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The Synchronic and Diachronic Syntax of the English Verb-Particle Combination

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The Synchronic and Diachronic Syntax of the English Verb-Particle Combination The Synchronic and Diachronic Syntax of the English Verb-Particle Combination Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://wwwlot.let.uu.nl/ Cover illustration: by Arjan Elenbaas ISBN 978-90-78328-19-3 NUR 632 Copyright © 2007: Marion Elenbaas. All rights reserved. The Synchronic and Diachronic Syntax of the English Verb-Particle Combination Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. C.W.P.M. Blom, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 8 januari 2007 om 13.30 uur precies door Maatje Barbara Elenbaas geboren op 11 juli 1978 te Middelburg. Promotor: Prof. dr. A.M.C. van Kemenade Copromotor: Prof. dr. G.E. Booij (Universiteit Leiden) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. P.C. Muysken (voorzitter) Prof. dr. F.P. Weerman (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. S. Pintzuk (University of York) Dr. B.L.J. Los Dr. M.T. Biberauer (University of Cambridge) Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for funding this four-year research project (project no. 360–70–050). I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Ans van Kemenade, my promotor and supervisor, for generously providing me with her vast expertise in (English historical) linguistics and for her guidance and encouragement throughout the years. I greatly appreciate the openness of our meetings, whether in the Erasmusgebouw over a pot of tea or in Utrecht over a bottle of wine. I would also like to thank Geert Booij, my copromotor, for insightful discussions during the meetings of our VU–Nijmegen research group. He was very kind to offer me a guest account at the Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, for which thanks are also due to the Faculty of Arts at the VU. I would also like to thank Geert for reading my manuscript in a short space of time and for his helpful comments. I am grateful to the members of my reading committee, Theresa Biberauer, Bettelou Los, Pieter Muysken, Susan Pintzuk and Fred Weerman for reading my manuscript. I especially want to thank them for their willingness to read it in the summer months. Thanks also to fellow project member Bettelou Los for sharing her extensive knowledge of English historical linguistics and for her many useful suggestions, including detailed comments on my manuscript. I very much appreciated her constant enthusiasm and enjoyed our conversations about linguistic as well as non-linguistic topics. A special thank you to Corrien Blom, my fellow AiO in our research group. Our many enjoyable discussions and conversations, on all kinds of topics, were a constant source of motivation. Many colleagues at the Radboud University Nijmegen deserve thanks. Thanks first of all to my office mates over the years: Aoju Chen, Rini van Dijk, Joanne van Emmerik, Nynke de Haas, Astrid van Hoek and Detlef Wagenaar for chats, tea, biscuits and moral support whenever needed. I thank Griet Coupé, Anne Ribbert and Michel Verhagen for many chats and laughs. Thanks also to Monique van der Haagen, whose door was always open and whose hospitality I have thankfully enjoyed on several occasions. I want to thank Renske van Enschot for many enjoyable chats over a cup of tea or hot chocolate in the Refter. I would like to thank Janneke de Jong for the many conversations and laughs, for reassuring discussions about academic insecurities, for crash space and for being my paranimf. There are many other colleagues whom I would like to thank for their company and for creating a pleasant work environment. Several linguists have contributed to this work in one way or another. I am indebted to Theresa Biberauer and Ian Roberts for their valuable input into my theoretical analysis in its early formulation, and to Colin Ewen, Martina Noteboom and Wim van der Wurff for showing interest in and supporting my academic career. I would also like to express my appreciation to my colleagues in the Department of Linguistics and English Language at the University of Manchester for an inspirational and friendly work environment. I especially want to thank David Denison and Richard Hogg for their academic support and Alison Cort, Bethwyn Evans, Martina Faller, Kristine ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hildebrandt, Jeannette Sakel, Phillip Wallage and Nuria Yañez-Bouza for conversations about linguistic and other topics, coffee/tea breaks