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Baltimore was burning
There were roughly 5,000
By Michael Olesker National Guard troops with fixed
bayonets and 500 state police BALTIMORE - On the night called out to try to restore calm, America had its four-day heart along with thousands of city attack 40 years ago this week, police working around the clock, Baltimore Mayor Tommy and they were all late by about a D’Alesandro III was having dinner hundred years. with Lou Azrael, the gray-haired columnist of The News American Business owners — almost all of them white — saw their life newspaper. savings go up in smoke. When they heard about the bullet that ended Martin Luther King Inner-city residents — most of
Jr.’s life, Azrael turned to them black — watched the streets where they lived go up in smoke. D’Alesandro and said, “Tommy, you’ll have trouble now.” And yet it was only part of Looting and vandalism affected about But no one imagined how much. America’s season in hell. 1,000 Baltimore City businesses in the four days of riots following the 1968 Hundreds of U.S. soldiers were Forty years later, peering into assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. dying each week in Vietnam that that awful spring’s smoke and Lt. James V. Kelly Collection, University of Baltimore ashes and lingering bitterness, we spring, and the Selective Service still can’t fully measure how much announced the draft call for May Researchers trouble there was, and how was 44,000 men. Bobby Kennedy, painful it was for so many — and bidding for a Democratic detail effects how intoxicatingly liberating for so presidential nomination, was many others who had grown instead on his way to of 1968 riots frustrated marching peacefully assassination in a grubby Los and pleading for equal rights in Angeles hotel kitchen. In Richard on Baltimore reluctant America. Daley’s Chicago, the Democratic National Convention would bring businesses
The simple facts about the massive political rioting. Baltimore riots of 1968 are these: By Andrew Cannarsa
In four days and nights, beginning And in Memphis Tenn., the Examiner Staff Writer April 6, there were roughly 5,000 sniper’s bullet struck Martin In the aftermath of the riots in people arrested. Roughly 700 Luther King as he stood on a Baltimore following the injured. Roughly a thousand motel balcony and took his life, assassination of Martin Luther businesses looted or burned, and set off rioting in more than a King Jr. in 1968, city residents many never to reopen. Roughly a hundred American cities. faced a grim reality. thousand separate buildings set Forty years later, for all who were “What was most distressing to the ablaze. Six killed. Untold millions there in Baltimore, the memory is residents was when they realized, of dollars in property damage. still vivid of people standing in ‘We destroyed our own access to Immeasurable psychological streets littered with glass, many retail,’ ” said David Stevens, damage that has taken decades with tears in their eyes, crying, executive director of the Jacob France Institute at the University to heal. of Baltimore. “The King is dead,” or, “They got But his city was already coming Looting and vandalism affected The King,” almost as though Jesus undone. about 1,000 city businesses in the himself had been slain — and of four days of riots. Most of the On Gay Street, on the East side, a tear gas wafting through the rioters were arrested within 10 pamphlet was distributed to spring air, sirens screeching, fire blocks of their homes, meaning business owners. In honor of Dr. all around, and smoke rising they were likely ruining their King, it said, close your stores. above the remains of burned-out neighborhood store, said Peter The same kind of warning had buildings. Levy, chairman of the history and been circulated in Washington political science department at Broken glass, fire before it exploded. At twilight the York College of Pennsylvania. next day, a rock was thrown and troops in the city through a store window, and the “It was mostly smaller retail D’Alesandro was 38 years old that riots in Baltimore commenced. stores that were affected. The spring and considered Martin bigger department stores were D’Alesandro was in the war room Luther King a friend. In his years left relatively unscathed,” Levy at police headquarters when he on the City Council, D’Alesandro said. “Some [smaller stores] heard the news. Scores of fires had introduced plenty of long- never recovered.” were being set along decayed overdue civil rights legislation. For inner-city blocks. Here, poverty Levy and Kara Kunst, a graduate this, he heard white people call and bitterness were so ingrained student at the University of him a bum. That was the polite that King’s death was seen not Baltimore, studied the riots. language. only as tragedy but also as Knowing most of the riots As council president, he’d reached opportunity: No more begging for occurred along East Monument into black communities the way decent jobs, no more waiting Street, Edmunson Avenue, nobody but Theodore McKeldin around for decent housing that Greenmount Avenue, Harford ever had before. When he ran for had already taken a lifetime to Road and West North Avenue, mayor, he won 93 percent of the arrive. It was the fire this time. they surveyed the areas and black vote. Understanding the researched land records to At The News American, where I lateness of the hour when he took determine which buildings were had just started