. M. Baillet, J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux; djd 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 56; James R.