A Encomenda E O Projecto Em Design De Comunicação

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A Encomenda E O Projecto Em Design De Comunicação CRIAÇÃO LIVRE E CRIAÇÃO DEDICADA: a encomenda e o projecto em design de comunicação GONÇALO ANDRÉ MOÇO FALCÃO DOUTORAMENTO EM DESIGN ORIENTADORA Doutora Maria Leonor Morgado Ferrão Oliveira PROFESSORA AUXILIAR • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA JÚRI PRESIDENTE Doutor Fernando José Carneiro Moreira da Silva PROFESSOR CATEDRÁTICO • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA VOGAIS Doutor António Modesto da Conceição Nunes PROFESSOR ASSOCIADO • FACULDADE DE BELAS ARTES DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Doutor Eduardo Alberto Vieira de Meireles Côrte-Real PROFESSOR ASSOCIADO • INSTITUTO DE ARTE, DESIGN E EMPRESA – UNIVERSITÁRIO Doutor Marco António Neves da Silva PROFESSOR AUXILIAR CONVIDADO • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Doutor Pedro Duarte Cortesão Monteiro PROFESSOR AUXILIAR CONVIDADO • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA TESE ESPECIALMENTE ELABORADA PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE DOUTOR DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVOINTRODUÇÃO DEZEMBRO DE 2015i ii CRIAÇÃO LIVRE E CRIAÇÃO DEDICADA: A ENCOMENDA E O PROJECTO EM DESIGN DE COMUNICAÇÃO GONÇALO ANDRÉ MOÇO FALCÃO CRIAÇÃO LIVRE E CRIAÇÃO DEDICADA: a encomenda e o projecto em design de comunicação DOUTORAMENTO EM DESIGN ORIENTADORA Doutora Maria Leonor Morgado Ferrão Oliveira PROFESSORA AUXILIAR • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA JÚRI PRESIDENTE Doutor Fernando José Carneiro Moreira da Silva PROFESSOR CATEDRÁTICO • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA VOGAIS Doutor António Modesto da Conceição Nunes PROFESSOR ASSOCIADO • FACULDADE DE BELAS ARTES DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Doutor Eduardo Alberto Vieira de Meireles Côrte-Real PROFESSOR ASSOCIADO • INSTITUTO DE ARTE, DESIGN E EMPRESA – UNIVERSITÁRIO Doutor Marco António Neves da Silva PROFESSOR AUXILIAR CONVIDADO • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Doutor Pedro Duarte Cortesão Monteiro PROFESSOR AUXILIAR CONVIDADO • FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA TESE ESPECIALMENTE ELABORADA PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE DOUTOR DOCUMENTO DEFINITIVO DEZEMBRO DE 2015 INTRODUÇÃO iii iv CRIAÇÃO LIVRE E CRIAÇÃO DEDICADA: A ENCOMENDA E O PROJECTO EM DESIGN DE COMUNICAÇÃO RESUMO Este trabalho de investigação elege o Design de Comunicação como território disciplinar e, dentro dele, posiciona a historiografia do Design de Comunicação. Reconhece a autonomia da História do Design de Comunicação, cujo esforço hermenêutico, metodologia e objectivos não se confundem com a prática de Design. Assume, por isso, a diferença de papéis entre o designer que desenvolve pro- jectos historiográficos (i.e. no domínio da História e da Crítica) e o designer que desenvolve projectos práticos ou teóricos (i.e. no do- mínio da Prática e da Teoria). A oportunidade da abordagem pro- posta dentro deste enquadramento epistemológico surge da iden- tificação de diversas lacunas na historiografia, sendo as maiores, a dos processos e a dos contextos, o que tem implicações críticas no modo como o ensino e a prática do Design se processam. Este empobrecimento é, por um lado, mistificador, porque conduz ao enviesamento da leitura dos objectos, e, por outro, é redutor, pois considera o design de comunicação como mero produto da acelera- ção tecnológica introduzida pela Revolução Industrial. Admitindo que a origem do processo de Industrialização remon- ta ao Renascimento, quando surgiu a figura sócio-profissional do artista (embora esta periodização também possa ser questionada, como veremos), é possível centrar a análise no processo da enco- menda, pois ele é essencial para compreender os modos de pensar, de produzir, de encomendar e de recepcionar (não necessariamente por esta ordem). Ao fazê-lo conseguimos ainda, colocar o foco no encomendador, na relação que estabelece com o designer, não des- curando outros aspectos essenciais para a reconstituição histórica, tais como a difusão e a recepção das obras. Assim, revemos-nos numa historiografia que considere os objec- tos de design de comunicação como fósseis de uma vida social, repositories de um contexto e não numa prática histórica que se compraz na identificação de possíveis paralelos comparativos com hipotéticos modelos de excelência do mesmo campo e/ou referen- tes artísticos. Deste modo, o tempo histórico (nas suas múltiplas vertentes social, económica, geográfica, política...) é mais do que o cenário onde decorre a acção. Propomos um modelo historiográfico que procura não heroicizar as obras ou os seus autores, entendendo que a sua grandeza (ou insignificância) não depende apenas do seu cotejo com a produção artística coeva nem do julgamento do histo- riador, sobretudo se ignorar o impacto