working, a city office, he appointed the city’s first businesses in 1968. editor named Eddie Ballard sent black solicitor, its first black fire every available reporter into the Kunst studied the effects on commissioner, its first black streets for the next four days and businesses in the decade after the members of the zoning board and nights. riots, saying the number of the parks board. lawsuits filed by insurance By nightfall on the first full day of None of this mattered; the era of companies from 1968 to 1979 the riots, there was broken glass good intentions was now was “absolutely impressive.” littering the streets like confetti, suspended for a brief glimpse of and streams of black smoke “The big question was, ‘Was the the apocalypse. coiling into the sky, and troops on city responsible for the damage to For many black people who heard city street corners with upraised the businesses?’ ” Kunst said. the news about King’s rifles. “The insurers were paying out a assassination, the riots became a lot of money to the businesses, At the corner of Eager and Ensor howl of pent-up rage, or anguish, and they eventually dropped their streets, by the Latrobe Housing or a moment to redress all of suits when they couldn’t prove Projects, city police began lining history’s outrages. For others, it the city could have done more to kids against a wall. The kids were was a once-in-a-lifetime chance prevent the riots.” violating a curfew ordinance, and to cash in, as stores and saloons the cops wanted to know why Some of the owners of the were looted at will, and then they were still in the streets. The affected businesses — mostly burned. dialogue was always the same: grocery stores, liquor stores, When D’Alesandro turned on the drugstores and taverns and bars Officer: “Where are you going?” television that first night, he saw — either tried to reopen but rioting in what seemed like every Teenager: “My mother’s.” couldn’t or abandoned the big city but Baltimore. “If we can venture altogether, Kunst said. Officer: “Where are you coming make it to Sunday morning, when The city took control of the from?” the ministers can talk in church, abandoned properties and sold we’ll be OK,” he thought. Teenager: “My father’s.” them below market value to new owners.
One interesting aspect, Kunst discovered, was the role Korean Americans played in the revival of business in the area of West North Avenue, now called Station North.
“That area had been badly impacted by the riots,” Kunst said. “A large number of Korean Americans that bought the shops and started their own corner stores. If you walk around the area, you can still see the influence today.”
Soldiers from the National Guard seal off a downtown neighborhood, where tear gas was eventually used to drive back looters. – AP file photos
At North and Greenmount avenues, an entire neighborhood seemed to Street and North Avenue. rage against itself. In those days, there were still bars on Greenmount There were thousands of Avenue that wouldn’t serve black people. There were white food-store people already in the streets, owners who had no blacks working for them. If the owner got sick, he but they were momentarily simply shut the store down for the day. calm. Such places were among the first to be torched. D’Alesandro looked at the But there were others. Outside the Western District police station, ruins of his city, and he saw crowds raced through the street in hazy sunlight, hordes of people anger that hadn’t yet been panicked by police dogs or the sight of guns or the fires burning all spent. It wasn’t over, not yet. around them, racing down the block like some ocean wave that might By 5:30 that afternoon, the never stop because there was nothing there to stop it. first of 5,000 troops from the 82nd Airborne Division In the police station, the cells overflowed with the newly arrested and patrolled the streets, and the courtroom was strangled with defendants. For some, the charges slowly the world began to were related to the anguish over King’s murder; for others, the riots calm down. were a chance to snatch a free TV, or a case of booze, or fill a shopping cart with food. Forty years later, an African- American man runs for In odd ways, it was a chance for the two Baltimores, black and white, to president and thus offers a discover each other across the enormous gaps carved over generations. measure of distance America There were parties scheduled in white Baltimore that weekend. “Curfew has traveled since 1968. parties,” the lucky ones called them. They took place outside the city. There’s now an enormous On Palm Sunday, a woman in Timonium telephoned guests early in the black middle class day to cancel her party. Between sobs, she explained that her inconceivable before the riots, husband’s business had been burned out. and a few generations of black doctors and lawyers and Outside a rundown barber shop on Greenmount Avenue, a woman educators. sobbed because her home had been burned out. The same convulsions had touched the lives of the two women – one white, one black – and in But in places like Gay Street, the aftermath the entire metro area would struggle to find its common and North and Greenmount humanity. avenues, and Eager and Ensor streets, the world has changed It’s taken a long time, and still goes on. only marginally. And the In the quiet of 7:30 that Sunday morning, National Guard Maj. Gen. dream remains just out of George Gelston took D’Alesandro for a jeep ride. They went to Gay reach.
