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I, Prefixation Within Formal Morpholo Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ Balázs Bernadette Creative prefixations and the prefix un- – A cognitive linguistic analysis – Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola vezetője: Dr. Tolcsvai Nagy Gábor MHAS, egyetemi tanár Kulturális Nyelvészet Doktori Program vezetője: Dr. Kövecses Zoltán DSc, egyetemi tanár A bíráló bizottság tagjai: A bizottság elnöke: Dr. Kövecses Zoltán DSc, egyetemi tanár Hivatalosan felkért bírálók: Brdarné Dr. Szabó Rita PhD, habilitált egyetemi docens Dr. Pelyvás Péter CSc, ny.habilitált egyetemi docens A bizottság titkára: Dr. Sólyom Réka PhD, egyetemi adjunktus A bizottság további tagjai: Dr. Kugler Nóra, PhD, habilitált egyetemi docens Dr. Illés Éva, PhD, egyetemi adjunktus Dr. Szelid Veronika PhD egyetemi adjunktus Témavezető: Dr. Benczes Réka PhD, habilitált egyetemi adjunktus 2016 2 Köszönetnyilvánítás A kreatív prefixálás témájával 2010-ben, az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskolájában, a Kulturális Nyelvészet Program keretében kezdtem el foglalkozni. Nagy köszönettel tartozom Kövecses Zoltán Tanár Úrnak a program létrehozásáért és vezetéséért, figyelméért, szakmai és személyes segítségnyújtásáért. Hasonlóképpen köszönettel tartozom valamennyi tanáromnak a doktori program keretében. Nagyon hálás vagyok témavezetőmnek, Benczes Rékának, aki a dolgozat első vázlatától kezdve hathatós és konstruktív segítséget nyújtott, fegyelemre és pontosságra szoktatott, s akire mára már barátként is tekinthetek. Opponenseim, Brdarné Szabó Rita Tanárnő és Pelyvás Péter Tanár úr hatalmas segítséget nyújtottak dolgozatom első változatának alapos, lelkiismeretes és támogató kritikájával, legyen szó elméleti vagy akár konkrét nyelvi problémákról. Csoporttársnőm, Kuna Ágnes tapasztalata, nagylelkű segítsége és szervezőkészsége végigkísért doktori tanulmányaim alatt, amiért nagy köszönettel tartozom. Kolléganőm, Szabó Csilla nagy segítséget nyújtott a nyelvi ellenőrzésben. Köszönöm barátaim, Jéga-Szabó Krisztina és Bendik Márta támogatását. Végül, de nem utolsósorban köszönöm családomnak a támogatást és végtelen türelmüket. 3 Contents 1.1 The structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 6 1.2 The scope of the thesis ................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Research questions: ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Creative prefixations .................................................................................................................. 11 1.4.1 What are creative prefixations? The term “creative” and some introductory examples ..... 11 1.4.2. Creative prefixations versus nonce formations and neologisms ........................................ 15 1.4.3. A matrix-approach to creative prefixations ........................................................................ 20 1.4.4 The productivity matrix ....................................................................................................... 22 1.4.5 What are creative prefixations used for? ............................................................................. 23 1.5 The cognitive linguistic theoretical framework .................................................................... 25 2.1 Prefixation within Formal Morphology .............................................................................. 31 2.2 The place of derivation within morphology ........................................................................ 32 2.3 Prefix – categories and boundaries ............................................................................................. 34 2.4 The suffixing preference vs a comeback of prefixes .................................................................. 39 3.1 Versions of compositionality in the light of negative prefixations ............................................ 52 3.2 The cognitive approach: the SCAFFOLDING conception ............................................................. 58 4.1 Word-formation – different models ..................................................................................... 60 4.2 Marchand’s thematization: the determinatum–determinant relationship ............................. 64 4.2.1 The modifier–head/affix–stem dichotomy .............................................................................. 65 4.2.3 Constituency ........................................................................................................................ 71 4.3. The cognitive and the structuralist views: coexistence and interdependence ........................... 71 4.4 Unravelling the cognitive in word-formation – the cognitive functions of prefixation ............. 72 5.1 Un- prefixation: Background and past approaches .................................................................... 79 5.2. Un-prefix or un-prefixes? .......................................................................................................... 83 5.3 Lexical network of prefix meanings ........................................................................................... 84 5.3. Rule-bending – rule breaking: aspects of regularity with creative prefixations ........................ 87 5.5 Competing prefixes .................................................................................................................... 94 5.5.1 Non- vs un-: unbooks vs nonbooks ...................................................................................... 94 5.5.2 De- vs un-: defriend vs unfriend ......................................................................................... 97 6.1.1 Categories and analytic framework ................................................................................... 100 6.1.2 Un-nouns – a contradiction in itself .................................................................................. 104 6.1.3 “Similar function – different structure”. Ersatz items: Un-Cola ....................................... 105 6.1.4 “Similar function – different structure” – abstract stems .................................................. 113 6.1.5 Unmotherhood and conceptual integration ....................................................................... 120 4 6.1.6 Un-Proper Names .............................................................................................................. 128 6.1.7 Un-blends .......................................................................................................................... 129 6.1.8 “Lack of function – similar structure”: the “worse” examples.......................................... 131 6.1.9 Proper function – similar structure .................................................................................... 136 6.1.10 Productivity – un-nouns ...................................................................................................... 140 6.2 Un-verbs ................................................................................................................................... 142 6.2.1 Reversativity and accomplishment – conceptual gaps ...................................................... 142 6.2.2 Frame-internal un-verbs .................................................................................................... 144 6.2.3 Conceptual blending for frame-internal negation in un-verbs .......................................... 148 6.2.4 Frame-external un-verbs — the subjunctive context ........................................................ 151 6.2.5 Productivity – un-verbs ................................................................................................. 156 6.3 Un-adjectives ............................................................................................................................ 157 6.3.1 Blocked or pre-empted un-adjectives ................................................................................ 161 6.3.2 Un-colour adjectives ......................................................................................................... 165 6.3.3 Scalarity and concept formation via un- attachment ......................................................... 171 6.3.4 Pseudo un-nouns ............................................................................................................... 177 6.3.5 Productivity – un-adjectives .............................................................................................. 179 Chapter 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 180 References ...................................................................................................................................... 185 Appendix I ...................................................................................................................................... 194 Appendix II .................................................................................................................................... 198 5 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The structure of the thesis The thesis comprises two main parts. Part I supplies the theoretical background behind creative prefixations. As prefixation is discussed (mainly) under derivation in word- formation studies, Chapter 2 looks at derivation from the point of view of creative prefixations, considering some inconsistencies
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