and pub visits. My Manchester housemates deserve thanks for providing a pleasant and sociable home environment and for dragging me away from my manuscript now and then. A big thank you to mum and dad for their constant unconditional love and support. Thanks also to my brothers Peter and Arjan for being there. I am very happy that Arjan was willing to design the cover illustration. I would also like to thank Kees and Ria Uding for their continuing interest and support. A warm thanks to my friends for providing much- needed timely distraction from particles. A special thank you goes to Laura for being my paranimf. The wonderful felines Goran and Oedi deserve mention for their companionship on my working from home days. My biggest thank you is for Joost, for reasons which are unputdownable in words. Contents Introduction and outlook 1 Part I The English verb-particle combination: theoretical framework 7 1. The verb-particle combination in Present-Day English 9 1.1 Particles as a separate category 10 1.2 The distribution of particles 12 1.3 Verb-particle combinations and word formation 16 1.3.1 Nominalised verb-particle combinations 18 1.3.2 A note on prefixed verbs, nouns and adjectives 19 1.4 The meaning of verb-particle combinations 20 1.4.1 The meaning of the particle 20 1.4.1.1 Particles and telicity 22 1.4.1.2 Particles and resultativity 23 1.4.1.3 The expressivity of particles 24 1.4.2 The meaning of the verb 24 1.4.3 The complex event meaning of verb-particle combinations 26 1.4.4 Transparent verb-particle combinations 27 1.4.5 Non-transparent verb-particle combinations 27 1.5 The selectional properties of verb-particle combinations 28 1.5.1 Unaccusative and unergative verb-particle combinations 28 1.5.2 Argument sharing 31 1.5.3 Unselected objects 32 1.5.4 Argument blocking 34 1.6 Verb-particle combinations and first language acquisition 34 1.7 Conclusions and outlook 35 2. The Present-Day English verb-particle combination in the literature 37 2.1 Morphological analyses of Present-Day English verb-particle combinations 38 2.1.1 Johnson (1991) 38 2.1.2 Dehé (2002) 41 2.1.3 Conclusion 45 2.2 Syntactic analyses of Present-Day English verb-particle combinations 45 2.2.1 Complex predicate analyses 45 2.2.1.1 Neeleman (1994, 2002) 45 2.2.1.2 Conclusion 47 2.2.2 Small clause analyses of Present-Day English verb-particle combinations 47 2.2.2.1 Kayne (1985) 48 2.2.2.2 Guéron (1990) 50 iv CONTENTS 2.2.2.3 Den Dikken (1995) 52 2.2.2.4 Svenonius (1996a) 54 2.2.2.5 Conclusion 57 2.2.3 Split VP analyses of Present-Day English verb-particle combinations 57 2.2.3.1 Radford (1997) 58 2.2.3.2 Harley and Noyer (1998) 60 2.2.3.3 Svenonius (to appear): split PP 62 2.2.3.4 Ramchand and Svenonius (2002) 64 2.2.3.5 Conclusion 66 2.2.4 Other analyses of Present-Day English verb-particle combinations 67 2.2.4.1 Haegeman and Guéron (1999) 67 2.2.4.2 Wurmbrand (2000) 69 2.2.4.3 Zeller (2001a, 2002) 71 2.2.4.4 McIntyre (2004) 74 2.2.4.5 Blom (2005) 76 2.2.4.6 Conclusion 77 2.3 Summary and conclusions 77 3. A lexical decomposition analysis of the Present-Day English verb-particle combination 79 3.1 Present-Day English particles as optionally projecting elements 80 3.2 A lexical decomposition analysis of verb-particle combinations 84 3.3 An account of the syntax of verb-particle combinations 89 3.4 Accounting for other selectional properties of verb-particle combinations 94 3.4.1 The structure of unaccusative and unergative verb-particle combinations 94 3.4.2 Unselected objects 97 3.5 Verb-particle combinations in word formation processes 98 3.6 Conclusions 99 Part II The origins of the verb-particle combination 101 Introduction 103 4. Particles and prefixes in late Old English 105 4.1 The historical background of English particles 105 4.2 Particles and prefixes in Old English 107 4.2.1 Old English syntax 107 4.2.1.1 Word order 107 4.2.1.2 Verb-Second 109 4.2.2 Inseparable Complex Verbs (ICVs) in Old English 112 4.2.2.1 Analysing the properties of Old English ICVs 112 4.2.2.2 The Old English prefixes 115 4.2.2.3 Old English ICVs in the literature: Hiltunen (1983) 127 CONTENTS v 4.2.3 Separable Complex Verbs (SCVs) in Old English 131 4.2.3.1 Analysing the properties of Old English SCVs 132 4.2.3.2 The Old English particles 137 4.2.3.3 Old English SCVs in the literature 150 4.3 A corpus study of Old English particles 163 4.3.1 The corpus 163 4.3.2 Results of the corpus study 164 4.3.2.1 SCVs in main clauses 166 4.3.2.2 SCVs in coordinate main clauses 170 4.3.2.3 SCVs in subordinate clauses 171 4.4 Conclusions and outlook 173 5.
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