After 1968 riots, Baltimore 'not worth it' for some residents
Many residents, including Federal housing policies created By Sara Michael Sophocleus, now a state more opportunities for
Examiner Staff Writer delegate representing Anne homeownership, said Matthew As a 29-year-old pharmacy Arundel County, had already Durington, a Towson University manager, Theodore Sophocleus answered the call of the suburbs assistant professor. This, ignored calls from his bosses to before the riots. coupled with a growing highway close the Read’s drugstore at system, allowed more people to “The riots by themselves didn’t Light and Cross streets as riots move to the suburbs, he said. raged across the city. do it,” said Dunbar Brooks, state school board president and In some ways, the suburbs If he closed, his workers told demographer for the Baltimore seemed isolated from the riot- him, looters would rob and Metropolitan Council. ravaged city. destroy the store. In Baltimore County, the white “It was sort of a city issue and a “They were concerned the population swelled in the years city problem. There wasn’t a devastation was working its way before the riots, said Peter Levy, whole lot we could do,” said Ed into South Baltimore,” a history professor at York Cochran, former Howard County Sophocleus said, 40 years after College of Pennsylvania. From executive, who was finishing a Baltimore’s race riots. 1950 to 1970, the county’s term on the county school board Rioters spared his store, and the population more than doubled to when the riots erupted. 621,000, U.S. Census data next day it opened again. But the The riots widened the divide show, while the city lost nearly rest of the city suffered an between the city and the 50,000, bringing its population enormous toll: Six died, and 700 suburbs, said Pamela Ehrenberg, to 905,000. suffered injuries. Rioters looted author of “Ethan, Suspended,” a and burned thousands of “The riots remind us there were children’s book with the ’68 riots businesses, causing losses other issues, but we shouldn’t as the backdrop. estimated at $10 million. Some see them as the single cause,” Ehrenberg remembered growing neighborhoods never recovered. Levy said. up in Parkville and rarely visiting But while the riots accelerated Many family-owned shops were the city to see her grandmother. the decline of huge sections of destroyed, and some residents After the riots, she said, “it was Baltimore, the downward spiral feared returning to the city, almost like a permanent wall had begun years before, as Sophocleus said. whites fled to the suburbs in the went up.” “People just said, ‘It’s not worth 1960s to escape a city ravaged it,’ and closed up shop,” he said. by poverty, violence and growing [email protected] racial divides.