social das obras no seu tempo, INTRODUÇÃO v designadamente a transformação das mentalidades e da cultura visual dominante e, bem entendido, na transformação e consolidação da actividade dos designers. Assim se define o problema que foi por nós assumido nesta inves- tigação: contribuir para a revisão da historiografia de Design de Comunicação com uma perspectiva epistemológica que identifica, sistematiza e colige, criticamente, o conhecimento disponível em outros campos da História; abordar a prática nas suas diversas ca- madas de sentido, i.e. em profundidade e em complexidade, con- tribuindo para que possa alcançar maior autonomia e afastar crises de identidade. Em termos metodológicos, a nossa investigação usa uma abordagem não-intervencionista de carácter qualitativo for- temente suportada na aplicação de métodos de análise quantita- tivos, de revisão da literatura, de análise de casos de estudo – as quatro histórias do Design de Comunicação mais difundidas no mundo ocidental - e da realização de um inquérito por questioná- rio a profissionais de design. Os resultados alcançados são fruto de uma triangulação metodo- lógica entre os três métodos indicados. Apresenta-se um protótipo para um modelo de abordagem à História do Design de Comunica- ção, enumerando os elementos constituinte, estudando o contex- to (ensaiando-se apenas numa década) e inserido numa linha de tempo que lança um ponto de partida para futuras investigações numa área de conhecimento cujo tempo de elaboração (e matura- ção) transcende o de uma investigação doutoral. PALAVRAS CHAVE Historiografia do Design de Comunicação; História do Design de Comunicação; Design de Comunicação; Criação Livre; Criação Dedicada. vi CRIAÇÃO LIVRE E CRIAÇÃO DEDICADA: A ENCOMENDA E O PROJECTO EM DESIGN DE COMUNICAÇÃO ABSTRACT This research work selects Communication Design as a disciplinary territory and, positions the historiography of Communication De- sign within it, regarding it as a science that develops a hermeneu- tic effort, methodological and conceptually unmistakable with the practice of Design. It is, therefore, the difference between the role of the designer who develops historiographical projects (ie in the field of History and Criticism) and the function of thedesigner who develops practical or theoretical projects (ie in the field of Practi- ce and Theory). The opportunity of the approach proposed in this epistemological framework arises from the identification of several gaps in the historiography with the greatest media coverage, na- mely, processes and contexts, which have critical implications in the way teaching and practice of Design develop. This impoverishment is, on one hand, mystifying, because it intro- duces a bias to the subject observed, and on the other, is reductive because it considers communication design as a mere product of technological acceleration introduced by the Industrial Revolution. Assuming that the origin of the industrialization process dates back to the Renaissance, when the socio-professional figure of theartist first appeared (although this periodization can also be questioned, as we shall see), you can add to the perspective a component that is essential to understand the ways of thinking, of doing, of commi- sioning and the way communication was received (not necessarily in that order): the order (and, in particular, the orderer and hence the designer-commissioner relationship, regarding, amongst other fundamental aspects for the historical reconstruction, the diffu- sion and reception of works). So we accept a historiography that considers the communication design objects as fossils of social life, an item that tells the story of a larger context and not with a historical practice delights itself in identifying potential comparative parallel with artistic referents or with hypothetical models of formal excellence found within the design activity itself. Thus, the historical time (in its multiple so- cial, economic, geographical, political ...) is more than the scenario where the proceedings take place. We propose a historiographical model that seeks not to highlight heroic works or creators, under- standing that their greatness or insignificance does not depend just on the historian’s judgment, especially if you ignore the impact of the work in the authors own time, in people’s mentality, dominant INTRODUÇÃO vii visual culture and, of course, in the transformation and consolida- tion of the designers activity. Thus this defined the problem which was assumed by us in this investigation: to contribute to the historiography review of Com- munication Design with an epistemological perspective that iden- tifies, systematizes and critically collects, the knowledge available in other fields of history; address the practice in its various layers of meaning, ie in depth and in complexity, enabling us to achieve greater independence and deal with identity
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