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The Study of Adjectives with Prefix In- Without Negating the Stem

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The Study of Adjectives with Prefix In- Without Negating the Stem THE STUDY OF ADJECTIVES WITH PREFIX IN- WITHOUT NEGATING THE STEM AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By DAUD NIANJAYA WIBAWA Student Number: 034214110 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2008 THE STUDY OF ADJECTIVES WITH PREFIX IN- WITHOUT NEGATING THE STEM AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By DAUD NIANJAYA WIBAWA Student Number: 034214110 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2008 i ii iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my mentor Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd, M.A and Adventina Putranti S.S, M. Hum who have spared their time to give me some advice and guidance so that I can finish my thesis. I am deeply thankful to Jesus Christ who has always accompanied me in hard times during my study in this University. I would also like to thank my family for their love and spirit. I give thanks to all my friends, the students of 2003 English Letters Department Demus, Abit, Rian, Tio, Ginting, Muji, and others that have spent their time to help me during my confusing and boring hours. Thanks also to Gibran’s boarding house family Bagong, Bayu, Andre, Abit, Hendi, Nisar, and others who have spared their time to encourage and entertain me. I will always miss our WE moment. Special thanks to Tyas Intani, who has been my friend, my support, and my motivation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….. i APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...……………………………………………. vi ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………. vii ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………. viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………. 1 A. Background of the study ……………………………………. 1 B. Problem Formulations ……………………………………. 3 C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………. 3 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………. 4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………….. 6 B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………... 8 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………….. 24 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………... 26 A. Object of the Study …………………………………………… 26 B. Approach of the Study ……………………………………….. 27 C. Method of the Study …………………………………………. 27 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. Adjectives Attached to Prefix in- with Positive Meaning and their Morphophonemic processes ...................................................... 29 B. The Most Common Characteristics …………………….. 38 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………...... 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………….. 50 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………... 51 vi ABSTRACT Daud Nianjaya Wibawa. 2003. The Study of Adjectives with Prefix in- without Negating the Stem. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters. Faculty of Letters. Sanata Dharma University. The objectives of this study is to find out the adjectives which are attached to the prefix in- without negating the stem, their common characteristics and also their morphophonemic changes. There are two problems that will be discussed in this thesis. The first problem is what adjectives attached to the prefix in- without negating he stem and what morphophonemic processes occur after the attachment of the prefix in- are. The second problem is what their common characteristics are. To accomplish this research, the writer has done the library research. It means that all of the writer’s data were taken from the book. The writer used dictionary as the primary source of the data. Due to the different dictionary entries, the writer used two dictionaries for this research. The dictionaries that the writer used here are The Oxford Dictionary of Etymology and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. The writer will also use the Merriem Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition as the additional information about their etymology. The data of this research are adjectives that are attached to prefix in- without negating the stem. The writer can find nine adjectives as the data for this research. There are some similarities that can be found from the words that can be put in this category. The first similarity is the meaning characteristics of the adjectives itself. The attachment of prefix in- does not negate the meaning of the stem. The second similarity is the combination from the affixes. Some of the data use the combination between negative prefix in- and suffix –able. Among the nine adjectives, there are four adjectives that use this combination of affixes. In the morphophonemic processes, the writer found there are three processes that occur in the data. They are assimilation process, stress shift, and vowel change. However, the most common morphophonemic process that occurs in the data is the assimilation process. vii ABSTRAK Daud Nianjaya Wibawa. 2003. The Study of Adjectives with Prefix in- without Negating the Stem. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra. Universitas Sanata Dharma. Tujuan dari riset ini adalah untuk mengetahui kata sifat yang bisa dilekatkan dengan awalan in- dalam bahasa inggris tanpa menegasi kata dasarnya karakter mereka pada umumnya, dan juga perubahan morphophonemik yang terjadi pada kata- kata tersebut. Ada dua pertanyaan yang akan dibahas dalam riset ini. Pertanyaan pertama adalah kata sifat apa yang diawali dangan awalan in- yang tidak menegasi kata dasarnya dan perubahan morphophonemik apa yang ada di dalam data setelah data mendapat awalan in-. Pertanyaan yang kedua adalah apakah persamaan yang ada di dalam data. Untuk menyelesaikan riset ini, penulis menggunakan riset pustaka. Artinya data-data yang digunakan oleh penulis diambil dari buku. Penulis menggunakan kamus sebagai sumber utama. Karena adanya perbedaan pembendaharaan kata dalam tiap kamus, penulis menggunakan dua buah kamus. Kamus-kamus yang digunakan penulis adalah The Oxford Dictionary of Etymology dan Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Penulis juga menggunakan Merriem Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition sebagai informasi tambahan dari segi sejarah dari tiap kata.. Data dari fiset ini adalah kata sifat yang diawali dengan awalan in- yang tidak menegasi kata dasarnya. Penulis berhasil menemukan sembilan kata sifat yang dapat digunakan sebagai data. Ada beberapa kemiripan dalam kata- kata sifat yang dapat dimasukan dalam kategori ini. Pertama, kemiripan karakteristik arti dari kata-kata tersebut. Walaupun kata-kata tersebut diberi sebuah awalan in- akan tetapi tidak terjadi negasi dalam kata-kata tersebut. Persamaan yang kedua adalah kombinasi dari imbuhan. Beberapa dari kata-kata yang ada menggunakan kombinasi dari awalan in- dan akhiran –able. Dari sembilan kata, terdapat empat kata yang menggunakan kombinasi imbuhan ini. Dari morphophonemik proses, penulis menemukan tiga proses perubahan yang terjadi dalam data. Ketiga perubahan tersebut adalah proses asimilasi, pergeseran tekanan, dan perubahan huruf vokal. Akan tetapi, proses yang paling sering muncul di dalam data adalah proses asimilasi vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background Morphology is the study of words formation. It means that in morphology we learn how to arrange words in a correct formation. Words in English can be divided into two major categories. The two categories are content words and function words. Content words also known as the open class category. The examples of this category are nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. Function words also known as the close class category. The examples of this category are pronouns, prepositions, etc. The benefit of studying morphology is that it can help us to encounter words which we never heard before. According to Saphir (Dinnen, 1967:234) every word, grammatical element, location, sound, and accent is a slowly changing configuration. It means that language change gradually as time goes by. It is very important for us to consider phonetic, phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactic patterning in order to study language. Basically, what we study in morphology is morpheme. According to Katamba, morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language, because it cannot be broken into smaller unit without destroying its meaning. We can see the example of a morpheme in the word butterfly. 1 2 The meaning of butterfly is any of numerous slender-bodied diurnal insects with broad often colored wings (Webster, 1993: 155). We cannot divide the word butterfly into butter and fly, because it will change the meaning of the word butterfly. A word may consist of one or more than one morphemes. In English, there are two kinds of morphemes. The two morphemes are free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a morpheme which can occur by itself in a large language unit because it is meaningful. A free morpheme occurs as a word and as an element of a phrase; such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb and pronoun. While, a bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand by itself, because bound morpheme has to be attached to a free morpheme in order to be meaningful. The example of bound morphemes can be seen in affixes, such as: prefix, suffix, and infix. In this research, the writer will focus the discussion on the prefix especially prefix in-. In English, there are two kinds of prefix in-. The first prefix is prefix in- that means in, toward, or near to. This prefix is used to indicate a place (just like what
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