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Commentary - Antero Pietila: Race dialogue race relations, changes which will suits or by injunctions obtained begins in involve a development toward the from local equity courts.” They American ideals.” predicted dire consequences if racial covenants were removed. Baltimore Myrdal was prescient. Within a decade, the Supreme Court The Supreme Court’s decision was Although Barack Obama acted out delivered two far-reaching unanimous. It spurred the white of political necessity, the Easter decisions changing America. flight leading to the decline of week timing of his extraordinary major cities. race speech inspired The 1948 Shelley v. Kraemer congregations of various faiths to ruling stopped enforcement of Even more momentous was the study and reflect on his themes. covenants many neighborhoods Supreme Court’s 1954 Brown v. Friday’s 40th anniversary of used to exclude blacks, Jews and Board of Education ruling. Martin Luther King Jr.’s other minorities. Such covenants Baltimore again made the news. assassination ensures that race, were so common three Supreme It was the first major city not only in all of its complexities, will stay Court justices asked to be to desegregate promptly but on a on the national front burner. recused from the case; they lived citywide basis. Emotions flared, in neighborhoods in Virginia and but desegregation proceeded Such attention causes a profound the District of Columbia barring without violence. sense of unease among many minorities. The court convened Americans, who fear increased What kind of place was Baltimore with a bare quorum. polarization. I, for one, think the in those days? Luckily for later discussion is healthy and long Baltimore pioneered residential generations, volunteers from overdue. We need dispassionate segregation, and several people more than 50 civic organizations, public airings of these issues with local roots sparred before the in cooperation with governmental locally and nationally. That is the Supreme Court. Among them was anti-bias agencies, were only way toward a colorblind Philip Perlman, a former preparing a snapshot of nation. newspaper editor who had risen Baltimore’s race relations right at to be the U.S. solicitor general; that moment. Published in 1955, The University of Baltimore will NAACP’s Thurgood Marshall, who “An American City in Transition” lead the way Thursday, when a felt so wounded by his native city continues to be an important, three-day conference convenes to that he seldom had anything good authentic account of conditions in examine the reasons and legacies to say about it; and Alger Hiss, an a Jim Crow city on the cusp of of Baltimore’s 1968 riots. The erstwhile Bolton Hill resident, unforeseen epochal changes. (See timing is a pure accident. When diplomat and Johns Hopkins accompanying excerpt.) planning started more than a year honorary doctor. They all argued ago, nothing indicated that the The University of Baltimore against covenants. event, which is open to the public, conference is taking place at a would deal with headline news. Among those on the opposite side similar defining moment in were two other Bolton Hill history. It should be used as a Whether we want to admit it, race residents. Thomas F. Cadwalader foundation for a continuing continues to be “An American founded the Legal Aid Bureau in examination of things that not Dilemma,” as Gunnar Myrdal 1911; Carlyle Barton presided only separate us but unite us. called it in his 1944 landmark over the Johns Hopkins University Baltimore would be a better city study. He ended the foreword board of trustees for 17 years. as a result. with these prophetic words: “Not They told the court that Bolton since Reconstruction has there Antero Pietila Hill had managed to stay all-white is a Baltimore Examiner columnist. been more reason to anticipate because “attempted violations fundamental changes in American He can be reached at have been quashed by threatened [email protected].
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40 years later, city takes a hard look at race riots
By Kelsey Volkmann
Examiner Staff Writer
BALTIMORE - Christina Ralls’ mother had never spoken about the 1968 riots that destroyed her East Baltimore home. Now, 40 years later, Ralls’ mother told her story for the first time, along with nine others who lived through the riots. The details became the focus of a mosaic Ralls created honoring the memories and reflections of the riots. “I never knew the details or anything about it,” said Ralls, a master’s student at Maryland Institute College of Art and visiting artist at the University of Baltimore. She learned the story of her mother and a story of the city during some of its most turbulent days through her A looter is arrested after police discovered whiskey bottles filled with gasoline stuffed in his pockets during riots following Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination. research. The mosaic, which Ralls called “a Each member created a story tile range of researchers, activists monument for the people,” will be for the mosaic, Ralls said. and storytellers. presented on Saturday as a part She hopes the mosaic will be Panels will explore topics like the of a two-day conference on the displayed in the city and become riots’ effect on businesses, politics 1968 riots that ravaged much of a place for reflection where the and race relations; the role of the Baltimore. past informs the present. black clergy; public housing and Ralls met for several weeks with a segregation; lingering effects in “I hope this can be considered the diverse group of those who saw an overwhelmingly black city. city’s story,” Ralls said. the riots up close — from her The conference will bring together mother who lost her home to a Forty years after the riots swept those who lived through the riots person who admitted looting. The through Baltimore and more than and younger generations who forum gave the group’s members 100 other cities, the UB know little about it. a chance to tell their stories of the conference, “Baltimore ’68: Riots riots and hear those of others. and Rebirth,” showcases a wide “You can’t understand this city changing neighborhoods. unless you know about what Scheduled events Durington and four of his Towson happened in April 1968,” said students will present their Friday, April 4 Jessica Elfenbein, lead organizer research on the gentrification of of the conference. o 10:30 a.m. – Round table the Sharp Leadenhall discussion on urban renewal and “Even out of difficult neighborhood. By analyzing a dislocation in postwar Baltimore; circumstances, some good stuff specific area, the researchers can round table on response of faith does come.” view the wider story of community gentrification in Baltimore, he The conference, 2 1/2 years in o 2:30 p.m. – The riots and said. the making, grew out of structural racism Elfenbein’s realization that talk of “The ‘68 riots provide one more o 3:45 p.m. – 40 years of the riots seemed to be missing narrative arc on this longer gentrification dilemmas from Baltimore history history since World War II in the discussions. The conference also rationale for gentrification,” Saturday, April 5 solidifies the role of history in Durington said. o 9 a.m. – Teaching the riots of civic life, making a good case for 1968: High school teachers’ round Riots and rebirth universities as civic leaders, she table; political reaction and policy said. The University of Baltimore is consequences hosting “Baltimore ‘68: Riots and For Towson professor Matthew o 11 a.m. – Convergences and Rebirth” beginning Thursday, April Durington, talking about the riots divergences: The civil rights and 3 with an evening reception. provides a chance to examine the anti-war movements; collecting and using personal recollections complex factors in Baltimore’s [email protected]
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL: MAY NOT BE FURTHER REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER Colts players unsung heroes of ’68 riots
By Ron Snyder
Examiner Staff Writer
BALTIMORE - As hundreds of National Guard troops and police officers tried to restore calm to Baltimore in the riotous days that followed the April 4, 1968, assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Lenny Moore and John Mackey decided to make sandwiches. Bologna sandwiches to be exact. Hundreds of them. And they weren’t for any picnic. They were for the estimated 2,500 desperate detainees at the Civic Center (now the 1st Mariner Arena), most of whom were being held by police after unknowingly breaking curfew. No bathroom breaks. No food. No one to turn to. And that’s when the two Baltimore Colt Hall of Famers took the field — unannounced, but with a feeling that something had to be done before a really bad situation became much, much worse. “We couldn’t let it alone,” said Moore. “All hell was about to break loose in there. Most of those people hadn’t A eaten in 24 hours.” store owner and his son dig in to protect their property from So Moore contacted the office of Mayor Tommy looters. D’Alesandro III in hopes of finding a way of defusing the escalating situation. He eventually worked things out happened if they hadn’t been there.” with Dan Zaccagnini, the mayor’s manpower coordinator. Once calm was restored, Moore knew there was a lot of Moore said his status as a Colt helped him calm down work ahead to rebuild the city and make sure a whole many of the detainees. generation of young people didn’t get lost in the process. “People listened to us because of who we were,” Moore Along with Mackey, he worked with the city to create a said. “They all felt we would be able to help [them].” summer program to give at-risk youths a venue where they With a plan in place, Moore, now 74, and Mackey, now 66 could participate in activities. and struggling with frontotemporal dementia, called area “Nothing like those riots had ever happened in the city businesses, and soon there were deliveries of donated before,” said Moore, who works for the state Department lunch meat, cheese, bread and milk to feed those at the of Juvenile Services. “We wanted to try to make something Civic Center. And — thanks to Zaccagnini, Moore and positive out of it. Out of that horrible situation came a great Mackey — police allowed everyone to use the restrooms. program. It just shows you what can be done when people Zaccagnini, now 75, said that without Moore and Mackey’s work together.” help, the riots could have been even deadlier and more As a result, the city ran a program over the next several destructive. The mood in the Civic Center before the Colts summers that bused thousands of kids to the Bainbridge arrived was boiling over. In all, the riots caused six deaths, Naval Training Center in Cecil County, where they played 700 injuries and $10 million in property damage. sports and, most importantly, learned about making the “Lenny Moore and John Mackey were respected by right decisions in life. everyone in the city,” Zaccagnini said. “They understood “Things happened so fast during the riots, Lenny Moore their responsibilities as icons in the community. People and John Mackey never got the credit they deserved,” listened to them much easier than they would have to me Zaccagnini said. or any police officer. I don’t know what would have [email protected]
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL: MAY NOT BE FURTHER REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER Religious leaders take strength from riot’s lessons
By Sara Michael
Examiner Staff Writer
BALTIMORE - The anguish and tension that erupted into violence in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination still simmers in Baltimore forty years later, faith leaders said Friday. “The seeds are there [for similar violence]. Walking around Baltimore City, you see lots of reasons why people are so overwhelmed,” said Father John Harfmann, who was associate pastor of St. Peter Claver Church in West Baltimore at the time of the 1968 riots. Rampant poverty, under-performing schools and drug addiction weigh heavily on many of Baltimore’s residents. And although the city may be grappling with these problems, the common focus and need that brought people together in the wake of the riots should draw communities together again today, Harfmann said. This is a great opportunity to revisit the things that made Baltimore’s riots ended with about 5,000 arrests and $12 million us strong and made us work together,” said Harfmann, in damages. who sat with other religious leaders on a panel at the University of Baltimore’s conference, “Baltimore ’68: Riots “If you called on us, we would do it,” he said. and Rebirth.” The Jewish community used to meet regularly with In the years before the riots and during the hours when the members of the city’s African-American community to city was engulfed in smoke, the faith community was discuss issues such as race and poverty, said Rabbi Martin closely connected, working together for a common cause. Weiner, who was a 29-year-old associate rabbi at Temple Oheb Shalom in Baltimore during the riots. “Synagogues and churches came to their noblest during those days,” said the Rev. Marion Bascom, pastor Those kinds of gatherings should be continued today, he emeritus at Douglas Memorial Community Church in said. Baltimore. Today’s black political leaders, like Mayor Sheila Dixon and “Had it not been for the religious community, only God presidential hopeful Barack Obama, offer hope for healing knows what would have happened to the civil rights the racial wounds, Weiner said. movement.” “As people of faith and as Americans, we have to have a Harfmann remembered joining with other local leaders to sense of hopefulness,” Weiner said. sell milk from a Cloverland Dairy refrigerator truck and later selling bread. [email protected]
“It’s important to know what has changed that needs to be explained,” Anderson said. “I want to know more about 'Not all of us what was going on politically.” Taylor and Anderson were among about 200 people who listened to a talk by York College of Pennsylvania professor Peter Levy. Levy outlined the causes and were rioting' consequences of the riots in Baltimore.
By Andrew Cannarsa
Examiner Staff Writer
BALTIMORE - Lynnwood Taylor’s memories of the 1968 riots in Baltimore include the smell of smoke from the fires, the sight of the National Guard at Mondawmin Mall and the abrupt ending to his girlfriend’s junior prom at the Civic Center. His memories don’t, however, include participating in the uprisings. “Not all of us were rioting,” Taylor, who was 17 and living in Northwest Baltimore at the time, said Friday at the University of Baltimore’s conference on the 1968 riots. “We didn’t all think alike.” Taylor, who now lives in East Baltimore, attended the conference because the events of April, 1968 “truly had an impact” on his life. “I had to seek out what being a black man meant to me,”
Taylor said. “It made me stop and start asking questions National Guard troops keep an eye on things after calm was restored and seeking answers.” to Baltimore’s streets.
Eunice Anderson was 12 and living in Edmondson Village at the time of the riots, remembering the vandalism that “In the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King occurred at two Jewish-owned markets near her home. Jr., the United States experienced its greatest wave of “We didn’t know the owners very well, but they were part social unrest since the Civil War,” Levy said. “The of the neighborhood,” Anderson said. “After that, there uprisings caused $12 million in damages alone in were bars on store windows, and the owners got guard Baltimore.” dogs. The neighborhood just became so unfriendly.” The social unrest in Baltimore included 1,000 fires, 1,200 Anderson, like Taylor, said there were many blacks who lootings, 5,000 arrests and six deaths. WYPR’s Fraser didn’t participate in the looting and arson. Her parents Smith, who spoke at the university on Thursday night, said warned her three older brothers not to participate or bring a resistance to discrimination had developed among any stolen items home. blacks years before the 1968 riots. “It was scary, watching it unfold on the news,” said “The riots were directly related to the murder of Dr. King,” Anderson, who still lives in Edmondson Village. “It was Smith said, “but it was also a reaction to ‘the way it was.’” really sad, but it was a place in history.” The conference continues today. For more information, When she told her husband she wanted to attend the visit ubalt.edu/baltimore68. conference, Anderson’s spouse asked, “Why would you want to relive that?” [email protected]